MicrogridControlSystem

微格分析报告1. 引言微格（Microgrid）是一种小规模的独立电力系统，由分布式能源资源、储能设备和能量管理系统组成。

相比于传统的大型电网，微格可以更加灵活地应对能源需求和应急情况，提供更可靠、经济和可持续的电力资源。

本文旨在对微格系统进行详细的分析，包括其概念、特点、应用场景等方面，以便更好地理解和应用微格技术。

2. 微格概述微格系统是一种独立运行的小型电力系统，通常包括多种能源资源，如太阳能、风能、燃料电池等，以及能量存储设备，如蓄电池、超级电容器等。

微格系统可以独立运行，也可以与主电网进行互联，达到能源的共享和优化利用。

3. 微格特点微格系统具有以下几个显著的特点：3.1 独立运行微格系统可以独立运行，不依赖于主电网的供电。

这使得微格系统可以应对突发情况，如自然灾害、电网故障等，提供可靠的电力支持。

3.2 多能源混合微格系统可以利用多种能源资源进行发电，如太阳能、风能、生物能等。

通过对能源的优化配置和管理，微格系统可以提供持续稳定的电力供应。

3.3 能量存储微格系统通常配备能量存储设备，如蓄电池、超级电容器等。

这些能量存储设备可以储存过剩的能量，以便在需求高峰时释放，实现能源的平衡和优化利用。

3.4 可再生能源的利用微格系统广泛应用可再生能源，如太阳能、风能等，减少对传统燃煤、石油等能源的依赖，实现对环境的友好和可持续发展。

3.5 灵活性和可扩展性微格系统具有较强的灵活性和可扩展性，可以根据用户需求进行自由配置和扩展。

用户可以根据自身情况选择合适的能源资源和能量存储设备，满足不同的电力需求。

4. 微格应用场景微格系统在以下几个应用场景中具有较大的潜力和优势：4.1 偏远地区电力供应在一些偏远地区，传统电网的供电不稳定，微格系统可以提供可靠的电力支持，满足居民和企业的基本用电需求。

4.2 灾难应急响应在自然灾害等紧急情况下，传统电网可能受到破坏，微格系统可以在短时间内建立起独立的电力供应，为救援和灾民提供必要的电力支持。

Operation and Control of Microgrid System Integration and Hierarchical Power Management Strategy for a Solid-State TransformerInterfaced Microgrid SystemSchool of Electrical EngineeringElectrical EngineeringContents1 Detail Abstract (1)2 Core techniques of the paper (1)2.1 Hardware integration of SST and dc microgrid (1)2.2 Hierarchical power management strategy (3)3 Potential problems and my opinion on future work (5)1 Detail AbstractThe existing dc microgrid can only interface with the distribution system by using a heavy and bulky line frequency transformer plus rectifier, and the passive transformer cannot provide functions such as Var compensation or harmonic filtering. Therefore, developing a more compact and active grid interface to enable a more intelligent dc microgrid system is a research focus.Under the situation, this paper investigates, and for the first time presents, the system integration of a novel solid-state transformer (SST) interfaced microgrid system. Accordingly, a hierarchical power management strategy is proposed for this system to enable islanding mode operation, SST enabled operation, and the seamless transfer between two modes.To begin with, the paper review the past achievements in the microgrid field and introduce the different types of microgrid from the architecture and the power management point of view. Then the author presents the detailed structure of the proposed system, as is shown in Fig. 1.Fig 1. SST-enabled dc microgrid diagram.Furthermore, the researcher depicts the hierarchical control frame and analyzes the hierarchical control for dc microgrid in islanding mode and SST-enabled mode. The hierarchical power management strategy includes three control levels: primary control for the local controller; secondary control for the dc microgrid bus voltage recovery; and tertiary control to manage the battery state of charge.Finally, a lab test bed is constructed to verify the system performance, and several typical case studies are carried out. The experimental results verify the proposed system and distributed power management strategy.Keywords: DC microgrid, hierarchical power management, islanding mode, solid-state transformer (SST)-enabled mode.2 Core techniques of the paper2.1 Hardware integration of SST and dc microgridAs previously mentioned, the conventional transformer interfaced with the dc microgrid is heavy and bulky, which takes too much space. The core technique of thispaper is, for the first time, presenting the hardware integration of SST and dc microgrid to demonstrate the feasibility of this novel concept. Compared to the conventional microgrid architecture, the presented microgrid system interfaces with the distribution system by an active grid interface with smaller size and less weight. The SST interfaced microgrid is, therefore, a more compact system.The SST is a power electronic device that replaces the traditional 50/60 Hz power transformer by means of high-frequency transformer isolated ac–ac conversion technique, and its topology is represented in Fig. 2, where a cascaded seven level rectifier is adopted as the font-end. Three dual active bridge (DAB) converters are connected to the floating dc links of the rectifier with the secondary side connected in parallelFig. 2. Topology of presented SST.The basic operation of the SST is first to change the 50/60 Hz ac voltage to a high-frequency voltage, then this high-frequency voltage is stepped up or down by a high frequency transformer, and finally shaped back into the desired 50/60 Hz voltage to feed the load. For a high-frequency transformer has significantly decreased volume and weight, the first advantage that the SST may offer is reduced volume and weight compared with traditional transformers. A laboratory prototype of a single-phase, three-stage SST was built, as shown in Fig. 3.Fig.3. Cascaded type three-stage SST prototype.It is further seen from the topology and the configuration of the SST that some other potential functionalities that are not available to traditional transformer may be obtained. A functional diagram of SST is illustrated in Fig. 4. The SST acts as a smart plug-and play interface for transforming and distributing electric energy from these various different subsystems, some via the ac port and others via the dc port. The use of SST separates the grid side parameters (voltage, frequency) from the DRER (Distributed renewable electric resource) and DESD (Distributed energy storage device) side. This is a very important capability of the proposed system that strengthens the system stability because the low-voltage side is strongly decoupled from the grid side by the SST.Fig. 4. Solid state transformer functional configuration.2.2 Hierarchical power management strategyFrom the power management point of view, the presented microgrid system need to ensure proper and optimal operation under different conditions. Some major challenges for SST-enabled dc microgrid include:1) how to make the dc microgrid more reliable in islanding mode;2) how to achieve seamless transfer between islanding mode andSST-enabled mode for the dc microgrid;3) how to manage individual modules in the dc microgrid considering thecharacter differences when system is in SST-enabled mode.To address these challenges, another core technique of this paper is a corresponding hierarchical power management strategy, which combines the advantages of centralized control and distributed control.Its basic structure is shown in Fig. 5.Fig 5. Hierarchical control frame.The primary control is the distributed control which ensures that the microgrid system can operate without communication. Therefore, the primary control usually takes effect at the microsecond level, which is basically the same level as the converter control. All the local information, including the voltage, current, SOC (State of charge), etc., are sent to the upper controller, which implements the tertiary control and secondary control through a bidirectional communication link. Here, the dc microgrid is enabled by the SST, and therefore the SST controller is used as the upper controller. The objective of secondary control is to recovery the microgrid bus voltage to achieve seamless transfer as the system switches from islanding mode to SST-enabled mode. The time scale for the secondary control is on the order of milliseconds to seconds. The objective of tertiary control is to ensure that battery operates in a reliable SOC range. Thus, the tertiary control is used to charge and discharge the battery in the dc microgrid based on battery’s SOC instead of controlling the point of common coupling power flow. Detailed structure of the hierarchical control strategy is depicted in Fig. 6.Fig. 6. DC microgrid operation diagram.In summary, the proposed SST-enabled dc microgrid can:1)interface with distribution system via SST;2)operate in islanding mode with distributed control;3)seamlessly transfer between islanding mode and SST enabled mode;4)enable battery management in SST-enabled mode.3 Potential problems and my opinion on future workAs is shown in Fig. 6, the SOC monitoring is implemented in the tertiary control, in which battery management is achieved by suitable charging and discharging, but the monitoring method and its hardware design are not mentioned in this paper.In my opinion, accurate monitoring of the energy storage system performance is the fundamental basis to achieve the hierarchical control. However, the current monitoring technology is still not mature enough, of which SOC cannot be directly measured. A pressing matter of the moment, therefore, is to establish an accurate estimation model of the SOC monitoring.In addition, the experimental results in this paper only demonstrate the feasibility of the SST interfaced microgrid system in island operation. But when it is parallel with Power Grid, the power electronic devices of SST may be so sensitive (usually take effects at the microsecond level) that the traditional grid devices as circuit breaker and isolating switch can’t respond synchronously. This may impact the stability of Power System.My opinion is to solve the problem from the following aspects:1) Taking the interaction between the SST and the distributed system intoconsideration to guide the design of the proposed microgrid system;2) Constructing the architecture of multi-layer-cross distributed renewable energymanagement based on the advantages of agent technology;3) Using artificial intelligence technology to control several nodes in themicrogrid and cooperatively;4) Connecting more PV and battery modules to the dc bus to verify the robustoperation of the system.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

mcu最小化系统的基本原理MCU英文全称是Microcontroller Unit，是指微控制单元又称单片微型计算机或者单片机，其实MCU就是单片机。

MCU其实也可以理解为简单版本的CPU，就是把中央处理器的频率与规格做适当缩减，并将内存、计数器、USB、A/D转换、UART、PLC、DMA等周边接口，甚至LCD驱动电路都整合在单一芯片上，形成芯片级的计算机，为不同的应用场合做不同组合控制。

MCU(单片机)的体积比较小，结构也较为简单，但是功能十分完善，不仅用起来方便，模块化应用也很到位，所以有人将MCU称为单片微型计算机，是因为它具备基本的处理器、储存器，最主要的是还是因为它能写一些简单的控制程序。

MCU同温度传感器之间通过I2C 总线连接。

I2C总线占用2条MCU输入输出口线，二者之间的通信完全依靠软件完成。

温度传感器的地址可以通过2根地址引脚设定，这使得一根I2C总线上可以同时连接8个这样的传感器。

本方案中，传感器的7位地址已经设定为1001000。

MCU需要访问传感器时，先要发出一个8位的寄存器指针，然后再发出传感器的地址（7位地址，低位是WR信号）。

传感器中有3个寄存器可供MCU使用，8位寄存器指针就是用来确定MCU究竟要使用哪个寄存器的。

本方案中，主程序会不断更新传感器的配置寄存器，这会使传感器工作于单步模式，每更新一次就会测量一次温度。

MCU读取传感器的测量值后，接下来就要进行换算并将结果显示在LCD上。

整个处理过程包括：判断显示结果的正负号，进行二进制码到BCD 码的转换，将数据传到LCD的相关寄存器中。

数据处理完毕并显示结果之后，MCU会向传感器发出一个单步指令。

单步指令会让传感器启动一次温度测试，然后自动进入等待模式，直到模数转换完毕。

MCU发出单步指令后，就进入LPM3模式，这时MCU系统时钟继续工作，产生定时中断唤醒CPU。

定时的长短可以通过编程调整，以便适应具体应用的需要。

一文解析微流控技术原理及起源展开全文微流控技术的起源微型化、集成化和智能化，是现代科技发展的一个重要趋势。

伴随着微机电加工系统（ MEMS ）技术的发展，电子计算机已由当年的”庞然大物”演变成由一个个微小的电路集成芯片组成的便携系统，甚至是一部微型的智能手机。

MEMS技术全称Micro Electromechanical System ， MEMS设想是由诺贝尔物理学奖获得者Richard Feynman教授于1959年提出，其基本概念是用半导体技术，将现实生活中的机械系统微型化，形成微型电子机械系统，简称微机电系统。

1962年全球第一款微型压力传感器面世，这一创新产品后来被应用于汽车安全（轮胎压力检测）和医疗（有创血压计），开启了MEMS时代。

今天MEMS技术在军事、航天航空，生物医药、工业交通及消费领域扮演核心技术的角色，智能手机中就嵌入了多个MEMS 芯片，如麦克风，加速度计，GPS定位等。

微流控技术原理微流控（microfluidics ）是一种精确控制和操控微尺度流体，以在微纳米尺度空间中对流体进行操控为主要特征的科学技术，具有将生物、化学等实验室的基本功能诸如样品制备、反应、分离和检测等缩微到一个几平方厘米芯片上的能力，其基本特征和最大优势是多种单元技术在整体可控的微小平台上灵活组合、规模集成。

是一个涉及了工程学、物理学、化学、微加工和生物工程等领域的交叉学科。

微流控是系统的科学技术，它使用几十到几百微米尺度的管道，处理或操控很少量的（10*至10~18升，1立方毫米至1立方微米）流体。

最初的微流控技术被用于分析。

微流控为分析提供了许多有用的功能：使用非常少的样本和试剂做出高精度和高敏感度的分离和检测，费用低，分析时间短，分析设备的印记小。

微流控既利用了它最明显的特征一一尺寸小，也利用了不太明显的微通道流体的特点，比如层流。

它本质上提供了在空间和时间上集中控制分子的能力。

基于微流控芯片的代表性关键技术1、微流控分析芯片是新一代床旁诊断（Point of care testing，POCT ）主流技术，可直接在被检对象身边提供快捷有效的生化指标，使现场检测、诊断、治疗成为一个连续的过程；2、微流控反应芯片以液滴为代表，是迄今为止最重要的微反应器，在高通量药物筛选，单细胞测序等领域显示了巨大的威力；3、微流控细胞/器官操控芯片是哺乳动物细胞及其微环境操控最重要技术平台，渴望部分代替小白鼠等动物模型，用于验证候选药物，开展药物毒理和药理作用研究。

An Adaptive Control System for a DC Microgridfor Data CentersDaniel Salomonsson,Student Member,IEEE,Lennart Söder,Member,IEEE,and Ambra Sannino,Member,IEEEAbstract—In this paper,an adaptive control system for a dc microgrid for data centers is proposed.Data centers call for electric power with high availability,and a possibility to reduce the electric losses and,consequently,the need for cooling.High reliability can be achieved by using local energy sources,and by using a dc power system,the number of conversion steps,and therefore also the losses,can be reduced.The dc microgrid can also supply closely located sensitive ac loads during outages in the ac grid.The proposed dc microgrid can be operated in eight different operation modes described here,resulting in23transi-tions.The control system coordinates the operation of converters, sources,and switches used in the dc microgrid.The control system is tested in the simulation software package PSCAD/EMTDC,and the results of the most interesting transitions are presented.The results show that it is possible to use the proposed dc microgrid to supply sensitive electronic loads and also,during ac-grid outages, supply closely located sensitive ac loads.To reduce the current transients experienced by grid-connected ac/dc converters,fast grid-outage detection and fast switches are required.Index Terms—Adaptive control,circuit transient analysis, computer facilities,dc power systems,power conversion,power distribution control,power distribution faults,power electronics.I.I NTRODUCTIONS ENSITIVE commercial consumers need power supply which is not affected by grid faults and outages.One possibility to ensure reliable power supply is to install local generation[1]–[3].Using local generation,together with fast and accurate protection systems,can prevent disturbances to affect sensitive loads.When a fault occurs,an isolated grid with sources and loads is created.This microgrid is designed to operate autonomously in island mode.However,in normal operation,the microgrid is connected to an ac grid.Depending on its load and generation balance,the microgrid can either consume or produce electric power.In most cases,a microgrid is equipped with some form of energy storage to improve the load leveling capability[4]–[6].The interest for such systems has increased in the past few years.The sources in a microgrid are usually small(<500kW) and often use renewable energy.Example of such sources arePaper ICPSD-07-37,presented at the2007Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting,New Orleans,LA,September23–27,and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.Manuscript submitted for review October27,2008and released for publication March18,2008.Current version published November19,2008. D.Salomonsson and L.Söder are with the Electric Power Systems Labo-ratory,Royal Institute of Technology,10044Stockholm,Sweden(e-mail: daniel.salomonsson@ee.kth.se;lennart.soder@ee.kth.se).A.Sannino is with the Power Technologies Division,ABB Corporate Re-search,72178Västerås,Sweden(e-mail:ambra.sannino@).Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TIA.2008.2006398microturbines,fuel cells,photovoltaic,hydro plants,and wind power.Batteries,supercapacitors,andflywheels can be used as energy storage.These types of sources and energy storage devices produce either dc voltage or ac voltage with different amplitude and frequency than the grid,and therefore need a power electronic converter to interface with the grid[7].The sources in a microgrid are operated to produce a certain amount of active and reactive power when the microgrid is connected to the ac grid.However,when the microgrid is operated in island mode,the sources must be able to perform voltage and frequency regulation.Different operation strategies of the sources have been studied in[8]and[9].Using controllers with droop characteristics ensures load shedding,and voltage and frequency stability.Experimental results of a laboratory microgrid setup are presented in[10].Data centers provide management for various types of server applications,such as for web hosting,Internet,intranet,and telecommunication.As the development progresses,the size of servers is becoming smaller simultaneously as their capacity increases[11].This leads to an increase of power density in data centers.Each server produces heat due to losses and must be cooled to prevent it from malfunctioning.Operation of such cooling equipment also requires electric power.The large power consumption of data centers,together with a high price of electricity,results in high cost for owners of data centers[12].One possibility to reduce the cost is to reduce the losses in the system and,hence,the need for cooling.One way for data centers to combine the need for high reliability and the possibility to reduce the losses is to use a dc microgrid.Low-voltage(LV)dc can be superior to use compared with LV ac for commercial power systems with sensitive electronic loads[13],[14].The reason is that sources, energy storage devices,and loads in an ac microgrid are con-nected through power electronic interfaces:dc/ac converters and ac/dc/ac converters.By using a dc microgrid,one conver-sion step can be eliminated,and energy storage devices can be directly connected.A few research works have been published about is-sues regarding dc microgrids[15]–[18].V oltage control in a dc microgrid with multiple sources has been treated in[17]. In[18],different operation situations,particularly the transition between interconnected mode and independent mode,have been studied.However,the transition,which is critical to sensi-tive loads,is highly simplified.In this paper,the design of an adaptive control system for a dc microgrid for data centers is proposed.The dc microgrid supplies during normal operation only sensitive dc loads but has the capability to supply closely located sensitive ac loads,0093-9994/$25.00©2008IEEEFig.1.Data center power system.which normally are supplied from the ac grid,during outages. One advantage with the dc microgrid is that only two converters are used,compared with six in[18],resulting in lower cost and losses.The dc microgrid has different operation modes which,together with the corresponding transitions between different modes,are defined and described.The performance of the control system is verified by simulations in the software package PSCAD/EMTDC.II.D ATA C ENTER P OWER S YSTEMFig.1shows a typical scheme of a data center power sys-tem with sensitive computer loads[together with their inter-nal switch-mode power supplies(SMPSs)with power factor correction(PFC)]and heat,ventilation,and air-conditioning (HV AC)equipment[19],[20].The power system has a con-nection to the ac grid,which normally supplies the loads.If an outage occurs in the ac grid,the loads can be supplied from a standby diesel generator.During the time it takes to detect the outage,disconnect the ac grid,and start the diesel generator,the sensitive loads are supplied from an ac UPS.The function of a UPS is to maintain the load voltage within a specified range during a limited time,i.e.,to protect the load from grid disturbances.During these disturbances,the UPS will supply the load with power from its energy storage,which usually consists of lead-acid batteries[20].Other forms of energy storage,e.g.,flywheels,can also be used.The size of the energy storage determines for how long the UPS can support the load.To increase the availability of the UPS system,several UPSs can be installed in parallel.The electric power is converted at least four times on its way from the ac grid to the sensitive load,and by reducing the number of conversion steps,the losses,and thereby the need for cooling,can be lowered.One way to reduce thenumber Fig.2.Data center power system with dc distribution system.of conversion steps is to use a dc power system[21].The rectification is then moved from the distributed SMPS with PFC to a main ac/dc converter[22].This rearrangement will not result in any additional losses if the main ac/dc converter is assumed to have at least the same efficiency as the distributed SMPS with PFC inside the computer loads[23].On the other hand,the losses inside the ac UPS are eliminated.Operating a data center power system as a dc system requires some modifications.The ac grid and the standby generator, which are both ac sources,must be connected to the power system through ac/dc converters.The energy storage,in most cases lead-acid batteries,can be directly connected to the power system.A dc power system for a data center can be configured in different ways.In this paper,two different alternatives are proposed.One possibility is to have the ac grid and the standby generator connected to the dc power system through individual ac/dc converters,as shown in Fig.2(a).Another way is to have the ac grid and the standby generator connected to a common ac bus which,in turn,is connected to the dc power system through an ac/dc converter,as shown in Fig.2(b).In this paper, (a)will be used since it gives the possibility to control the powerflow from the diesel generator,and there is no need to synchronize the diesel generator with the ac grid.Configuration (b)is better with respect to power losses if the dc microgrid will be used to export power most of the time.Furthermore,in(b), there is a need for one converter only.The size of this converter can be smaller compared with the one in(a)since the HV AC equipment is connected to the ac bus.III.O PERATION M ODES OF DC M ICROGRIDFOR D ATA C ENTERSFig.3shows a scheme of the proposed dc microgrid con-nected to the ac grid.The dc microgrid is indicated as Zone1. Zone2is prioritized ac loads which are located in the close vicinity of the dc microgrid(for example,cooling equipment and/or an office building),andfinally,Zone3is the ac grid and the loads connected to it.A.Definition of Operation ModesThe dc microgrid has the following three independent sources:the ac grid;the energy storage(emergency power);andFig.3.DC microgrid for data centers.TABLE IP OSSIBLE O PERATION M ODES OF THE DC M ICROGRIDFig.4.Operation modes and transitions of the dc microgrid.TABLE IIT RANSITIONS AND THE C ORRESPONDING E VENTSFOR THE DC M ICROGRIDTABLE IVA DAPTIVE C ONTROL S YSTEM:T RANSITIONSB ETWEEN D IFFERENT O PERATION M ODESTABLE VM AXIMUM T RANSIENT C URRENT D URING T RANSITION1W ITHD IFFERENT D ETECTION T IMES AND F ILTER S IZESR EFERENCES[1]IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial andCommercial Power Systems,IEEE Std.493-1997.[2]IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with ElectricPower Systems,IEEE Std.1547-2003.[3]IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systemsfor Industrial and Commercial Applications,IEEE Std.446-1995. 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microcontroller用法Microcontroller用法简介Microcontroller（微控制器）是一种包含中央处理器、存储器和输入/输出设备的集成电路，常用于嵌入式系统中。

它具有小型尺寸、低功耗和高度集成的特点，可广泛应用于各种领域。

1. 电子设备控制Microcontroller可用于控制各种电子设备，如智能家居、工业自动化和机器人等。

通过使用相应的编程语言（如C语言），可以编写控制程序，实现对设备的精确控制。

2. 嵌入式系统开发Microcontroller是嵌入式系统开发的核心元件。

它可以作为主控芯片，与其他硬件模块（如传感器、执行器）相连接，实现各种功能。

通过编写嵌入式软件，可以控制和管理系统的各个组件。

Sensing and Measurement (传感与测量)Microcontroller可以与各种传感器相结合，实现对环境参数的感知和测量。

例如，可通过连接温度传感器实时获取环境温度，并进行温度控制。

Data Logging (数据记录)Microcontroller可以通过连接存储器模块，记录环境参数或系统状态的数据。

这些数据可以用于后续分析、故障排除或优化系统性能。

Real-time Control (实时控制)Microcontroller具有高速计算和快速响应的能力，可用于实时控制要求较高的系统。

例如，在机器人控制中，可使用Microcontroller实时感知环境并响应外部事件。

3. 通信与网络Microcontroller可以实现与其他设备或网络的通信，以实现数据传输和远程控制。

通过与传感器、执行器或计算机等相连接，可以通过UART、SPI、I2C等接口与其他设备进行数据交互。

Wireless Communication (无线通信)Microcontroller支持无线通信技术，如Wi-Fi、蓝牙和LoRa等，可以实现设备之间的远程通信。

这样可以将传感器数据传输到云端，并实现远程控制与监控。