Balance Function Tests

AAbsolute value 绝对值accept接受acceptable region接受域additivity可加性adjusted调整的 alternative hypothesis对立假设analysis分析 analysis of covariance协方差分析analysis of variance方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均数association 相关性 assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability有效度average 均值Bbalanced平衡的band带宽bar chart条形图 bathtub curve浴盆曲线beta-distribution贝塔分布between groups组间的bias偏倚 binomial distribution二项分布binomial test二项检验Ccalculate计算case个案category类别 center of gravity重心central tendency中心趋势chi-square distribution卡方分布chi-square test卡方检验classify分类cluster analysis聚类分析coefficient系数coefficient of correlation相关分析collinearity共线性column列 compare比较comparison对照 components构成，分量compound复合的 composite hypothesis复合假设concomitant variable共变量confidence interval置信区间consistency一致性 constant常数continuous variable连续变量control charts控制图correlation相关 correspondence analysis对应分析covariance协方差 covariance matrix协方差矩阵critical point临界点 critical value临界植crosstab列联表cubic三次的，立方的cubic term三次项curve estimation曲线估计Ddata数据default默认的definition定义deleted residual剔除残差density function密度函数dependent variable因变量description描述 deviations差异df.(degree of *******) 自由度diagnostic诊断dimension维 discrete variable离散变量discriminant function判别函数 discriminatory analysis半别分析distance距离 distribution分布Eequal相等effects of interaction交互效应efficiency有效性eigenvalue特征值equal size等含量equation方程error误差 estimate估计estimation of parameters参数估计 estimations估计量evaluate衡量exact value精确值expectation 期望 expected value期望值exponential指数的exponential distribution指数分布extreme value极值Ff-text f检验 factor因素，因子factor analysis因素分析factor score因子得分factorial designs析因分析factorial experiment析因试验failure rate失效率fit拟合fitted line拟合线fitted value拟合值fixed model固定模型fixed variable固定变量frequency频数function函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组 growth curve 生长曲线Hharmonic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图 homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验IIndependence 独立 independent-samples 独立样本independent variable 自变量index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计interclass correlation 组间inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代KKernel 核kolmogorov-smirnov test 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem大样本问题layer 层least significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method最小二乘法level 水平level of significance显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命 life test 寿命试验likelihood function似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear线性的 linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的 logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function损失函数Mm-estimator m估计main effect 主效应maintainability维护度matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean fine between failure 平均无故障工作时间mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差（标准差）mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量median 中位数minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型monte carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应 multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关 nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归nonparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正太分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way anova 单方向分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Pp-p plot pp概率图paired-sample成对样本paired observation 成对观测数据 parameter 参数partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分比 percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布 polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归 polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关 power 幂predict 预测 predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析probability 概率probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例QQ-Q polt QQ概率图Quadratic 二次的Quadratic term 二次项Quality control 质量控制Quantitative 数量的，度量的 Quartiles 四分位数RRandom 随机的Random number 随机数Random sampling 随机取样Random seed 随机数种子Random variable 随机变量 Randomization 随机化Range 极差Rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关 rank statistic 秩统计量rector 向量 regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数 regression line 回归线reject 拒绝 rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系 reliability 可靠性reliability analysis 可靠性分析 reliability test 可靠性试验repeated 重复的 report 报告，报表residual 残差 residual sum of squares剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性 root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ss-curve s型曲线 sample 样本sample size 样本容量 sample space 样本空间sampling 取样 sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性 significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验 significant 显著的，有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序sources of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准差standardization 标准化 standardize 标准化statistic 统计量 statistical quality control 统计质量管理std.residual 标准残差（误差） stem-and-leaf plot 茎叶图stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud.deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud.residual学生化残差 subsamples次级样本sufficient statistic充分统计量sum 和sum of square 平方和 summary 概括Tt-distribution t分布 t-test t检验table 表test criterion 检验判据test for linearity线性检验 test of goodness of fit拟合优度检验test pf independence 齐性检验 test rules 独立性检验test statistics 检验法则 testing function 检验统计量test 检验 time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限 total 总共transformation 转换 treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值two-tailed test 双尾检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的 unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 不偏性 unequal size 不等含量uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值 variable 变量variance 方差 variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比 various 不同的Wweight 加权 weighted average 加权平均值wishart distribution 维夏分布 within groups 组内的z-score z分数。

水平衡测试的工作流程Performing a water balance test is a crucial aspect of maintaining the health and safety of any aquatic environment. 进行水平衡测试是维护任何水域环境健康和安全的关键方面。

It involves a series of measurements and calculations to ensure that the water chemistry and physical properties are at optimal levels. 它涉及一系列的测量和计算，以确保水化学和物理性质处于最佳水平。

The workflow for conducting this test involves several steps that must be carried out with precision and attention to detail. 进行此测试的工作流程涉及几个步骤，必须精确地进行并注意细节。

First and foremost, it is essential to gather all the necessary equipment and chemicals needed for the water balance test. 首先，必须收集进行水平衡测试所需的所有必要设备和化学药品。

This includes pH testing kits, alkalinity and calcium kits, and other tools for measuring temperature and salinity. 这包括pH测试工具、碱度和钙测试工具，以及用于测量温度和盐度的其他工具。

Having a well-equipped testing kit is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable results. 拥有一个设备齐全的测试工具对于获得准确可靠的结果至关重要。

老年患者生命体征操作流程及注意事项1.确保患者处于安全的环境中。

Ensure that the patient is ina safe environment.2.观察患者的面色是否正常。

Observe the patient's complexion for any abnormalities.3.检查患者的体温。

Check the patient's body temperature.4.注意患者呼吸是否平稳。

Pay attention to the patient's breathing for any irregularities.5.检查患者的脉搏。

Check the patient's pulse.6.观察患者的眼睛是否有异常。

Observe the patient's eyesfor any abnormalities.7.注意患者的声音和语言能力。

Pay attention to thepatient's voice and language abilities.8.检查患者的血压。

Check the patient's blood pressure.9.确保患者有足够的饮水。

Ensure that the patient has enough water to drink.10.观察患者排尿情况。

Observe the patient's urination.11.确认患者是否有过饥饿感。

Confirm if the patient has any feelings of hunger.12.监测患者的体重变化。

Monitor the patient's weight changes.13.定期测量患者的血糖。

Regularly measure the patient's blood sugar levels.14.确保患者的睡眠质量。

星形偏移平衡测试在评价优秀蹼泳运动员核心训练效果中的应用屈萍【摘要】通过采用8点星形偏移平衡测试来评价核心训练对优秀蹼泳运动员动态平衡能力的作用.以国家蹼泳队24名优秀蹼泳运动员为研究对象,随机分为两组:核心训练组和传统训练组.对两组进行为期8周,每周4次,每次50min的运动训练,核心训练组进行以S-E-T悬吊训练为主,瑞士球和其他垫上训练为辅的核心训练,传统训练组进行“V”字起等传统的蹼泳腰腹训练.在8周的实验前后进行SEBT测试,检验受试者动态平衡稳定能力的变化.研究结果表明,相较于传统蹼泳腰腹训练,8周的核心训练更能显著提高优秀蹼泳运动员的前庭觉、躯体感觉、视觉、中枢神经系统的调控、肌肉力量、抗外部干扰、行动的敏捷等之间的协调能力,从而提高了机体的平衡稳定能力,具有传统力量训练不可比拟的优势.动态的星形偏移平衡测试能较全面地反映机体对神经肌肉的控制能力、下肢力量、身体活动范围.【期刊名称】《武汉体育学院学报》【年(卷),期】2011(045)009【总页数】5页(P74-78)【关键词】核心训练;蹼泳;星型偏移平衡测试;动态稳定性;平衡能力【作者】屈萍【作者单位】中山大学教育学院体育教育系,广东广州510275;武汉体育学院体育工程与信息技术系,国家体育总局体育工程重点实验室,湖北武汉430079【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G861.1核心稳定性力量训练（简称“核心训练”）在国内外竞技运动训练领域是一个新的研究课题，在我国也已经应用于足球、体操（跳马、蹦床）、帆船帆板、滑雪、网球、摩托艇、散打、跆拳道、田径（短跑、中长跑、投掷、竞走）、武术、赛艇、击剑、篮球、排球、游泳、跳水、划艇、自行车等项目［1］，但还不曾应用于蹼泳运动。

由于在蹼泳技术之中，手部无动态动作，靠腰腹发力，经髋、膝、踝传递至脚蹼上，人体带动脚蹼在水中打水（仅为腿部进行持续打腿运动），借助于水的反作用力向前游进，所以身体产生力量的唯一源泉就来自核心肌群，因此核心区的稳定能力和力量能力对于蹼泳运动员非常重要。

⽆线蓝⽛⽿机电⼦产品可靠性试验标准中英⽂版模板RODUCT reliability Test standard产品可靠性试验标准Product Type: True Wireless EarphonesModel:Document No.REVISIONSApprovalsContents1Purpose (1)2Policy (1)3Safety (1)4RESPONSIBILITY (1)5SAMPLING PLAN (1)5.1Total Samples Required (1)5.2Sample grouping (1)5.3Unit Marking: (2)5.3.1Sampling Plan Visual Tests (2)5.3.2Sampling Plan Function Tests (2)5.3.3Sampling Plan Product Reliability Tests (3)5.3.4Sampling Plan Mechanical Validation and Life Tests (3)5.3.5Sampling Plan Packaging Tests (4)5.3.6Sampling Plan Compliance Validation Tests (4)6PROCEDURE (5)6.1Test Definitions and Descriptions for Visual Tests (5)6.1.1External Visual Examination (5)6.1.2Internal Visual Examination (5)6.2Test Definitions and Descriptions for Function Tests (6)6.2.1Manual Listening and Calling Test (6)6.2.2Frequency Response (6)6.2.3Mic Sensitivity Test (6)6.2.4THD Test (7)6.2.5Audio Balance Test (7)6.2.5Audio Balance Test （ANR Off） (7)6.2.6Audio Balance Test （ANR On） (7)6.2.7NC Stability test (7)6.2.8Hiss Noise Test (7)6.2.9ANR Test (7)6.3Test Definitions and Descriptions for Product Reliability Tests (7)6.3.1Continuous Max. Output Power Test (7)6.3.2Non Operational Thermal Shock Test (7)6.3.3Operational Temperature / Humidity Cycle Test (8)6.3.4Non Operational Temperature / Humidity Cycle Test (9)6.3.5Driver Deformation Test (10)6.4Test Definitions and Descriptions for Mechanical Validation and Life Tests (10) 6.4.1Cable Flexing Test (10)6.4.2Cable Tensile Strength Test (11)6.4.3Insertion & Extracting Test (11)6.4.4Bluetooth test (11)6.4.5Switch Life Test (12)6.4.6Charging Pin Life Test (12)6.4.7USB Socket Withstand Force Test (12)6.4.8Drop Test (12)6.4.9Vibration Test (13)6.4.10Charge Time Test (13)6.4.11Music Play Time Test (13)6.4.12ESD Test (13)6.4.13Decorative Surface Tests (14)6.4.14Standby Time Test (18)6.4.15RCA Test For Coating Parts (18)6.4.16Free fall repeat Test (18)6.5Test Definitions and Descriptions for Packaging Validation (18)6.5.1Retail Packaging Drop Test (18)6.5.2Shipping Carton Vibration Test (19)6.5.3Shipping Carton Piling Up Test (19)6.5.4Shipping Carton Packaging Storage Test (19)6.5.5Shipping Carton Drop Test (20)6.6Test Definitions and Descriptions for Compliance Validation (21)6.6.1EMC Test (21)6.6.2RoHS Compliance Test (21)6.6.3REACH Compliance Test (21)6.7IPX5 Protection against water Test (21)7ANNEXES (23)1PurposeThis document explains the sequence of testing to be used to verify the Bluetooth headset .本⽂档诠释了⽤于验证蓝⽛⽿机的测试顺序。

笔记本电脑的可靠性测试 (SIT)2008-06-02 19:13如今笔记本电脑的使用越来越普及！人们对笔记本电脑的要求也越来越多！即使，业界一直都在cost down!那么，我就来说说笔记本电脑的常见的测试项目供大家参考！先来说说，SITSystem integration test:DVT1 1month and DVT2 1month Q'ty : 3sets1.General Function Test Item:CPU:Necessary minimum 2 units for this test under all OS.1.1 Under DOS : Bios detect,check the CPU type and CPU speed.1.2 When Post or windows,check CPU information,Including :In POST.Show the correct CPU type and CPU speed.Properties of system/system tools/Dxdiag under windows1.3 System test Amidiag 6.20\PC Doctor1.4 Bench Mark 3D winbench2000\3D Mark2006\Mobile Mark 2007\PC Mark 2005 1.5 Speed step2 enable/disable and Battery discharge test1.6 Power on/Shutdown test under windows1.7 Reboot/Restart test1.8 S31.9 S4Memory:1.1 Total capacity of memory under BIOS\Post screen\Windows1.2 test by tools: Mem Test2.59 or memory86+1.3 Operation under windows : 3D Mark 2006 auto run 8hrs ,or other1.4 After STR/Resume 5times ,STF/Resume 5times1.5 Diagnostic tool test: Rebooter , Stresstest ,Ntbench,S3 toggle1.6 Power on/off ,Each OS 5times1.7 Reboot ,Each OS 5timesVGA:1. Install driver2. Diagnostic Tool Test,AMIDiag 6.20-DOS,AMIDiag2.0-Win3. BIOS setup utility4. Check DOS screen5. Setup OS each OS,Driver install.6. Start OS,Cold boot\reboot\MS-DOS Display mode change each 5 times7. Check VGA resolution & Color Depth.640*480,800*600,1024*768,1024*800,1280*800,under 16bits\32bits\265colors8. LCD off by time out, under windows 5times9. Hot key Fn+F310. S3 Standby11. S4 Hibernate12. Check virtual screen under windows13. Check cursor moving range under windows14. Screen saver\Video playback\DVD playback\various video outputLCD+CRT the test item same as above (But it need check CRT DDC in the OS device management)And, LCD/CRT/TV Mode change:Dual display: 1.3~2.4Extended desktop: Different color depth,Mouse cursor move area,monitor time-out,screen saver previewPCMCIA:1.Hot insert 16bit\32bit Modem/LAN/SCSI/ATA confirm the recognition2.Cold insert , confirm the boot and recognition3.Operation , Eject without stop PC card.4.Insert/Remove the card5.After STR/Resume,After STF/Resume under windows6.Power on/Shutdown each OS7.Reboot8.Warm eject ,Remove card when system in S3\S4 then resume.Modem:1.Mdeom properties2.Driver install3.Medom function ,Internet Explorer and download test.4.Fax function,send/receive,check the dial sound5.Wake up on ring. in AC/DC mode6.Operation STR/STF, while communicationplink test,100MB files8.S3/S4LAN:work adapters properties2.Driver installN Boot4.Delete,confirm system can delete the driver5.Connect to internal ,download 500MB,upload 100MB6.File copy7.STR,STF/Resume:by start menu/power switch/time out/lid swtichConfirm WOL:Wake on Lan under Enable/Disable mode, Using Magic Packet 1.0 software to wake computer.8.Legal operation,while communication STR/STF9.Aging(File send/receive more 24hrs), TCP/IP,Net/BEUI,IPX/SPX10.System log on/log offWLAN:1.The test item same as above.2.Distance (Check the transfer rate) 30m/50m/100m3.Signal interference (Bluetooth) 30m/50m/100m4.Access point log on/log off5.Peer to peer/Access Point ,file send/receive, TCP/IP,Net/BEUI,IPX/SPXAudio:1.Driver install2.Audio recording3.Internal\External microphone sound record test,Confirm noise4.Speaker balance ,Max\Min\Mute\Left\Right,Built-in speaker\External speaker5.Headphone balance test same as speaker balance test.6.SPDIF out test by optical.7.Line-in/out test (Ex.CD audio play)8.Windows volume control test by Media player, VCD\AVI\MIDI\WAV\CD\HDCD Sound enable/disable,left/right balance,Volume control,mute,wave balance9.Noise check: operate HDD,operate screen saver,operate slide pad,Poweron/off,S3,S4,Lcd open/close.10.Audio information & audio setting check11.ACPI function check with various audio function testsIDE:1.IDE HDD1.1 Detect device(Bios\Post\Win),confirm the capacity of HDD,mode name of HDD 1.2 AMIDiage 6.12 for DOS,AMIDiag2.0 for windows1.3 HDD led1.4 File copy\compare\delete1.5 Defragment1.6 Scandisk1.7 Partition -format, Fat16\Fat32\NTFS1.8 OS boot1.9 Time out test,HDD off1.10 DMA function,Advance function check1.11 Searching and accessing ,AC adapter insert/remove1.12 Power on/off under windows 5 times1.13 Warm Boot under windows 5 times1.14 S3/S42.DVD-ROM2.1 Driver configuration,Check F/W & mode name2.2 Tray open/close2.3 Drive performance ,Nero speed 99 and CD winbench 992.4 Check auto run function, CD\VCD\DVD palyback2.5 AMIDiag 2.0 for Windows2.6 Dolby digital , Dolby headphone check it.2.7 Dos operation (MS-DOS\DOS)2.8 CD Boot (WinNT 4.0 or Bootable CD)2.9 Led indicator2.10 OS install , H/L recovery, Using DVD Diso to install OS2.11 Application Install , MicroSoft Office 2000\2003\20072.12 Virtual Disk ,Disk Format\Erase\Rewrite , File copy/Compare/Delete2.13 Burn CD : CD-R : Disc 800MB/700MB/650MB/550MB (Type90min/80min/74min/63min)Disc High\Low speedODD High'low speed2.14 Burn DVD DVD-R\DVD-R DL\DVD+R\DVD+R DL\DVD-RW\DVD+RW\DVD-RAM2.15 Play DVD movies , SSSL\SSDL\DSSL DVD-5\DVD-9,Check Region Code , Code=1(USA),Code=2(Japan),Code=3(Twaiwan)2.16 Using 0.3g CD (Eccentric media) that from ODD vendor, Check noise and vibration2.17 Legal operation,STR while accessing\STD while accessing\eject while accessing 2.18 After STR\STF resume2.19 Running over 12 hours , VCD\Audio-CD\DVDMouse and KeyboardInternal keyboard1.Keyboard test use the AMIDiag 6.122.Hot keys test under the DOS/Windows3.Key locks, Caps\Num\Scroll indicator4.Hot plug/unplug PS2 K/B5.All key input ,Using keyview programB K/B test ,Wireless K/B test,Numeric K/B7.After STR/STF resumeGlide pad:1.Detect the device, Post screen/under windows2.Driver install3.PC doctor test4.Button swap5.Scroll button6.Cursor operation7.Drag8.Operate direction9.Tapping/Corner tapping10.Wheel emulation11.Disabled function12.Response on taskbar,Indicator on system tray13.Under expanded video,Check indicator moving functionbination test,USB Mouse and Glide pad -in same time15.Power on/off , Warm boot ,After STR/STF resumeIEEE1394:1.Check detect2.Check driver install in the device management,No any error3.Direct connection by IEEE 1394 link cablework setup and confirm under network property5.Share the folder or drive(HDD or ODD),And File copy\Compare\Delete More 100MB6.While communication STR/STF resume7.Power on/off 5 times8.Warm boot 5 times9.S3/S410.Connect to IEEE 1394 HDD deviceUSB Port:1.Chip detect,system will auto detect2.Check driver install in the device management3.System can run under battery only with all the bus-power (USB camera,HDD)B Mouse: Basic functionScroll switch,Cursor operation.Drag,Hot plug/unplugB speaker :Sound output ,Using CD-DA/Midi/Mp3/Wav fileSound quality check ,power on/off the speakerVolume control,Maximum\MinimumHot plug/unplugAfter STR/STF resumeB Camera:Input image and previewRecord video ,Take a pictureHot plug/unplugAfter STR/STF resumeB Ext.HDD:File copy\delete\format , While accessing STR/STF resume8.After STR/STF resume ,In S3-remove device-resume,In S3 insert device-resumeUser I/F:1.Power switch:power on/off mode each OS2.Short cut key,check function3.Status indicator :Power/suspend status DOS/WindowsBattery status:Normal\Low\WarningCD/DVD ststus\FDD ststus\Caps lock status\Scroll lockstatus\Num lock status\wireless lan status\Mail arrival status4.Beep Action :Power on each OS\Suspend\LCD+CRT mode Fn+F3\Sound Muteon/off \Battery warning\Battery Low\Beep on/off5.Function key including hot key6.Keyboard Function ,check all key7.Pointing device:Glide pad,Buttons,Scroll buttons8.Lid swtichWindows Power Management(ACPI)1.Manual STR\STF resume (Power switch\Led switch)2.Software STR\STF resume3.Enter S3 by Timer\Power switch\Lid switch in AC/DC mode ,Resume by power switch in AC/DC modeEnter S3 by Timer\Power switch\Lid switch in AC/DC mode ,Resume by lid switch in AC/DC modeEnter S3 by Timer\Power switch\Lid switch in AC/DC mode,Resume by power switch in DC/AC modeEnter S3 by Timer\Power swtich\Lid swtich in AC/DC mode,Resume by lid switch in DC/AC mode4.Power schemesTurn off monitor\Turn off hard disk\System stand by\System hibernates5.AlarmsLow battery\Critical battery6.Power meter7.Advanced , Password\Lid close\Power button8.Hibernate Enable/DisableAC adapter /Battery:1.Configure AC Adapter : Connect\Disconnect2.Battery Charging :Power on charge\Power off charge3.Battery Full Charge :Power on charge\Power off charge4.Battery Discharging5.Battery Warning: Alarm,Power meter6.Low Battery7.STR\STF by Power schemes8.Battery Operation , W/O AC adapter9.Replace Battery10.RTC battery : Leap year renewal (day/month/year) under Power on/off/S3BIOS:1.BIOS Flash2.BIOS Crisis , Jump Dip switch and flash Bios.wph by usb floppy3.Boot :Post screen\Boot message\Bios setup\Lan bootRegion Kind of K/B,Fast boot:Boot\resume from STR\resume from STF4.Check setup screen and Multi language5.Bios version (Version & VBIOS)CPU type/speed\system memory\extended memory\internal HDD Maximum capacity\internal DVD\Diskette typeSystem time\date6.Advanced: LCD Panel\View ExpansionSummary screen ,UMA (Unified memory architecture) Frame buffer size7.Security :Set supervisor password\Password on bootCorrect password\Wrong password\Bad charterFixed disk boot sectorBoot sequence,DVD-ROM\Diskette driver\Hard driver\USB disk\Lan boot server8.OS install\boot , each OS9.STR/STD,Windows menu\Lid switch\Power button\Time-out10.Wake on ring,by internal modem11.Wake on Lan,internal Lan12.Battery:battery charging\discharging,Low battery alarm13.Short cut key function check14.Status indicator check15.Hot key check16.I/O function check17.Reboot test toolNoise :1.Power on/off2.Reboot3.STR\STF4.Operate volume control , Playback\Recording under WIN5.Check fan noise under WIN and DOS6.Plug headphone under Win7.Microphone echo sound under Win and Dos8.Play music CD (Max sound) under winB data convey10.Operate mobile-phone around the system under win11.Inverter noiseRTC:1. RTC Leap year (day/month/year) Power on/off ,Enter S3/S42. RTC specification check .Power on/ff under High\Room\Low tempSD/MS card:1.Indicator2.File Copy\Compare\Delete3.Defragment4.Scandisk5.Partition Fat\Fat32\NTFS6.While accessing AC adapter insert/remove and STR\STF7.Playback Mp3 and other8.STR/STF/RebootAdditional Acer test item:1.MDA 2008 1>Microsoft windows logo must stand alone and must be left 5 mm clear space2>The system resume from standby time whin in 5 seconds for XP (Less than 2 seconds for Vista)3>No unsigned driver be found by sigverif.exe,All drivers must be signed by WHQL4>AeroAT test must be passed2.Boot time test 1>Cold boot <=40 sec2>Raid support <=55 sec3>Resume from S43.BIOS check4.INT 15 test & WMI test5.Security function test (BIOS Password\HDD Password\HDD lock function\Smart card security\Finger print security\ACPI security\TPM security)6.Indication function check:1>Led on off 2>Color 3>Blinking 4>Flashing7.RTC check: 8 hrs off\24 hrs off . Within +/- 2.5 seconds2. Stability Test Item:1.Cold Boot/shut down , High Temp\Low temp\Room Temp2.Warm Boot , High Temp\Low Temp\Room Temp3.Suspend to RAM/Resume , High Temp\Low Temp\Room Temp4.Screen Saver,Hight Temp\Low Temp\Room Temp5.3D application running , Room Temp6.AMIDiag Running , Room Temp7.VCD and DVD , 12 hrs Room Temp8.IEEE 1394 Long run ,12 hrs Room Temp9.IEEE 1394 battery only ,1hrs Room TempB long run ,12 hrs Room TempB Run battery only ,1 hrs Room Temp12.Wireless Lan long run,24 hrs Room Temp13.WLAN Run battery only,1 hrs Room Temp14.Bluetooth long run , 24hrs Room Temp15.B/T Run battery only ,1hrs Room Temp16.Modem long run ,24hrs Room Temp17.Modem run battery only,1hrs Room Temp18.Internal Lan long run , 24hrs Room Temp19.Int/Lan battery only,1hrs Room Temp20.Loading testing,Including USB-HDD to HDD and IEEE 1394 and WLAN and 3D screen saver3.Software Compatibility Test1.Operating system test(Microsoft Windows XP Pro/Home,Vista)2.Windows application test2.1 Microsoft Office 2003/20072.2 Microsoft Visual Basic\C++\Foxpro2.3 Acrobat reader2.4 Winbench 20002.5 Intel media benchmark2.6 3D Mark 20052.7 WinZIP2.8 Microsoft internet Explorer2.9 Skype2.10 MSN messenger2.11 WinDVD2.12 Nero burning ROM3.Diagnostic Running Test3.1 AMIDiag for windows\PC Doctor for windows\SiSoftware sandra standardmunication Test4.1 Hyper terminal windows4.Performance Test Item1.Performance tableZiff Davis Media Business Winstone 2001 Version:1.01Ziff Davis Media Winbench 99/2000Ziff Davis Media Content Creation 2001 Version:1.0.1Ziff Davis Media Audio Winbench 99 Vwesion:1.0.1Intel Media banchmark 1.0SysMark2004PC Mark2004Mobile Mark 20023D WinMark 20003D Mark 2003\2005\2006\2007Record the score of test2.Battery TestBattery Charge\Dischage TimeNow~ SysMark 2004/2007PCMark 053D Mark 03/05/06Mobile Mark 05BWS Battery Mark 20045.Hardware Compatibility Test ItemB Port DeviceCheck Mouse:Logitech USB mouse\Wheel MouseMicrosoft mouseAcer mouseCheck Ext.HDD:BusLink USB2.0 HDDIBMNo Brand Mobile device TD starCheck Lan:Billionton USB 2.0 10/100MB Ethernet adapter D-Link USB Fast Ethernet adapterCheck Floppy:Teac USB FloppyCheck USB Camera:Canon Digital camera (PowerShot A20)\Logitech Check Speaker:AITEC\JS\Philips USB speakerCheck Printer:Epson\HPCheck Scanner:Acer\Epson\BenQCheck Modem:Billionton\MITAC\GVCCheck Bluetooth:BilliontonCheck Joystick:Microsoft\LogitechCheck Keyboard:ELECOM\Logitech\DellCheck CardReader:Billionton\SandiskCheck USB Link Cable :No Brand USB to Mini USB\USB to RS232\USB to LPTCheck USB HUBNo BrandCheck USB Flash DiskUSB 2.0 128MB\512MB\1GB2.Audio PortCheck Headphone:Sony headphone\Yamaha Dolby Digital 6-piece Speakers\Merry Micphone 3.CRT PortCheck SAMPO 15''\19''\21''\17'' CRTADI\ViewSonic\MAG\HP\NEC CRTDSC 17'' TFT LCD-out PortCheck Philips 14''\21'' TVChangHong 21''TVSharp 37'' LCD TV5.IEEE 1394 PortCheck IBM\Maxtor\Buffalo\TSE\Cubig HDDPanasonic\Sony DVCheck HUBBUSlinkCheck Cable3C IEEE 1394 4 pin to 4 pin Cable6.SPDIF-out TestCheck Sharp\Sony MDYamaha\Creative Speaker7.ATA/Storage CardCheck SanDisk\IBM\Compact\Kingston\Panasonic32MB/64MB/256MB/512MB/1GBSD\MS\CF\MMC8.Data/Fax/Modem PC CardCheck APEX Modem PCMCIA Card (16 bit)\Xircom Modem PCMCIA Card (32 bit)work Interface PCMCIA CardCheck D-Link\3COM , PCMCIA Lan(16 bit\32 bit)10.SCSI PCMCIA CardCheck Ratoc PCMCIA SCSI CardBus11.IEEE 1394 PCMCIA CardCheck 1394 I/O CardBus PCMCIA Card12 WLAN PCMCIA CardCheck Buffalo WLAN Card。

２０１９年２月㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀第４０卷㊀第１期㊀㊀㊀㊀首都医科大学学报ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣａｐｉｔａｌＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ㊀㊀㊀Ｆｅｂ ２０１９Ｖｏｌ ４０㊀Ｎｏ １基金项目:北京市教委科技计划面上项目(ＫＭ２０１６１００２５０２０)ꎬ首都卫生发展科研专项(首发２０１６－２－７０２２ꎬ首发２０１８－１－１０９１)ꎮＴｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙｗａｓｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｂｙＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＰｌａｎｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＭｕｎｉｃｉｐａｌＥｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎＣｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ(ＫＭ２０１６１００２５０２０)ꎬＣａｐｉｔａｌＨｅａｌｔｈＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＳｐｅｃｉａｌ(２０１６－２－７０２２ꎬ２０１８－１－１０９１).∗ＣｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇａｕｔｈｏｒꎬＥ￣ｍａｉｌ:ｚｈｕａｎｇｘｉａｏｍｉｎｇ１０１＠１６３.ｃｏｍ网络出版时间:２０１９－０１－１９㊀１８ʒ０６㊀网络出版地址:ｈｔｔｐ://ｋｎｓ.ｃｎｋｉ.ｎｅｔ/ｋｃｍｓ/ｄｅｔａｉｌ/１１.３６６２.Ｒ.２０１９０１１９.１８０６.００８.ｈｔｍｌ[ｄｏｉ:１０ ３９６９/ｊ.ｉｓｓｎ １００６￣７７９５ ２０１９ ０１ ００２]糖尿病慢性合并症－听力损失与平衡障碍研究２型糖尿病患者静态平衡功能的分析贾㊀佳㊀孟㊀岩㊀张黎黎㊀庄晓明∗(首都医科大学附属复兴医院内分泌科ꎬ北京１０００３８)ʌ摘要ɔ㊀目的㊀对２型糖尿病患者的静态平衡功能进行分析ꎮ方法㊀纳入符合２型糖尿病诊断标准的患者３０例ꎬ同时选取年龄㊁性别匹配的正常人３０名作为对照组ꎮ收集受试者一般基线资料及内分泌相关生物化学检验结果ꎬ应用ＰＣ７０８型静态平衡仪ꎬ分别进行睁眼㊁闭眼站立于硬平台时的平衡功能测试ꎬ比较轨迹图面积㊁轨迹总长度㊁单位面积轨迹长及Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率ꎮ结果㊀糖尿病组在睁眼站立于硬平台时ꎬ轨迹图面积㊁轨迹总长度及Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎮ糖尿病组在闭眼站立于硬平台时ꎬ轨迹图面积㊁轨迹总长度均大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎮ糖尿病组单位面积轨迹长小于对照组ꎬＲｏｍｂｅｒｇ率大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎮ结论㊀２型糖尿病患者出现静态平衡功能下降:睁眼情况下ꎬ糖尿病患者站立位维持静态平衡稳定能力降低ꎻ闭眼情况下ꎬ糖尿病患者站立位维持静态平衡稳定能力及平衡控制能力下降ꎻＲｏｍｂｅｒｇ率增大ꎬ提示糖尿病患者维持站立位静态平衡功能更多依赖视觉代偿ꎮʌ关键词ɔ㊀糖尿病ꎻ平衡功能ꎻ跌倒ʌ中图分类号ɔ㊀Ｒ５８７ １Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｓｔａｔｉｃｂａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｔｙｐｅ２ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓＪｉａＪｉａꎬＭｅｎｇＹａｎꎬＺｈａｎｇＬｉｌｉꎬＺｈｕａｎｇＸｉａｏｍｉｎｇ∗(ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬＦｕｘｉｎｇＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌꎬＣａｐｉｔａｌＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００３８ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)ʌＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔɔ㊀Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ㊀Ｔｏｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｐｏｓｔｕｒａｌｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎａｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓ.Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ㊀Ｔｈｅｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓｗｅｒｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ(３０ｃａｓｅｓ)ａｎｄｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓｇｒｏｕｐ(３０ｃａｓｅｓ).Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｂａｓｅｌｉｎｅｄａｔａａｎｄｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅ￣ｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｅｓｔｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｗｅｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ.ＢａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｔｅｓｔｓｗｅｒｅｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄｗｉｔｈｅｙｅｓｏｐｅｎｅｄｏｒｃｌｏｓｅｄａｎｄｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｎｈａｒｄｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍｓｗｉｔｈａＰＣ７０８ｓｔａｔｉｃｂａｌａｎｃｉｎｇａｐｐａｒａｔｕｓｔｏｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｂａｌａｎｃｅｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ.Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ㊀Ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｇｒｏｕｐｗａｓｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｎａｆｉｒｍｓｕｒｆａｃｅｗｉｔｈｏｐｅｎｅｙｅｓꎬｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｌｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｃｋꎬｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｇｒａｍ(ＳＳＫＧ)ａｒｅａａｎｄｔｈｅＲｏｍｂｅｒｇｑｕｏｔｉｅｎｔｗｅｒｅｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐꎬｗｉｔｈｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ(Ｐ<０ ０５).ＷｈｅｎｔｈｅｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｇｒｏｕｐｗａｓｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｎａｆｉｒｍｓｕｒｆａｃｅｗｉｔｈｅｙｅｓｃｌｏｓｅｄꎬｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｌｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｃｋꎬａｎｄｔｈｅＳＳＫＧａｒｅａｏｆｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓｗｅｒｅｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐꎬｗｉｔｈｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ(Ｐ<０ ０５).Ｔｈｅｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｇｒａｍｌｅｎｇｔｈ(ＬＦＳ)ｉｎｄｅｘｗａｓｓｍａｌｌｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐꎬａｎｄｔｈｅＲｏｍｂｅｒｇｑｕｏｔｉｅｎｔｗａｓｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐꎬｂｏｔｈｗｉｔｈｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ.(Ｐ<０ ０５).Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ㊀Ｔｈｅｓｔａｔｉｃｂａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｙｐｅ２ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ:Ｔｈｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｔｏｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｓｔａｔｉｃｂａｌａｎｃｅａｎｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｏｐｅｎｅｙｅｓｗａｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ.Ｗｉｔｈｅｙｅｓｃｌｏｓｅｄꎬｔｈｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｔｏｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｓｔａｔｉｃｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍａｎｄｂａｌａｎｃｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｉｎｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｗａｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｎｏｒｍａｌｐｅｏｐｌｅ.ＴｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆＲｏｍｂｅｒｇｒａｔｅｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｓｔａｔｉｃｂａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｍｏｒｅｏｎｖｉｓｕａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ.ʌＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓɔ㊀ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓꎻｂａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎꎻｆａｌｌｄｏｗｎ㊀㊀糖尿病(ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓꎬＤＭ)是一组由多病因引起的以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病ꎬ可引起多系统损害ꎬ导致眼㊁耳㊁肾㊁神经㊁心脏㊁血管等组织的慢性进行性病变ꎬ引起对应器官的功能缺陷甚至衰竭[１]ꎮ糖尿病患者由于易合并周围血管病变和神经病变㊁足部病变等ꎬ常发生步态不稳ꎬ造成跌倒ꎮ跌倒可导致患者伤残及死亡增加ꎬ严重影响生活质量ꎮ虽然有很多风险因素与跌倒有关ꎬ但最常见的风险因素是平衡功能障碍[２]ꎮ研究[３]显示平衡功能不良与跌倒风险的增加具有很高的相关性ꎮ２０１２年ꎬＡｚｉｄａｈ第１期贾㊀佳等:２型糖尿病患者静态平衡功能的分析等[４]研究发现中老年糖尿病患者跌倒率为１８ ８％ꎬ均存在平衡功能障碍ꎮ评估２型糖尿病患者的平衡功能ꎬ可以预测其发生跌倒的风险ꎬ有助于早期做出针对性的干预ꎬ减少跌倒发生ꎮ临床上评价平衡功能的方法很多ꎬ随着现代医学的发展ꎬ临床上目前多用平衡仪来定量分析受试者平衡功能[５]ꎬ静态平衡功能检查是可靠的检测方法ꎬ其测量参数有轨迹图面积(ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅ￣ｓｉｇｒａｍꎬＳＳＫＧ)㊁轨迹总长度㊁单位面积轨迹长㊁Ｒｏｍ￣ｂｅｒｇ率(ＲｏｍｂｅｒｇｑｕｏｔｉｅｎｔꎬＲＱ)等ꎮ可以灵敏地反映静态平衡功能ꎮ本研究通过对２型糖尿病患者进行静态姿势图描记ꎬ分析２型糖尿病患者的平衡功能ꎮ１㊀对象与方法１ １㊀研究对象选取２０１８年１月至２０１８年１０月期间于首都医科大学附属复兴医院内分泌科门诊就诊的２型糖尿病患者３０例为病例组ꎬ其中男性１４例ꎬ女性１６例ꎻ平均年龄(５０ ８３ʃ１ ３０)岁ꎮ糖尿病组纳入标准:①年龄３０~６０岁ꎻ②行动便利ꎻ③符合２型糖尿病诊断标准ꎬ即空腹血糖(ｆａｓｔｉｎｇｐｌａｓｍａｇｌｕｃｏｓｅꎬＦＰＧ)ȡ７ ０ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ或口服葡萄糖耐量试验(ｏｒａｌｇｌｕｃｏｓｅｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｔｅｓｔꎬＯＧＴＴ)２ｈ血浆葡萄糖ȡ１１ １ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌꎮ排除标准:①严重低血糖ꎻ②耳源性眩晕㊁前庭神经炎病史ꎻ③严重视觉障碍及视野缺损病史ꎻ④脑血管病及其他颅脑疾患病史ꎻ⑤下肢畸形㊁重度骨质疏松㊁新发骨折病史ꎻ⑥未控制高血压㊁血压过低ꎻ⑦合并严重的心㊁肝㊁肾疾病及其他全身疾病ꎻ⑧肥胖:体质量指数(ｂｏｄｙｍａｓｓｉｎｄｅｘꎬＢＭＩ)ȡ３０ｋｇ/ｍ２ꎻ⑨甲状腺功能减低病史ꎻ⑩长期大量饮酒史㊁乙醇依赖ꎻ 其他影响肢体活动疾病及无法配合检查者(如痴呆㊁意识障碍等)ꎮ同期在健康体检人群中选取年龄㊁性别与病例组相接近的ꎬＯＧＴＴ结果显示糖耐量正常者为对照组ꎬ共计３０名ꎬ其中男性１１例ꎬ女性１９例ꎬ平均年龄(４８ １７ʃ８ ３４)岁ꎮ１ ２㊀研究方法全部受试者接受详细的病史询问ꎬ一般资料采集ꎬ耳科㊁眼科检查ꎮ内分泌相关检查:血糖㊁糖化血红蛋白㊁尿白蛋白肌酐比(ｕｒｉｎａｒｙａｌｂｕｍｉｎｃｒｅａｔｉｎｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏꎬＵＡＣＲ)㊁血脂㊁甲状腺功能ꎮ符合纳入标准的受试者进行静态平衡功能检查ꎮ本研究使用ＰＣ７０８型静态平衡仪ꎬ测试在安静㊁光线明亮的环境下进行ꎬ受试者脱鞋站立于平衡仪标定的站立位置上(硬平台)ꎬ身体直立尽量保持不动㊁重心稳定ꎬ分别在睁眼㊁闭眼站立于硬平台ꎬ双眼直视显示屏正中央红色圆点６０ｓꎬ记录睁眼㊁闭眼条件下身体压力中心变化轨迹(姿势图)ꎬ分别计算这两种条件下身体压力中心移动的轨迹图面积㊁轨迹总长度㊁单位面积轨迹长及Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率ꎮ若测试过程中受试者自行晃动身体㊁转头㊁迈步㊁扶栏杆等ꎬ应停止测试ꎬ重新进行ꎮ测试过程中检查者站在受试者身边ꎬ做好防护ꎮ１ ３㊀观察指标１)轨迹总长度:总轨迹长为一定时间内所经过路线长ꎬ反映身体自发摆动的程度ꎮ２)ＳＳＫＧ:为包括９０％身体晃动点的面积ꎬ通过轨迹图面积的大小可以从整体上判断平衡障碍的程度ꎬ面积越小ꎬ说明维持平衡稳定能力越强ꎮ３)单位面积轨迹长:轨迹总长度与轨迹图面积比值ꎬ反映患者平衡控制能力ꎮ４)Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率:指直立位闭眼与睁眼条件下轨迹图面积比值ꎮ反映患者去除视觉因素下ꎬ在保持自身姿势时ꎬ前庭觉与本体觉代偿能力ꎬ以及视觉反馈对患者平衡功能的影响ꎮ在这几种观察指标中ꎬ单位面积轨迹长是平衡控制能力指标ꎮ轨迹总长度㊁轨迹图面积㊁Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率是维持平衡稳定能力的指标ꎮ１ ４㊀统计学方法使用ＳＰＳＳ２２ ０进行统计学分析ꎮ计量资料符合正态分布的数据用均数ʃ标准差(ｘʃｓ)表示ꎬ非正态分布的计量数据经对数转换后呈正态分布以几何均数ʃ标准差(ｘʃｓ)表示ꎮ对于经对数转换后仍为非正态分布的数据则以中位数表示ꎮ两组间均数比较符合正态分布的采用两独立样本ｔ检验ꎬ不符合正态分布的采用Ｍａｎｎ￣ＷｈｉｔｎｅｙＵ检验ꎬ率的比较采用χ２检验ꎮ以Ｐ<０ ０５为差异有统计学意义ꎮ２㊀结果２ １㊀两组一般情况比较本研究共入选研究对象６０例ꎬ糖尿病组３０名ꎬ对照组３０例ꎬ两组间性别㊁年龄㊁ＢＭＩ比较ꎬ差异无统计学意义(Ｐ>０ ０５)ꎮ两组间低密度脂蛋白胆固醇㊁高密度脂蛋白胆固醇㊁总胆固醇㊁三酰甘油以及促甲状腺激素(ｔｈｙｒｏｉｄ７首都医科大学学报第４０卷ｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｈｏｒｍｏｎｅꎬＴＳＨ)差异无统计学意义(Ｐ>０ ０５)ꎮ糖尿病组的空腹血糖㊁餐后血糖㊁糖化血红蛋白及尿白蛋白肌酐比高于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎬ详见表１ꎮ表１㊀糖尿病组与对照组一般临床资料比较Ｔａｂ １㊀Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｇｒｏｕｐａｎｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ(ｘʃｓ)ＰｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ(ｎ＝３０)ＤＭｇｒｏｕｐ(ｎ＝３０)χ２/ｔＰＧｅｎｄｅｒ(ｍａｌｅ/ｆｅｍａｌｅ)１９/１１１６/１４㊀０.６１７０.４３２Ａｇｅ/ａ４８.１７ʃ８.３４５０.８３ʃ７.１４－１.３２７０.１９０ＢＭＩ/(ｋｇ ｍ－２)２４.５１ʃ２.７４２５.６８ʃ３.１７－１.５２９０.１３２ＦＰＧ/(ｍｍｏｌ Ｌ－１)５.３４ʃ０.４３９.０８ʃ３.３３－６.１０１０.０００ＨｂＡ１ｃ/％５.６５ʃ０.３５８.５４ʃ１.８３－８.４９６０.０００ＵＡＣＲ/(ｍｇ ｇ－１)１０.６０ʃ６.１０３４.６８ʃ１６.２１－７.６１５０.０００ＴＳＨ/(ｕＩＵ ｍＬ－１)２.６１ʃ０.３９２.２５ʃ１.３１１.４４３０.１５８ＬＤＬ￣Ｃ/(ｍｍｏｌ Ｌ－１)２.９２ʃ０.６９３.１１ʃ０.９８－０.８６８０.３８９ＨＤＬ￣Ｃ/(ｍｍｏｌ Ｌ－１)１.４８ʃ０.３９１.３４ʃ０.３９１.３９００.１７０ＴＣ/(ｍｍｏｌ Ｌ－１)４.６０ʃ０.６５４.８７ʃ１.０１－１.２３１０.２２３ＴＧ/(ｍｍｏｌ Ｌ－１)１.４９ʃ０.５２１.６９ʃ０.６７－１.２９２０.２０２㊀㊀ＤＭ:ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓꎻＢＭＩ:ｂｏｄｙｍａｓｓｉｎｄｅｘꎻＦＰＧ:ｆａｓｔｉｎｇｐｌａｓｍａｇｌｕｃｏｓｅꎻＨｂＡ１ｃ:ｇｌｙｃｏｓｙｌａｔｅｄｈｅｍｏｇｌｏｂｉｎＡ１ｃꎻＵＡＣＲ:ｕｒｉｎａ￣ｒｙａｌｂｕｍｉｎｃｒｅａｔｉｎｉｎｅｒａｔｉｏꎻＴＳＨ:ｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｈｏｒｍｏｎｅꎻＬＤＬ￣Ｃ:ｌｏｗｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｌｉｐｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ￣ｃｈｏｌｅｓｔｅｒｏｌꎻＨＤＬ￣Ｃ:ｈｉｇｈｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｌｉｐｏｐｒｏ￣ｔｅｉｎ￣ｃｈｏｌｅｓｔｅｒｏｌꎻＴＣ:ｔｏｔａｌｃｈｏｌｅｓｔｅｒｏｌꎻＴＧ:ｔｒｉｇｌｙｃｅｒｉｄｅｓ.２ ２㊀两组睁眼站立于硬平台时静态平衡功能参数比较糖尿病组在睁眼站立于硬平台时ꎬ单位面积轨迹长与对照组比较ꎬ差异无统计学意义(Ｐ>０ ０５)ꎮＳＳＫＧ值㊁轨迹总长度及Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎬ详见表２ꎮ２ ３㊀两组闭眼站立于硬平台时静态平衡功能参数比较糖尿病组在闭眼站立于硬平台时ꎬ轨迹图面积㊁轨迹总长度均大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎮ单位面积轨迹长小于对照组ꎬＲｏｍｂｅｒｇ率大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎬ详见表３ꎮ表２㊀睁眼站立位平衡功能指标Ｔａｂ ２㊀Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｅｙｅｏｐｅｎｉｎｇａｎｄｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｂａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｅｘｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｗｏｇｒｏｕｐｓ(ｘʃｓ)ＩｔｅｍＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ(ｎ＝３０)ＤＭｇｒｏｕｐ(ｎ＝３０)ｔＰＴｏｔａｌｔｒａｃｋｌｅｎｇｔｈ/ｍｍ６１６.３３ʃ１１４.０９８４２.４１ʃ３３７.５１－３.４７６０.００１ＳＳＫＧａｒｅａ/ｍｍ２４１４.４３ʃ１９３.２１８２０.６２ʃ５５３.１８－３.７９７０.０１０Ｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｇｒａｍｌｅｎｇｔｈ/ｍｍ１.９３ʃ０.８７１.４１ʃ１.１３１.９９７０.０５１ＲｏｍｂｅｒｇＱｕｏｔｉｅｎｔ１.０８ʃ０.３３１.４６ʃ０.８７－２.２３７０.０２９ＤＭ:ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓꎻＳＳＫＧ:ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｇｒａｍ.表３㊀闭眼站立位平衡功能指标Ｔａｂ ３㊀Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｅｙｅｃｌｏｓｅｄｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｂａｌａｎｃｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｅｘｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｗｏｇｒｏｕｐｓ(ｘʃｓ)ＩｔｅｍＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｇｒｏｕｐ(ｎ＝３０)ＤＭｇｒｏｕｐ(ｎ＝３０)ｔＰＴｏｔａｌｔｒａｃｋｌｅｎｇｔｈ/ｍｍ９８１.３３ʃ１６９.４６１２５３.６７ʃ７２２.４１－２.０１００.０４９ＳＳＫＧａｒｅａ/ｍｍ４１８.５ʃ１７０.４２１１１０.８３ʃ９２９.１７－４.０１４<０.００１Ｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｇｒａｍｌｅｎｇｔｈ/ｍｍ２.７８ʃ１.３３１.５３８ʃ１.１０３.９４１<０.００１Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇｑｕｏｔｉｅｎｔ１.０８ʃ０.３３１.４６ʃ０.８７－２.２３７０.０２９ＤＭ:ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓꎻＳＳＫＧ:ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｉｇｒａｍ.３㊀讨论静态姿势平衡是指人体在卧㊁坐或站立位ꎬ不受任何外力作用和自身躯体与头不动ꎬ而人体重心处于平衡的状态[６]ꎮ维持姿势平衡的系统由三部分组成:感觉统合㊁运动协调㊁中枢控制ꎮ感觉统合包括有本８第１期贾㊀佳等:２型糖尿病患者静态平衡功能的分析体觉㊁前庭觉㊁视觉ꎮ一种或一种以上的感觉输入障碍或中枢整合功能异常都可能导致人体平衡障碍甚至跌倒[７]ꎮ糖尿病患者由于合并神经系统(中枢神经㊁外周神经)病变㊁血管病变㊁眼底病变以及肌肉萎缩等问题ꎬ导致平衡功能异常发生率显著增加[８]ꎮＣｈａｕ等[９]研究发现ꎬ糖尿病组较正常对照组存在平衡功能障碍ꎬ患有糖尿病周围神经病变患者在保持平衡中更依赖于视觉ꎮ黄小兵等[１０]对３３例糖尿病患者及３７例对照者分别进行硬平板和泡沫板的睁㊁闭眼共计６种感觉模式的平衡功能测试ꎬ研究显示２型糖尿病患者平衡功能和稳定极限能力呈明显下降趋势ꎮ在本研究中ꎬ糖尿病组在睁眼及闭眼状态下ꎬ轨迹总长度㊁ＳＳＫＧ均大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎬ提示糖尿病组维持平衡稳定能力较对照组下降ꎮ这与研究[１０]结果基本一致ꎮ本研究结果显示ꎬ睁眼站立位时ꎬ糖尿病组和对照组的单位面积轨迹长差异无统计学意义(Ｐ>０ ０５)ꎮ说明在本体觉㊁视觉㊁前庭觉均未受到干扰的情况下ꎬ糖尿病组的平衡控制能力较对照组差异无统计学意义(Ｐ>０ ０５)ꎮ可能与视觉ꎬ本体觉及前庭觉相互代偿ꎬ来维持平衡控制能力稳定有关ꎮ同时ꎬ糖尿病组Ｒｏｍｂｅｒｇ率大于对照组ꎬ差异有统计学意义(Ｐ<０ ０５)ꎬ提示糖尿病患者闭眼状态下维持站立位静态平衡ꎬ前庭觉与本体觉代偿能力较对照组下降ꎬ同时ꎬ视觉反馈对糖尿病患者平衡功能更有影响ꎮ与沈晔等[１１]对老年糖尿病周围神经病变患者进行平衡功能分析的研究结果一致ꎮ研究[１２]显示ꎬ糖尿病合并症中糖尿病微血管和周围神经病变可能是引起患者平衡功能障碍的病理生理学基础之一ꎮ多项研究[１３１４]显示糖尿病患者平衡障碍主要与其周围神经病变导致本体觉功能减退有关ꎮＲｉａｎｄｉｎｉ等[１３]对糖尿病周围神经病变患者进行平衡功能检测发现ꎬ下肢拇指伸肌力量下降ꎬ身体摆动速度增大ꎬ平衡功能评分降低ꎮＣｒｅｗｓ等[１４]发现糖尿病患者感觉运动功能减退ꎬ本体感觉传导减退ꎬ骨骼肌肉及神经肌肉受损ꎬ足部及肢体疼痛导致跌倒风险增加ꎮ但影响平衡功能因素不仅仅是本体感觉传导ꎮ在正常情况下ꎬ人体平衡的维持需借助前庭觉㊁视觉和本体觉所提供的外周感觉信息进行综合处理ꎬ又称为平衡三联ꎮ３个系统中的任何一部分出现问题都可以表现出头晕或身体不稳ꎮ近期的流行病学研究[１５]表明糖尿病患者前庭功能损害的比率达到７０％ꎬ因此前庭功能损害可能也是糖尿病平衡障碍的主要因素ꎮ同时糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变患病率为２４％~３７％[１６]ꎬ视网膜病变可影响平衡三联中的视觉输入ꎬ从而影响平衡功能ꎮＭｏｒｉｍｏｔｏ等[１７]研究发现ꎬ糖尿病视网膜病变和肢体麻木均可以导致身体不稳ꎬ平衡功能减退ꎮ综上ꎬ２型糖尿病患者平衡功能较正常人呈明显下降趋势ꎮ提示医务工作者在临床中应关注患者平衡功能ꎬ避免跌倒发生ꎮ出现跌倒的糖尿病患者应及时就医ꎬ完善平衡功能及相关检查ꎮ对于平衡功能障碍的预防国外有研究[１８]表明通过适当锻炼可以提高姿势稳定性ꎬ降低跌倒风险ꎮ４　参考文献[１]㊀葛均波ꎬ徐永健.内科学[Ｍ].８版.北京:人民卫生出版社ꎬ２０１３:７３３.[２]㊀ＨｅｗｓｔｏｎＰꎬＤｅｓｈｐａｎｄｅＮ.ＦａｌｌｓａｎｄＢａｌａｎｃｅｉｍｐａｉｒｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｏｌｄｅｒａｄｕｌｔｓｗｉｔｈｔｙｐｅ２ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ:ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇｂｅｙｏｎｄｄｉａ￣ｂｅｔｉｃｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｎｅｕｒｏｐａｔｈｙ[Ｊ].ＣａｎＪＤｉａｂｅｔｅｓꎬ２０１６ꎬ４０(１):６９.[３]㊀ＴｏｏｓｉｚａｄｅｈＮꎬＭｏｈｌｅｒＪꎬＡｒｍｓｔｒｏｎｇＤＧꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｅｉｎ￣ｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｎｅｕｒｏｐａｔｈｙｏｎｌｏｃａｌｐｏｓｔｕｒａｌｎｕｓｃｌｅａｎｄｃｅｎｔｒａｌｓｅｎｓｏｒｙｆｅｅｄｂａｃｋｂａｌａｎｃｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ[Ｊ].ＰＬｏＳＯｎｅꎬ２０１５ꎬ１０(８):１１２.[４]㊀ＡｚｉｄａｈＡＫꎬＨａｓｎｉｚａＨꎬＺｕｎａｉｎａＥ.ＰｒｅｖａｌｅｎｃｅｏｆＦａｌｌｓａｎｄｉｔｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｍｏｎｇｅｌｄｅｒｌｙｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｉｎａｔｅｒｔｉａ￣ｒｙｃｅｎｔｅｒ[Ｊ].ＭａｌａｙｓｉａＣｕｒｒＧｅｒｏｎｔｏｌＧｅｒｉａｔｒＲｅｓꎬ２０１２ꎬ２０１２(５):１５.[５]㊀于学忠ꎬ于晓初.物理医学康复科诊疗常规[Ｍ].北京:人民卫生出版社ꎬ２０１２:１５２１５６.[６]㊀王红梅ꎬ徐秀林.人体动静态姿势平衡能力测试的理论与应用[Ｊ].中国组织工程研究与临床康复ꎬ２０１０ꎬ１４(４３):８０９５８０９８.[７]㊀刘博ꎬ刘鋌.内耳病[Ｍ].北京:人民卫生出版社ꎬ２００６:５９６０.[８]㊀ＳｔｅｖｅｎＪꎬＢｒｏｗｎＭ.Ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｎｅｕｒｏｐａｔｈｙｃｏｍ￣ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｓｂａｌａｎｃｅｄｕｒｉｎｇｄａｉｌｙａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ[Ｊ].ＤｉａｂｅｔｅｓＣａｒｅꎬ２０１５ꎬ３８(６):１１１６１１２２.[９]㊀ＣｈａｕＲＭꎬＮｇＴＫꎬＫｗａｎＲＬꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｒｉｓｋｏｆｆａｌｌｆｏｒｐｅｏｐｌｅｗｉｔｈｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ[Ｊ].ＤｉｓａｂｉｌＲｅｈａｂｉｌꎬ２０１３ꎬ３５(２３):１９７５１９８０.[１０]黄小兵ꎬ刘博ꎬ孙敬武ꎬ等.型糖尿病患者平衡功能的分析与评价[Ｊ].临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志ꎬ２０１６ꎬ３０(１):２７３０.９首都医科大学学报第４０卷[１１]沈晔ꎬ白姣姣ꎬ孙皎ꎬ等.老年糖尿病周围神经病变患者平衡功能的调查分析[Ｊ].老年医学与保健ꎬ２０１５ꎬ２１(５):２９９３０３.[１２]周芸ꎬ刘博.糖尿病患者平衡功能障碍的发生机制[Ｊ].中华耳科学志ꎬ２０１１ꎬ９(４):３６５３６８.[１３]ＲｉａｎｄｉｎｉＴꎬＷｅｅＨＬꎬＫｈｏｏＥＹＨꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｓｔａ￣ｔｕｓｍｅｄｉａｔｅｓｔｈｅａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｎｅｕｒｏｐａｔｈｙａｎｄｈｅａｌｔｈｒｅｌａｔｅｄｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｌｉｆｅｉｎｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓｗｉｔｈｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ[Ｊ].ＡｃｔａＤｉａｂｅｔｏｌꎬ２０１８ꎬ５５(２):１５５１６４.[１４]ＣｒｅｗｓＲＴꎬＹａｌｌａＳＶꎬＦｌｅｉｓｃｈｅｒＡＥꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｔｒｏｕｂｌｉｎｇｔｒｉａｄ:ｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓꎬａｇｉｎｇꎬａｎｄｆａｌｌｓ[Ｊ].ＪＡｇｉｎｇＲｅｓꎬ２０１３ꎬ３４(２):６１６５.[１５]ＡｇｒａｗａｌＹꎬＣａｒｅｙＪＰꎬＤｅｌｌａＳａｎｔｉｎａＣＣꎬｅｔａｌ.ＤｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｓｏｆｂａｌａｎｃｅａｎｄｖｅｓｔｉｂｕｌａｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＵＳａｄｕｌｔｓ:ｄａｔａｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｈｅａｌｔｈａｎｄｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｓｕｒｖｅｙꎬ２００１－２００４[Ｊ].ＡｒｃｈＩｎｔｅｒｎＭｅｄꎬ２００９ꎬ１６９(１０):９３８９４４. [１６]ＤｉａｂｅｔｅｓＰｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｇｒａｍＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＧｒｏｕｐ.Ｔｈｅｐｒｅｖａ￣ｌｅｎｃｅｏｆｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙｉｎｉｍｐａｉｒｅｄｇｌｕｃｏｓｅｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅａｎｄｒｅ￣ｃｅｎｔ￣ｏｎｓｅｔｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＤｉａｂｅｔｅｓＰｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｇｒａｍ[Ｊ].ＤｉａｂｅｔＭｅｄꎬ２００７ꎬ２４(２):１３７１４４.[１７]ＭｏｒｉｍｏｔｏＡꎬＳｏｎｏｄａＮꎬＵｇｉＳꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎｂｅ￣ｔｗｅｅｎｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓｏｆｂｉｌａｔｅｒａｌｎｕｍｂｎｅｓｓａｎｄ/ｏｒｐａｒｅｓｔｈｅｓｉａｉｎｔｈｅｆｅｅｔａｎｄｐｏｓｔｕｒａｌｉｎｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎＪａｐａｎｅｓｅｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓ[Ｊ].ＤｉａｂｅｔｏｌＩｎｔꎬ２０１６ꎬ７(１):６９７６. [１８]ＡｌｌｅｎＬꎬＰｏｗｅｌｌ－ＣｏｐｅＧꎬＭｂａｈＡꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｒｅｔｒｏｓｐｅｃ￣ｔｉｖｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｆａｄｖｅｒｓｅｅｖｅｎｔｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃｆｏｏｔｕｌｃｅｒｓ[Ｊ].ＯｓｔｏｍｙＷｏｕｎｄＭａｎａｇｅꎬ２０１７ꎬ６３(６):３０３３.(收稿日期:２０１８１２０６)编辑㊀慕㊀萌０１。