American Judicial System

托福听力场景：图书馆托福听力的场景对话按人物来分可以分为三类：一、学生和老师的对话二、学生和校园工作人员的对话三、学生和学生的对话。

从内容上来讲，学生和老师一般会讨论一些比较偏学术的内容，学生和学生讨论的话题则比较杂，生活、学术等各种内容都可能涉及到，而学生和校园工作人员的对话则偏向生活化。

本文将围绕对话场景中出现频率极高的学生与校园工作人员之一图书馆管理员的对话展开论述，帮助大家了解托福听力中图书馆场景的常见考点，同时帮助即将出国留学的同学们了解国外图书馆的服务与国内的差异。

一、资料种类首先请看以下这段听力原文：Librarian: Can I help you?Student: Yeah, I need to find a review. It's for my English class. We have to find reviews of the play we are reading. But they have to be from when the play was first performed, so I need to know whenthat wa s and I suppose I should start with newspaper reviews and…分析：这是TPO 4 Conversation 1的开头部分，学生直接表明前来图书馆的目的。

在笔记过程中开头处开门见山表明主旨内容以及直接目的的语句是一定不能放过的，故其中的review, newspaper review等书刊种类词汇就是必记词汇，同时因果原则告诉我们so后的内容是很有可能出考题的，when…start with也应该出现在我们的'笔记中。

再看这个conversation之后需完成的第一道题：Q1. Why does the man need the woman's assistance? Click on 2 answers.m He does not know the publication date of some reviews he needs.m He does not know the location of the library's videocollection of plays.m He does not know how to find out where the play is currently being performed.m He does not know how to determine which newspaper he should look at.根据笔记可选出答案：第一个选项。

1.how to understand the separation of power?The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the triaspolitica principle, is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in ancient Greece. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified.三权分立，往往不准确交替使用的三叠纪政治学原则，是一个典范的状态的治理（或谁控制的状态）。

在古希腊最早开发的模式。

在这种模式下，状态分为分支，每个单独的和独立的权力和责任领域，使得一个部门的权力不与与其他部门相关的权力冲突。

The American judicial system, reflecting the overall decentralized nature of its government, comprises a large number of federal and state courts.美国司法系统由众多的联邦法院和州法院组成，体现了其政府权利分散的本质。

The federal and the state judicial system are each constructed like a pyramid, entry level courts at both the state and federal levels are trial courts, in which witness are called, other evidence is presented and the fact finder is called upon to decide issues of the fact based on the law.美国联邦司法体制和州司法体制结构都像金字塔一样，联邦和州的初级法院都是裁判法院，这通常被认为是证据的陈述和事实的发现程序，并根据法律来决定该案的事实。

At the top of each pyramid structure is the court of the last resort, which has the authority to interpret the law of the relevant jurisdiction. In most stated and in the federal system there is also a mid-level court of appeals.在司法体制的顶端是终审法院，它有权解释法律相关的问题，在许多州和联邦体制内，还有一种中等水平的上诉法院。

有趣的英语ppt演讲主题篇一：英文PPT演讲稿American Judicial System第一张Good afternoon everyone,the topic of our group isAmerican judicial system,the main point of this presentation is jury procedure.第二张 first of all ,let me introduce my team member, Jin is charge of supreme court and jury procedure. Yang is charge of two cases about jury procedure ,First and sixth bill of amendment. I am charge of making this presentation to you and showing a video about Jury procedure ,named 12 angry men.第三张That is the judicial branch of federal governmentThis is the Judicial structure,the core points of this structurethe Supreme Court13 courts of appeals94 district courtstwo courts of special jurisdiction第四张Or we can see the simple oneThroughout the United States there are two judicial systems.One system consists of state and local courts established under the authority of the state governments. The other is the Supreme Court and the federal court system, created by Congress under the authority of the Constitution of the United States.The Supreme Court is the highest court in the federal court system which was established in 1789. Below the Supreme Court are the courts of appeals, and below them in turn are the district courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law. In addition ,there are two courts of special jurisdiction Next main point is about The American Jury system About 's caseBefore 1994, NFL football player O. J. Simpson murder case become was America's most sensational events. The case was the trial of twists and turns, Simpson with a knife to kill his ex-wife and restaurant waiter Ron Gorman two counts of first-degree murder crime refers to control, due to the police a few blunders caused strong evidence of the failure, toacquitted, only to be civil judged to be responsible for the death of two people. The case has also become the history of the United States suspected crimes innocence of the biggest caseThe Role of Jury TrialsIn most common law jurisdictions, the jury is responsible for finding the facts of the case, while the judge determines the law. These "peers of the accused" are responsible for listening to a dispute, evaluating the evidence presented, deciding on the facts, and making a decision in accordance with the rules of law and their jury instructions. Typically, the jury only judges guilt or averdict of not guilty, but the actual penalty is set by the judge.In the United States, because jury trials tend to be high profile, the general public tends to overestimate the frequency of jury trials. Approximately 150,000 jury trials are conducted in state courts in the , and an additional 5,000 jury trials are conducted in federal courts. Two-thirds of jury trials are criminal trials, while one-third arecivil and "other" (, family, municipal ordinance, traffic). Nevertheless, the vast majority of cases are in fact settled by plea bargain, which removes the need for a jury trial.The plot of12 Angry Men revolves around the murder trail of a Latino boy who is accused of killing his conviction of the boy would mean a death sentence and the destiny of the boy's life is in the hands of twelve male jurors of ranging case seems open and shut with a murder weapon and several witnesses to place the boy at the scene of the eleven of the jurors the decision is apparent that the boy is guilty but for one juror, (Hey Fonda),the boy's life should entail some discussion to eliminate any reasonable doubt the jurors may the film progresses the personalities of the jurors become apparent and many underlying issues influence the guilty decision chosen by the majority of the jurors.The underlying issues are the complexity of the personalities of the jurors and the reasons why they have the motivation to feel and act the way they the case unfolds further,more is learned about each jurorpersonalities range from being a short-tempered loud mouth to a straight- laced accountant who never breaks a the movie progresses much more is learned of the characters that exposes the intricacy of human nature and people's different personality traits.This film is an excellent example of movie making that does not require elaborate sets to entertain the majority of the film takes place in a jury room with the men never leaving the room from their deliberation cast and dialogue make this film memorable and the film has some clear moral issues that are main issue is that not everything is as it further analysis the understanding of a situation becomes more concrete enabling the men to make a solid decision that affects a young man's Angry Men is a classic film that should not be missed.From what have been discussed above, we can safely draw the conclusion that the American jury system have the two-sided , but anything existing must be reasonable .Thank you for your attention.篇二：PPT英文演讲稿good morning, everyone!i’m honored to be here to make a presentation about translation, together with my partners: 杨英坤 and 袁银梅.after a brief introduction, let’s get back to our text book and focus on some , we’re going to learn the following 8 units: i will introduce the first one and leave the rest to my partners.the first unit is about word translation method，it includes 3 parts ：choice of word extension of wordconversion of word.firstly we can discuss choice of wordthe first point : according to the word category we can choose and determine the meaninglet`s see the following 2 examples， the first sentence: in general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined . this sentence means一般来说，当所要测定的特征能够精确界定时，测试效果最佳 the 2 sentence : in this sentence the definite article modifies work ,so work isnoun considering piece together matches work,andwork cant be together, we can define work as 工作成果the second point ：determine the word meaning based on the collocation english and chinese languages have their respective collocation relations . the same word for different idioms, expresses different ideas. so ,in english chinese translation, we should deal with english idioms or collocation by chinese collocation .,and then determine the correct translation for example this word hot .it has various meaning . but in particular collocation the word meaning is very clear extension of wordwe directly analyze the following two examplesthe first example :elegant systems should be translated into 完美的体系，not 优雅的体系，this point belongs to “replace the word meaning” in a sentence some words from dictionary meaning can make the translation obscure,ambiguous, or even misleading .therefore we need logic context relationships to determine the word meaningthe second example:in this sentence offend means排污超标 this point belongs to specify the word meaning according to chinese habit, the original meaning of the general and abstract words, express more clear and specificfinally we analyze conversation of word。

Judicial System 司法系统（课文及翻译）Overview of the Judicial System in the United StatesPart One Courts 第一部分法院There are fifty-two separate court systems in the United States. Each state, as well as the District of Columbia, has its own fully developed, independent system of courts and there is a separate federal court system. The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the United States Constitution, Art. Ⅲ,§2, to handle matters of particular federal interest. The presence of two parallel court systems often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presenting important issues of federalism. The United States Supreme Court, composed of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.美国共有五十二个独立的法院系统。

《法网边缘》经典观后感集《法网边缘》是一部由斯蒂文·泽里安执导，约翰·特拉沃尔塔 / 罗伯特·杜瓦尔 / 托尼·夏尔赫布主演的一部剧情类型的电影，特精心从网络上整理的一些观众的观后感，希望对大家能有帮助。

《法网边缘》观后感(一)：律师律师既不是万恶的骗子，也非万能的救世主，从某种程度上说，他只是帮当事人解决问题的雇佣劳动力而已。

他尽忠职守那是责任，也是义务，但是如果他无能为力，也不是罪过，没必要永远把律师与正义绑在一起。

毕竟，如果每一个当事人的正义都要赔上一个律师的一生，这代价不仅太大，对律师也是不公平的。

律师靠的是专业，是理智，是对当事人负责的态度。

而这种敬业精神，在某些情况下可能会和作为一个人所具有的良心是背道而驰的。

往往这才是考验一个律师是否具有职业道德的关键时刻。

没有必要把社会道德的沦丧放在对于一种职业的批判上，毕竟，无论原告还是被告，都有着法律所规定的权利，律师要做的并非去歪曲公理，而是最大限度的去为自己的当事人争取其依法享有的权利。

所以，有时我们不要过分的要求律师，因为那样，或许会给拥有正义心的他们带来灾难。

就像主人公，他最后申请了破产保护，远居夏威夷。

《法网边缘》观后感(二)：法庭永远和真相无关每次看这样的法律片都能把人看得热血沸腾，如同前段时间看的《因父之名》也是一样。

但是恰恰法律是不能热血沸腾的，庭审尤其如此，不能因为情感而控制自己的理性思维。

律师不能这样，法官更不能这样。

而律师尤其永远不是正义的化身。

经验丰富的确是律师的一大优势，这是年轻律师无法相比的。

看完以后，一边感慨，一边也在警醒自己。

很多人在接触法律的时候，都心怀远大理想，可法律实际上呢，真和医生，技工一样只是掌握技术的专业人才而已，把律师来当做救世主，很多时候也许是不行。

但是作为民众，作为观众，当然还是希望正义得到伸张。

看电影的时候看到许多非常警醒的话，想来编剧竟然如此厉害，最后发现原来也是由原著改编。

（李湛意 上海外国语大学法学院）第一讲中我们讲了法律的体系和分类，今天我们更进一步，了解普通法（ｃｏｍｍｏｎ　ｌａｗ）的重要代表——美国法律，它的宪法和法院系统的知识。

（一）美国宪法（ｔｈｅ　Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ）“美国宪法”通常指的是１７８７年制定并生效的美国的联邦宪法，至今它已经有２６条宪法修正案（ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔｓ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ），其中，前十条合在一起又叫做《权利法案》（Ｔｈｅ　Ｂｉｌｌ　ｏｆ　Ｒｉｇｈｔｓ）。

ａｍｅｎｄｍｅｎｔｓ 修正案；补充条款美国宪法规定了美国政治法律生活中处于中心的位置。

其中所涉及的制度和原则包括了：联邦制（ｆｅｄｅｒａｌｉｓｍ）、分权制（ｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｐｏｗｅｒｓ）、总统制（ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｃｙ）等等意义深远的制度，处处体现着美国人最引以为豪的自由、民主的精神。

下面这句话很好地解释了联邦制（ｆｅｄｅｒａｌｉｓｍ）的含义：Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌｉｓｍ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｂａｓｉｓ　ｆｏｒ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ　ｏｆ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ　Ｓｔａｔｅｓ．　Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ　ｆｏｒｍ　ｏｆ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｓ　ｏｎｅ　ｉｎ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｔａｔｅｓ　ｆｏｒｍ　ａ　ｕｎｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｖｅｒｅｉｇｎ　ｐｏｗｅｒ　ｉｓ　ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ａ　ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｉｎｇａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ　ａｎｄ　ｍｅｍｂｅｒ　ｓｔａｔｅｓ．联邦制是美国政府结构的基础，它指一种由诸州形成联邦，并在中央统治当局与成员州之间分开行使主权的政府形式。

美国宪法中，处处体现着“分权”的思想。

这主要体现在两个方面：第一，是联邦政府和州政府之间的分权。

下面的这段话很能说明问题：Ｔｈｅ　Ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ　Ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎ　ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ　ａ　ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ　ｓｙｓｔｅｍ　ｏｆ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｗｈｉｃｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｔａｔｅｓ　ｄｅｌｅｇａｔｅｄｃｅｒｔａｉｎ　ｅｎｕｍｅｒａｔｅｄ　ｐｏｗｅｒｓ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｒｅｓｅｒｖｅｄ　ａｌｌ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｐｏｗｅｒｓ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ．“制宪会议”创造了一种政府联邦制度，在该这制度中，各州将一些明确的权力授予中央政府，其他权力则由自己保留。