曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第7版)(总需求与总供给)课后习题详解【圣才出品】

第13篇最后的思考第36章宏观经济政策的六个争论问题一、复习题1．是什么因素引起了货币政策与财政政策对总需求影响的时滞？这些时滞对积极与消极政策争论的含义是什么？答：货币和财政政策不能立即影响经济，其作用要有一个相当长的时滞。

货币政策通过改变利率而影响总需求。

在利率影响支出，特别是住房支出与企业投资时，由于许多家庭和企业提前确定他们的支出计划，因而利率变动改变总需求需要时间。

财政政策的作用也有时滞，因为政府改变支出与税收要经历漫长的政治过程。

为了做出任何一种财政政策变动，方案必须通过国会各委员会讨论、由众议院与参议院通过，并由总统签署。

提出、通过和实施一项重要的财政政策变动需要好几年的时间。

由于这些长时间的时滞，那些想稳定经济的决策者就要提前知道当他们的行动发生作用时可能存在的经济状况。

但是经济预测是极不准确的，因为在一种政策开始实施到它发生作用之间的时间内，经济状况很容易发生变动。

由于这个原因，稳定经济的决策很可能无形中扩大了经济波动的程度。

2．根据传统的凯恩斯主义分析，为什么减税对GDP的影响要小于相似规模的政府支出增加对GDP的影响？为什么不是相反的情况？答：因为根据传统的凯恩斯主义分析，政府购买增加是比减税更有潜力的工具。

减税增加了家庭的可支配收入，鼓励他们增加消费支出，而政府购买使直接增加了总需求。

而且政府支出购买物品或劳务，是直接增加了总需求；政府为家庭减税的美元，其中一部分可能用于储蓄而不是支出。

不仅如此，政府购买支出乘数大于税收乘数，所以减税对GDP的影响要小于相似规模的政府支出增加对GDP的影响。

3．什么会促使中央银行领导人引起政治性经济周期？政治性经济周期对政策规则争论的含义是什么？答：当政府赋予中央银行领导人以维护经济秩序的权威，而并没有给他们以指导时，中央银行就有可能滥用权力，如利用货币政策来影响大选的结果。

假设现任总统的选票取决于他连选连任时的经济状况，一个对现任总统有好感的中央银行领导就会在大选之前实行扩张性货币政策，以刺激生产和就业，因为他知道引起的通货膨胀在大选之前还不会表现出来。

曼昆《经济学原理》第七版课后习题的答案（中文版）！！练习题1、任何一个所得税表都体现了两种税率——平均税率和边际税率。

（题中的表见课本12章）a、平均税率定义为支付的总税收除以收入。

对表12—7中的比例税制来说，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率分别是多少？在累退税制和累进税制中相对应的平均税率是多少？答：从表12—7中很容易看出，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率都是25%。

在累退税制中，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率分别是30%，25%，20%。

在累进税制中，赚5万美元、10万美元和20万美元的人，其平均税率分别是20%，25%，30%。

b、边际税率定义为额外收入支付的税收除以增加的额外收入。

计算比例税制下，收入从5万美元增加到10万美元的边际税率。

计算收入从10万美元增加到20万美元的边际税率。

计算累退税制和累进税制下相对应的边际税率答：（1）比例税制。

当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时，税收量增加了1.25万，因此边际税率为1.25/5=0.25，即25%。

当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时，税收量增加了2.5万，因此边际税率为2.5/10=0.25，即25%。

（2）累退税制。

当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时，税收量增加了1万，因此边际税率为1/5=0.2，即20%。

当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时，税收量增加了1.5万，因此边际税率为1.5/10=0.15，即15%。

（3）累进税制。

当收入从5万美元增加到10万美元时，税收量增加了1.5万，因此边际税率为1.5/5=0.3，即30%。

当收入从10万美元增加到20万美元时，税收量增加了3.5万，因此边际税率为3.5/10=0.35，即35%。

c、描述这三种税制中每一种的平均税率和边际税率之间的关系。

一般来说，某人在决定是否接受工资比目前工作略高一点的工作时，哪一种税率更适用？在判断税制的纵向平等时，哪一种税率更适用？答：在比例税制下，平均税率和边际税率相等，且都不随收入变动而变动。

第32章开放经济的宏观经济理论一、概念题1．贸易政策（trade policy）答：贸易政策指直接影响一国进口或出口物品与劳务量的政府政策。

一国的对外贸易政策，是一国政府为实现一定的政策目标在一定时期内对本国进出口贸易所实行的政策，它是为国家最高利益服务的，是统治阶级意志的集中反映。

它包括：对外贸易总政策、国别对外贸易政策、进出口商品政策。

一个国家的对外贸易政策是这个国家的经济政策和对外政策的重要组成部分，它随着世界政治、经济形势的变化，国际政治、经济关系的发展而改变，同时它也反映各国经济发展的不同水平，反映各国在世界市场上的力量和地位，另外它还受到一国内部不同利益集团的影响。

一国的对外贸易政策有两种基本类型：自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策。

2．资本外逃（capital flight）答：资本外逃指出于安全或保值方面的考虑，短期资本持有者迅速将其从一国转移到另一国的行为或过程。

引起资本外逃的具体原因有三种：①一国政局动荡不稳，资本外逃以求安全。

②一国国内经济情况日益恶化，国际收支持续逆差，其货币可能发生贬值，资本逃至币值稳定的国家以期保值。

③一国加强外汇管制或颁布新法，使资本使用受到限制或资本收益减少，资本外逃以免遭受损失。

在本世纪发生的两次世界大战和20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期，欧美等国家曾出现过大规模的资本外逃现象。

近年来，发生大量资本外逃的主要是发展中国家，主要是因为这些国家的国内经济形势严峻，债务负担沉重，国际收支状况不断恶化以及国内政局动荡。

资本外逃对于一国的经济发展和国际收支稳定有着十分不利的影响。

它将降低该国的国内储蓄水平，从而造成投资下降和生产萎缩；它将加剧国际收支逆差，从而引起外汇储备的减少和国际清偿能力的恶化；大量资本外逃时，如果一国试图维持一定的生产和消费水平，势必引起外债负担的迅速积累。

因此，防止资本外逃是一国宏观经济政策的一项重要任务。

二、复习题1．说明可贷资金市场与外汇市场的供给与需求。

曼昆经济学原理（微观）第七版第五章课后简答题总结曼昆经济学原理（微观）第七版第五章课后简答题总结生产成本：1、企业的平均总成本曲线在短期与长期中如何不同？为什么会不同？答：长期来看，企业可以调整在短期中固定的生产要素；比如企业可以扩大工厂规模。

结果就是，长期平均总成本曲线比起短期总成本曲线呈更加平坦的U形。

2、给规模经济与规模不经济下定义并解释二者产生的原因。

答：规模经济存在时，由于工人专业化的分工，长期平均总成本随着产量的上升而下降；规模不经济存在时，由于过大的组织内部员工的合作存在协调问题，长期平均总成本随着产量的上升而上升。

竞争市场上的企业：1、竞争企业如何决定其利润最大化的产量水平？解释原因答：利润最大化的企业设定的价格等于其边际成本。

如果价格高于边际成本，企业可以通过增加产量来增加利润，而如果价格低于边际成本，企业可以通过减少产量来提高利润。

2、一般而言，市场供给曲线是在短期中更富有弹性，还是在长期中更富有弹性？解释原因答：市场供给曲线通常在长期中更具有弹性。

在竞争市场中，因为进入与退出发生，直到价格等于平均总成本，所以供给的数量在长期的价格变动更为敏感。

3、你到镇里最好的餐馆点了一道40美元的龙虾。

吃了一半龙虾，你就感到非常饱了。

你的朋友想劝你吃完，因为你无法把它拿回家，而且“你已经为此花了钱”。

你应该怎么做？答：如果你已经点了晚餐，其成本就是沉没成本，所以这并不是一种机会成本。

所以说，晚餐的成本不应该影响你是否把它吃完的决定。

4、考虑一个竞争市场上的某个企业。

如果它的产量翻了一番，总收益会发生什么变动？答：总收益翻一番。

这是因为，在竞争市场上，价格并不受任何一个个别企业销售量影响。

5、你去你们的校园书店，并看到印有你们大学校徽的咖啡杯。

它值5美元，而你的评价是8美元，因此你买了它。

在你走回汽车的路上，你把这个杯子掉在地上摔成了碎片。

你应该再买一个呢，还是回家呢？为什么？答：你应该购买另一个咖啡杯，因为边际收益将大于边际成本。

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第7版）课后习题详解第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。

稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。

人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。

正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。

经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。

”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。

2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。

时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。

自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。

微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。

宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。

3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。

效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。

第33章总需求与总供给一、概念题1．衰退（recession）答：衰退指收入减少与失业增加较为缓和的经济时期。

一般的衡量标准是国民生产总值连续两个季度下降。

一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏四个阶段。

在繁荣阶段，经济活动全面扩张，不断达到新的高峰。

在衰退阶段，经济在短时间保持均衡后出现紧缩的趋势。

在萧条阶段，经济出现急剧的收缩和下降，很快从活动量的最高点下降到最低点。

在复苏阶段，经济从最低点恢复并逐渐上升到先前的活动量高度，进入繁荣。

2．萧条（depression）答：萧条是真实GDP严重减少的时期，指商业周期的紧缩阶段。

经济处于萧条阶段时，经济活动远低于正常水平，企业和消费者的严重悲观情绪持续很长的一个时期，它紧接着在达到一个高峰之后，以周期的低谷而告终。

其特点是：生产急剧缩减，资本投资减少，信用规模收缩，价格持续下滑，失业增多，就业水平降低，企业家与消费者的情绪悲观。

在美国历史上曾发生过两次严重的萧条，一次发生在1873～1879年，一次发生在1929～1933年。

政府采取经济政策干预经济的目的在于缩短或消除这种经济萧条。

3．总需求与总供给模型（model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply）答：总需求与总供给模型指将总需求与总供给结合在一起来分析国民收入与价格水平的决定及其变动的国民收入决定模型。

在图33-1中，横轴代表国民收入（Y ），纵轴代表价格水平（P ），1AD 代表原来的总需求曲线，1AS 代表短期总供给曲线，2AS 代表长期总供给曲线。

最初，经济在1E 点时实现了均衡，均衡的国民收入为1Y ，均衡的价格水平为1P 。

这时1E 点又在长期总供给曲线2AS 上，所以，1Y 代表充分就业的国民收入水平。

在短期内，政府通过扩张性的财政政策或货币政策，增加了总需求，从而使总需求曲线从1AD 向右上方平行地移动到了2AD 。

2AD 与短期总供给曲线1AS 相交于2E ，这样，总需求的增加使国民收入水平从1Y 增加到2Y ，并使价格水平从1P 上升到2P 。

第35章通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍一、概念题1．菲利普斯曲线（Phillips curve）图35-1菲利普斯曲线答：菲利普斯曲线是指货币工资变动率与失业率之间交替关系的曲线。

它是由英国经济学家菲利普斯根据1861～1957年英国的失业率和货币工资变动率的经验统计资料提出来的，故称之为菲利普斯曲线。

这条曲线表示，当失业率高时，货币工资增长率低，反之，当失业率低时，货币工资增长率高。

因此，如图35-1所示，横轴代表失业率（U），纵轴代表货币工资增长率（W），菲利普斯曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的曲线。

根据成本推动型通货膨胀的理论，货币工资增长率决定了价格增长率，所以，菲利普斯曲线也可以表示通货膨胀率和失业率之间的交替关系，即当失业率高时，通货膨胀率低；反之，当失业率低时，通货膨胀率高。

新古典综合派经济学家把菲利普斯曲线作为调节经济的依据，即当失业率高时，实行扩张性财政政策与货币政策，以承受一定通货膨胀率为代价换取较低的失业率；当通货膨胀率高时，实行紧缩性的财政政策与货币政策，借助提高失业率以降低通货膨胀率。

货币主义者对菲利普斯曲线所表示的通货膨胀率与失业率之间的交替关系提出了质疑，并进一步论述了短期菲利普斯曲线、长期菲利普斯曲线和附加预期的菲利普斯曲线，以进一步解释在不同条件下，通货膨胀率与失业率之间的关系。

理性预期学派进一步以理性预期为依据解释了菲利普斯曲线。

他们既反对凯恩斯主义的观点，也不同意货币主义的说法。

他们认为，由于人们的预期是理性的，预期的通货膨胀率与以后实际发生的通货膨胀率总是一致的，不会出现短期内实际通货膨胀率大于预期通货膨胀率的情况，所以，无论在短期或长期中，菲利普斯曲线所表示的失业与通货膨胀之间都不存在稳定的交替关系，菲利普斯曲线只能是一条垂线。

2．自然率假说（natural rate hypothesis）答：自然率假说指无论通货膨胀率如何，失业最终要回到其正常率或自然率的观点。

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第7版）课后习题详解第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。

稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。

人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。

正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。

经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。

”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。

2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。

时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。

自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。

微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。

宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。

3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。

效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。

经济学原理曼昆第七版答案【篇一：经济学原理(曼昆)第七版--第21章消费者选择理论多选题答案】xt>1. emilio购买价格为10美元的比萨饼和价格为2美元的苏打水。

他的收入为100美元。

如果以下哪一个事件出现，他的预算约束线就会平行向外移动？a. 比萨饼的价格下降到5美元，苏打水大学价格下降到1美元，而他的收入减少为50美元。

b.比萨饼的价格上升到20美元，苏打水大学价格上升到4美元，而他的收入仍保持不变。

c. 比萨饼的价格下降到8美元，苏打水大学价格下降到1美元，而他的收入增加为120美元。

d. 比萨饼的价格上升到20美元，苏打水大学价格上升到4美元，而他的收入增加到400美元。

【答案】d【解析】预算约束线：10x+2y=100对于a：5x+y=50，此预算线和原预算线是同一条曲线。

对于d：20x+4y=400，预算线平行向外移动。

2. 在无差异曲线上任何一点，该曲线的斜率衡量消费者的__________. a. 收入b.用一种物品换另一种物品的意愿c. 对两种物品是替代品还是互补品的认知d. 需求弹性【答案】b【解析】无差异曲线的斜率是边际替代率。

3. mathew和susan是衬衫和帽子市场上的两个追求最优化的消费者，他们用100美元买一件衬衫，用50美元买一顶帽子。

mathew买了4件衬衫和6顶帽子，而susan买了6件衬衫和12顶帽子。

从这些信息，我们推断，mathew的边际替代率是每件衬衫__________顶帽子，而susan是每件衬衫_______顶帽子。

【答案】ba. 2,1b.2,2c. 4,1d. 4, 2【解析】无差异曲线的斜率是边际替代率。

mrs=mux/muy=px/py. 对于两个消费者，其预算线分别是100x+5y=700；100x+5y=1200。

4. charlie只购买牛奶和早餐麦片，牛奶是正常物品，而早餐麦片是低档物品，当牛奶价格上升时，charlie购买的__________.a. 两种物品都更少b.牛奶更多，早餐麦片更少c. 牛奶更少，早餐麦片更多d. 牛奶更少，但对早餐麦片的影响并不清楚【答案】c【解析】分析收入效应和替代效应的综合影响。

目　录
第一部分　核心讲义
第1篇　导　言
第1章　经济学十大原理
第2章　像经济学家一样思考
第3章　相互依存性与贸易的好处第2篇　市场如何运行
第4章　供给与需求的市场力量
第5章　弹性及其应用
第6章　供给、需求与政府政策
第3篇　市场和福利
第7章　消费者、生产者与市场效率
第8章　应用：赋税的代价
第9章　应用：国际贸易
第4篇　公共部门经济学
第10章　外部性
第11章　公共物品和公共资源
第12章　税制的设计
第5篇　企业行为与产业组织
第13章　生产成本
第14章　竞争市场上的企业第15章　垄　断
第16章　垄断竞争
第17章　寡　头
第6篇　劳动市场经济学
第18章　生产要素市场
第19章　收入与歧视
第20章　收入不平等与贫困第7篇　深入研究的论题
第21章　消费者选择理论
第22章　微观经济学前沿
第二部分　模拟试题及详解
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第7版）模拟试题及详解（一）
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第7版）模拟试题及详解（二）。

曼昆经济学原理（微观）第七版第五章课后简答题总结生产成本：1、企业的平均总成本曲线在短期与长期中如何不同？为什么会不同？答：长期来看，企业可以调整在短期中固定的生产要素；比如企业可以扩大工厂规模。

结果就是，长期平均总成本曲线比起短期总成本曲线呈更加平坦的U形。

2、给规模经济与规模不经济下定义并解释二者产生的原因。

答：规模经济存在时，由于工人专业化的分工，长期平均总成本随着产量的上升而下降；规模不经济存在时，由于过大的组织内部员工的合作存在协调问题，长期平均总成本随着产量的上升而上升。

竞争市场上的企业：1、竞争企业如何决定其利润最大化的产量水平？解释原因答：利润最大化的企业设定的价格等于其边际成本。

如果价格高于边际成本，企业可以通过增加产量来增加利润，而如果价格低于边际成本，企业可以通过减少产量来提高利润。

2、一般而言，市场供给曲线是在短期中更富有弹性，还是在长期中更富有弹性？解释原因答：市场供给曲线通常在长期中更具有弹性。

在竞争市场中，因为进入与退出发生，直到价格等于平均总成本，所以供给的数量在长期的价格变动更为敏感。

3、你到镇里最好的餐馆点了一道40美元的龙虾。

吃了一半龙虾，你就感到非常饱了。

你的朋友想劝你吃完，因为你无法把它拿回家，而且“你已经为此花了钱”。

你应该怎么做？答：如果你已经点了晚餐，其成本就是沉没成本，所以这并不是一种机会成本。

所以说，晚餐的成本不应该影响你是否把它吃完的决定。

4、考虑一个竞争市场上的某个企业。

如果它的产量翻了一番，总收益会发生什么变动？答：总收益翻一番。

这是因为，在竞争市场上，价格并不受任何一个个别企业销售量影响。

5、你去你们的校园书店，并看到印有你们大学校徽的咖啡杯。

它值5美元，而你的评价是8美元，因此你买了它。

在你走回汽车的路上，你把这个杯子掉在地上摔成了碎片。

你应该再买一个呢，还是回家呢？为什么？答：你应该购买另一个咖啡杯，因为边际收益将大于边际成本。

打碎的杯子是沉没成本，而且无法弥补。

微观经济学曼昆第七版答案【篇一：曼昆微观经济学英文版本答案】a family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might wantto buy. for example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. so the real cost of the car is the familys opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. for a member of congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. if more money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force. or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. when a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. for example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. the bottom line is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. in deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. when the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isnt easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if its worth doing. but there are two ways to think about the benefits. one is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. if you didnt go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? then you can decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. a second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. if you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiing includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wagesyou are giving up by not working. if the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. if you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. the idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. the fact that youve already sunk $5 million isnt relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. what matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. if you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. you are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldnt have started it. thats true, but if you dont spend the additional $1 million, you wont have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. so what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. in fact, youd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you wont be increasing profit at the margin.6. harry suggests looking at whether productivity would riseor fall. productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. ron wants to look at average cost. but both harry and ron are missing the other side of the equation?revenue. a firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. thus, hermione is right?it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. the provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive t o save for retirement. the benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. this means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. since a person gets fewer after-tax social security benefits the greater is his or her earnings, there is an incentive not towork (or not work as much) after age 65. the more you work, the lower your after-tax social security benefits will be. thus the taxation of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.18. a. when welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. the loss of benefits means that someone who cant find ajob will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. but the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. thus the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. by specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. if you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. by specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.10. a. being a central planner is tough! to produce the right number of cds by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the cd industry. you need to know each persons musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. if you make the wrong decisions, youll be producing too many cds by artists that people dont want to hear, and not enough by others.b. your decisions about how many cds to produce carry overto other decisions. you have to make the right number of cd players for people to use. if you make too many cds and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with cds they cant play. the probability of making mistakes is very high. you will also be faced with tough choices about the musicindustry compared to other parts of the economy. if you produce more sports equipment, youll have fewer resourcesfor making cds. so all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about cd production.11. a. efficiency: the market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable tv firm.b. equityc. efficiency: an externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. efficiency: the market failure occurs because of standard oils monopoly power.e. equityf. efficiency: there is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. if everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nations output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. would that be efficient? if you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. but more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. from the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b. when workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. after all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. but there’s an efficiency problem?why work if you can get income for doing nothing? the economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. the more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. so greater equity reduces efficiency.13. since average income in the united states has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. this is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goodsand services than it used to. thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as hasthe standard of living.14. if americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. the benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since theyre producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. there is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. they get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. if people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. if prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output may increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raising prices.c. if prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increased prices and output wont rise.16. to make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. a policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment. ch21. economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. they devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. an economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. a modelis a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (ppf1). if a disease kills half of the economys cow population, less milk production is possible, so the ppf shifts inward (ppf2). note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesnt need any cows, then production is unaffected. but if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits. figure 35. the idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.in terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point a in figure 4. a point inside the frontier, such as point b, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.6. the two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. here is an example. positive: a rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. normative: the government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. the council of economic advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the united states about economic matters. the council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. it writes the annual economic report of the president.9. economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy should try to accomplish.ch31. in the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. similarly, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. see figure 2. if maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. if she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so figure 4that is the horizontal intercept. the time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.figure 2b. it takes maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. in that time, she could read 40 pages of economics. so the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.b. see figure 3. with 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. since a u.s. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the united states produced only grain it would produce 1,000 million tons. since a japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if japan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. these are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.【篇二：微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆名词解释(带英文)】=txt>稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

二十三章1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。

A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。

答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。

B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。

答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住，提供服务。

它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。

C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。

答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资，因为销售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP。

C．你买了一个比萨饼。

答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。

D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路。

答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。

E．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。

答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。

F．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。

答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX 增加2．GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。

想想GDP 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内?答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。

转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。

由于GDP 是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。

6．考虑以下美国GDP的数据：A．1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百分比的变动。

微观经济学曼昆第七版答案【篇一：曼昆微观经济学英文版本答案】a family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might wantto buy. for example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. so the real cost of the car is the familys opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. for a member of congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. if more money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force. or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. when a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. for example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. the bottom line is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. in deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. when the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isnt easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if its worth doing. but there are two ways to think about the benefits. one is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. if you didnt go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? then you can decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. a second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. if you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiing includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wagesyou are giving up by not working. if the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. if you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. the idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. the fact that youve already sunk $5 million isnt relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. what matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. if you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. you are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldnt have started it. thats true, but if you dont spend the additional $1 million, you wont have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. so what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. in fact, youd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you wont be increasing profit at the margin.6. harry suggests looking at whether productivity would riseor fall. productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. ron wants to look at average cost. but both harry and ron are missing the other side of the equation?revenue. a firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. thus, hermione is right?it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. the provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive t o save for retirement. the benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. this means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. since a person gets fewer after-tax social security benefits the greater is his or her earnings, there is an incentive not towork (or not work as much) after age 65. the more you work, the lower your after-tax social security benefits will be. thus the taxation of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.18. a. when welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. the loss of benefits means that someone who cant find ajob will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. but the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. thus the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. by specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. if you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. by specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.10. a. being a central planner is tough! to produce the right number of cds by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the cd industry. you need to know each persons musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. if you make the wrong decisions, youll be producing too many cds by artists that people dont want to hear, and not enough by others.b. your decisions about how many cds to produce carry overto other decisions. you have to make the right number of cd players for people to use. if you make too many cds and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with cds they cant play. the probability of making mistakes is very high. you will also be faced with tough choices about the musicindustry compared to other parts of the economy. if you produce more sports equipment, youll have fewer resourcesfor making cds. so all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about cd production.11. a. efficiency: the market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable tv firm.b. equityc. efficiency: an externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. efficiency: the market failure occurs because of standard oils monopoly power.e. equityf. efficiency: there is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. if everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nations output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. would that be efficient? if you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. but more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. from the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b. when workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. after all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. but there’s an efficiency problem?why work if you can get income for doing nothing? the economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. the more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. so greater equity reduces efficiency.13. since average income in the united states has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. this is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goodsand services than it used to. thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as hasthe standard of living.14. if americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. the benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since theyre producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. there is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. they get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. if people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. if prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output may increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raising prices.c. if prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increased prices and output wont rise.16. to make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. a policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment. ch21. economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. they devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. an economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. a modelis a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (ppf1). if a disease kills half of the economys cow population, less milk production is possible, so the ppf shifts inward (ppf2). note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesnt need any cows, then production is unaffected. but if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits. figure 35. the idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.in terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point a in figure 4. a point inside the frontier, such as point b, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.6. the two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. here is an example. positive: a rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. normative: the government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. the council of economic advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the united states about economic matters. the council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. it writes the annual economic report of the president.9. economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy should try to accomplish.ch31. in the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. similarly, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. see figure 2. if maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. if she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so figure 4that is the horizontal intercept. the time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.figure 2b. it takes maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. in that time, she could read 40 pages of economics. so the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.b. see figure 3. with 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. since a u.s. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the united states produced only grain it would produce 1,000 million tons. since a japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if japan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. these are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.【篇二：微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆名词解释(带英文)】=txt>稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量一、概念题1．微观经济学（microeconomics）答：微观经济学指研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易的经济学。

微观经济学以市场经济中的单个消费者（或称家户、家庭）和生产者（或称厂商、企业）为研究对象，通过分析他们的消费决策或生产决策，来说明消费品和生产要素的价格的决定及其变动，进而说明稀缺性的资源如何得到最有效的配置。

微观经济学的理论目的是为了论证亚当·斯密“看不见的手”原理，这只“看不见的手”就是价格机制。

因此，微观经济学又被称为价格理论。

微观经济学主要解决的问题可以概括为：生产什么、生产多少、如何生产、为谁生产。

其基本假设为：（1）经济行为个体是进行自由的、分散化决策的理性经济人，即消费者追求自身效用的最大化，生产者追求自身利润的最大化。

（2）完全竞争和完全信息。

微观经济学从这两个基本假定出发对上述问题的解决就构成了它的主要内容，具体地，它包括：①供求规律；②消费者行为理论，它构成消费品价格决定的需求方面；③生产者行为理论或厂商理论，它构成消费品价格决定的供给方面；④生产要素的价格决定理论或分配理论；⑤一般均衡理论；⑥福利经济学；⑦市场失灵和微观经济政策。

2．宏观经济学（macroeconomics）答：宏观经济学是与“微观经济学”相对而言的，指研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长的经济学。

宏观经济学以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支与汇率的决定与变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称之为总量经济学。

宏观经济学的中心和基础是总供给—总需求模型。

具体来说，宏观经济学主要包括总需求理论、总供给理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期与经济增长理论、开放经济理论、宏观经济政策等内容。

对宏观经济问题进行分析与研究的历史十分悠久，但现代意义上的宏观经济学直到20世纪30年代才得以形成和发展起来。

曼昆微观经济学第七版答案【篇一：平狄克第七版微观经济学课后习题答案(中文)】> 1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。

行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。

2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。

如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。

因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。

3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。

对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。

a中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。

b向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。

4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。

如果运输成本为零，则可以在oklahoma购买汽油，到new jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。

5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。

鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。

在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。

大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。

在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。

6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。

由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。

4.长期弹性和短期弹性区别在于消费者对价格变化的反映速度以及可获得的替代品。