2010-2011年英美文学史复习提纲(名词解释答案)

外国文学史复习题一．名词解释1.湖畔派诗人：指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派,主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞.由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区,以诗赞美湖光山色,所以有“湖畔派诗人"之称.湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实,迷恋过去,美化中世纪的宗法制,幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托.华兹华斯和柯勒律治的抒情歌谣集为浪漫主义奠基之作.华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的序言,成为英国浪漫主义宣言.2.拜伦式英雄：在拜伦的作品,特别是东方叙事诗中塑造的一系列个人主义反叛者的形象,既表现了诗人的反抗精神,也反映了诗人高傲的性格和忧郁苦闷的情绪,因而叫“拜伦式英雄”.这些反叛者才能出众,出于个人的原因起来反抗国家的强权,社会秩序和宗教道德,他们既不满现实,又找不到出路.他们个个热情勇敢、追求个人自由、意志坚强、骄傲孤独、心怀人间悲哀而不惜同命运抗争,最终一般以失败、死亡告终.代表人物：海盗中的康德拉.3..多余人：19世纪俄国文学中描绘的贵族知识分子典型.特点是出身贵族,生活环境优越,受过良好教育.他们虽有高尚的理想,却远离人民；虽不满现实,却缺少行动,是“思想上的巨人,行动上的矮子”.心仪西方的自由思想,也很不满俄国的现状,又无能为力改变这种现状,又不与底层人民相结合以改变俄国的现状.第一个多余人形象是在普希金的叶甫盖尼·奥涅金里的主人公奥涅金,名称来自于屠格涅夫多余人日记.多余人的形象包括莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林、屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭.4.小人物：特指19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学作品中的人物形象.在社会中处于底层,生活困苦,地位卑微,但又逆来顺受,安分守已,性格懦弱,胆小怕事,成为那些大人物统治的牺牲者,是被剥削、被欺凌的典型形象.作家对他们寄予同情与怜悯,并通过这类形象批判沙皇专制制度.普希金驿站长开了俄国文学描写“小人物”的先河.果戈理的中篇小说彼得堡故事深化了普希金描写小人物的主题,代表作是外套狂人日记.陀思妥耶夫斯基穷人则使这一主题又有新发展.5.复调小说：复调小说是前苏联学者巴赫金创设的概念,他借用这一术语来概括托斯妥耶夫斯基小说的诗学特征,以区别于独白型的已经定型的欧洲小说模式.陀的作品中有众多各自独立而不融合的声音和意识,每个声音和意识都具有同等重要的地位和价值,这些多音调并不要在作者的统一意识下展开,而是平等地各抒己见.每个声音都是主体,议论不局限于刻画人物或展开情节的功能,还被当作是另一个人的意识,即他人的意识,但并不对象化,不变成作者意识的单纯客体.小说具有对话性.6.冰山原则：海明威在他的纪实性作品午后之死中,把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山.所谓“冰山原则”,就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象,把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏在形象之中,使之情感充沛却含而不露、思想深沉而隐而不晦,从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙的结合起来,让读者对鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义.简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素.7.象征主义：19世纪中叶产生于法国,20世纪在欧美广泛流行,是象征主义思潮在文学上的体现,也是现代主义文学的一个核心分支.强调主观、个性,以心灵的想象创造某种带有暗示和象征性的神奇画面,不再把一时所见真实的表现出来,而通过特定形象的综合来表达自己的观念和内在的精神世界.在形式上则追求华丽堆砌和装饰的效果.法国诗人波德莱尔恶之花是象征主义的开山之作.后期象征主义诗人的主要代表是保尔·瓦雷里.8.表现主义：20世纪初产生于德国,尔后蔓延到欧美各国,是一个有广泛影响的现代主义文学流派.表现主义文学善于透过事物的表象,展现内在的本质,从人的外部行动揭示内在的灵魂；善于直接表现人物的心灵体验,展现内在的心灵冲动.表现主义的流行是对注重外在客观事实描写的现实主义和自然主义的反叛,对其他现在主义流派产生了影响.其戏剧和诗歌的成就最为突出,代表作家有卡夫卡、奥尼尔、斯特林堡.9.超现实主义：是两次世界大战从法国流行到欧美的现代主义文学流派,从达达主义发展而来,试图将文艺创作从理性的樊篱中解放出来,使之成为一种自发性的心理活动过程,以表现一种更高度真实的“现实”,即“超现实”.具有以下特征：强调表现超理性、超现实的无意识世界和梦幻世界；主张用纯精神的自动反应进行文学创作,广泛使用“自动写作法”“梦幻记录法”,具有晦涩艰深的风格；追求离奇神秘的艺术效果.对后来的荒诞派、黑色幽默、魔魂现实主义都有影响.代表作家布勒东、阿拉贡.10.意识流小说：是20世纪流行于英法美等国的现代主义文学流派.意识流小说不重视描摹客观世界,而着力于表现人的内心真实,特别是着力于表现人的意识流程,从而打破了传统小说的叙事模式和结构方法,用心里逻辑去组织故事.在创作技巧上,意识流小说大量运用内心独白、自由联想和象征暗示的手法,语言、文体和标点等方面都有很大创新.意识流的创作方法以后被现代主义作家广泛采用,成了现在小说的基本创作方法之一.代表：乔伊斯尤利西斯.11.存在主义文学:存在主义文学是二十世纪先出现在法国,而后流行于欧美的一种文艺思潮流派,是存在主义哲学在文学上的反映.其基本观点：世界是荒谬的,人生是痛苦的,但倡导人们通过“自由选择”去面对荒诞的现实和痛苦的人生,从而实现人的自我价值.这些作品大多数处理的是重大的哲理、道德和政治题材,重思想,轻形式,强调逻辑思维和哲学思辨.存在主义文学的代表作品有萨特的小说恶心、哲理剧禁闭和加缪的小说局外人等.12.荒诞派戏剧：20世纪50年代兴起于法国尔后波及欧美的反传统戏剧流派,是寻在主义哲学在戏剧领域中的表现,由马丁.艾思林的荒诞派戏剧而得名.荒诞派戏剧家提倡纯粹戏剧性、通过直喻把握世界,他们放弃了形象塑造与戏剧冲突,运用支离破碎的舞台直观场景、奇特怪异的道具、颠三倒四的对话、混乱不堪的思维,表现现实的丑恶与恐怖、人生的痛苦与绝望,达到一种抽象的荒诞效果.代表作家有尤奈斯库、贝克特等人.13.黑色幽默：20世纪60年代流行美国的一个文学流派.思想上,深受存在主义哲学影响,关注现实,对现实的荒诞有一种深沉的痛苦和恼怒.所谓黑色幽默,就是阴郁的幽默,绞刑架下的幽默,以表面的轻松、调侃、玩世不恭其实是无可奈何的语调叙述沉郁而可怖的故事,从而产生荒诞不经、滑稽可笑的喜剧效果.主人公往往是性格乖僻的“反英雄”.情节结构具有非逻辑性.代表作有海勒第二十二条军规品钦万有引力之虹.14.魔幻现实主义：形成于拉丁美洲60年代取得辉煌成绩.魔幻现实主义作家关心祖国和人民的命运,作品具有丰富的社会生活.基本主题都来自现实生活,但被作家改变了本来面目而披上了一层神秘色彩；同时,作家又大量引入各种超自然的力量,从而创造出一种扑朔迷离的新现实,但他们在小说中变现实为魔幻却有不失其真.深刻的寓意,非凡的艺术造诣,鲜明的民族色彩和广泛的群众性,使它做到了高雅和大众化的结合.代表：马尔克斯百年孤独.15.垮掉的一代：第二次世界大战之后出现在美国,是一群松散结合在一起的年轻人,唯一共同之处就是对社会公认的一切都抱背道而驰的态度.基本特征：思想倾向上深受欧洲存在主义影响；艺术上追求无节制的自我放纵,作品结构无拘无束乃至杂乱无章,语言粗俗甚至粗鄙.虽然有大量不健康因素,但通过他们的眼光可以加深对当代美国社会的理解,粗犷自然的风格在当代美国文学中也留下了影响.代表：凯鲁亚克在路上金斯堡嚎叫.16.约克纳塔法世系:福克纳的很多小说都设在这个虚构的约克纳帕塔法郡Yoknapatawpha County中,原型是他故乡所在的拉斐特郡Lafayette.约克纳帕塔法是福克纳作品的标志,是文学史上有名的虚构地点之一17.托尔斯泰主义:在托尔斯泰的思想中,除了对现实的无情批判以外,还热切鼓吹悔罪、拯救灵魂、禁欲主义、“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我完善”等观点,宣扬一种属于托尔斯泰自己的宗教“博爱”思想,人们称之为“托尔斯泰主义”. 托尔斯泰主义：道德的自我完善,不以暴力抗恶,博爱.18.忏悔贵族:“忏悔贵族”的共性在于孜孜不倦地探索生活意义,愤愤不平地揭露统治阶级的腐朽道德和社会的残酷无情,苦苦思考农村破产农民贫困的原因,寻找贵族出路,寻求接近人民的图景,具有道德感情的纯洁性.这些人物无不打上俄国社会发展印记,同时也包含了作家本人思想探索过程.19.梅塘集团:十九世纪后期法国以左拉为首的自然主义文学集团,因短篇小说集梅塘之夜而得名.一八七九年夏,自然主义流派作家阿莱克西、赛拉尔、爱尼克、雨依斯曼和莫伯桑,某夜聚会于左拉的梅塘别墅,商定各写一篇以普法战争为背景的小说,汇总以后以梅塘之夜之名出版.次年四月,梅塘之夜问世.六人中当时最默默无闻的莫伯桑却因其羊脂球而受到一致称赞.此后左拉等六人即被称为“梅塘集团”.20.迷惘的一代:迷惘的一代TheLostGeneration第一次世界大战后美国的一个文学流派.20年代初,侨居巴黎的美国作家格·斯泰因对海明威说：“你们都是迷惘的一代.”海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小说太阳照常升起的题词,“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓.。

《英美文学》复习纲要I. Define the following terms1. Lake poets:2. Pre-romanticism:3. Romanticism:4. Byronic heroes5.: Critical Realism:6. Dramatic monologue7. Neo-romanticism8. Naturalism9. Aestheticism10 Stream of consciousness11. .Imagism12. American PuritanismII. Reading comprehension：Passage1O my luve is like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly played in tune.2As fair thou art , my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.3Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear ,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun;And I will luve thee still , my dear,While the sands o’life shall r un.4And fare thee weel,my only luve,And fare thee weel awhile;And I will come again, my luve,Tho’it were ten thousand mile!Questions:1.The poem is entitled____________, written by ______________.2.The theme of the poem is about ________.3.The poem is written in _________dialect.4.The rhythm used in the odd-numbered lines is ______ while that used in the even-numbered lines is __________.5.The rhyme scheme employed in the first two stanzas of the poem is ____ and that employed in the last two stanzas is ___6.List two rhetorical devices used in the poem with one example each.Passage 2For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude,And then my heart with pleasure fillsAnd dances with the _______.…”Questions:1. Identify the poet and the title of the poem. (2 points)2. What is the last word at the end of the line? (1 points)3. What is the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of the above excerpt? (4 points)4. Please paraphrase this stanza. (3 points)Passage 3She lived unknown, and few could knowWhen Lucy ceased to be;But she is in her grave, and oh,The difference to me!1) Who was the writer?2) What is the name/ title of the poem?3) What does “and oh, /The difference to me!” imply?4) Why the writer use “unknown” and “know” in the same line?Passage 4I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,The black-clad cricket bear a second part;They kept one tune and played on the same string.Seeming to glory in their little art.Small creatures abject thus their voices raise,And in their kind resound their Maker' s praise,Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays?Questions:1.This is the ninth of the "Contemplations" written by an early American womanwriter. What is her name?2.Make a brief comment on this short poem.Passage 5HuswiferyMake me, O Lord, thy spinning wheel complete.Thy holy word my distaff make for me.Make mine affections thy swift flyers neat,And make my soul thy holy spool to be.My conversation make to be thy reel,And reel the yam thereon spun of thy wheel. Questions:1. Identify the poet of this poem.2. Make a brief comment on this poemPassage 6Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,But such a tide as moving seems asleep,Too full for sound and foam,When that which drew from out the boundless deepTurns again home.Twilight and evening bell,And after that the dark!And may there be no sadness of farewell,When I embark;For though from out our bourne of Time and PlaceThe flood may bear me far,I hope to see my Pilot face to faceWhen I have crossed the bar.Questions:1.Who is the author and what is the title of the poem?2. What are the images of the end of life in the poem?3. What is the theme of the poem?Passage 7•"Standing on the bare ground—my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted in to infinite space—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparenteye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal being circulatethrough me; I am part or particle of God. "1. Which work is this selection taken from?2. How do you understand the philosophical ideas in these words?Passage 8The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.Questions:1.Who is the writer of this poem? _______________2.What is the title of this poem? _______________3.What images in this poem suggest Haiku poetry and what images are “modern”?4.What is the effect of the parallel between lines one and two of the poem? And whatfeeling and meaning does the poem express to you?III. Questions and Answers.1. What is the significance of Preface to Lyrical Ballads?(In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry. He based his own poetical theory on the premise that good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. He appealed directly to individual sensation as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Ordinary peasants and children may be used as subjects in the poetic creation. As to the language used in poetry, Wordsworth endeavored to bring language near to the real language of men.)2. What does “She” (referring to Lucy) in“She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways” imply?3. What is the theme of “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”?4. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/ A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/ One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.” The a bove quotation is taken from Shelley’s poem ‘Ode to the West wind”. What does the underlined part mean?5. Why did Shelley wish to be “a dead leaf”, “a swift cloud” and asked the West wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”?6. What is the image of “nightingale” in Keats’“Ode to a Nightingale”?7. What are Austen’s writing features Jane Austen?(She is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels. Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people became the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her pots are straight-forward; there is little action. Her characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life. Her prose flows easily and naturally. Her dialogue is admirably true to life.)8. Why does William Makepeace Thackeray give one of his novels the title Vanity Fair and the subtitle “Novel without a Hero”?9. What is the character Rebecca Sharp?What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?10. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists?(The major contribution is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realist made use of the form of novel of full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic nov el “the epic of the bourgeois society”.)11. What is the significance of American Puritanism in American literature?12. Please make a brief statements of English critical realism.13. Please summarize the main principles of Mathew Arnold’s literary criticism .14.Pease make a brief summary of the principles of Imagist movement .15.What are the main features of New England Transcendentalism.IV. Topic Discussione examples from Oliver Twist to illustrate the major themes of the novel.2.Please retell the story of The Tale of Two Cities written by Charles Dickens , andthen make comments on it on the terms of its theme and characterization.3.Please retell the story of Vanity Fair written by W. M. Thackeray , and then makecomments on it on the terms of its theme and characterization.4.Please retell the story of Jane Eyre, and then make comments on it on the termsof its theme and characterization.5.Please retell the story of Wuthering Height, and then make comments on it on theterms of its theme and characterization.6.Please retell the story of Scarlet Letter, and then make comments on it on theterms of its theme and characterization.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

1.古英语：（Old English或Anglo-Saxon）是指从450年到1150年间的英语。

古英语和现代英语无论在读音、拼写、词汇和语法上都很不一样。

古英语的语法和德语比较相近，形态变化很复杂。

公元410年，罗马人结束了对英国的占领，随后，来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落：昂格鲁人（Angles），撒克逊人，和朱尔特人开始到不列颠定居．英语就是盎格鲁_撒克逊的人的语言．语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语，中英语，现代英语．古英语的名词有数和格的分别。

数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。

因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。

此外，名词还分阳性、中性和阴性。

但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。

例如妇女就是阳性的。

2. 头韵(Alliteration)：是英语语言学分支文体学的重要术语。

头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力.从应用范围、结构特征以及审美价值三个方面对其进行分析讨论,将有助于我们理解和欣赏这一辞格. 头韵在英语里叫alliteration，又叫initial rhyme，或head rhyme，是从拉丁语短语ad literam (根据字母)转化而来的，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）。

若追本探源的话，恐怕押头韵手法可以上溯到古英语(Old English)时期。

大约五世纪时，盎格鲁萨克逊( Anglo-Saxons)入侵者给英国人带来了作为现代英语(Modern English)基础的盎格鲁萨克逊语，或许就在那时还带来一种新的诗歌形式，其主要特征就是频繁使用押头韵手法。

英美文学名词解释Epic（史诗）: a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero.叙事诗一种长篇的叙事诗，风格高雅，叙述传奇或历史英雄的事迹Ballad（民谣）：A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of British and Irish popular poetry and song from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later North America, Australia and North Africa. 民谣是诗歌的一种形式，通常是音乐的一种叙述。

从中世纪晚期到19世纪，民谣是英国和爱尔兰流行诗歌和歌曲的特色，在欧洲、北美、澳大利亚和北非广泛使用。

Romance（浪漫，冒险风格作品）: a medieval tale based on legend, chivalric love and adventure, or the supernatural.一个基于传说、骑士爱情和冒险或超自然的中世纪故事。

Renaissance（文艺复兴）: the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in the 14th century in Italy, lasting into the 17th century, and marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence expressed in a flowering of the arts and literature and by the beginnings of modern science.从14世纪的意大利开始，一直持续到17世纪的欧洲中世纪到现代的过渡运动，以人文主义的复兴为标志，这种复兴体现在艺术和文学的繁荣以及现代科学的开始。

英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）1.The glorious revolution (光荣革命): the overthrow(推翻、瓦解) of king JamesⅡof England takes place in 1688 by a union of parliamentarians with an invading army led by William of Orange who, as a result ascended（上升、登高）the English throne（君主、王权）as William Ⅲ of England. It was also known as White Revolution because it caused no bloodshed(流血、杀戮). It marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.2. How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile(流犯）in Europe, was a Catholic; He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.2.Great charter (大宪章): Known as the Great Charter, it was the first famous political document to limit the king’s powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John at a conference at Runnymede（兰尼米德）, an island in the Thames River four miles downstream （下游的、顺流而下的）from Windsor（温莎）. It containsaltogether 63 clauses（条款）, among which the most important ones are: no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council（天庭会议）; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived（缺乏教育的）of his property except by the law of the land;没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；The king must promise to observe the rights of his vassals（诸侯、封臣）and the vassals in turn must observe the rights of their men, and the king also should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns. 2. Comments: The great charter was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. The great charter made it possible for the new-born bourgeoisie to enter into politics because it granted some power to the great council which was the embryonic form of the English parliament. The great charter protected the rights of the merchant class. This facilitated（促进）the development of commerce and handcraft. (It was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world.)3.Monarch: In law, the monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarch has been solely（单独的，唯一的）onthe advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule（统而不治）. The real power lies in the parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons. 2. The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power is limited by law and parliament. The monarch symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state, have a weekly chat with the Prime Minister, and to giveRoyal Assent to Bills passed by Parliament.(对议会通过的法案给予御准)4.The presidential elections: The general election, held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in each election year, is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, states elect their presidential electors. The number of presidential electors for each state is equal to the total number of its representatives in congress plus two senators. The total number of presidential electors for the nation is 538, with 3 from Washington D.C. I n the second stage (十二月的第三个星期一) the electors meet to elect the president. (electoral college)5.Ivy League（常春藤高校联盟）: It was founded in 1954, an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions（体系）of higher education in the Northern United States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group and also has connotations(含义) of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism（精英主义）.常春藤名校联盟：Brown University (布朗大学), Columbia University, Cornell University（康奈尔大学）,Dartmouth College（达特茅斯大学）, Harvard University, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）, University of Pennsylvania （宾夕法尼亚大学）, Yale University6.Pilgrim Father (开国元勋): In September, 1620, a group of 101 puritans and some employees left Plymouth, England, and sailed for America in the ship named Mayflower. They founded the colony of Plymouth (普利茅斯) in New England. So these early puritans in New England were called the pilgrim father.7.New deal: 1. The New Deal included the following contents;(1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems,overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;(2) federal government management of relief and establishment of social security system such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority(田纳西州流域管理局);(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;(4) formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production; 2. Comments on the new deal: Roosevelt’s new deal was an American type of social reforms which was based on the new concept that the government was responsible for the healthy development of national economy and social security, and that the growth of production could be maintained only if the great body of the consumers could continue to purchase its output. No economy could develop if it was beset by overproduction and large stockpiles（库存）. To achieve balanced development, the new deal increased government interference n the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. (The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy)8.Domesday Book (英国土地制度): It is a book compiled by a gr oup of clerks under the sponsorship of King William. The book w as in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of land resources. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England9.Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 isperhaps the best-known event in English history. William landed his arm y in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in Engl and. 结果：（William confiscated almost all the land and gave i t to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule wi th a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil cour ts.）原因：（It was said that king Edward had promised the En glish throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, duri ng the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king ofEngland, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.）10.Public school：(1) It is a kind of independent privately-owned secondary boarding schools in Britain. (2) These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.（3）Public schools have their own characteristics and strict rules. (4) These schools focus their attention on developing pupils’ minds as well as bodies.11.Roman invasion: The Roman first invaded Britain in 55BC.Itwas not until AD43 that they eventually conquered the Celts liv ing in what is today England and Wales. The Roman occupatio n of Britain lasted for 400 years, but it was never a total occu pation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.。

西方文学：《荷马史诗》《伊利亚特》阿喀琉斯 古希腊文学《奥德赛》奥德修斯三大悲剧诗人：埃斯库罗斯（悲剧之父）、索福克勒斯戏剧 （戏剧艺术的荷马）、欧里庇德斯（剧场里的哲学家）古代文学 戏剧诗人：阿里斯多芬 文艺理论：柏拉图、亚里士多德诗歌：维吉尔——《牧歌》《农事诗》 古罗马文学 奥维德《变形记》 贺拉斯《诗艺》戏剧教会文学：赞美诗、宗教剧法《罗兰之歌》中古文学 英雄史诗 西班牙《熙德之歌》德《尼伯龙根之歌》世俗文学 俄罗斯《伊戈尔王子远征记》骑士文学：世俗的封建主义文学，封建骑士制度的产物。

骑士抒情诗：破晓歌是“普罗旺斯爱情诗的精华”市民文学：随城市兴起而产生的一种表现市民生活和思想的世俗文学是欧洲中世纪文化向近代文化转型时期最伟大的意大利诗人。

但丁、彼特拉克、薄伽丘是“早期文艺复兴文学三杰”“中世纪最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”但丁 《新生》是欧洲文学史上第一部向读者剖露作者最隐秘的思想感情的自传性作品 《神曲》《郷宴》《论俗语》《帝制论》《神曲》：意大利语写成，分为《地狱篇》《炼狱篇》《天堂篇》反对封建君主、反对腐败的教会，但不反宗教。

描绘现实生活，批判暴君贵族。

欧洲人文主义文学首先在14世纪30年年代出现于意大利。

意大利 彼特拉克：“人文主义之父”《短歌集》 薄伽丘：《十日谈》中《绿鹅》《西蒙的故事》法国：15 西班牙：15 洛佩·德·维加是西班牙民族戏剧的奠基者《羊泉村》《马德里的矿泉水》《傻大姐》 14到16 最早可追溯到14世纪的乔叟，他被称为“英国文学之父”，代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》 世纪文学 英国：是人文主义文学发展后期的中心。

文艺复兴 戏剧：大才子学派后是莎士比亚散文：弗朗西斯·培根《随笔集》《学术的进展》《新工具》 被誉为“现代小说之父”塞万提斯 《堂吉诃德》《训诫小说集》《被围困的努曼西亚》《堂吉诃德》是欧洲现代小说的奠基之作，奠定了现实主义长篇小说的基础。

1. Epic: An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths,legends, folk tales and past events. They summarize and express the nature of ideals of an entire nation and reflect the values of the society from which it originated. Beowulf is the first surviving epic written in the English language. As the national epic of the English people, Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo, it describes the exploits of a hero and is structurally built around three fights or adventures, each of which involvesa battle between the hero Beowulf and a monster.2. Allegory: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan‟s Pilgrim‟s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul‟s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet: Sonnet is a kind of poem which became popular in Italian. During the Renaissance, this kind of poem had been widely used. A sonnet consisting of 14 lines, with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the Petrarchan and Shakespearean are the principal, namely: (1) abba abba, followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines, with a pause in the thought after the octave; (2)abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. Most sonnets are amatory in nature, and contain a certain narrative development. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism: Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements — or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. The most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance. Humanism suggest a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively — in particular, those dealing with the life, thought , language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists emphasized the value of human beings and the important of the present life. They proclaimed that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. Novel of Initiation: The initiation novel begins at the 18th century, first in Germany, and then prevails in Europe, in the 19th century, it comes to America. The initiation novel is to show after suffering a lot of traumas both in physical and mental, the young hero changes his previous world view, or transfigures his disposition, orhe changes the both; this change makes him get rid of his innocent childhood, and will finally leads him to the complicated adult society. In the initiation novels, although the people and the stories may be very different, the formations are similar: the story always starts with the young hero‟s sufferings or observations of the villainy, and losing his innocence; these experiences would inevitably shock his little heart, so the youth could transform from a nave child to an adaptable and mature man. The typical works are Nathaniel Hawthorne‟s the Scarlet Letter and Young Mr. Brown, Herman Melville‟s Moby Dick and J. D. Salinger‟s The Catch in the Rye.6. Quest: In mythology and literature, a quest, a journey towards a goal, serves asa plot device and (frequently) as a symbol. Quests appear in the folklore of every nation and also figure prominently in non-national cultures. In literature, the objects of quests require great exertion on the part of the hero, and the overcoming of many obstacles, typically including much travel. The aspect of travel also allows the storyteller to showcase exotic locations and cultures. The typical works are Homer's Odyssey, Herman M elville‟s Moby Dick and so on.7. Byronic Hero: Byronic hero is a proud and mysterious rebel figure of noble origin in Byron‟s …poems. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, the Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in an evil society, and would fight single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable will and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.8. Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole‟s The Castle of Otranto.9. Naturalism: The word used to describe works of literature which use realistic methods and subjects to convey a philosophical form of naturalism; that is a belief that everything existed is a part of nature and can be explained by natural and material cause — and not by supernatural, spiritual or paranormal causes. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position for naturalistic writers. Those in favor of s naturalistic approach to and interpretation of life concentrated on depicting the social environment dwelt particularly on its deficiencies and on the shortcoming of human beings. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.10. Graveyard Poets: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, death, religion and melancholy. Their poems made frequent use of funereal or gloomy imagery; they were often very Christian writers who used the imagery of night, death, and gloom in spiritual contemplation of human mortality and our relation to the divine. Edward Young and Thomas Gray are famous poets of the Graveyard school.11. Metaphysical Poets: The metaphysical poets refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the seventeenth century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, and play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor. They were against the convention of Elizabethan love poetry. They used contemporary scientific discoveries and theories, the topical debates on humanism, faith, and eternity, colloquial speech-based rhythms, and innovative verse forms, to examine the relationship between theindividual, his God, and the universe. The typical metaphysical poets are John Donne, Andrew Marvell.12. The Lost Generation: a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stampof the postwar period.。

1 Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。

2. Ballad (民谣)A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung3 Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.3 Autobiography (自传)A person‘s account of his or her own life.4. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。

5. Classicism (古典主义)A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。

6. Comedy (喜剧)A dramatic work that is often humorous or satirical in tone and usuallycontains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict.喜剧：轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调子上是讽刺的戏剧作品，常包括主题冲突的愉快解决7. Conflict (冲突)A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。

名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

26、世纪病：出现在法国浪漫主义文学中的一种典型形象。

他们或者在拿破仑时代长大，仰慕父辈的战绩与辉煌，但王权和神气权的恢复使他们失去信仰，无所追求，在厌倦和无聊中打发日子；或者生性孤僻，内向，忧郁，与现实环境格格不入，在孤独的漂泊中消磨生命。

他们都是些富有才华的人，但悲观望，在现实生活中找不到自己的位置，找不到生命的意义，他们代表了一代青年人的精神状态。

有名的有版复多布里昂笔下的勒内，缪塞笔下的阿克达夫等。

27、多余人：出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。

沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。

他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。

他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的“多余人”。

著名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。

28、拜伦式英雄：在拜伦的《东方叙事诗》中，出现了一批侠骨柔肠的硬汉，他们有海盗、异教徒、被放逐者，这些大都是高傲、孤独、倔强的叛逆者，他们与罪恶社会势不两立，孤军奋战与命运抗争，追求自由，最后总是以失败告终。

拜伦通过他们的斗争表现出对社会不妥协的反抗精神，同时反映出自己的忧郁、孤独和彷徨的苦闷。

由于这些形象具有作者本人的思想性格特征，因此被称作“拜伦式英雄”。

29、“自然派”——19世纪俄国文学的一个派别，该派别领袖是果戈理。

这一派的作家极力忠实“自然”即现实，，抨击腐朽的农奴制度，同情小人物的悲惨生活，关注妇女的命运。

在题材上多以小官员、职员、农奴等小人物为主人公。

体裁以小说为主。

30、批判现实主义——19世纪中期以后，随着自然科学实证哲学的发展，随着资本主义制度的进一步确立，欧洲逐渐形成一种比较冷静务实的社会心理。

文学上，浪漫主义逐渐衰退，客观真实地描绘现实生活，用人道主义批判社会弊病和人性缺陷，追求细节真实性，塑造典型性格，逐渐成为作家们的主要倾向。