全国2014年4月自考现代语言学试题00830

04年10月自考现代语言学试题(1) 课程代码：00830ⅰ.directions: read each of the following statements carefully. decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter a,b,c or d in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.a. langueb. competencec. paroled. performanceterms of the place of articulation, the following sounds share the feature of ( ).a. palatalb. alveolarc. bilabiald. dentalgenerative grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.a. l. bloomfieldb. f. saussurec. n. chomsky a. k. hallidaylanguages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on ug principles to particular values.a. adjacent conditionb. parametersc. case conditiond. case requirement5. synonyms are classified into several kinds. the kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.a. stylisticb. dialectalc. emotived. collocational6. the illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.a. representativesb. commissivesc. expressivesd. declaratives7. modern english words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).a. middle englishb. old englishc. frenchd. norman french8. in a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the h-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the l-variety.a. geneticb. socialc. directd. closeaphasics do not show total language loss. rather, different aspects of language are impaired. aphasicsin ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.a. werniker’sb. visualc. motord. broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.a. instrumentalb. functionalc. integratived. socialⅱ. directions: fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. note that you are to fill in one word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. m is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. a is the movement of an auxiliary verb to thesentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. r is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. in austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. in the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. a s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. people may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rulesand regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.ⅲ.directions: judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. put a t for true or f for false in the brackets in front of each statement. if you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) the writing system of a language is alwaysa later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) in such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) the part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) the relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) the contextualist view of meaning holds thatmeaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) one kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. this kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) there are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. the differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) the left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere BECause the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) a child born to a chinese or english speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.ⅳ.directions: explain the following terms, usingone or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the sapir-whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅴ. answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. the phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。

2014年10月全国自考现代语言学考前密卷00830(含答案)一、Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)第1题“I like this shirt very much.” has ____a rguments. ()A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four【正确答案】 B【你的答案】本题分数2分第2题 In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, i.e.,____. ()A. things and referentB. thought and referenceC. views and ideasD. words and phrases【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第3题 Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ____ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.()A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第4题 Sense and reference are two related ____ different aspects of meaning.()A. butB. andC. orD. as well as【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第5题The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness, fear, emotion” is____.()A. fearB. angerC. loveD. emotion【正确答案】 D【你的答案】本题分数2分第6题Proponents of ____learning theory suggested that a child’s verbal behaviour was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following response.()A. biologicalB. naturalistC. behavioristD. nativist【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第7题In the sentence “He put forward a strong argument for it.”the word“strong”and “argument”are in a relation. ( )A. synchronicB. paradigmaticC. syntagmaticD. diachronic【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第8题 As regards the relationship between language and thought, those who hold that thinking and speaking are the same activity are said to be( )A. empiricistsB. behavioristsC. mentalistsD. structuralists【正确答案】 C【你的答案】本题分数2分第9题 Words that are opposite in meaning are( ).A. antonymsB. hyponymsC. synonymsD. homophones【正确答案】 A【你的答案】本题分数2分第10题 When a word is employed as a medium of thinking by means of its conceptualizing system, we say it is used for communication.( )A. intrapersonalB. interpersonalC. individualD. textual【正确答案】 A二、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change第1题 The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s___ features.【正确答案】 suprasegmental【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第2题 In semantic analysis, p___ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.【正确答案】 prediction【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第3题Children’s language development starts from the p___cooing and babbling stage.【正确答案】 prelinguistic【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第4题 The preschool years are a c___ period for first language acquisition.【正确答案】 crucial【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第5题 There are occasions when one can think without l___, just as one may speak without thinking.【正确答案】 language【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第6题 Language is p___ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.【正确答案】 productive【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第7题 An a___ is a logical participant in the predication analysis, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.【正确答案】 argument【你的答案】修改分数本题分数1分你的得分第8题 Evidence in support of l___ for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening test.?【正确答案】 lateralization【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第9题 In a d___ listening test, stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the right ear advantage.【正确答案】 dichotic【你的答案】本题分数1分修改分数你的得分第10题 c___ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.【正确答案】 creole【你的答案】三、Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true orF for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you第1题()The language system provides all specifics of one’s world view.【正确答案】 F(No,it does not.)【你的答案】修改分数本题分数2分你的得分第2题 ()Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.【正确答案】 F(Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第3题 ()In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.【正确答案】 F(The verb follows the subject.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第4题 ()The right ear advantage shows that the right ear is more sensitive to signals, both linguistic and non?linguistic, than the left ear.【正确答案】 F(It passes signals to the left hemisphere.)【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第5题 ( ) The angular gyrus is supposed to be crucial for commanding of the syntax system of one’s language.【正确答案】 F (The angular gyrus is not.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第6题 ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.【正确答案】 T【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第7题 ( ) One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in collocation.【正确答案】 F (It will not be possible.)?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第8题 ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.【正确答案】 T ?【你的答案】本题分数2分修改分数你的得分第9题 ( ) The error analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.【正确答案】 T?【你的答案】本题分数2分你的得分修改分数第10题 ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.【正确答案】 F (The most dramatic loss concerns the loss of affixes.)?【你的答案】四、Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% ×10=30%)第1题 subvocal speech【正确答案】 Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlappingin some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and onenever occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closelyparallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speechas “overt thought”.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第2题 antonymy【正确答案】 The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning between lexical items, such as the meanings between hot and cold, sad and happy.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第3题 blending【正确答案】 Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts ofother words. For example, smog—smoke+fog , motel—motor+hotel.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第4题 apocope【正确答案】【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第5题 hapology【正确答案】 Hapology refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similarsyllables in sequence. For example, the Old English word “Engla?land” (the landof Angles) came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la?la” sounds.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第6题 morphology【正确答案】 Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. What it studies includesmorphemes, allomorphs, roots, affixes etc.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第7题 epenthesis【正确答案】 In the linguistic change of English, a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. Below are some examples of English epenthesis. The underlined sounds are epenthesis in modern English. spinle → spindleemty → emptyglimse →glimpsetimer → timber【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第8题 semantic broadening【正确答案】 Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. For example, the older meaning of “aunt” was father’s sister, but its modern referent can also be mother’s sister. The word “holiday” was originally used to mean a day of religious significance because it was a “holy day”. Today its meaning is broadened to refer to any day on which peop le don’t have to work.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第9题 standard language【正确答案】 The standard language is a supposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. For example, the c ommon speech of the Chinese language and King’s English in Britain.【你的答案】本题分数3分你的得分修改分数第10题 componential analysis【正确答案】 Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalizedletters. Fo r example, the word “man” is analyzed as consisting the semantic features of +HUMAN, +ADULT,+ANIMATE, +MALE. The features of “girl” can be represented as +HUMAN, -ADULT, -MALE. ?【你的答案】五、Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)第1题 What do langue and parole mean respectively?【正确答案】According to F·de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by; it is abstract. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it is concrete.【你的答案】本题分数10分你的得分修改分数第2题 Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?【正确答案】 Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. If language were not constructed according to certain rules, it could not be learned or used consistently. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and thatthey are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. Fin ally, the term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific, i.e. it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.【你的答案】。

绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试语言与文化试题课程代码：00838请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

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I. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide which of the four alternatives best completes the statement and mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET. (1% 20=20%)1. Which of the following is NOT one of the important properties of language?A. Language is arbitrary.B. Language is systematic.C. Language is used for communication.D. Language is used by both human beings and animals.2. Such questions as “How do you think and feel about your family?”, “How do you treata guest?” and “What is your greatest ambition?” highlight the ______ aspects of culture.A. thematicB. institutionalC. behaviouralD. individual3. ______ is the basic meaning presented by meaningful linguistic units, including words and is often, though not always, the central factor in linguistic communication.A. Conceptual meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Social meaningD. Affective meaning4. Both “pretty” and “handsome” can mean nice looking, but “pretty” is often used together with “girl”, “woman”, “garden” etc., while “handsome” frequently appears together with “boy”, “man”, “car” etc., bec ause these are the ______ of these two terms.A. collocative meaningB. connotative meaningC. affective meaningD. reflected meaning5. Which of the following is NOT an inflectional morpheme?A. -ingB. -erC. -mentD. -s6. a) What’s the majority’s opinion?大多数人的意见怎样?b)Where’s today’s newspaper? 今天的报纸在哪里?The above two examples indicate that ______.A. cases are represented explicitly in pronouns in ChineseB. formal markers for cases in nouns are required in EnglishC. pronouns are marked explicitly for cases in ChineseD. Chinese pronouns do show formal variation for cases7. In English ______ are more distinctive than given names.A. surnamesB. nicknamesC. pen namesD. pet names8. ______are popular among female English speakers.A. Religious namesB. Plant namesC. Names of knowledgeD. Names of fame9. The phrasal verb “look forward to” means” “ ______”.A. examineB. seekC. expectD. watch10. A captivating man known as a great lover or seducer of women is often referred to asA. an Uncle TomB. a Don QuixoteC. an Oliver TwistD. a Don Juan11. “You chicken!” he cried, looking at Tom with contempt. In this sentence, “chicken” is usedmetaphorically to refer to ______.A. tendernessB. domestic fowlC. cowardsD. tamed animals12. Which of the following statements metaphorically tells us that life is a gambling game?A. I’ll take my chance.B. I’ve had a full life.C. His life contained a lot of sorrow.D. Their marriage is on its last legs.13. If Professor John Smith allows himself to be called John, ______.A. he might not be respected by his colleaguesB. he must be more respected by his colleaguesC. he might be kept a distance away from his colleaguesD. he might enjoy a harmonious relationship with his colleagues14. To sound modest and humble, one might have to use ______ to refer to oneself, one’s relatives, and one’s personal belongings.A. honourificsB. terms of humilityC. euphemismsD. taboos15. Hypotactic relations at the sentential level refer to constructions whose components arelinked through the use of ______.A. verbsB. nounsC. conjunctionsD. prepositions16. “Up you go, chaps!” The speaking style of the above sentence is______.A. formalB. consultativeC. casualD. intimate17. Chinese advertising as a whole is more ______ than English advertising.A. informativeB. formalC. persuasiveD. interesting18. In legal documents learned words are used frequently. A great many of them are from ______.A. FrenchB. Indian languagesC. LatinD. German19. In English culture, what does it mean if a girl smiles to a male stranger when coming across him in a university campus?A. She loves him.B. She is an immoral girl.C. She is friendly.D. She mistakes him for her acquaintance.20. Which of the following can be classified into the secondary territory, which is usually not central to the daily activities of the owner and not under their exclusive control? A. One’s own room. B. Your seat in the classroom.C. Supermarket.D. Theatre seats.II. Each of the following incomplete statements is followed by four alternatives. Read each statement and the four alternatives carefully and decide what alternatives cancomplete the statement and mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. There are morethan one correct answer. (1% 10=10 %)21. Which of the following statements are the interpretation of culture in its narrow sense?A. Materials man has got to satisfy his needs.B. Social institutions and organizations man has established.C. Language and other communication systems.D. Customs, habits and behavioural patterns.22. Which of the following can be brought together under the heading associative meaning?A. Social meaning.B. Affective meaning.C. Conceptual meaning.D. Collocative meaning.23. In the English sentence “We are students”, all the three words are in plural forms, demonstrating grammatical ______ of the English language as regards the number, a grammatical category.A. implicitnessB. explicitnessC. consistencyD. instability24. In English ______ are flower names.A. AngelaB. LauraC. ViolaD. Brenda25. Which of the following idioms are in relation to mannerisms?A. To ride one’s high horse.B. No man is an island.C. A marriage of convenience.D. To keep a straight face.26. According to Lakoff, an American linguist, similes and metaphors are ways of thinking. They are used in______.A. unusual occasionsB. literary worksC. everyday speechesD. body language27. In which of the following situations does a Chinese use honourifics to show respect toa superior?A. When he is talking with a superior.B. When he is writing to a superior.C. When the superior he refers to is present.D. When the superior he refers to is absent.28. If the sentences in a text exhibit cohesion, they are connected by ______ means.A. grammaticalB. systematicC. lexicalD. meaningful29. American English differs from British English mainly in ______.A. pronunciationB. spellingC. grammarD. sentence structure30. Many cultures allow people to interact at a much closer distance and are therefore referred to as contact cultures, which include______.A. AsiansB. Latin AmericansC. Southern EuropeansD. Arabs非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试汉语基础试题课程代码：00416请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

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一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。

错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。

1．发音时气流在口腔或咽头受到阻碍发出的音是A．元音 B．辅音C．声母 D．韵母2．声母d和t的区别在于A．发音部位相同而发音方法不同 B．发音部位不同而发音方法相同C．发音部位和发音方法都相同 D.发音部位和发音方法都不同3．舌面元音“e”的发音条件是A．前、高、圆唇元音 B．后、半高、圆唇元音C．前、半低、不圆唇元音 D．后、半高、不圆唇元音4．以“i”开头的韵母是A．齐齿呼 B．开口呼C．合口呼 D．撮口呼5．下列各组韵母中都能与声母zh相拼的一组是A．ing uai B．ei iangC．an uo D. ue o6．第一个音节全都变读为21调的是A．毁灭、朴素、想法 B．伪劣、请假、奶奶C．柳树、有趣、舞蹈 D．演示、使命、广场7．下列既有双声又有叠韵的一组是A．蜘蛛、枇杷 B．彷徨、伶俐C．逍遥、琥珀 D．鸳鸯、从容8．下列复合式合成词都属于主谓式的一组是A．途径、提高 B．民主、建设C．自动、司机 D．自学、日食9．下列词中是单纯词的一组是A．鸟儿、甜头 B．红通通、干巴巴c．奶奶、妈妈 D．姥姥、猩猩1O．下列词中都是附加式合成词的一组是A．动员、事业 B．花儿、原则性C．老虎、老实 D．店员、手机11.“厌恶”与“喜爱”的区别是A．感情色彩 B．语体色彩C．形象色彩 D．理性意义12．下列外来词中属于借形词的是A．坦克 B.因特网C．石榴 D．经济．13．下列各组词语都属于名词的一组是A．飞机、繁荣 B．怎样、舍得C．咱们、大伙 D．东边、秋天14．“听了很高兴”这个短语是A．状中短语 B．中补短语C．连谓短语 D．同位短语15．“这部电影我们都看过。

2014年4月全国自考（语言学概论）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 多项选择题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题 5. 分析题6. 论述题单项选择题1．结构主义语言学的奠基人是著名语言学家( )A．葆朴B．乔姆斯基C．洪堡特D．索绪尔正确答案：D2．舌面的元音中，“前低不圆唇元音”是( )A．[a]B．[u]C．[i]D．[o]正确答案：A解析：根据元音舌位图，[a]为前低不圆唇元音，[u]为后高圆唇元音，[i]为前高不圆唇元音，[o]为后半高圆唇元音。

故本题正确答案为A。

3．现在仍在使用的自源文字是( )A．苏美尔文字B．玛雅文字C．汉字D．古埃及文字正确答案：C4．“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”这句话出自( )A．《论语．述而》B．《庄子．养生主》C．《韩非子．五蠹》D．《荀子．正名》正确答案：D5．人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是( )A．5—6岁B．7—8岁C．9—10岁D．12—13岁正确答案：D解析：现在一般认为人的大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是十二至十三岁．这时大脑左右半球的功能已经定型，如果这以后左半球再受伤，丧失的语言能力就很难恢复了，人也就肯定不可能学会说话了。

6．“外甥打灯笼——照舅”属于( )A．谚语B．成语C．歇后语D．惯用语正确答案：C解析：歇后语由两部分组成，一般只说上半句，下半句略去，利用谐音或比喻双关来表达某种意义。

“外甥打灯笼”表示谐音双关义“照舅(照旧)”，属于典型的歇后语。

7．汉民族标准语是( )A．国语B．普通话C．书面语D．北京话正确答案：B解析：普通话“以北京语音为标准音，以北方方言为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范”，是汉民族的标准语。

国语可以看作是一个国家内各民族之间的共同语；书面语是相对于口语而言的，常用于书面写作和较庄重的交际场合；北京话是一种地域方言。

8．克里奥耳语又叫( )A．洋泾浜语B．皮钦语C．混合语D．多式综合语正确答案：C9．研究人类社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论的语言学属于( )A．普通语言学B．本体语言学C．社会语言学D．文化语言学正确答案：A10．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( )A．音节B．音素C．音位D．音标正确答案：B解析：根据音质的不同，对一串语音不断加以切分，直到不能再切分为止，这样得到的语音单位就是“音素”。

2004年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码0830）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into se veral kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social第二部分非选择题（共80分）Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s wo rld that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。

名词解释（2014.4）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26.语言迁移27.双语现象28.亲属语言29.词形变化（2013.10）三、名词解释题，每一名词解释都须举例。

26．调位27．语法意义28．自源文字29．语音合成（2013，1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26．句子27．异化28．词尾29．语素（2012.10）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)每一名词解释都须举例。

26．声韵调分析法27．词法28．失语症29．汉字编码（2012.1）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分)26.语音对应关系27.同化28.语言转用29.词（2011.10）三、名词解释题，每一名词解释都须举例。

26．区别特征27．语法手段28．意符29．机器翻译（2011.1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26.语言获得27.双语现象28.借词29.词组（2010.10）三、名词解释题(每一名词解释都须举例。

26.元辅音分析法27.语法形式28.义项29.外语教学的听说法（2010.1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26.语言迁移27．音位28．书面语29．国际音标（2009，10）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分) 每一名词解释都须举例。

26．重位27．音符28.儿童语言获得的“天赋说”29.语言迁移（2009，1）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26．口语27．仿译词28．语言符号的强制性29．语气意义2008，10）三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分）每一名词解释都须举例。

26．音位变体27．语法手段28．语音对应关系29．中介语2008，1）三、名词解释题(本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分)26.克里奥耳语27.借词28.音节29.词的语体色彩简答题五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分）34.简述儿童语言获得的过程。

绝密★考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试现代汉语基础试题课程代码：00854请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。

错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。

1.普通话的标准音是A.北方语音B.官话语音C.北京语音D.中央电视台播音员的语音2.浙江省大部分地区使用的方言是A.吴方言B.粤方言C.闽方言D.湘方言3.z、c、s这三个音都是A.舌尖前音B.舌面音C.舌根音D.舌尖后音4.“一起”连续时，“一”要读成A.阴平B.阳平C.上声D.去声5.下列各组字中，韵母都是前鼻音的是A.命明敏名B.人真根门C.玲林宁王D.森僧参生拥有梦想只是一种智力，实现梦想才是一种能力。

第1页（共5页）6.属于偏正型合成词的一组是A.细心、立春、推广、美观B.崭新、前进、答复、爱好C.同学、公园、奇迹、火红D.广播、体贴、地铁、镇静7.下列属于语意轻重不．同的一组同义词是A.成果、结果、后果B.违背、违反、违犯C.心情、心境、心绪D.幻想、空想、理想8.我国新编大型语文辞书的双璧是《汉语大字典》和A.《新华字典》B.《辞海》C.《现代汉语词典》D.《汉语大词典》9.“马上”属于下列哪一类副词？A.范围副词B.时间副词C.程度副词D.语气副词10.与“写完”结构相同的词组是A.跑过去B.爱干净C.打算回去D.心情舒畅11.下列句子中是受事主语句的是A.昨天下雨了。

B.我洗完了。

C.衣服洗完了。

D.小华很聪明。

12.表示递进关系的一组关联词语是A.与其……不如……B.既然……那么…C.不但……而且……D.只要……就……13.“希特勒，墨索里尼，不都在人民之前倒下去了吗？”这句话是A.设问句B.否定句C.特指问句D.反问句14.下列句子中使用借代修辞方式的是A.天黑得像口锅。

《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• ngue• B.linguist• nguage• D.learning正确答案：C语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。

2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A.vowels• B.consonants• C.sounds• D.speech sounds正确答案：D在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。

这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。

3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B.morpheme• C.the rules by which words are formed• D.word正确答案：B正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.• rge• B.small• C.finite• D.infinite正确答案：C对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。

1. What is linguistics?1.1 Definition1.2 The scope of linguistics1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic1.3.3 Speech and writing1.3.4 Langue and parole1.3.5 Competence and performance2. What is language?2.1 Definitions of language2.2 Design featuresStudy questionsChapter 2 Phonology1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics2.1 What is phonetics?2.2 Organs of speech2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions2.4 Classification of English speech sounds2.4.1 Classification of English consonants2.4.2 Classification of English vowels3. Phonology3.1 Phonology and phonetics3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair3.4 Some rules in phonology3.4.1 Sequential rules3.4.2 Assimilation rules3.4.3 Deletion rule3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, intonation3.5.1 Stress3.5.2 Tone3.5.3 IntonationStudy questionsChapter 3 Morphology1. Definition2. Morpheme2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language2.2 Types of morphemes2.2.1 Free morphemes2.2.2 Bound morphemes2.2.3 Morphological rules3. Compounding3.1 Types of compound words3.2 Features of compoundsStudy questionsChapter 4 Syntax1.Syntax as a system of rules2. Sentence structure2.1 The basic components of a sentence2.2 Types of sentences2.2.1 The simple sentence2.2.2 The coordinate sentence2.2.3 The complex sentence2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure3. Syntactic categories3.1 Lexical categories3.2 Phrasal categories4. Grammatical relations5. Combinational rules5.1 Phrase structure rules5.2 The recursiveness of phrase structure rules5.3 X-bar theory6. Syntactic movement and movement rules6.1 NP- movement and WH- movement6.2 Other types of movement6.3 D-structure and S-structure6.4 Move α—a general movement rule7. Toward a theory of universal grammar7.1 General principles of Universal Grammar7.2 The parameters of Universal GrammarStudy questionsChapter 5 Semantics1. What is semantics?2. Some views concerning the study of meaning2.1 The naming theory2.2 The conceptualist view2.3 Contextualism2.4 Behaviorism3. Lexical meaning3.1 Sense and reference3.2 Major sense relations3.2.1 Synonymy3.2.2 Polysemy3.2.3 Homonymy3.2.4 Hyponymy3.2.5 Antonymy4. Sense relations between sentences5. Analysis of meaning5.1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning5.2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze sentence meaningStudy questionsChapter 6 Pragmatics1. What is pragmatics?1.1 Definition1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics1.3 Context 1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning2. Speech act theory3. Principle of conversationStudy questionsChapter 7 Historical Linguistics1. The purpose and significance of the historicalstudy of language2. The nature of language change3. The historical development of English3.1 Major periods in the history of English3.1.1 Old English3.1.2 Middle English3.1.3 Modern English3.2 linguistic change of English3.2.1 Sound change3.2.2 Morphological change3.2.3 Syntactic change3.2.4 Lexical change3.2.5 Semantic change4. Language family4.1 Classifying genetically related languages4.2 The Indo-English language family5. The causes of language change5.1 Sound assimilation5.2 Rule simplification and regularization5.3 Internal borrowing5.4 Elaboration5.5 Sociological triggers5.6 Cultural transmission5.7 Children’s approximation t oward the adultgrammarStudy questionsChapter 8 Sociolinguistics1. Language variation1.1 Speech community1.2 Speech variety1.3 Regional variation1.4 Social variation1.5 Stylistic variation1.6 Idiolectal variation2. Standard and nonstandard language2.1 Standard and nonstandard language2.2 Lingua francas2.3 Pidgins2.4 Creoles3. Diglossia and bilingualism3.1 Diglossia3.2 Bilingualism4. Ethnic dialect4.1 Black English, a case study of ethnic dialect4.2 The social environment of Black English5. Social dialect5.1 Education varieties5.2 Age varieties5.3 Gender varieties5.4 Register varieties5.5 Address terms5.6 Slang5.7 Linguistic taboo5.8 EuphemismStudy questionsChapter 9 Psycholinguistics1. The biological foundations of language1.1 The case of Phineas Gage1.2 The human brain1.3 Brain lateralization2. Linguistic lateralization2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for language2.2 Dichotic listening research3. The language centers3.1 Broca’s are a3.2 Wernicke’s area3.3 The angular gyrus3.4 Language perception, comprehension andproduction4. The critical period for language acquisition4.1 The critical period hypothesis4.2 The case of Genie and the degeneration oflanguage faculty with age5. Language and thought5.1 Early views on language and thought5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis5.3.1 Words and meaning5.3.2 Grammatical structure5.3.3 Translation5.3.4 Second language acquisition5.3.5 Language and world views5.4 Understanding the relation of language andthought5.4.1 Major functions of language5.4.2 The development and blending of language5.4.3 Thinking without language5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding system toexpress thought5.4.5 The ways in which language affects thoughtStudy questionsChapter 10 Language Acquisition1. First language acquisition1.1 The biological basis of language acquisition1.2 Language acquisition as the acquisition ofgrammatical rules1.3 The role of input and interaction1.4 The role of instruction1.5 The role of correction and reinforcement1.6 The role of imitation2. Stages of first language acquisition2.1 The prelinguistic stage2.2 The one-word stage2.3 The two-word stage2.4 The multiword stage3. The development of the grammatical system3.1 The development of phonology3.2 The development of syntax3.3 The development of morphology3.4 The development of vocabulary and semantics4. Second language acquisition4.1 Acquisition vs. learning4.2 Transfer and interference4.3 Error Analysis and the natural route ofdevelopment4.4 Interlanguage and fossilization4.5 The role of input4.6 The role of formal instruction4.7 Individual learner factors4.7.1 The optimum age for secondacquisition4.7.2 Motivation4.7.3 Acculturation4.7.4 PersonalityStudy questionsSuggested Answers to Study QuestionsAn English-Chinese Glossaryis generally defined asThe study of language asIn a narrow sense,linguistics refers to the application ofprinciples and theories to language teachinglearning, especially the teaching of foreignsecond languages. In a broad sense, it refersapplication of linguistic findings to the solutionpractical problems such as the recovery ofA study of the featuresthe English used in Shakespeare’s time isA diachronic studylanguage is a historical study, which studiestime. e.g. a study of the changes Englishundergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronicThe ideal user’knowledge of the rules of his language.transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.performance islanguage usby all the members of acommunity; Langue is the set of conventionsrules which language users all have toLangue is relatively stable, it does notin actual use; parole is the concrete use ofvaries from person to person, andLanguage is a system oflanguage. It means that there is noconnection between meanings and sounds. ALanguage is productivemakes possible theLanguage is a system, whichat the lower or basic level, and the otherthings which are present or not present, realfar-away places. In other words, language canused to refer to contexts removed fromWhile we arethe detailsany language are not genetically transmitted,It refers to thethat distinguishFrench words.)Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？(American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.)Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc…Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的).9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study.They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific.11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con¬struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before.3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structureof individual and meaningless sounds, which can begrouped into meaningful units at the higher level.This duality of structure or dou¬ble articulation oflanguage enables its users to talk about anythingwithin their knowledge.4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animalcan “talk”about things removed from theimmediate situation）Language can be used to referto things which are present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present, or future, orfar-away places. In other words, language can beused to refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker.5. Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：（课本答案：details of human language system are taught andlearned while animals are born with the capacity tosend out certain signals as a means of limitedcommunication）While we are born with the abilityto acquire language, the details of any language arenot genetically transmitted, but instead have to betaught and learned.12.Do you think human language is entirelyarbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirelyarbitrary, because there are a limited number ofwords whose connections between forms andmeanings can be logically explained to a certainextent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words whichare coined on the basis of imitation of sounds bysounds such as bang, crash, etc.. Take compoundsfor another example. The two elements “photo” and“copy” in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but thecompound is not arbitrary.Chapter 2: Phonology1.Define the terms:1).phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study ofthe phonic medium of language; it is concerned withall the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages2).auditory phonetics: It studies the speech soundsfrom the hearer’s point of view. It studies how thesounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech soundsby looking at the sound waves. It studies thephysical means by which speech sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person toanother.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is astandardized and internationally accepted system ofphonetic transcription.5).Broad transcription: the transcription withletter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for onesound. This is the transcription normally used indictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription withletter-symbols together with the diacritics. This isthe transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be addedto the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions thanthe letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清音）: when the vocal cords are drawnwide apart, letting air go through without causingvibration, the sounds produced in such a conditionare called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing（浊音）: Sounds produced while thevocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel: the sounds in production of which noarticulators come very close together and the airstream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: the sounds in the production ofwhich there is an obstruction of the air stream atsome point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system ofsounds of a particular language; it aims to discoverhow speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning inlinguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as thespeech sounds we use when speaking a language. Aphone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: a collection of abstract phoneticfeatures, it is a basic unit in phonology. It isrepresented or realized as a certain phone by acertain phonetic context.15).allophone: The different phones which canrepresent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers tothe relation between two phonemes. If twophonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to therelation between two similar phones which areallophones of the same phoneme, and they occur indifferent environments.18).minimal pair:When two different forms areidentical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, thetwo words are said to form a minimal pair. Forexample: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features: the phonemicfeatures that occur above the level of the segmentsare called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone andintonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which arecaused by the differing rates of vibration of thevocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaningjust like phonemes. The meaning-distinctivefunction of the tone is especially important in tonelanguages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound lengthare tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as intonation.For example, English has four basic types ofintonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, thefall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.2.What are the two major media ofcommunication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why? 语言交际的两大媒介是什么？哪一个是基本的交际媒介？为什么？Speech and writing are the major media ofcommunication. Speech is considered primary overwriting. The reasons are: speech is prior to writingin language evolution, speech plays a greater role indaily communications, and speech is the way inwhich people acquire their native language.3.What are the three branches of phonetics? Howdo they contribute to the study of speech sounds?语音学的三个分支是什么。

2014年4月自考《语言学概论》试题及答案 00541点击上方蓝色字体，关注我们1404-全国-语言学概论总分：100一、单选题（共20题，共20分）1、结构主义语言学的奠基人是著名语言学家（）(1分)A: 葆朴B: 乔姆斯基C: 洪堡特D: 索绪尔2、舌面的元音中，“前低不圆唇元音”是（）(1分)A:［a］B:［u］C:［i］D:［o］3、现在仍在使用的自源文字是（）(1分)A: 苏美尔文字B: 玛雅文字C: 汉字D: 古埃及文字4、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”这句话出自（）(1分)A:《论语•述而》B:《庄子•养生主》C:《韩非子•五蠹》D:《荀子•正名》5、人的大脑语言功能的临界期现在一般认为大约是（）(1分)A: 5-6岁B: 7-8岁C: 9-10岁D: 12-13岁6、汉民族标准语是（）(1分)A: 国语B: 普通话C: 书面语D: 北京话7、克里奥耳语又叫（）(1分)A: 洋泾浜语B: 皮钦语C: 混合语D: 多式综合语8、研究人类社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论的语言学属于（）(1分)A: 普通语言学B: 本体语言学C: 社会语言学D: 文化语言学9、从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）(1分)A: 音节B: 音素C: 音位D: 音标10、下面的词中属于派生词的是（）(1分)A: 孙子B: 莲子C: 剪子D: 儿子11、隐语是一种（）(1分)A: 手势语B: 社会方言C: 地域方言D: 土语12、下面各组音中全部为擦音的是（）(1分) A:［fθx］B:［tssᴐ］C:［hjk］D:［nωz］13、下面各词中属于仿译词的是（）(1分) A: 吉普B: 热狗C: 高尔夫D: 尼龙14、汉语音节zhang有（）(1分)A: 一个音素B: 两个音素C: 三个音素D: 四个音素15、造成“小吃店关门了”有歧义的原因是（）(1分)A: 词的同形异义B: 一词多义C: 词的同音异义D: 结构歧义16、“我吃饱了饭”可以说“我吃了饭，我饱了”，但“我吃光了饭”却不能说成“我吃了饭，我光了”，原因是“饱”和“光”的（）(1分)A: 语义指向不同B: 语义角色不同C: 句子成分不同D: 句子结构不同17、造成元音音质差别的因素主要是（）(1分) A: 声带是否振动B: 气流受阻情况C: 气流的强弱D: 共鸣腔的不同形状18、汉语“花钱”的“花”和“鲜花”的“花”是（）(1分)A: 同音词B: 近义词C: 同根词D: 多义词19、方言之间的差异主要体现在（）(1分)A: 语法方面B: 语义方面C: 语汇方面D: 语音方面20、“外甥打灯笼——照舅”属于（）(1分)A: 谚语B: 成语C: 歇后语D: 惯用语二、多选题（共5题，共10分）21、下面各项属于汉藏语系的语言有（）(2分) A: 满语B: 日语C: 韩语D: 彝语E: 羌语22、下面各项中属于英语/p/音位的变体有（）(2分)A:［p］B:［p′］C:［b］D:［b′］E:［β］23、促使语言发生变化的原因有（）(2分) A: 社会的接触B: 社会的进步C: 语言内部要素的相互影响D: 社会的统一E: 社会的分化24、下面属于复合词的有（）(2分)A: workerB: worksC: workmanD: workedE: Workshop25、下面各词内部结构相同的有（）(2分) A: 教室B: 椅子C: 课桌D: 黑板E: 钢笔三、判断论述题（共4题，共20分）26、单纯词都是由一个语素构成的。

自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] A famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” may well illustrate the ______nature of language.A.arbitraryB.motivatedC.socialD.cultural2.[单选题] According to_________, vowels can be classified into three groups: front, central, and back.A.the openness of the mouthB.the shape of the lipsC.the position of the tongueD.the length of the vowels3.[单选题] The number of morphemes contained in the word “underdeveloped” is ________ .A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the complement in the phrase “regularly check his E-mail box” is .A.regularlyB.checkC.boxD.his E-mail box5.[单选题] When we say “The book has a finger”, it is a typical example of a sentence which is .A.semantically well-formedB.semantically inconsistentC.semantically contradictedD.semantically anomalous6.[单选题] According to John Searle, the illocutionary act of the utterance “I promise to come” belongs to________.A.directivesmissivesC.declarationsD.expressives7.[单选题] The following topics fall into the scope of historical linguistics EXCEPT_______.A.sound changeB.morphological changeC.syntactic changeD.register varieties8.[单选题] It is the ___________differences that have often been used to illustrate the “illogic” of Black English.A.morphologicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.semantic9.[单选题] According to the lateralization theory, which of the following is NOT the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?A.CalculationB.Analytic reasoningC.Temporal orderingD.Visual and spatial skills10.[单选题] In general, children's two-word stage begins roughly .A.in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second yearB.in the second half of the second yearC.between two and three years oldD.between four and five years old11.[案例题] S ___________descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language as it exists at the present day and mostlinguistic studies are of this type.12.[案例题] The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in the pharyngeal, o_________, and nasal cavities.13.[案例题] Phonetically, the stress of a compound word usually falls on the f___ element.14.[案例题] A simple sentence consists of a single c____ which containsa subject and a predicate.15.[案例题] The sentence “Green clouds are sleeping furiously” is not s____ meaningful but grammatically well-formed.16.[案例题] All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i___ point.17.[案例题] Physiologically, vowels tend to be n___ before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.18.[案例题] S_________is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.19.[案例题] Much evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in d___ listening tasks.20.[案例题] Adults are motivated to learn a second language because ofa communicative need. They may learn a second language in order touse it functionally, in which case i____ motivation occurs.21.[案例题] While Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.22.[案例题] When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as tone.23.[案例题] Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: lexical morphology and derivational morphology.24.[案例题] Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 25.[案例题] The sentence “The cat are barking at the dog” only violates semantic rules.26.[案例题] The five types of general categories of speech acts distinguished by John Austin are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.27.[案例题] Modern English has an elaborate system of case marking through overt morphological changes, thus its word order is more variable than that of Old English.28.[案例题] Pidgins are rule-governed, simplified language with reduced grammatical features.29.[案例题] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he or she is converting one mode of thinking intothe other.30.[案例题] The sounds and syllables that children utter at the babbling stage are meaningless.31.[案例题] duality (of structure)32.[案例题] minimal pair33.[案例题] inflectional morpheme34.[案例题] syntactic movement35.[案例题] argument36.[案例题] conversational implicature37.[案例题] diachronic linguistics38.[案例题] diglossia39.[案例题] linguistic relativism40.[案例题] interference41.[案例题] Describe the features that most compounds share.42.[案例题] Discuss with examples the differences between language acquisition and language learning.。

自考00830现代语言学自考核心考点笔记自考重点资料0830 - 现代语言学 2.1 The naming theory 2.2 Dichotic listening research of time. e.g. a study of the changes English has 3. The language centers 2.2 The conceptualist view undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a 完整版9.5页 3.1 Broca’s area 2.3 Contextualism diachronic study. 笔记依据教材 3.2 Wernicke’s area ompetence: The ideal user’s 2.4 Behaviorism 6).Language c《现代语言学》3. Lexical meaning 3.3 The angular gyrus knowledge of the rules of his language. A 何兆熊、梅德明主编外语教学与研究出版社 3.1 Sense and reference 3.4 Language perception, comprehension and transformational-generative grammar(转化生成语笔记依据目录 3.2 Major sense relations production 法)is a model of language competence. Chapter 1 Introduction 4. The critical period for language acquisition 3.2.1 Synonymy7).Language performance: performance is the 1. What is linguistics? 4.1 The critical period hypothesis 3.2.2 Polysemy actual realization of the ideal language user’s 1.1 Definition 4.2 The case of Genie and the degeneration of 3.2.3 Homonymy knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 1.2 The scope of linguistics 3.2.4 Hyponymy language faculty with age 8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic 1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 3.2.5 Antonymy 5. Language and thought system shared by all the members of a speech 1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 4. Sense relations between sentences 5.1 Early views on language and thought community; Langue is the set ofconventions and 1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic 5. Analysis of meaning 5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis rules which language users all have to follow; 1.3.3 Speech and writing 5.1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze 5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Langue is relatively stable, it does not change 1.3.4 Langue and parole lexical meaning 5.3.1 Words and meaning frequently. 1.3.5 Competence and performance 5.2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze 5.3.2 Grammatical structure 9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue 2. What is language? sentence meaning 5.3.3 Translation in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the 2.1 Definitions of language Study questions5.3.4 Second language acquisition conventions and the application of the rules; parole 2.2 Design features Chapter 6 Pragmatics 5.3.5 Language and world views varies from person to person, and from situation to Study questions 1. What is pragmatics? 5.4 Understanding the relation of language and situation. Chapter 2 Phonology 1.1 Definition thought 10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrary 1. The phonic medium of language 1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics 5.4.1 Major functions of language vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. Phonetics 1.3 Context5.4.2 The development and blending of language 11).Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of 2.1 What is phonetics? 1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 5.4.3 Thinking without language language. It means that there is no logical 2.2 Organs of speech 2. Speech act theory 5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding system connection between meanings and sounds. A good 2.3 Orthographic representation of speech 3.Principle of conversation to express thought example is the fact that different sounds are used sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions 5.4.5 The ways in which language affects thought Study questions to refer to the same object in different languages. 2.4 Classification of English speech sounds Study questions Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics12).Productivity: Language is productive or 2.4.1 Classification of English consonants Chapter 10 Language Acquisition 1. The purpose and significance of the historical creative in that it makes possible the construction 2.4.2 Classification of English vowels 1. First language acquisition study of language and interpretation of new signals by its users. 3. Phonology 2. The nature of language change 1.1 The biological basis of language acquisition 13).Duality: Language is a system, which consists 3.1 Phonology and phonetics 3. The historical development of English 1.2 Language acquisition as the acquisition of of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of 3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone 3.1 Major periods in the history of English grammatical rules sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other of 3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, 3.1.1 Old English 1.3 The role of input and interaction meanings at the higher level. and minimal pair 3.1.2 Middle English 1.4 The role of instruction 14).Displacement: language can be used to refer 3.4 Some rules in phonology 3.1.3 Modern English 1.5 The role of correction and reinforcement to things which are present or not present, real or 3.4.1 Sequential rules 3.2 linguistic change of English 1.6 The role of imitation imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or 3.4.2 Assimilation rules 3.2.1 Sound change 2. Stages offirst language acquisition in far-away places. In other words, language can 3.4.3 Deletion rule 3.2.2 Morphological change 2.1 The prelinguistic stage be used to refer to contexts removed from the 3.5 Suprasegmental features—stress, tone, 3.2.3 Syntactic change 2.2 The one-word stage immediate situations of the speaker. intonation 2.3 The two-word stage 3.2.4 Lexical change 15).Cultural transmission: While we are born 3.5.1 Stress 2.4 The multiword stage 3.2.5 Semantic change with the ability to acquire language, the details of 3.5.2 Tone 3. The development of the grammatical system 4. Language family any language are not genetically transmitted, but 3.5.3 Intonation 4.1 Classifying genetically related languages 3.1 The development of phonology instead have to be taught and learned. Study questions 4.2 The Indo-English language family 3.2 The development of syntax 16).Design features: It refers to the defining Chapter 3 Morphology 5. The causes of language change 3.3 The development of morphology properties of human language that distinguishit 1. Definition 5.1 Sound assimilation 3.4 The development ofvocabulary and semantics from any animal system of communication 2. Morpheme 5.2 Rule simplification and regularization 4. Second language acquisition 2.Explain the following definition of linguistics: 2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of 5.3 Internal borrowing 4.1 Acquisition vs. learning Linguistics is the scientific study of language. language 4.2 Transfer and interference 5.4 Elaboration Linguistics investigates not any particular language, 2.2 Types of morphemes 5.5Sociological triggers 4.3 Error Analysis and the natural route of SLA but languages in general. 2.2.1 Free morphemes 5.6 Cultural transmission development Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on 2.2.2 Bound morphemes 5.7 Children’s approximation toward the adult 4.4 Interlanguage and fossilization the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，2.2.3 Morphological rules grammar 4.5 The role of input 真实的) language data. No serious linguistic 3. Compounding Study questions 4.6 The role of formal instruction conclusion is reached until after the linguist has 3.1 Types of compound words Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics 4.7 Individual learner factors done the following three things: observing the way 3.2 Features of compounds 1. Languagevariation 4.7.1 The optimum age for second language Study questions language is actually used, formulating some 1.1 Speech community acquisition Chapter 4 Syntax hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against 1.2 Speech variety 4.7.2 Motivation 1.Syntax as a system of rules linguistic facts to prove their validity. 1.3 Regional variation 4.7.3 Acculturation 2. Sentence structure 3.What are the branches of linguistics? What 1.4 Social variation 4.7.4 Personality 2.1 The basic components of a sentence 1.5 Stylistic variation …does each of them study? (语言学的主要分支是… (中间部分略) 2.2 Types of sentences 1.6 Idiolectal variation 完整版请——什么每个分支的研究对象是什么,) 2.2.1 The simple sentence 2. Standard and nonstandard language QQ:1273114568 索取 Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 2.2.2 The coordinate sentence 2.1 Standard and nonstandard language 1)Generallinguistics, which is the study of 2.2.3 The complex sentence Study questions 2.2 Lingua francas language as a whole and which deals with the 2.3 The linear and hierarchical structures of Suggested Answers to Study Questions 2.3 Pidgins basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and sentences An English-Chinese Glossary 2.4 Creoles methods applicable in any linguistic study 2.3.1 The linear word order of a sentence A Detailed Note for Modern Linguistics 3. Diglossia and bilingualism 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are 2.3.2 The hierarchical structure of a sentence 3.1 Diglossia Chapter 1: Introduction used in linguistic communication 2.3.3 Tree diagrams of sentence structure 3.2 Bilingualism 1.Define the following terms:3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put 3. Syntactic categories 4. Ethnic dialect 1).Linguistics:It is generally defined as the together and used to convey meaning in 3.1 Lexical categories 4.1 Black English, a case study of ethnic dialect scientific study of language. communication 3.2 Phrasal categories 4.2 The social environment of Black English 2).General linguistics: The study of language as 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which 4. Grammatical relations 5. Socialdialect a whole is called general linguistics. morphemes are arranged to form words 5. Combinational rules 5.1 Education varieties 3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and 5.1 Phrase structure rules 5.2 Age varieties linguistics refers to the application of linguistic words are combined to form sentences 5.2 The recursiveness of phrase structure rules 5.3 Gendervarieties principles and theories to language teaching and 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in 5.3 X-bar theory 5.4 Register varieties learning, especially the teaching of foreign and lan?guage. 6. Syntactic movement and movement rules 5.5 Address terms second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in 6.1 NP- movement and WH- movement 5.6 Slang the application of linguistic findings to the solution isolation, but in the context of use 6.2 Other types of movement 5.7 Linguistic taboo of practical problems such as the recovery of 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language 6.3 D-structure and S-structure 5.8 Euphemism speech ability. with reference to society 6.4 M ove α—a general movement rule Study questions 4).Synchronic study: The study of a language9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language 7. Toward a theory of universal grammar Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics at some point in time.e.g. A study of the features of with reference to the workings of mind.7.1 General principles of Universal Grammar 1. The biological foundations of language the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about 7.2 The parameters of Universal Grammar 1.1 The case of Phineas Gage synchronic study. the application of linguistic findings in linguistic Study questions 1.2 The human brain 5).Diachronic study: The study of a language as studies; in a nar?row sense, applied linguistics Chapter 5 Semantics 1.3 Brain lateralization it changes through time. A diachronic study of refers to the application of linguistic principles and 1. What is semantics? 2.Linguistic lateralization language is a historical study, which studies the theories to language teaching, especially the 2. Some views concerning the study of meaning 2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for language historical development of language over a period teaching of foreign and second languages. matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks languages communication. Speech is considered primary 11)Other related branches are anthropological at language from a psychological point of view and 2).auditory phonetics:It studies the speech over writing. The reasons are: speech is prior to linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics(神to him competenceis a property of the mind of sounds from the hearer’s point of view. It studies writing in language evolution, speech plays a each individual. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. greater role in daily communications, and speech 经语言学), mathematical linguistics(数学语言学), 10.What characteristics of language do you 3).acoustic phonetics:It studies the speech sounds is the way in which people acquire their native and computational linguistics(计算机语言学). by looking at the sound waves. It studies the language. think should be included in a good, 4.What makes modern linguistics different physical means by which speech sounds are 3.What are the three branches of phonetics? comprehensive definition of language? from traditional grammar? (现代语言学与传统语transmitted through the air from one person to How do they contribute to the study of speech Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols 法有什么区别,) another. sounds? 语音学的三个分支是什么它们是如何研used forhuman communication. 4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is a Traditional grammar is prescriptive(规定性); it is First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of 究语言学的, (可参照一下课文原话，可能更容易standardized and internationally accepted system based on "high "(religious, literary) written language are combined according to rules. of phonetic transcription. 理解) language. It sets models for language users to Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that5).Broad transcription: the transcription with 1)Articulatory phonetics describes the way our follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive(描述there is no intrinsic connection between the word letter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for one speech organs work to produce the speech sounds 性); its investigations are based on authentic and and the thing it refers to. sound. This is the transcription normally used in and how they differ. Third, language is vocal because the primary mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be dictionaries and teaching textbooks.2)Auditory phonetics studies the physical medium is sound for all languages. scientific and objective and the task of linguists is6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription with properties of the speech sounds, and reaches The term “human” is meant to specify that supposed to describe the language people actually letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a language is human-specific. use, whether it is "correct" or not. the transcription used by the phoneticians in their theoretical ideal. 11.What features of human language have 5.Is modernlinguistics mainly synchronic(共study of speech sounds. 3)Acoustic phonetics studies the physical been specified by Charles Hockett to show that 时性) or diachronic(历时性)? Why? 7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be properties of the speech sounds, the way sounds it is essentially different from any animal (The description of language at some point in time added to the letter-symbols to make finer travel from the speaker to the hearer; it deals with communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征is a synchronic study; the description of a language distinctions than the letters alone make possible. the sound waves through the use of such as it changes through time is a diachronic study.) 8).Voiceless(清音): when the vocal cords are machines as a spectrograph(声谱仪). 是什么, Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing drawn wide apart, letting air go through without 4.Where are the articulatory apparatus of 1.Arbitrariness(任意性): (课本答案:a sign of on the present-day language. Unless the various causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a human being contained? sophistication only humans are capable of) It states of a language are successfully studied, it will condition are called voiceless sounds. means that there is no logical connection between Pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity and nasal cavity. not be possible to describe language from a 9).Voicing (浊音): Sounds produced while the meanings and sounds. Although language is5.What is voicing and how is it caused? 什么叫diachronic point of view. vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. 浊音化,它是如何形成的,6.Which enjoyspriority in modern linguistics, 10).Vowel: the sounds in production of which no Non-arbitrary words make up only a small Voicing is the result of the vibration of the vocal speech or writing? Why? articulators come very close together and the air percentage of the total number. The arbitrary cords. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken stream passes through the vocal tract without nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it letting air go through without causing vibration, the language for the following reasons: obstruction are called vowels. makes it possible for language to have an sounds produced in such a way are voiceless. First, speech precedes writing. The writing system 11).Consonants: the sounds in the production of unlimited source of expressions. When vocal cords are held together tautly so that is always a later invention used to record the which there is an obstruction of the air stream at2.Productivity(创造性): (课本答案:creativity: the air stream vibrates them, the sounds produced some point of the vocal tract are called speech. There are still some languages that only animals are quite limited in the messages they are in this way are voiced. consonants. have the spoken form. able to send)Language is productive or creative in 6.What is the function of nasal cavity? How 12).phonology: Phonology studies the system of Then, a larger amount of communication is carried that it makes possible the con?struction and sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover does it perform this function? out in speech than in writing. interpretation of an infinitely large number ofhow speech sounds in a language form patterns Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire The function of nasal cavity is to nasalize the sentences, including those they have never said or and how these sounds are used to convey their native language. sounds that are produced. It does this by closing heard before. meaning in linguistic communication.7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语the air passage connecting the oral and nasal 3.Duality(二重性): (课本答案:a feature totally 13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as the cavities so that the air stream can only go through parole的, lacking in any animal communication)It means that speech sounds we use when speaking a language. the nasal cavity. (The distinction between langue and parole was language is a system, which consists of two sets of A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not 7.Describe the various parts in the oral cavity made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower necessarily distinguish meaning. which are involved in the production of speech Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are level and the other of meanings at the higher level.14).phoneme: a collection of abstract phonetic sounds? French words.) At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure features, it is a basic unit in phonology. It is Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system The various pats of the tongue: the tip, the front, of individual and meaningless sounds, which can represented or realized as a certain phone by a shared by all the members of a speech community, the blade, and the back; the uvula; the soft palate; be grouped into meaningfulunits at the higher level. certain phonetic context. and parole refers to the realization of langue in the hard palate; the teeth ridge (alveolar); the This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of 15).allophone: The different phones which can actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and upper and lower teeth; the lips. language enables its users to talk about anything represent a phoneme in different phonetic rules which language users all have to follow while 8.How broad transcription and narrow within their knowledge. environments are called the allophones of that parole is the concrete use of the conventions and transcription differ? 宽式标音和严式标音有什4.Displacement(移位性): (课本答案:no animal phoneme. For example [l] and [l] the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is can “talk” about things remov ed from the 16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers 么区别, not the language people actually use, but parole is immediate situation)Language can be used to to the relation between two phonemes. If two The broad transcription is the transcription of concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring phonemes can occur in the same environment and refer to things which are present or not present, sounds by using one letter to represent one sound. language events. Langue is relatively stable, it distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic real or imagined matters in the past, present, or The narrow transcription is the transcription with does not change frequently; while parole varies contrast. future, orfar-away places. In other words, diacritics (变音符号) to show detailed articulatory from person to person, and from situation to17).Complementary distribution: refers to the language can be used to refer to contexts removed features of sounds. situation. relation between two similar phones which are from the immediate situations of the speaker. In broad transcription, the symbol [l] in used for the8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用allophones of the same phoneme, and they occur 5. Cultural transmission(文化传递性): (课本sound [l] in words like leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], performance各指什么, in different environments. 答案:details of human language system are taught and health [helθ]. The sound [l] in all these words is18).minimal pair: When two different forms are (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s and lear ned while animals are born with the differ slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a identical in every way except for one sound proposed the distinction between competence and capacity to send out certain signals as a means of vowel, is called a clear [l], and no diacritic is segment which occurs in the same place in the performance.) limited communication)While we are born with the needed to indicate it; the [l] in [fi:l] and [bild], strings, the two words are said to form a minimal Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s occurring before another consonant, is called dark ability to acquire language, the details of any pair. For example: bin and pin. knowledge of the rules of his language. This [l], indicated in narrow transcription as [l]. Then in language are not genetically transmitted, but 19).suprasegmental features: the phonemic internalized set of rules enables the language user [helθ], the sound [l] isfollowed by the dental sound instead have to be taught and learned. features that occur above the level of the segments to produce and understand an infinitely large [θ], it is thus called a dental [l], and transcribed as 12.Do you think human language is entirely are called suprasegmental features. The main number of sentences and recognize sentences [helθ](注:l下有一个向下的框，无法打印) in narrow arbitrary? Why? suprasegmental features include stress, tone and that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According transcription. Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely intonation. to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization 9.How are the English consonants classified? arbitrary, because there are a limited number of 20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are of this knowledge in linguistic communication. words whose connections between forms and 英语的辅音是如何分类的, caused by the differing rates of vibration of the Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother meanings can be logically explained to a certain 1)by manner of articulation. vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish tongue is perfect, his performances may have extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words a.stops(plosive爆破音):[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g] meaning just like phonemes. The mistakes because of social and psychological which are coined on the basis of imitation of meaning-distinctive function of the tone is b.fricatives(磨擦音): [f],[v],[s],[z],[ θ],[,ð], [? ], [?], [h] factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… sounds by sounds such as bang, crash, etc.. especially important in tone languages, for Chomsky believes that whatlinguists should study c.affricates(破擦音): [ t?], [d?] Take compounds for another example. The two example, in Chinese. is the competence, which is systematic, not the d.liquids(lateral边音，流音): [l], [r] elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are 21).intonati on: When pitch, stress and sound performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). e.nasals(鼻音): [m],[ n],[,, ?] non-motivated, but the compound is not length are tied to the sentence rather than the word 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between arbitrary. f.glide s (semivowels半元音): [w], [ j] in isolation, they are collectively known as langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s … … (中间部分略) 2)by place of articulation : intonation. For example, English has four basic 完整版请—— distinction between competence and a.bilabial(双唇音): [p],[b],[m],[w] types of intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, QQ:1273114568 索取performance? And what is their difference? biodental(唇齿音): [f],[v] the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone. Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction c.dental(舌齿音): [θ],[,, ð] 2.What are the two major media of Chapter 2: Phonology between the abstract language system and the d.alveolar(齿龈音): [t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r] communication?Of the two, which one is 1.Define the terms: actual use of language. Their purpose is to single e.palatal(腭音): [?], [?],[ t? ], [d?], [j] primary and why? 语言交际的两大媒介是什么,1).phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of out one aspect of language for serious study.f.velar(软腭音): [k], [g], [? ] the phonic medium of language; it is concerned 哪一个是基本的交际媒介,为什么, They differ in that Saussuretakes a sociological with all the sounds that occur in the world’ sg.glottal(喉音，声门单): [h] view of language and his notion of langueis a Speech and writing are the major media of10.What criteria are used to classify the Assimilation rule: rule assimilating one sound similar to the following one by copying one ofits English vowels? 英语的元音是如何分类的, phonetic features. 1) According to the position of the tongue, vowels Deletion rule: rule governing the deletion of a may be distinguished as front vowels such as [i:] [i] sound in a certain phonetic context although it is [e] [æ] [a], central vowels such as [?:] [?] [?], and represented in spelling. back vowels such as [u:] [? ] [?:] [? ] [ɑ:] 17.What are supresegmental features? How do 2) According to the openness of the mouth, we the major suprasegmental features of English classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels function in conveying meaning? 什么是超音位such as [i:] [i] [u:] [? ], semi-close vowels such as [e] [?:], semi-open vowels such as [?] [?:], and 特征,它是如何影响语义的, (p40) open vowels such as [æ] [a] [? ] [? ] and [ɑ:]. Suprasegmental features are phonological 3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are features above the sound segment level. divided into rounded vowels and unrounded The major suprasegmental features in English are vowels. In English all the front and central vowels word stress, sentence stress and intonation. are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels, with 1)The location of stress in English distinguishes exception of [ɑ:], are rounded. meaning, such as`import and im`port. The similar 4) According to the length of thevowels, the alternation of stress also occurs between a English vowels can also be classified into long compound noun and a phrase consisting of the vowels and short vowels. The long vowels include same elements. A phonological feature of the [i:] [?:] [?: ] [u:] [ɑ:]，while the rest are short vowels. English compounds is that the stress of the word11.What is the difference between a always falls on the first element and the second monophthong and a diphthong? element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not A monophthong is one for which the organs of speech remain in a given position for a period of necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is time. A diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of a black. deliberate glide. The organs of speech starting in 2) Sentence stress refers to the relative force the position of one vowel and immediately moving which is given to the words in a sentence. The more important words such as nouns, main verbs, in the direction of another vowel, for example: [i:], [i] adjectives, adverbs, and demonstrative pronouns, are monophthongs, and [a? ], [e? ] are are pronounced with greater force and made more diphthongs. 12.How do phonetics and phonology differ in prominent. And the other categories of words (articles, personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs, their focus of study? Who do you think will be prepositions, and conjunctions) are usually not more interested in the difference between stressed. But to give special emphasis to a certain [l]and [l], [p] and [ph], a phonetician or a notion, a word in sentence that is usually phonologist? Why? unstressed can be stressed to。

2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction between acquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC. S. KrashenD.B.F. Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types of sentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative / imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound / complex7. In sociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, or church.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the two wordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete, and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.12. English consonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and a15. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on the left.16. The theory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject and object positions.17. A particular r may be used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors, teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors, football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19. According to John Austin, p were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were not verifiable.20. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of O English, Middle English and Modem English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. There are two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studies of the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instruction decides SLA.24. Since a compound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. The arrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly -structured.27. A euphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh, unpleasantly offensive.28. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If one says what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. applied linguistics32. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. language transfer34. inflectional affixes35. linguistic lateralization36. branching nodes37. semantics38. illocutionary act39. historical linguistics40. lingua francaV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of the two media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modem linguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.。