英语国家概况之英国文学

英语国家概况下册笔记English: The United Kingdom is a country located off the northwest coast of mainland Europe. It is comprised of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a population of over 66 million people, with London being the capital and largest city. It is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The country has a rich history, with influential developments in literature, science, and industry. The UK is known for its cultural contributions in music, art, and sports, as well as its historic landmarks like Stonehenge and Buckingham Palace.中文翻译: 英国位于欧洲大陆西北海岸。

它由四个成员国组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国有超过6600万人口，伦敦是首都和最大城市。

它是一个君主立宪制国家，实行议会制度。

该国有悠久的历史，对文学、科学和工业有着重要的发展影响。

英国以其在音乐、艺术和体育方面的文化贡献以及像巨石阵和白金汉宫这样的历史地标而闻名。

Chapter 1Buckingham Palace 白金汉宫Guildhall 市政厅St.Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Big Ben 大本钟The Tower Bridge of London 伦敦塔桥The Covent Garden 科芬园Celtic people 凯尔特人William the Conqueror 征服者威廉The Duke of Normandy 诺曼底公爵The Renaissance 文艺复兴1.Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?Tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland to enjoy the beautifulScottish scenery , to drink whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.2.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided intoand what are they?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods :Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.3.Why did English become more and more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death ,so English thus grew in importance compared to French .Chapter2Edward the Confessor 忏悔者爱德华Missionaries 传教士Pop Greory格列高一世St.Augustine圣奥古斯丁Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂The House of Anjou 安如王朝The House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝The Magna Carter 大宪章The Provisions of Westminster威斯敏斯特条例The House of York 约克王朝The House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝The House of Tudor 都铎王朝The Reformation 宗教改革The Act of Supremacy 至尊法案The constitutional monarchy 君主立宪Commonwealth 英联邦Restoration王朝复辟The Glorious Revolution 光荣革命The Bill of Rights 人权法案The enclosure movement 圈地运动Spring Jenny 珍妮纺纱机The proletariat 无产阶级Dominions英联邦自治领The opium War 鸦片战争The Sues Canal 苏伊士运河The Allies 协约国The Central Powers 同盟国The Pearl harbor 珍珠港Three Majestic Circles 三环外交North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织Operation Desert Storm 沙漠风暴联合行动The bureaucracy官僚制度Operation Desert Fox 沙漠之狐行动1.what were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?Queen V ictoria made t remendous achievements in almost every aspect .She promoted further industrialization , the building of railways and the growth of tradeand commerce .During her reign ,Britain developed into an empire including abouta quarter of the global population and quarter of the world’s landmass.2.what were the two camps in World War 1?In World war 1 the tow camps were the Central Powers –mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Allies –mainly France ,Great Britain ,Russia ,Italy and from 1917,the United States.3.why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War2?Britain cooperated closely with the United States after World War2 since theyallied during World War 2 and shared the same concerns about the Soviet Union .Charter3Constitution宪法Parliamentary国会的Statutory law成文法Common law 习惯法Conventions 判例法The legislature 立法机关The executive行政部门The judiciary 司法部门The House of loads 上议院The House of Common 下议院The Republic of 1649-1660克伦威尔执政共和国Hereditary peers 世袭贵族The highest court of appeal上诉法院Constituencies选区Cabinet内阁Magistrates’ court 地方法院County court 郡法院The Conservative Party保守党【右派】The Labor Party 工党【左派】The Liberal Party 自由民主党Candidate候选人The Commonwealth英联邦1.what are the three functions of the House of the Commons?To draft laws , to scrutinize the activities of the government and to futuregovernment policy.2.what kind of public image does the Liberal Democrats have in Britain?the Liberal Democrats is perceived as a ‘middle’party between the Conservative Party and the Labor Party .Many people see it as comparatively flexible andpragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social .It emphasizes theneed for a change in Britain’s constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable .3.why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?Independent candidates are unlikely to win the general election because evenif they were elected ,they would be powerless in Parliament against the larger parties .Therefore ,voters usually do not vote for them .Chapter5Comprehensive school 综合学校Grammar school 文法学校Eton and Winchester 伊顿公学和温彻斯特工学General Certificate of Secondary Education [ECSE]普通高级教育证书The six form 第六级学院General Certificate of Education 普通教育高级证书Polytechnics工艺专科学校Bachelor of Art [BA]文学学士Bachelor of Science[MS]理工学士The Open University 开放式大学Cambridge 剑桥Oxford 牛津The King’s College of London 帝国学院The London school of Economic andPolitical Science伦敦政治经济学院The Observer观察家报The Times 泰晤士报BIG THREEThe Times 泰晤士报The Guardian 卫报The Daily Telegraph 每日电讯报Tabloids 通俗小报The British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC]英国广播公司Costume dramas 古装剧Independent Television 英国独立电视台The British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC[BSkyB]英国天空广播集团Christmas pantomime 童话剧Cinderella 灰姑娘Easter 复活节Bonfire Night篝火晚会Guy Fawkes Night 盖伊:福克斯之夜1.what used to be major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools inBritain ?Grammar s chools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university ,whereas vocational schools were to help the less successful students to learn a trade.2.what kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?A general education ,academic subjects like literature and science, and morepractical subject like cooking and carpentry.3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic provide?Because they can appoint their own staff,decide which students to admit ,provide their own courses and award their own degrees.’4.What role does the media play in British leisure cultre?Because it helps to shape the public’s opinion,determine people’s political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.Chapter6Beowulf 贝奥古夫The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》Tragical History of Doctor .Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧William Shakespeare 莎士比亚A Midsummer Night Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人>. As You Like 《如你所愿》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》《王子复仇记》Othello《奥赛罗》King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义Bourgeois Revolution 资产阶级革命The Reformation 宗教改革Jonh Milton约翰.弥尔顿The Paradise Lost 《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》Alexander Pope亚历山大婆柏An Essay on Criticism《批评论》The Rape of the lock 《劫发记》Homer’s Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁宾孙漂流记》The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期William Worldsworth 威廉华兹华斯Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯津Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集My Heart Leaps Up《我心雀跃》The Preface 《序言》Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》I wandered lonely as a cloud 《我好似一朵孤独的流云》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Jonh Keats 济慈George Gordon Byron 拜伦Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德哈罗德游记》Don Juan 《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》The Masque of AnarchyA Defense of Poetry 《诗篇> Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》To a Skylark 《云雀颂》The Victorian Period 维多利亚时代Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更新Stratification 分化The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Great Expectations 《远大前程》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》A Tale of Two cities 《双城记》David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔Jane Austen 简奥斯丁Sense and Sensibility 《理智与感情》Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma《爱玛》Northanger abbey 《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion 《劝导》The three Bronte sisters 夏洛蒂勃朗特三姐妹Jane Eyre 《简爱》Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》George Eliot 乔治艾略特Surmount 超越Exquisiteness细腻Profundity深刻The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Salas Marner《织工马南》Middlemarch 《米德尔马契》Thomas Hardy托马斯哈代The Return of the Native《还乡》The Major of the Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》The Trumpet Major《号长兵》A pair of Blue Eyes《一双蓝眼睛》Desperate Remedies《非常手段》The hand of Ethelberta《艾塞尔博塔的婚姻》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》Neo-Romanticism新浪漫主义Aestheticism 唯美主义Robert Louis Stevenson 罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森Treasure Island 《金银岛》Kidnapped 《诱拐》Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde《化身博士》Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡王尔德The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和他的故事》The Nightinggale and the Rose 《夜莺与蔷薇》The picture of Dorian Gray《道林格雷德画像》Salome 莎乐美萨洛美Hedonist 享乐主义The Modern Period 现代主义Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫康拉德Heart of the Darkness《黑暗的中心》Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚伍尔芙Mrs.Dalloway《戴洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse《灯塔》Orlando 《奥多兰》A Room of One’s Own 《自己的房间》James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯Monologue 独白Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Finnegans Wake 《芬尼根守夜人》D．H Lawrence 劳伦斯Sons and Lovers 《儿子和情人》The Rainbow 《彩虹》Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰莱夫人的情人》William Butler Yeats 威廉巴特勒叶慈The Wild Swans at Coole 《库尔的野天鹅》The Tower 《塔楼》Michael Robartes《麦克尔罗巴斯蒂与舞蹈者》T.S Eliot 托马斯耶特尔那斯艾略特The Waste Land 《荒原》Four Quartets 《四个四重奏》Murder in the Calthedral《大教堂中的谋杀》George Bernard Shaw 乔治萧伯纳Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant 《愉快和不快乐戏剧》Widower’s Houses 《鳏夫的房产》Mrs.Warren’s Profession 《华伦夫人的职业》Arms and the Man 《武器与人》Pygmalion 《卖花女》Saint Joan 《圣女贞德》The Postmodern Period 后现代主义George Orwell 乔治奥威尔Totalitarian 极权主义的Theater of the Absurd 荒诞派戏剧William Golding 威廉戈尔丁Lord of the Files 《蝇王》V.S.Naipaul 奈保尔The Middle Passage《中途航道》Indian Trilogy印度三部曲An Area of Darkness《幽暗国度》A Wounded Civilization 《受伤的文明》A Million Mutinies Now 《百万叛变的今天》The Mystic Masseur 《灵异推拿师》In a Free State《自由国度》A Bend in the River 《河湾》Half a life 《半生》Samuel Beckett 哈罗德品特The Birthday Party 《生日派对》The Caretaker 《看门人》The Homecoming 《回乡》Betrayal 《背叛》Ashes to Ashes 《从灰烬到灰烬》1.what are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and theirrepresentatives?A Midsummer Night’s Dream ,the Merchant of Venice ,As You Like it and TwelfthNight .His great tragedies are represented by Hamlet , Othello,King Lear,Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet .His major historical plays include Richard 3,Henry 5 and Antony and Cleopatra.2.what is critical Realism?It is a literary school which flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s .TheCritical realists described the chief traits of society and criticized thecapitalist system from a democratic viewpoint .The greatest English criticalrealist is Charls Dickens.3.what are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of the 19th century?Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism4.what is the stream of the consciousness?A writing technique which puts the unorganized flow of thought onto thepage .Writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of thecharacters’mental and emotional reactions to external events ,rather than the events themselves.Chapter8Great Lakes 五大湖Lake Superior 苏必利尔湖Lake Huron休伦湖Lake Erie 伊利湖Lake Ontario 安大略湖Lake Michigan 密歇尔根湖The Appalachian Range 阿巴拉契亚山脉Eskimos爱斯基摩人Melting pot 大熔炉Nationality Act Amendments《移民与国际法修正案》Protestant 新教徒The Westward Movement西进运动1.Why is United States regarded as a ‘melting pot’and a ‘salad bowl’?The United States is not merely a nation,dut a nation of nations.The immigrants came in waves,including the Europeans,the Aficans and the Asians.2.What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multiculturalsociety?To be open and tolerant toward different cultures .People from differentracial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other.Society should creat opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated .At the same time theimmigrants should keep their own language ,customs and religion,contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter9Mongoloid 蒙古人的Plymouth 普利茅斯Concord 康科德Lexington列克星顿Militiamen 民兵The Treaty of Paries 巴黎条约The civil war 内战Saratoga 萨拉托加The Emancipation Proclamation 《解放宣言》Gettysburg葛底斯堡Richmond里士满The Axis countries 轴心国Normandy 诺曼底The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义Watergate Scandal 水门事件Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty战略武器限制条约The North American Free Trade Agreement[NAFTA]北美自由贸易协定The Pentagon 五角大楼The US.Capitol 国会大厦The al-Qaeda基地组织Small contingents 分遣队Taliban regime 塔利班政权State of the Union Address国家咨文1.What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black Afican slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slacers as their property.In the North ,with the development of industry ,there was a growing demandfor free labor . what ‘s more ,the Northerners demanded a law to protecttariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways androads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so asto purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of the World War2?During the Two World Wars,America remained neutral in the early stage .However,Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries .Therefore , they not only retained their military forces ,butalso accumulated great wealth .When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars.By sharing the fruit of victory wit other allies,America greatly strengthened its power and become a powerful country be the end of the world war 2.。

英语英国文学English literature has a rich and diverse history that spans over centuries. It is one of the most celebrated forms of literature in the world and has produced some of the most famous and influential writers of all time. The United Kingdom has played a central role in the development of English literature, with its writers contributing significantly to the genre.The earliest form of English literature can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon period, which lasted between the 5th and 11th centuries. During this time, poetry and epic tales were the primary forms of literature. The most famous example of Anglo-Saxon literature is Beowulf, an epic poem that tells the story of a heroic warrior who battles monsters and dragons. The Middle Ages saw the rise of works such as the Arthurian legends and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, which are considered some of the most significant works of English literature. The Renaissance period witnessed the emergence of great playwrights such as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson. Shakespeare's plays, in particular, are still widely performed and studied today, making him one of the most influential writers of all time.The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of the novel as a popular form of literature, with writers such as Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and the Bronte sisters producing some of the most memorable works in English literature. The Victorian era also saw the emergence of Gothic literature, with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Bram Stoker's Dracula being two of the most iconic examples.In the 20th century, English literature continued to evolve, with writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot making significant contributions to the genre. The post-war period saw the emergence of the Angry Young Men, a group of writers who rebelled against the established literary traditions of the time, producing works that challenged societal norms and conventions.Today, English literature continues to thrive, with new writers emerging and contributing to the rich legacy of the genre. Contemporary writers such as J.K. Rowling, Zadie Smith, and Ian McEwan have gained international acclaim for their works, and their contributions have helped to shape the future of English literature.In conclusion, English literature has a long and rich history, with writers from the United Kingdom having madesignificant contributions to the genre. From epic poetry to the novel, English literature has evolved over the centuries, and it continues to thrive today. Whether you are reading the classics or discovering new works, English literature remains one of the most exciting and rewarding forms of literature in the world.。

英国文学英语English literature is a body of works written in the English language, including poetry, novels, plays, films and other forms. It has a long and rich history that dates back to the 6th century, when the Anglo-Saxons from Germany first settled in the British Isles.English literature is widely read and studied around the world, and is often considered one of the most influential literatures of all time. It has been an important influence on many other cultures and literatures, such as African and South Asian.One of the most popular forms of English literature is the novel. Novels are often set in different time periods and locations, and focus on the experiences and emotions of a particular character or group of characters. Famous examples of English novels include Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, and Charles Dickens' Great Expectations.Poetry is another major form of English literature. Poetry and verse were written in English as early as the 14th century, with Geoffrey Chaucer commonly credited as thefather of English poetry. William Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poets, and his plays are still being performed and studied today. Other notable English poetsinclude John Donne, Emily Dickinson, and W. B. Yeats.English literature also includes a wide variety of drama, from commedia dell'arte and Elizabethan theater to contemporary Broadway shows. Notable English playwrights include William Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, and Tom Stoppard.In the 20th century, English literature underwent a major shift with the rise of modernism. Novelists like Virginia Woolf and T. S. Eliot wrote works that explored new themes, techniques, and literary styles. Other innovators such as James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, and William Faulkner also contributed to the development of modernist literature.Today, English literature continues to be studied, analyzed, and enjoyed by people around the world. It is a valuable source of historical and cultural knowledge, and a testament to the creativity and imagination of its writers and readers.。

英国文学英语专业英国文学是英语专业中非常重要的一门课程。

通过学习英国文学，我们可以深入了解英国文化和历史，同时也能够加深对英语语言的理解和运用。

本文将从英国文学的起源与发展、代表作品及其特点以及学习英国文学的意义三个方面来探讨英国文学在英语专业中的重要性。

一、英国文学的起源与发展英国文学的起源可以追溯到中世纪的古老时代。

在这个时期，莎士比亚的作品成为了英国文学的经典代表，他的剧作不仅在英国国内广为传播，还在全世界范围内产生了巨大的影响力。

与此同时，英国文学也在殖民地扩张的背景下逐渐发展壮大。

十六世纪的伊丽莎白时代出现了许多文学大师，如斯宾塞的《仙后传》、培根的《新大西洋》等，这些作品代表了英国文学迈向全球的第一步。

二、英国文学的代表作品及其特点1.英国文学中的诗歌英国文学中最重要的诗人之一就是威廉·莎士比亚。

他的诗歌作品深入人心，表达了十六世纪英国社会的各种情感和思想。

莎士比亚的诗歌充满了诗意和艺术性，语言华丽而深沉。

同时，乔叟、彭赞斯、米尔顿等诗人的作品也是英国文学中的经典代表。

2.英国文学中的小说英国文学中的小说在世界文学史上占据着重要地位，包括简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、狄更斯的《大卫·科波菲尔》、勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》等。

这些小说作品展现了英国社会的各个方面，对社会问题和人性进行了深入的思考和揭示。

3.英国文学中的戏剧英国文学中的戏剧作品也是其独特之处。

莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演绎，成为世界戏剧的经典之作。

这些戏剧作品不仅具有戏剧性的张力和冲突，还融合了丰富的情感和思想内涵。

三、学习英国文学的意义学习英国文学对英语专业学生来说，具有以下几个重要意义：1.拓宽知识面通过学习英国文学，我们可以了解到不同时期、不同流派的经典作品，拓宽自己的知识面。

这对于英语专业学生来说尤为重要，可以帮助他们更好地理解英语语言的背后文化和历史背景。

英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。

以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。

英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。

2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。

华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。

美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。

渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。

加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。

堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。

澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。

惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。

新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。

二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。

英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。

美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。

加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。

2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。

英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。

加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

致用英语英语国家概况-回复“英语国家概况”英语国家概况是指那些以英语为官方语言或主要交流语言的国家。

这些国家分布在全球各个大陆，每个国家有着独特的历史、文化和政治体系。

在本文中，我们将逐步回答关于英语国家的概况。

一、历史背景英语国家的历史可追溯到大英帝国的时代，于17世纪末期开始形成。

大英帝国是一个庞大的殖民帝国，其领土遍布非洲、亚洲、北美、南美和大洋洲。

英国在殖民地进行殖民统治和商业活动时，英语逐渐成为这些地区的主要语言。

虽然大英帝国在20世纪初解体，但英语作为一种国际交流语言的地位却得以保持。

二、主要国家1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语国家的起源地，也是英语的教育和文化中心。

英国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、贝多芬、达尔文等众多重要历史人物和文化瑰宝。

2. 美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家，拥有庞大的英语母语人口。

美国也是世界经济和科技的领袖之一，许多全球顶尖的大学和科技公司均位于美国。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是一个多语种国家，英语和法语是其官方语言。

英语在加拿大广泛使用，并且加拿大有许多英语为母语的人口，包括英国后裔和移民。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚因其独特的自然环境和丰富的野生动植物而闻名于世。

英语是澳大利亚的主要语言，澳大利亚是一个多元文化的国家，吸引了许多国家的移民。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南半球，被太平洋环绕。

英语是该国的主要语言，新西兰受到其壮丽的自然景观、世界级的户外活动和友好的人民所吸引。

三、政治体系英语国家的政治体系多样，包括君主立宪制、共和制和议会制。

其中英国的政治体系是君主立宪制，美国是共和制，加拿大和澳大利亚是君主立宪制与议会制相结合，新西兰则是君主立宪制。

四、经济发展英语国家在世界经济中扮演着重要的角色。

例如，英国是欧洲最大的金融中心之一，美国是全球最大的经济体，加拿大是全球主要的资源出口国之一，澳大利亚是世界领先的矿产资源生产和出口国之一。

英语国家概况知识点总结概述:英语被广泛用于世界各地，特别是在英语国家。

英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家。

这些国家在文化、历史和政治方面有着共同的特点。

本文将总结关于英语国家的一些重要知识点。

1. 英语国家数量:目前，英语被作为官方语言或主要语言使用在75个国家和地区。

其中，英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚是英语国家中最重要的四个国家。

2. 英语的起源:英语起源于古代日耳曼语，并受到盎格鲁、撒克逊、日耳曼和诺曼底法语等语言的影响。

在中世纪，英语逐渐成为英格兰的主要语言，后来通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。

3. 英语的变体:英语有多种变体，包括英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语和加拿大英语等。

这些变体在发音、拼写和用法方面有所不同。

4. 英语国家的文化:英语国家的文化多样且富有活力。

英国是莎士比亚、达尔文和牛津剑桥等的故乡，以其丰富的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。

美国则以好莱坞电影、摇滚音乐和现代科技创新而著名。

澳大利亚和加拿大拥有美丽的自然风光，并注重多元文化的融合。

5. 英语国家的政治体制:英语国家有各种不同的政治体制。

英国是君主制国家，美国是联邦共和制国家，澳大利亚和加拿大则是联邦议会制国家。

这些国家在政治制度上有着明显的区别，但都保持着相对稳定的政治体系。

6. 英语的全球影响力:英语是联合国和其他国际组织的官方语言之一。

它也是全球商务和文化交流的主要语言。

掌握英语可以给人们提供更多的就业机会和交流平台。

7. 英语教育:英语是世界上最广泛学习的第二语言。

在许多英语国家，英语教育是义务教育的一部分。

英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚都有世界一流的教育体系，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。

结论:英语国家在全球范围内有着重要的地位和影响力。

了解英语国家的概况能够帮助人们更好地理解英语语言及其文化背景。

掌握英语不仅是国际交流的必要工具，也是扩大人们视野和增加自身竞争力的关键。

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况是指使用英语作为官方语言或主要语言的国家。

这些国家分布在全球各个大洲，包括欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、非洲、亚洲、大洋洲等地区。

下面是对英语国家概况的整理和相关参考内容。

一、英语国家概况1. 英语国家数量截至目前，全球有超过70个国家和地区官方或主要使用英语。

其中包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家，以及南非、印度、新加坡等国家。

2. 英语在国际交流中的地位由于历史、文化、经济和政治原因，英语成为了世界共通的交流语言。

在国际贸易、国际关系、科学技术、旅游等领域中，英语的地位举足轻重。

很多国家把英语作为第二语言学习，以便更好地融入国际社会。

3. 英语国家文化特点英语国家拥有丰富多样的文化，包括文学、艺术、音乐、电影等。

英国文化以其悠久的历史、文学作品和皇室传统而闻名；美国文化则以其多元文化、好莱坞电影、流行音乐等领域有着巨大影响力。

4. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家拥有世界顶尖的教育体系，包括英国的牛津大学、剑桥大学等，美国的哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。

这些学府不仅吸引着来自全球的学生，也为国际学生提供了优质的教育资源。

二、参考内容1. 英国英国是英语国家的发源地，拥有悠久的历史、文化和传统。

英国的教育体系著名于世，在全球范围内享有盛誉。

参考内容可包括英国的地理位置、历史概述、国家特色、名胜古迹、教育体系等。

2. 美国美国是使用英语的最大国家，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。

美国的文化多元，享有世界级的艺术、电影和音乐产业。

参考内容可包括美国的地理、历史、政治制度、经济实力、文化特点等。

3. 加拿大加拿大是英语国家中面积最大的国家，也是全球最宜居的国家之一。

加拿大的教育体系、医疗服务和社会福利享誉国际。

参考内容可包括加拿大的地理特点、历史发展、多元文化、经济实力等。

4. 澳大利亚澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，英语是其官方语言。

澳大利亚是一个富有自然景观和野生动物资源的国家，吸引着来自世界各地的游客和留学生。

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack（英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗）2. The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngland London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化”2.一个高度城市化3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。

英国文学英文作文英文：As a fan of British literature, I find it fascinating to explore the different eras and styles of writing that have emerged from this rich literary tradition. From the epic poems of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to the modern works of Ian McEwan and Zadie Smith, British literature has something to offer for everyone.One of my favorite periods in British literature is the Romantic era, which spanned from the late 18th to early19th century. This was a time when writers like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron rebelled against the strict literary conventions of the time and focused on individualism, emotion, and the beauty of nature. Their works, such as Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and Coleridge's "Kubla Khan," have had a lasting impact on literature and continue to be studied and appreciated today.Another aspect of British literature that I find intriguing is the use of regional dialects and slang. For example, in Irvine Welsh's novel Trainspotting, the characters speak in Scottish dialect, which adds to the authenticity and realism of the story. Similarly, inCharles Dickens' novels, the use of Cockney slang and other regional dialects helps to create a sense of place andsocial class.中文：作为英国文学的粉丝，我发现探索这个丰富的文学传统中出现的不同时代和写作风格是非常有趣的。

语言的谱系分类法1.Indo-European languages46%(Europe,Southwest to South Asia, America, Oceania)2.Sino-Tibetan languages21%(East Asia)3.Niger-Congo languages6.4%(Sub-SaharanAfrica)4.Afro-Asiatic languages6.0%(North Africa toHorn of Africa, Southwest Asia)5.Austronesian languages5.9%(Oceania,Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia)语言的谱系分类法6.Dravidian languages3.7%(South Asia)7.Altaic languages2.3%(Central Asia, Northern Asia,Anatolia, Siberia)8.Japonic languages2.1%(Japan)9.Austro-Asiatic languages1.7%(mainland SoutheastAsia)10.Tai-Kadai languages1.3%(Southeast Asia)Indo-European Language Family印欧语系GeneticclassificationOne of the world's major language familiesGeographic distribution Before the 15th century, Europe, and South, Cent and Southwest Asia; today worldwide.Subdivisions Albanian groupAnatolian(e.g., Hittite)ArmenianBalto-Slavic(e.g., Russian, Lithuanian)Celtic(e.g., Irish, Welsh)Germanic(e.g., English, German, Swedish) Hellenic(e.g., Greek)Indo-Iranian(e.g., Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Kurdi Italic(e.g., French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanis Tocharian练习：•用树形图表示以下现代语言的关系：•Romance, Indo-Iranian, Slavic, Polish, Italian, German, English, Greek, Celtic, Welsh, French, Spanish, Russian, Swedish, Danish, Germanic, BulgarianThe language historian divides English history into three times:（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。

1这个时期的文学作品分类: Pagan（异教徒卜Christian（基督徒）2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》（national epic民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, Two elements which shaped Old English poetry:a.Anglo-Saxon invasion :Germanic myth and legendb.English conversion to the Christianity stories of the Bible and SaintsTo his kin the kin dest, kee nest for p raise.A good example：《贝奥武甫》Characteristic feature of Old English poetry :a.Written in a Ianguage of strong stress and many consonants, with frequent use of compounds-p icture n ames ；cks both meter and rhyme and depends on alliterati on and acce nt.、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)盎格鲁——诺曼时期canto诗章1、romanee 传奇文学------ a new literature brought in by the Norman Conquestthe themes of it: love and adventurethe form of it : a new metrical system with even lines, exact meter and melodious thymes2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗，它是King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》中最有名的三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)杰弗里•乔叟时代1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父His great achieveme nt:a.b.Art of n arrati onBrillia nt characterizatio c. Humor and satire文学体裁: 诗歌poem, 小说novel,戏剧dramaOrigin 起源:Christia nity 基督教bible 圣经Myth 神话The Roma nee of king Arthur and his kni ghts 亚瑟王和他的骑士、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)盎格鲁------ 撒克逊时期2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体： a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter （五步抑扬格）3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》（heroic couplet ） ---- 英国文学史的开端① 大致内容： The p ilgrims are people from various parts of En gla nd, rep rese ntatives of various walks of lifeand social groups.（朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人，代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体。

Early and Medieval English Literature(449-1485)英国中世纪文学史大致可分为盎格鲁-撒克逊（The Anglo-Saxon Period,449-1066）和中古英语（The Middle English Period,1066-1485）两个时期。

公元前八九世纪高卢（Gaul,今法国）人迁入不列颠岛，成为英国最早的居民。

公元1世纪至410年，英伦三岛为罗马人占领。

449年开始，北欧日耳曼部族的朱特人（Jutes）、盎格鲁人（Angles）和撒克逊人（Saxons）陆续入侵不列颠。

他们的语言——盎格鲁-撒克逊语（Anglo-Saxon）或古英语（Old English）——也开始广为传播。

597年，奥古斯丁（Saint Augustine,?-604）率40余名修士来到英格兰传教，基督教开始在不列颠岛盛行。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代最重要的文学作品是长达3 000多行的头韵史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf,700-750）,讲述了一个斯堪的纳维亚的民间传说。

古英语散文的杰出代表是比德（the Venerable Bede,673-735）的《英吉利人民宗教史》（Ecclesiastical History of the English People,731-732）,其中包括英国第一宗教诗人开德蒙（Caedmon）充满神奇色彩的生平事迹。

该作品用拉丁文写成，后译成英文，是了解早期英国历史的珍贵史料。

公元891年，韦塞克斯(Wessex)国王艾尔弗雷德（Alfred，849-901）开始组织修士汇编《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle),后人一直续编至1154年。

这是第一部用英语写成的散文巨著，文风简约、质朴，对英国散文的发展产生了深远的影响。

1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉（William,Duke of Normandy）打败英军，夺得王位，成为英国威廉一世（William I）,史称“诺曼征服”（the Norman Conquest）.此后今300年的时间里，法语一直是英国统治阶层的语言，教会学者用拉丁文写作，英语只在民众中通用，以至于在12世纪之前几乎没有用英文写成的文学作品。