26个常见心理学效应（26 common psychological effects）1, broken window effect"The United States Stanford University Jabaron conducted a test, he found two cars to the car as like as two peas, a parrot placed in Artaud's middle-class community, while another car parked in the relatively messy Bronx block. Parked in Bronx, he took off the license plate and opened the ceiling. As a result, the car was stolen within a day, and the one in Palo Arto for a week was left alone. Later, Zhan Ba fights with a hammer the car knocked a big hole. And the result? It was only a few hours before it was gone.2, the "Diderot effect", also known as the "matching effect"In eighteenth Century, France had a philosopher named Dennis Diderot. One day, a friend sent him a fine in texture, exquisite workmanship, elegant design wine red robe. Diderot very love, but he wore luxurious robe for me at home, always feel the color of furniture is wrong, the carpet also has a terrible pin. So in order to and matching robe, the old stuff has updated, the study finally caught up with the robe of the grade, he can still feel very uncomfortable, because he was a nightgown stress ", then put this feeling into an article" and the old robe parting trouble ". Two hundred years later, Juliet Schroer, an economist at the Harvard University, called this phenomenon the "Diderot effect" in the book "over consuming Americans", also known as the "matching effect"".3 Butterfly EffectWhat is the butterfly effect? In December 1979, Lorenz said in a speech at the American Association for the advancement of Science in Washington that a butterfly flaps its wings in Brazil and might cause a tornado in Texas, the United states. His speech and conclusion left a deep impression on the people. Since then, the so-called "Butterfly Effect" that fame was spread like wildfire.4. Catfish effect"The Norwegians eat sardines, but when the fishermen fishing to fishing sardine, found that most of the sardine is dead, dead fish do not sell on price, how to do? The fishermen came up with a clever way, that is the natural predator of the sardines catfish and sardines together. When the fishermen fishing, always first prepare a few active catfish, once captured sardines into the tank, the catfish also put into the water tank, because of its vitality and catfish swimming around, occasionally hunt sardines, sardines, was found dissidents and natural tension, run, the whole fish tank disturbed floating up and down, also make the water fluctuates constantly, thus oxygen is abundant, so that can guarantee the land into fishing sardine alive and kicking. This phenomenon is known as the catfish effect". "5, Matthew effect (Matthew Effect)In the twenty-fifth chapter of the gospel of Matthew in the Bible, there is such a saying: "if there is anything, add it to him, make him superfluous; he who does not have, even what he has will be taken away.". In 1968, U.S. researchers RobertMorton (Robert K. Merton) proposed the term to summarize a social psychological phenomenon: "research relative to those not well-known, famous scientists usually get more prestige even if their achievements are similar, similarly, in the same project, reputation is usually given to those who are already famous research results, research results, more people are often more aka, more people more famous achievements, finally produced the academic authority.." The term for economics borrowed, reflecting the poor poorer, the rich richer, the economic phenomenon of winner take all. Matthew Effect (Matthew effect), that is, in society, especially in the economic sphere, there is a widespread phenomenon: the strong Heng Qiang, the weak weak, or the winner takes all. In 1968, Robert Morton (Robert K. Merton), a researcher in the history of American science, used the Matthew effect to describe this social psychological phenomenon for the first time.6 frog phenomenonPut a frog into a hot pot directly, because it is very sensitive to the adverse environment, it will quickly jump out of the pot. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jumped out of the pot, water temperature gradually increased in the end is the frog was boiled to death, because of the high temperature to the frog is unbearable, it was too late, or can not jump out of the pot.7, crocodile lawThe original idea is to assume that a crocodile is biting your feet. If you try to break free of your hands with your hands,the crocodile will bite your feet and hands at the same time. The more you struggle, the more you bite. So, in case the alligator bites you, the only way you can do it is to sacrifice one foot. For example, in the stock market, the law of the crocodile is: when you find that your trading deviates from the direction of the market, you must stop immediately, there must be no delay, you can not have any luck.8, herd effectSheep go back, the sheep will follow where to go. Herding is the first investment in shares of a term, mainly refers to the investor's learning and imitation phenomenon in the transaction process, "suit", blindly follow others, leading them to buy and sell the same stock in a certain period of time.9, hedgehog lawTwo sleepy hedgehogs gathered together because of the cold. But because they had thorns, so they left a distance, but they were too cold to bear, so they came together. After several agonizing attempts, the two hedgehogs finally found the right distance: they could get each other's warmth without getting caught. The hedgehog rule mainly refers to the psychological distance effect in interpersonal communication".10. Law of watchesThe law of watches refers to the fact that when a person has a watch, he knows what time it is, and when he has two at the same time, he can not be sure. Two tables do not tell a personmore accurate time, but will make watch people lose confidence in accurate time. Watch law gives us a very intuitive inspiration in the aspect of enterprise management, is not the same person or the same organization at the same time using two different methods, can also set two different objectives, and even every man cannot by two people at the same time command, otherwise it will make a loss this enterprise or individual.11 and 28 law (Pareto's law)In the late twentieth Century and early nineteenth Century, Baledo, an economist in Italy, thought that in any group of things, the most important only accounted for a small part, about 20%, while the other 80%, though the majority, were secondary. About 80% of society's wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20% people, while 80% of people only have 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance exists everywhere in society, economy and life, and this is the 28 law.12, barrel theory (also known as short board effect)If the wooden board is not uniform, the amount of water in the cask does not depend on the longest piece of wood, but on the shortest piece of wood.13, threshold effectPsychologist Friedman (J.L.Freedman) and Ferreze (S.C.Fraser) a study shows that allowing people to accept smaller requirements, to make them gradually accept larger requirements, which is the "threshold effect."". PsychologistR.B.Cialdini also found that when people refused to accept a larger requirement, cognitive incongruity drove them to create a new balance and thus accepted a smaller requirement. It is easier to accept this little request when small requests are clearly linked to big demands and are followed by big demands.14, hurlocks effectPsychologist Glock (E.B.Hunlock) had an experiment, he divided the subjects into four groups, four different incentives in the completion of the task. The first group is the praise group,Every time after work to be commended and encouraged; the second group training group, after every working group was severely reprimanded; third neglected group, not only for the evaluation of other two groups by listening to praise and criticism; the fourth group as the control group, and let them in three groups before isolation, without any evaluation. Results the work scores of the first three groups were better than the control group, and the praised group and the trained rejection group were better than the neglect group, while the scores of the praise group were rising. The experiment shows that the timely evaluation of the work results can strengthen the motivation and promote the work. The effect of proper praise is better than criticism, and the effect of criticism is better than that of none.15, southerly effectLa Fontaine, a French writer, wrote a fable about the north wind and the south wind than might. That is to see who uses the methodto make pedestrians take off their coats. The north wind without thinking first came to a cold, bitter cold. So, in order to resist the pedestrian, put a coat wrapped up, and no meaning. The south wind is not so. It moves slowly and warms people. Unconsciously, the man undid his button and then took off his coat. The south wind won.16, Hobson choice effectIn 1631, British businessman Hobson horse, the horse put out for the customers to choose from, but there is a condition that can only choose the horse most close to the door. Obviously, plus this condition is virtually no choice. The choice of "no choice" was later ridiculed as "Hobson's choice effect"". Social psychologists point out that it is impossible for creative learning, life and work if someone falls into the dilemma of the Hobson choice effect.17, Hawthorne effectThe Hawthorne plant on the outskirts of Chicago is a factory that makes telephone switches. It has better entertainment facilities, medical system and pension system, but the mood of workers is still resentful and the production situation is very unsatisfactory. To solve the problem, the factory has been trying hard to find out why. In November 1924, the national researchers organized a team of psychologists and other experts to conduct a series of research trials at the plant. The central task of this series of experiments is the relationship between production efficiency and working material conditions. There is a "talk experiment" in this series of experiments, with morethan two years, by the experts to find workers individual talk of more than 20000 times. Stipulated in the conversation process, must patiently listen to the worker to the factory each kind of opinion, and makes the detailed record; to the worker's disaffection, all is not allowed to refute and rebuke. The talk experiment has had an unexpected effect: the output of Hawthorne's factory has increased substantially. Why? This is because the workers have long been dissatisfied with the various management systems and methods of the factory and have never been able to vent their views. The "talk experiment" has given them a sense of relief and a drive to boost their discontent. Social psychologists call this wonderful phenomenon the Hawthorne effect".18, the psychological effect of gossip"The Warring States, Qin policy two" records: "one fee Hu and namesake had accused of murder, Zeng Zi said:" mother had participated in the murder "was of slight muyue:" my son not to kill. " Hard fabric. One moment, you Yue: "Zeng Shen has killed a person.." The mother is still herself. Ares, who also told said: "Zeng Shen has killed a person.." The mother of fear, cast over the wall and go shuttle."General ginseng is a famous ancient Chinese sage, he attaches great importance to moral cultivation, to reflect on their own again and again every day. The mother know very much about him, that his son will not dry out the murder, but can not afford to take "all in one story again and again, then again also Zeng Shen has killed a person." sit down, weaving shuttle over the wall to escape. In a word the terrible rumors Zeng Shen haskilled a person. yu.The rumor spread into a tattle and prate often. Some people deliberately invent rumors for some purpose, and they can become a spiritual contagion when they are transmitted",A mass ten, ten hundred, if someone from waves, it will affect more people.A saying by a Western aspirant called "a lie repeated one thousand times will become truth", which is the usual practice of all liars. By extension, "* * *" like cult leader is such a ridiculous idea to all believers, let them pay homage to sacrifice.There is also a more absurd delusion of transmission in psychiatry, called inductive psychosis". In a close group, an influential member of mental illness is delusional, the delusional ideas came to normal people around, so everyone on his reality distortion even followed him with ideas for gospel truth, "". Such cases are very common in psychiatry. A housewife, suspected neighbor in her food poisoning, after her husband and children a total of eight people have appeared poisoning symptoms, and insist the neighbors to resort to legal poison. After investigation, the housewife is suffering from paranoid psychosis, her "delusion of poisoning" infects the whole family. Delusion is a perverse and illogical idea. According to common sense, the family should be able to identify but be infected by people who are close to themselves. That is the great role of telepathy. Some cult leader put their delusion to believers, when a large number of believers can see "flying angels", "MaryEmmanuel", "Buddha dharmakaya"...... The psychological effect of gossip is big, can not be underestimated, therefore, to the days of rumors, should think seriously, can not believe, not SUIDA Liu, with people, communication.19, conformity effectA joke said: "wandering the streets every day, and suddenly see a long line of stretching, and quickly stand in line after the team, for fear of missing what the opportunity to buy scarce necessities.". Wait until the team turned the corner, we found that the original is the line up on the toilet, not only can't help laughing. This is a joke from the crowd. Conformity refers to the change in the direction of a person's idea and behavior, as a result of group guidance or pressure. In popular terms, conformity is "following the crowd"". It can be expressed as the adoption of dominant behavior in a temporary and specific situation, or a long-term acceptance of dominant ideas and behavior20, opposite sex effectPsychologists have in a test found that men in men and women at the same table meal than men eating a lot of civilization, this is because most people in front of the opposite sex pay more attention to their words and deeds.21, expectation effect (Piga Marley Weng effect, Rosenthal effect)Piga Marion was a well carved king of ancient Cyprus, whobrought all his enthusiasm and hope into his carved young statue and later made the statue live. Psychologist Rosenthal (R. Rosenthal) and Jacobsen L. F. Jacobson) called "Marley Dion beeger".Rosenthal and his colleagues asked the teachers to take an intelligence test on the pupils they taught. They tell the teachers, some students in the class are late bloomers (lateblooming), and the names of students to read for the teacher. Rosenthal believes that these students' academic performance is expected to be improved. Since Rosenthal announced late bloomer list, Rosenthal had no contact with the students, teachers also no mention of the matter. In fact all of a person's list is randomly selected from a class of students in their class, and other students are not significantly different. But at the end of the semester, the students were given an intelligence test again, and their performance was significantly better than the first one. This ending is what caused it? Rosenthal believes that this may be because the teachers think that these late for a student, began to emerge, give special care and care, so that their performance can be improved.Piga Marley Weng effect and Rosenthal effect all reflect the function of expectation, so they are also called expectancy effect22 halo effectAlso known as the halo effect, which in interpersonal communication, it is often a feature from each other has thegeneralization to other related a series of characteristics, from the local information to form a complete impression, that is according to the amount ofThe situation draws a full conclusion to others. The so-called "beauty in the eyes of the beholder" is the halo effect.Halo effect is actually the result of generalization and expansion of individual subjective inference. In a halo effect, a person's merits or faults once turned into aperture are expanded, and their merits or demerits are retreated to the back of the light, which is ignored by others.23, projective effectIn interpersonal relationships, a cognitive person makes an impression of others by assuming that he or she has the same tendency to project his characteristics onto others. Theso-called "to the hearts of small people, the degree of gentleman's belly", reflecting this projection is a side effect.24, primacy effectA person's first impression often has the following psychological function: premise, function (first impressions); generalization function (spread to other people or other aspects). Falling in love at first sight is the first cause effect. In large-scale concerts, singers often compete for the first appearance, because of the first effect.25, stereotype effectMental set, also called the heart, mainly refers to the impact of past experience, psychology in a ready state, thus with a certain tendency, focus and tendency in terms of the way of getting along with people. Psychological set has positive and negative, positive and negative points. Stereotype effects can help us understand people in a general way, but tend to produce cognitive biases.26, marginal effectThe marginal effect is the concept of economics, the meaning is the same thing with the value of it is proportional to the need to meet, why this is touched is more exciting than on timely assistance.。
