生产运作管理

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生产运作管理第一章节1，Classification of production systemClassified based on production process continuity:  Continuous flow production system 流程型生产 Discrete production system 离散型生产Classified based on customization :  make to stock 备货型生产  production for order订货型生产 Classified based on industry : manufacturing industry制造业service industry 服务业2，Discrete production system is classified into:  Mass production大批大量生产 Multi-products and low volume production 多品种中小批量生产 one of a kind production 单件小批生产3，According to the level of customization, production for order can be further classified into assembly to order订货组装, make to order订货制造 engineer to order订货工程 4， The organization of production systemProcess specialization 工艺专业化原则 ：organize the production units according to a production process kind.Object specialization对象专业化原则 ：the produce unit is organized according to a product kindGroup technology 成组技术：allocate different equipments into a production cell to work on a product family that have similar shapes and process requirements.5，Modern Operations Strategy and CompetitionBusiness Process Reengineering (BPR)： is not a specific technique, instead , it is the idea that business processes can be changed and improved.JIT： is both a manufacturing process on one hand and broad-based operation strategy on the other hand;Time-based competition ：focus on entire value-delivery system, attempts to transform an organization into one that focus on the total time needed for delivering a product or a service.Competing on Quality6，Product Life Cycle：the time duration from the time when a product is put into market to time when it disappear in the market;7，A typical product life cycle consist of four major segments:Start up 引入期Rapid growth 成长期Maturation 成熟期Stabilization or decline 衰退期;ing at a time and All things in their being are good for somethin

11，The Product life cycles-in different phases, different competition strategy may be adoptedStart up—the competition is generally not a problem; concern on improvement of the production and marketing functions;Rapid growth—begin to see competition; establish the product as firmly as possible in the marketplaces by alternative pricing patterns, improvement and standardization in manufacturing;Maturation—maintain and improve the brand loyalty; increase market share through competitive pricing; save cost by improving production control and product distribution;The final phase—the shape depends on the nature of the product: indefinite continuing growth /same strategy as Phase 3; natural decline/squeezing out the most from the product or product line.12， Matching Process and Product Life Cycles

特点：1，Commercial printer：Located in the upper left corner are companies that specializes in “one-of-a-kind” jobs in which the manufacturing function has the characteristics of a jumbled flow shop. Production is in relatively small lots, and the shop is organized for maximum flexibility. 2，heavy equipment：Farther down the diagonal are firms that still require a great deal of flexibility but produce a limited line of standardized items. A disconnected line would provide enough flexibility.ing at a time and All things in their being are good for somethin

3，Auto assembly:The 3nd class down the digonal are firms that produce a line standardized products for a larger-volume market. The assembly line would be an appropriate process technology.4,Sugar refinery The lower right-hand portion are appropriate for products involving continuous flow line, which are characterized by low cost, standardization of product, high sale volume, and inflexibility of the production process.13, Capacity of a plant: is the number of units that it may produce in a given time; Factors to be considered for capacity strategy:Predicated patters of demand;Costs of constructing and operating new facilities;New process technology;Competitors’ strategy14, Economies of Scale: is considered the primary advantages of expanding existing capacity. Economies of Scope: can support investment in new technology—FMS and CIMS result in efficiencies brought about by variety, rather than volume.15, Job shop：will have the same function in a group of machines together, according to the characteristics of production technology to organize production units.16 ，Flow shop 第二章1，Forecast horizons in operation planning 分类： （1），Short-term sales （2），Product family sales （3），Long-term sales patterns2，Time Series MethodsAttempt to isolate the following patterns that arise most often.（1）Trend-the tendency of a time series, usually a stable growth or decline, either linear (a line) or nonlinear (described as nonlinear function, e. g. a quadratic or exponential curve) （2）Seasonality-Variation of a series related to seasonal changes and repeated every year.（3）Cycles-Cyclic variation similar to seasonality, except that the length and the magnitude may change, usually associated with economic variation.（4）Randomness-No recognizable pattern to the data.4，Evaluating Forecast methods：(书本P61 ，Example 2.1)（1）MAD: The mean absolute deviation, preferred method;平均绝对偏差 MAD=（1/n）∑∣ei∣(误差和的平均数)（2）MSE: The mean squared error;平均平方误差 MSE= （1/n）∑ ei2 (误差和的平方的平均数)（3）MAPE: The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)；平均绝对百分误