Cross-border regional development in southern China

摘要“一带一路”战略作为古丝绸之路传承与创新的战略，它的提出满足了时代发展的要求和各国加速发展的愿望，为亚太乃至各个国家构建了一个雄伟的经济发展蓝图。

在这一战略背景下，中国的跨境电商机遇与挑战并存，不仅促进了产业结构的优化和升级、世界资源的有效配置，具有提高国内消费者的福利水平等优点，还面临着可持续发展动力不足、金融支持力度不够、专业人才缺口巨大等严峻的挑战。

本文在吸取众多学者的相关观点后采用最新的权威数据从发展的社会实践出发，应用SWOT分析法深入分析“一带一路”战略下中国跨境电商面临的机遇与挑战，在过去研究的基础上加以归纳总结创新，提出整合物流体系，做好规划和布局、建立强大有效的金融支持体系、重视对跨境电商人才的培养等对策。

相信凭借跨境电商平台的建设，在政府的帮助引导下，充分的利用好一带一路的相关战略政策资源，建立好金融支持体系与市场需求型人才培育体系。

就一定能全方位的推动我国经济及跨境电商的发展。

关键词：“一带一路”战略；跨境电商；机遇；挑战ABSTRACT"One-belt and one-road" strategy as the inheritance and innovation strategy of ancient silk road, it proposed to meet the requirements of the times development and the desire of countries to accelerate development, and set up a grand economic development blueprint for Asia-Pacific and the whole world. China's cross-border e-commerce opportunities and challenges in this strategic context, not only to promote industrial structure optimization and upgrading, effectively configure the world resources, improve domestic consumer welfare level, but also face the challenges of sustainable development power, insufficient financial support, huge professional talent gap.Based on the latest authoritative data from the social practice of development, this paper uses SWOT analysis to deeply analyze the opportunities and challenges of China's cross-border e-commerce under the "One-belt and one-road" strategy, and summarizes the innovation on the basis of the past research, puts forward the integrated logistics system, makes good planning and layout, builds strong and effective financial support system, and pays attention to the cultivation of cross-border e-commerce talents. I believe that with the construction of cross-border e-commerce platform, under the guidance of the government help, make full use of the relevant strategic policy resources of the belt and road initiative, establish a good financial support system and market demand talent cultivation system. It will promote the development of China's economy and cross-border e-commerce.Keywords：One-belt and one-road strategy；Cross-border Electronic Commerce；Opportunity；Challenge目录1. 研究背景 (1)2. 相关概念的界定和概述 (1)2.1 “一带一路”战略 (1)2.2 跨境电商 (1)2.3 文献综述 (2)3. 中国跨境电商发展的现状 (3)3.1 相关支持政策持续释放，跨境电商蓬勃发展 (3)3.2 传统贸易趋冷，电商进出口高速增长 (3)3.3 跨境电商物流、支付配套环境日趋完善 (5)3.4 中国跨境电商发展不平衡 (5)3.5 3C/服饰等标品仍是主要出口产品 (6)4. “一带一路”战略给中国跨境电商带来的机遇 (7)4.1 跨境电商市场潜力巨大 (7)4.2 跨境电商为促进产业结构升级提供新动力 (8)4.3 跨境电商有效配置世界资源、提高国内消费者福利水平 (8)4.4 跨境电商发展环境日趋成熟 (9)5. “一带一路”战略下中国跨境电商面临的挑战 (10)5.1 跨境电商的发展需要庞大的金融支持 (11)5.2 跨境电商的可持续发展动力不足 (12)5.3 物流水平不能及时满足跨境电商的要求 (12)5.4 跨境电商专业人才缺口巨大 (13)6. “一带一路”战略下中国跨境电商发展的相关建议 (14)6.1 整合物流体系，做好规划和布局 (14)6.2 完善相关的法律法规 (14)6.3 建立强大有效的金融支持体系 (15)6.4 重视对跨境电商人才的培养 (15)7. 结论 (16)正文1. 研究背景在2016全国人大和全国政协两会中，供给端的结构性改革和“一带一路”等相关词汇成为重要的关键词语。

跨境口岸技术支持英语作文With the rapid development of global trade, cross-border ports have become increasingly important. As an important part of the national economy, cross-border ports play a vital role in promoting economic development, improving people's livelihoods and promoting regional cooperation. In order to ensure the smooth operation of cross-border ports, it is necessary to provide technical support.Cross-border port technical support refers to the use of advanced technology to provide comprehensive technical services for the operation and management of cross-border ports. The technical support includes hardware, software, and network support. With the help of advanced technology, cross-border ports can improve their efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance their competitiveness.Hardware support is an important part of cross-border port technical support. It includes the installation,maintenance, and repair of various hardware facilities such as computers, printers, scanners, and communication equipment. These facilities are essential for the daily operation of cross-border ports. Without them, the port cannot function properly.Software support is another important aspect of cross-border port technical support. It involves the development, installation, and maintenance of various software programs used in cross-border port operations. These programs include customs declaration systems, logistics management systems, and security monitoring systems. These programs are critical to the smooth operation of cross-border ports.Network support is also crucial for cross-border port technical support. It involves the design, installation, and maintenance of a reliable and secure network infrastructure. A stable and secure network is necessaryfor the efficient exchange of information between different departments and agencies at the port.In addition to hardware, software, and network support,cross-border port technical support also includes training and consulting services. Training services help port staff to learn how to use new technologies and software programs. Consulting services help port management to make informed decisions about technology investments and upgrades.In conclusion, cross-border port technical support plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth operation of cross-border ports. With the help of advanced technology, cross-border ports can improve their efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance their competitiveness. Therefore, it is important for governments and port operators to invest in cross-border port technical support to promote economic development and regional cooperation.。

海南自贸港发展英语作文Development of Hainan Free Trade Port。

In recent years, Hainan has been making significant strides in its development as a free trade port. This initiative, which was announced by the Chinese governmentin 2018, aims to transform Hainan into a globally influential, high-level free trade port by 2050. The development of the Hainan Free Trade Port has garnered widespread attention and is seen as a major step towards China's further opening-up and economic growth.The Hainan Free Trade Port offers a range of advantages that make it an attractive destination for businesses and investors. Firstly, it enjoys preferential policies in areas such as trade, investment, and taxation. This includes zero tariffs on goods that are not produced in Hainan, simplified customs procedures, and tax incentives for companies operating within the free trade port. These policies create a favorable business environment andencourage both domestic and foreign companies to invest in Hainan.Secondly, the Hainan Free Trade Port has a strategic geographical location. Situated in the southernmost part of China, Hainan is close to major shipping routes and has convenient access to international markets. This makes it an ideal hub for global trade and facilitates the movement of goods, services, and capital. Additionally, Hainan's tropical climate and beautiful natural landscapes make it an attractive destination for tourism and leisure, further boosting its economic potential.The development of the Hainan Free Trade Port is expected to have a positive impact on various sectors of the economy. One of the key areas of focus is the tourism industry. Hainan has long been a popular tourist destination, known for its pristine beaches and lush greenery. With the establishment of the free trade port, efforts are being made to further develop Hainan's tourism infrastructure and attract more international tourists. This includes the construction of new hotels, resorts, andentertainment facilities, as well as the promotion of cultural and sports events.Another sector that stands to benefit from the Hainan Free Trade Port is the financial industry. Hainan aims to become a regional financial center and has implemented measures to attract financial institutions and professionals. These include policies to facilitate cross-border financial transactions, the establishment of a financial court, and the introduction of new financial products and services. The development of the financial industry in Hainan will not only support the growth of other sectors but also contribute to the overall economic stability and prosperity of the region.In addition to tourism and finance, the Hainan Free Trade Port is also expected to drive innovation and technological advancements. Efforts are being made to attract high-tech companies and research institutions to Hainan, with a focus on industries such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and clean energy. This will not only create new opportunities for job seekers but alsofoster the development of a knowledge-based economy and promote sustainable growth.In conclusion, the development of the Hainan Free Trade Port is a significant step towards China's further opening-up and economic growth. With its preferential policies, strategic location, and focus on key sectors such as tourism, finance, and innovation, Hainan is well-positioned to become a globally influential, high-level free trade port. The success of the Hainan Free Trade Port will not only benefit the local economy but also contribute to the overall development and prosperity of China.。

Global Shifts1Barry EichengreenUniversity of California, BerkeleyApril 2011Shifts happen. We are currently witnessing a major shift in the balance of economic, financial and political power from the advanced countries to emerging markets – from West to East, or from the West to the Rest. This is, of course, not the first time that we have observed this kind of global shift. The rise of the West from the 15th century and its concomitant, the decline of China, was itself an earlier instance, if mirror image, of this kind of shift. (See Figure 1.) The industrial revolution, which gave rise to what is sometimes called “The Great Divergence” (the growing divergence in manufacturing capability and in capacity to project power between the first countries to industrialize, principally in Europe, and other regions) marked another global shift. It is no coincidence that the first industrial nation, Great Britain, came to control fully a quarter of the world’s population and land mass by the end of the 19th century.2 There was the shift in economic power from the pioneer industrializer, Britain, to followers like Germany that contributed to the economic and geopolitical tensions helping to set the stage for World War I. There is Charles Kindleberger’s thesis that that Great Depression of the 1930s was a consequence of the global shift in power from Britain to the United States, one that left an exhausted Britain incapable of managing the world economy and an inexperienced United States unwilling to do so.3 There is the shift after World War II toward the two great superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the dominance of the U.S. over the Western world (Figure 2). There is then the relative decline of the United States owing to catch-up growth, first in Europe, next in Japan, and finally in East Asia and elsewhere, which gradually closed the per-capita-income gap. The current shift toward emerging markets like China and India (Figures 3 and 4) is usefully seen in this light.This paper examines these earlier shifts in economic and political power and asks what light they shed on the implications of today’s global shift. I inquire into the sources of the shift, describe the tensions to which it gave rise, and ask how those tensions were managed. The answer to this last question, in two words, is “not well.” Global shifts have almost always fanned economic conflict, created problems for economic management, and heightened diplomatic tensions. Sometimes they have erupted into military conflict. While the same need not be true this time, there is reason to worry that the current global shift is a source of economic and political risks. It is past due time to start thinking about both the nature of those risks and mechanisms for managing them.The causes and consequences of changes in economic fortune, both relative and absolute, probably constitute the central question of all of economic history, if not all of economics. One paper can do justice to neither the topic nor the literature. Rather than attempting to be comprehensive, I focus on a number of specific cases, those mentioned in the opening paragraph. While this requires me to touch on aspects of nearly a millennium of human history, my focus is mainly on the last two centuries, the period since the establishment of the Bank of Finland, the1 Prepared for the Bank of Finland’s 200th anniversary symposium, Helsinki, May 5-6, 2011.2 And to “rule the waves.”3 As originally advanced in Kindleberger (1973).event providing the occasion for this symposium. Coverage of these episodes is also necessarily selective and designed to highlight the themes sounded above.1.The Rise of the WestEconomic historians are unanimously of the view that Ming China was the leading economic power in 1400. No other country constructed the equivalent of the Great Wall or the Grand Canal. No other state or empire had a standing army with a million troops. China was known for its technological prowess and precocity – for its mastery of gunpower, printing, paper-making, and compasses. It was known for the long-distance commercial voyages of the great admiral Zheng He whicht served commercial purposes (many of his ships had private cabins for merchants) and also sought to extract tribute from other lands bordering the Indian Ocean.Two factors then combined to set on foot a global shift. First, the Ming Dynasty turned inward. Zheng He’s fleet was dismantled. Limits were placed on the size of newly-constructed ships. By the end of the 15th century, subjects of the Chinese empire were forbidden to construct ocean-going ships or to leave the country. The overland route west, the Silk Road, was all but closed to traffic. The Chinese met early European incursions by limiting contact to a handful of treaty ports.Why the Mings turned inward is disputed. One view is that curtailing contact with the outside world was a low-cost way of dealing with piracy and the Uighurs. Another is that from the middle of the 15th century the Mings had bigger problems close at hand, like their border dispute with what is modern-day Vietnam. Still another is that this was the ill-advised decision of a clutch of conservative officials concerned about the impact on China of foreign influence.But there is little disputing the consequences. China’s inward turn created space for other powers. Lack of contact with foreign ideas, the absence of foreign competition, and the smothering effects of tradition set China up for a long period of economic stagnation.The coincident factor was improved Western sailing, navigation and military technology. The key innovation was the caravel, a sailing ship developed by the Portuguese and then the Spanish that combined lateen (triangular) rigging, making it very maneuverable and able to sail up rivers, with square sails that made it very fast and able to cross oceans. Lateen sails came from the Arab lands, square ones from Northern Europe; the Iberians were strategically placed between the two influences. New navigational techniques developed by Arab, Indian and Jewish astronomers but systematized by the Portuguese allowed European ships to go anywhere. Finally, the Portuguese were quicker than others to adapt the use of canon to ocean-going vessels.Why Portugal, one might ask? As with the Internet, public-sector R&D played a role. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal founded a maritime academy that fostered many of these innovations. He established an observatory at Sagres to construct accurate tables on the sun’s declination.4The early voyages down the west coast of Africa were sponsored by the4From 1500 or so there was a growing accumulation of navigational data in a variety of countries (Spain, France, England), all of which saw the publication of practical pamphlets and guides on the subject.Portuguese crown (just as Columbus’ pioneering trans-Atlantic voyage was underwritten by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain). The result was the Age of Exploration (sometimes referred, in less politically-correct terms, as the Age of Discovery), in which the Portuguese and Spanish found their way around Cape Horn to Asia and then across the Atlantic to the Americas.5While the Portuguese had a head start, the Spanish had a larger economy. The two quickly came into conflict over trading posts, trade rights, and other commercial prerogatives. There was an effort to divide the spoils – to create separate spheres of influence not unlike the Western and Soviet blocs during the Cold War or the possibility, sometimes mooted today, of Chinese and U.S. spheres of influence in Asia and the West. The first such effort, the Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, divided the newly discovered territories of Africa and the Western Hemisphere. The dividing line ran north-south along a meridian roughly down the middle of the Atlantic before bisecting what became modern-day Brazil. This was followed in 1524 by the Treaty of Zaragoza, which similarly divided Asia and the Pacific along a north-south meridian running roughly through the middles of Japan and Australia.6An unintended consequence of this spheres-of-influence strategy may be to permit the regional hegemon to grow fat and lazy. So it is said of Spain and Portugal following the conclusion of the two treaties.7This made room for hungry upstarts: England and theNetherlands. The Iberians were followed into the Indian Ocean by first the Dutch and then the English: the Dutch ended up controlling trading rights with much of modern-day Indonesia, the English with India. In the Western Hemisphere the Iberians were flanked to the north by the Dutch and, more importantly, English and French, who built their commercial empires on the basis of shipping and finance but in addition had manufactures (woolens) to export.The upstarts also relied on strong institutions – national champions that enjoyed public-sector support. In 1602 the Dutch States General established the world’s first joint-stockcompany, the Dutch East India Company, granting it not just a monopoly of trade with Asia but also the power to establish fortified trading posts, negotiate treaties, and wage defensive wars.8 The company established a centralized hub in Batavia (now Jakarta), organized nearly 5,000 voyages, and paid its shareholders an annual dividend approaching 20 per cent for twocenturies.9 5 Why Europe, more generally, one might ask? Was the Renaissance conducive to the systematization ofknowledge? Did the Black Death, by raising land-labor ratios, create surplus agricultural production that could be traded and higher living standards? These questions presumably deserve more than a footnote. At virtually the same time Queen Elizabeth granted a royal charter to the (English) East Asia Company, which like its Dutch competitor acquired monopoly rights and, eventually, a 6 The prod for this treaty was the conflict between the two countries over Malacca and the surrounding “spice islands” (the source of the region’s valuable spices). Portugal arrived first, establishing a fort at Malacca in 1511. Spain then arrived in the Moluccas from the east in 1521 as part of Magellan’s famous attempt to circumnavigate the globe, and Charles V sent another expedition to colonize the islands. There followed a year of fighting between the two countries. In 1524 the two kingdoms agreed to resolve the issue by drawing another meridian that would divide the world into two equal-sized hemispheres. To get it right, each crown appointed three astronomers, three pilots, and three mathematicians. 7 See Kindleberger (1994) and Landes (1998). 8 This, recall, was the age of mercantilism, when states sought to monopolize the trade of a region so as to generate monopoly profits which could then be used to strengthen the state’s finances and its ability to wage war. 9 Now there’s a risk premium for you.modern board of directors.10 Using Surat in India as a transit point between the Spice Islands and Europe, the East Asia Company was responsible for Britain establishing its foothold in India. These two trading concerns, as joint-stock companies and public-private partnerships, were important institutional innovations. They were the agents of the power shift from Southern to Northern Europe and of Europe’s growing influence and control over much of Southern Asia.This situation – two aspirants infringing on the turf of two established powers, and the Europeans all seeking to establish exclusive access to the minerals, precious metals, and high-value crop-lands of other regions (spice- and sugar-growing land in particular) – was a recipe for conflict among the imperialists and between the Europeans and the indigenous peoples with whom they made contact.11 In addition to nimble sailing ships and canon, the Europeans had on their side metallurgy (which furnished them with efficient swords and daggers) and infectious disease (which desimated previously isolated indigenous populations). In turn the imperialists were weakened by almost continuous internecine conflict. The rising Northern European powers fought for space and influence with both their Iberian predecessors and one another. When the English arrived in the Bandas and Moluccas, islands where cloves and nutmeg were grown, the Dutch drove them out by force.12 The Dutch fought with Sultan Agung, who headed a powerful state in central Java, over the establishment of Batang. They took Ceylon from Portugal along with most of that country’s Indian forts and trading stations. Similar stories could be told about the Western Hemisphere. Cooperation would have meant more surplus for the Europeans and indigenous peoples alike. But it was not to be.The Dutch and English, having come into conflict over foreign policy and commercial interests (it is not clear that there was a clear separation between the two matters in this period), skirmished in Europe as well. The Dutch also attracted the enmity of France, which sided with England in its mid-17th century conflict with the United Provinces and then used import tariffs to protect its infant sugar and cloth industries from Dutch competition.13 In the 18th century the French and English clashed over control of North America in the French and Indian Wars.14 Military means were used repeatedly to bolster trade and create mercantilist preserves free of foreign competition. One worries that it could happen again.2.The Great DivergenceThe industrial revolution transformed the world economy by launching per capita incomes on a sustained upward path unlike anything seen previously. It also constituted a global shift par excellence. It widened the gap in economic and military capabilities between European countries whose ambitions had been restrained by a fragile balance of power. It also transformed the conduct of warfare. Within Europe, Germany’s comparative advantage in the production of steel and, by implication, the construction of railways gave it a decisive advantage over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In the colonies, the invention of the Gatling gun, another10 A Royal African Company was later formed to take charge of trade in slaves, ivory and gold in Africa.11 The scramble for scarce resources and associated possibility for conflict will resonate, presumably, with Chinese officials concerned about their country’s dependence on imported raw materials.12 Helped importantly by their native allies.13 This, from the mid-17th century, being the age of high mercantilism.14 Leading to the Seven Years’ War in Europe and indirectly, it is often said, to the French Revolutionary Wars.byproduct of the industrial revolution, gave the Europeans a powerful advantage in their effort to secure colonial control of additional portions of Africa and Asia.15Thus, it is no coincidence that the industrial revolution was followed by the new imperialism of the second half of the 19th century: by the partition of Africa by the European powers and their further colonial expansion into Asia. Crude Marxian accounts sometimes explain this new wave of colonialism and imperialism as a function of the voracious appetite of 19th century industrial economies for raw materials and the desire of governments to secure exclusive access to the same.16 But modern economic histories cast doubt on the notion that empire paid: any benefits to the imperialists, including those associated with favored access to raw materials, were swamped by military and other costs.17What industrialization did was greatly enhance the ability of industrial nations to project power and control other lands.18 With the railway and the steamship (practical for ocean-going voyages in the second half of the 19th century, not incidentally coincident with the new imperialism), it became possible to deploy military force more quickly. Machined canonry (now breech rather than muzzle loaded) and rifles (notably the caplock rifled musket) were for the 19th century what steel swords and daggers had been for the 16th and 17th. These innovations were decisive, for example, in the First Opium War of 1839-42.19 With the Great Divergence in per capita incomes, it became possible for the industrial powers to raise larger and better equipped standing armies. European control of the interior of Africa or India might have been paper thin, but it would have been unimaginable in the absence of industrialization. Like 21st century Europeans who prefer to take part of their higher living standards in the form of increased leisure time, their 19th century predecessors sought to take a part in the form of colonial conquest.This desire was a source of frustration to countries late to the great global game, Germany in particular. With the growth of its industry, and its comparative advantage in military-relevant heavy industry in particular, Germany became as capable as any European power at mobilizing and projecting force. But the process of industrialization reached critical mass later than in Britain or France.20 German unification had to wait for Bismarck to incorporate the southern states. Thus, by the time Germany emerged as an industrial and military power of the first rank, the process of colonial partition was largely complete.Germany therefore had to content itself with a few remaining scraps in West Africa, East Africa and the Pacific. It pushed against French and Spanish control in North Africa, precipitating the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905 by insisting that France adopt an open door policy for its protectorate, to little avail. It was left to advance its expansionist aims in and around Europe, notably attempting to expand its influence over the declining Ottoman Empire by completing the Berlin-Baghdad Railway, something that in turn became a geopolitical15 The descendant of the hand-cranked Gatling gun was the automatic Maxim gun, invented in 1884.16 An interpretation that has obvious implications for China’s actions in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. There is also the more sophisticated variant of the hypothesis due to Eric Williams (Williams (1966).17 For the balance sheet see Davis and Huttenback (1986).18 David Landes in his 1998 book and earlier writings makes this argument most forcefully.19 See for example Hacker (1977).20 The classic account being Clapham (1936).flashpoint.21 Some accounts describe Germany’s ambitions in terms of the need of an industrial economy to secure a reliable supply of energy and raw materials (oil in the case of the Ottoman Empire), something that will resonate with observers of China today. Most, however, understand it more in terms of naked imperial ambition.22 Be this as it may, the result was the tensions and tangled alliances that set the stage for World War I.Finance was enlisted not just in the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway but more widely in the effort to advance geopolitical goals. Then like now, that influence might be more subtle than overt. Modern observers alarmed by the rise of sovereign wealth funds wonder whether those funds’ governmental masters are encouraging them to invest in ways that are geopolitically expedient as well as economically remunerative. Before World War I, they saw governments, like those of France and Germany, encouraging private lending to Czarist Russia or the Ottoman Sultan with the goal of alliance building. Hints were dropped that the government would take it as a favor if an investment bank underwrote bond issues on behalf of such borrowers on favorable terms.23 Sometimes governments might intervene directly to encourage or halt issuance on behalf of foreign governments. Between 1897 and 1901, for example, the French government intervened with the Crédit Lyonnais, discouraging it from issuing bonds on behalf of the Russian government until the Russian and French general staffs had agreed on the particular strategic railways to whose construction the proceeds would be put.Employing finance for military and strategic purposes meant that it was not always allocated in ways that maximized returns. The fact that the French and German governments regularly intervened in the operations of the Paris and Berlin markets, whereas the British government employed a more hands-off attitude, helps to explain why the rate of return on French and German lending was generally lower than comparable returns on British overseas investment.24 While financial might creates strategic opportunities for governments, in other words, exploiting those opportunities also has costs.25With governments intervening in private financial affairs before the fact, they also felt some compulsion to come to the aid of the bondholders if and when things went wrong. Gunboats might then be dispatched to collect payments from defaulting debtors. Just how But while Mitchener and Weidenmier (2005) argue for the importance of these “supersanctions,” they identify just 6 episodes of direct military intervention out of 43 default episodes spanning the 19th century. Other authors argue that when governments intervened militarily in response to default, they were in fact using financial events as a pretext for intervention desired on other grounds. They suggest that other mechanisms – ex ante monitoring by investment banks with reputations to protect and ex post exclusion from the bond market by a cohesive cartel of issuers – were more important for enforcing contracts.2621 See Jastrow (1917).22 Something to which today’s China, which prefers to keep a relatively low-key profile internationally, has not obviously fallen prey.23 For accounts of the practice see Feis (1930).24 This point is argued and documented in Fishlow (1986).25 Something for the managers of sovereign wealth funds to bear in mind.26 See inter alia Mauro, Sussman and Yafeh (2006) and Flandreau and Flores (2007).3. The Rise of the United StatesThe other global shift at this time was the rise of the United States. From an economic speck at the outset of the 19th century, the U.S. by 1914 had grown into the world’s largest economy and leading exporter. But while economic change was rapid, political adjustments lagged behind. The North American colonies had been settled by Europeans who had sought to distance themselves from the Old World. George Washington in his farewell address had emphasized the desirability of “as little political connection as possible” with foreign nations (while at the same time acknowledging the value of “extending” commercial relations).Isolationist instincts, in other words, ran deep. Even the Monroe Doctrine, which warned the European powers against attempting to advance their colonial ambitions in the country’s Latin American backyard, can be interpreted in isolationist terms: it promised as a quid pro quo that the U.S. would not participate in wars among the European powers. The notable exception was U.S. occupation of the Philippines resulting from the Spanish-American War. That the precipitating event that led the U.S. to disregard its long-standing tradition of non-interventionism was an incident on an island, Cuba, a scant 90 miles from the rising power’s shores is perhaps worth recalling (Taiwan being only 81 miles from the Chinese mainland).27 In defeating the Spanish, the U.S. in fact took control not just of the Philippines but also Guam and Puerto Rico. Whether this was a momentary fall from grace or an emerging economic power for the first time displaying geopolitical ambitions is disputed.28But there is no question that the U.S. was, by this time, seeking to more actively assert its economic interests. Before long it was seeking to alter the structure of international markets so that they worked to its advantage (or at least didn’t disadvantage it to the same extent). A long-standing bone of contention was that the trade credit required by U.S. exporters and importers was almost entirely denominated in sterling and sourced in London. This put U.S. producers and merchants at a competitive disadvantage; not only did they have to pay two commissions, one to their local bank and the other to its London correspondent, but they also bore the exchange risk. One of several rationales that combined in 1913 to cause the establishment of the FederalReserve System (overcoming another deep-seated American aversion, this one to concentrated financial power) was the desire to create a market in securitized trade credits (“tradeacceptances”) denominated in dollars and sourced domestically.29Almost immediately the Fed took steps to develop this market, passing the necessaryregulations while discounting acceptances and purchasing them outright. As a result of this initiative (and as a byproduct of disruptions to the London market caused by World War I), in a scant ten years the acceptance market in New York matched its rival in London in both size and liquidity.30 27 Cuba not having achieved independence in the second decade of the 19th century, it was effectively exempted from the Monroe Doctrine. The dollar became as a true international currency; by the mid-1920s central banks 28 On the first view, see Bemis (1962); proponents of the second include Kennedy (1987), Mead (1987) and Nye (1990). 29 As emphasized by Broz (1997). 30 The relevant document is provided by Eichengreen and Flandreau (2010).around the world held as large a fraction of the foreign exchange reserves in dollars as in sterling.31The U.S. competed with Britain throughout the 1920s in seeking to bring more countries into its financial orbit. As governments prepared to return to the gold standard, the Fed, in the person of Benjamin Strong, influential governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, encouraged them to contract stabilization loans in New York rather than London.32 Receiving a stabilization loan was the first step in establishing ongoing relations with a financial center. But while he governor himself may have been strongly internationalist in orientation, the U.S. otherwise reverted to its previous stance of quasi-isolationism following the war. The Congress famously refused to approve President Wilson’s request to join the League of Nations. Not wishing to become entangled in the reparations dispute, the U.S. did not join the Bank for International Settlements in 1930 (although it did provide finance for its early operation). The country’s diplomats did little to slow the progress of German rearmament or otherwise to do anything to prevent the war clouds from gathering over Europe.U.S. tariff policy was inappropriate for what was now the world’s leading trading nation, a country with an interest in the maintenance of an open trading system that should have led by example. Here the greater villain was probably the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 rather than the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, but neither helped.33 The mistake was to allow trade policy to be politicized. Herbert Hoover ran for the presidency in 1928 on a platform that promised to raise tariffs on imports of farm products, agricultural prices having been depressed for much of the decade. Once the tariff bill got to the Congress, there was nothing to prevent members from adding all manner of protection for manufactures so as to build as wide a coalition as possible.34Yet to say that the United States disregarded the case for international economic cooperation would not be accurate. The Fed famously kept interest rates low in order to encourage capital to flow toward Britain and aid that country’s efforts to return to gold in 1924-5. It made a credit line available to the Bank of England.35 It hosted a meeting of central bankers on Long Island in 1927, where other countries holding sterling as reserves committed not to taking gold from the British. In the summer of 1931, with the spread of the financial crisis, President Hoover offered a moratorium on inter-allied war debt payments in order to facilitate a moratorium on German reparations.31 This from a starting point in 1914 where the dollar accounted for a negligible proportion of global reserves (Eichengreen and Flandreau 2009). Elsewhere I have suggested what the U.S. accomplished in ten years – moving from a point where its currency played no international role to one where it was the leading invoicing, investment and reserve currency – may also be possible for China (Eichengreen 2011).32 Chandler (1958) and Clarke (1967) document his efforts.33 With the U.S. not a member of the League of Nations, the League’s efforts to negotiate a tariff truce in the 1920s were to little avail.34 See Schattschneider (1935). The Fordney-McCumber Tariff had similarly been intended to raised depressed farm-gate prices but had also been expanded to provide protection for manufactures by the time it was passed by the Congress. When efforts turned to rolling back tariffs in the 1930s, a change in institutions, in the form of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, made a substantial difference.35 One that, in the event, was not drawn.。

建设海南自贸港的英语作文Title: Building the Hainan Free Trade Port。

With the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Port, China embarks on an ambitious journey towards economic reform and global integration. This initiative marks a significant milestone in China's economic development strategy, aiming to foster a more open and efficient business environment while enhancing international cooperation. In this essay, we will explore the key aspects and implications of the Hainan Free Trade Port.Firstly, the Hainan Free Trade Port represents a bold experiment in economic liberalization. By designating Hainan as a free trade port, China aims to liberalize trade and investment, streamline customs procedures, andfacilitate the flow of goods and services. This initiative aligns with China's broader agenda of economic reform and opening-up, signaling its commitment to embrace globalization and attract foreign investment.Secondly, the Hainan Free Trade Port holds great potential to stimulate regional economic growth. Situated at the crossroads of maritime trade routes and endowed with abundant natural resources, Hainan is well-positioned to become a hub for international trade and commerce. The establishment of the free trade port is expected to attract multinational corporations, promote the development of strategic industries, and create new employment opportunities for local residents.Furthermore, the Hainan Free Trade Port serves as a platform for deeper regional cooperation and integration. By fostering closer ties with neighboring countries and regions, Hainan can leverage its geographical advantage to enhance connectivity, promote infrastructure development, and facilitate cross-border trade. This synergy between Hainan and its regional partners will contribute to the economic prosperity of the entire Asia-Pacific region.In addition, the Hainan Free Trade Port embodiesChina's commitment to sustainable development andenvironmental protection. As part of its development strategy, Hainan prioritizes green growth initiatives, renewable energy projects, and eco-friendly infrastructure. By promoting sustainable practices and conservation efforts, Hainan aims to preserve its natural beauty and biodiversity for future generations.Moreover, the Hainan Free Trade Port presents opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship. With its supportive policies, favorable regulatory environment, and access to global markets, Hainan encourages the emergenceof startups, research institutes, and technology clusters. This ecosystem of innovation will drive economic diversification, foster creativity, and spur technological advancement.In conclusion, the establishment of the Hainan Free Trade Port heralds a new chapter in China's economic development journey. By embracing openness, innovation, and sustainability, Hainan aims to become a model for economic reform and global cooperation. As the free trade port continues to evolve, it will create new opportunities,promote prosperity, and contribute to the shared prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.。

《东盟互联互通总体规划》（中译文）同一个愿景同一个身份同一个共同体2010年12月《通过〈东盟互联互通总体规划〉的河内宣言》我们，文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨王国、印度尼西亚共和国、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸联邦、菲律宾共和国、新加坡、泰王国和越南社会主义共和国的国家元首/政府首脑，在第17届东盟首脑会议召开之际：回顾2009年10月24日在泰国华欣签署的《东盟领导人关于东盟互联互通的声明》。

重申加强东盟内部的互联互通可以促进贸易、投资、旅游、人文交流，使所有成员国从中受益；是对现有致力于在2015年实现以人为本东盟共同体的区域努力的补充。

欢迎东盟互联互通高级工作组与东盟秘书处和相关部门机构在亚行、东亚东盟经济研究中心、联合国亚太经社会和世行协助下为制定《东盟互联互通总体规划》所做的努力；认识到《东盟互联互通总体规划》将促进经济增长、缩小发展差距、推动东盟一体化和共同体建设进程、提高东盟竞争力、促进更深的社会和文化相互了解以及更广的人员流动、加强东盟成员国间及东盟国家与区域内和全球其他地区国家的交流。

感谢对话伙伴对东盟互联互通倡议的支持和准备与东盟合作落实总体规划的意愿。

在此：1.通过《东盟互联互通总体规划》，包括各东盟成员国按照商定时间表实施的重点项目列表；2.任务相关的部长、东盟互联互通协调委员会和国家协调员在东盟秘书处的协调和监督下实施《东盟互联互通总体规划》，并在与东盟政治安全共同体理事会、东盟经济共同体理事会、东盟社会文化共同体理事会磋商后，通过东盟协调委员会定期向我们报告实施情况。

2010年10月28日在河内以英文单一文本形式通过。

目录缩写 (175)执行摘要 (182)序言：制定《东盟互联互通总体规划》的背景和原因 (187)第一章：东盟互联互通的愿景、目的与目标 (191)第二章：东盟互联互通的成就、挑战与障碍 (196)第三章：促进东盟互联互通的主要策略 (231)第四章：调动资源促进东盟互联互通 (259)第五章：实施 (269)附录 (271)缩写ABC（ASEAN Broadband Corridor）东盟宽带走廊ACCC（ASEAN Connectivity Coordinating Committee）东盟互联互通协调委员会ACCSQ（ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality）东盟标准与质量咨询委员会ACIA（ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement）《东盟全面投资协议》ACMECS（Ayeyarwady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy）伊洛瓦底江-湄南河-湄公河经济合作战略ACMF（ASEAN Capital Markets Forum）东盟资本市场论坛ACMW（ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers）《保护和促进移民劳动者权利的东盟宣言》ACTS（ASEAN Credit Transfer System）东盟信用转换系统ADF（Asian Development Fund）亚洲发展基金ADHP（ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks）《东盟文物遗址宣言》ADPPRMW（ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers）《东盟保护和促进流动工人权利宣言》AEBMP（ASEAN-EU Border Management Project）东盟-欧盟边境管理项目AFAFGIT（ASEAN Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in Transit）《东盟货物过境便利化框架协议》AFAFIST（ASEAN Agreement on the Facilitation of Inter-State Transport）《东盟跨境运输便利化框架协议》AFAMIT（ASEAN Framework Agreement on Multimodal Transport）《东盟多式联运框架协议》AFAS（ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services）《东盟服务业框架协议》AHN（ASEAN Highway Network）东盟公路网AHTN（ASEAN Harmonized Tariff Nomenclature）《东盟海关税则归类制度》AIA（ASEAN Investment Area）《东盟投资区协议》AIEN（ASEAN Internet Exchange Network）东盟互联网交互网络AIF（ASEAN Infrastructure Fund）东盟基础设施基金AIFF（Asia Infrastructure Financing Facility）亚洲基础设施融资机构AIGA（ASEAN Investment Guarantee Agreement）《东盟投资担保协议》AMBDC（ASEAN-Mekong Basin Development Cooperation）东盟-湄公河流域开发合作ALMWP（ASEAN Labour Ministers Working Plan 2010-2015）《东盟劳工部长工作计划2010-2015》APACI（ASEAN Plan of Actions for Cooperation in Immigration）《东盟入境合作行动计划》AQA（Actual Quality Assessment）实际品质评估ASAM（ASEAN Single Aviation Market）《东盟单一航空市场路线图》ATR（ASEAN Trade Repository）东盟贸易信息库AUN（ASEAN University Network）东盟大学联盟APAEC（ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation）《东盟能源合作行动计划》APGCC（ASEAN Power Grid Consultative Council）东盟电力网咨询委员会ASAM（ASEAN Single Aviation Market）东盟单一航空市场ASCOPE（ASEAN Council on Petroleum）东盟石油委员会ASSM（ASEAN Single Shipping Market）东盟单一航运市场ATAP（ASEAN Transport Action Plan 2005-2010）《东盟交通行动计划2005-2010》ATIGA（ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement）《东盟货物贸易协议》ATSP（ASEAN Tourism Strategic Plan 2011-2015）《东盟旅游战略规划2011-2015》AVLRC（ASEAN Virtual Learning Resources Centres）东盟虚拟学习资源CBTA（Greater Mekong Sub-region Cross-Border Transport Agreement）《大湄公河次区域跨境运输协定》CCF（Climate Change Fund）气候变化基金CEFPF（Clean Energy Financing Partnership Facility）清洁能源融资伙伴基金CERT（Computer Emergency Response Team）计算机应急工作组CGIF（Credit Guarantee Investment Facility）信用担保投资机构CEPT-AFTA（Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area）《东盟自贸区共同有效优惠关税计划》CIQ（Customs，Immigration，Quarantine）出入境检验检疫CLVDT（Cambodia-Laos-Viet Nam Development Triangle）柬老越发展三角COCI（Committee for Culture and Information）东盟文化信息委员会ERIA（Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia）东亚东盟经济研究中心EWEC（East West Economic Corridor）东-西经济走廊FACE（Facility for Asia Cooperation and Environment）亚洲合作与环境机构GATS（General Agreement on Trade in Services）《服务贸易总协定》GSSC（Greater Sulu Sulawesi Corridor）大苏禄-苏拉威西走廊HAPUA（Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities）东盟电力共享总部HLTFAC（High Level Task Force on ASEAN Connectivity）东盟互联互通高级工作组IAI（Initiative ASEAN Integration）东盟一体化倡议IBRD（International Bank for Reconstruction and Development）国际重建和发展银行ICFF（Investment Climate Facilitation Fund）投资环境促进基金ICT（Information and Communications Technology）信息通信技术IFN（Infrastructure Finance Network）基础设施融资网络IGARPT（Inter-Governmental Agreement on Regional Power Trading）《区域电力贸易政府间协议》IMT-GTRD（IMT-GT Roadmap for Development，2007-2011）《印马泰成长三角发展路线图2007-2011》ILP（Import Licensing Procedure）进口许可程序AMAAS（ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on Air Services）《东盟航空服务多边协议》AMAFLAFS（ASEAN Multilateral Agreement on the Full Liberalisation of Air Freight Services）《东盟航空货运服务全面开放多边协议》NTMs（Non-Tariff Measures）非关税措施MAFLPAS（Multilateral Agreement on the Full Liberalisation of Passenger Air Services）《东盟航空客运服务全面开放多边协议》MIEC（Mekong-India Economic Corridor）湄公河-印度经济走廊MRAs（Mutual Recognition Arrangements）互认协议MUAPG（Memorandum of Understanding for the ASEAN Power Grid）《东盟电力网谅解备忘录》MUCBMBC（Memorandum of Understanding on Cross Border Movement for Buses and Coaches）《公共汽车和巴士过境谅解备忘录》LCC（Lowe Cost Carriers）低成本航空公司LIFE（Leading Investment for Future Environment）未来环境领先投资OCR（Ordinary Capital Resources）普通资金源PPIAF（Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility）公私基础设施咨询机构PPP（Public-Private Sector Partnerships）公私伙伴关系RCIF（Regional Cooperation and Integration Fund）区域合作及一体化基金RCPRF（Regional Cooperation and Poverty Reduction Fund）区域合作和减贫基金RIATS（Roadmap for Integration of Air Travel Sector）《东盟航运一体化路线图》RTICMTA（Roadmap Towards an Integrated and Competitive Maritime Transport in ASEAN）《东盟海运一体化路线图》RMILS（Road Map for Integration of Logistics Services）《物流服务一体化路线图》RPIS（Roadmaps for Priority Integration Sectors）《优先整合行业路线图》SKRL（Singapore Kunming Rail Link）新加坡—昆明铁路SPCD（Strategic Plan of Customs Development for 2005-2010）《海关发展战略规划2005-2010》SLM（Services Liberalization Modalities）服务自由化模式SLOM（Senior Labour Officials Meeting）东盟劳工高级官员会议SPDF（Special Project Development Facility）特别项目开发机构TAGPMP（Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Master Plan）《泛东盟天然气管道总体规划》TBT（Technical Barriers to Trade）贸易技术壁垒TTRs（Transit Transport Routes）过境运输路线UDAHNP（Understanding on the Development of the ASEAN Highway Network Project）《东盟公路网项目发展谅解备忘录》VAP（Vientiane Action Programme 2004-2010）《万象行动计划2004～2010》VLRC（Virtual Learning Resource Centers）虚拟学习资源中心WBEC（Western Borneo Economic Corridor）西婆罗洲经济走廊执行摘要1.东盟领导人实现2015年建成东盟共同体的愿景需要一个更具竞争力和活力的东盟，使人员、货物、服务和资本联系更加紧密。

中文版博士论文建议选题清单：经与网络内各合作伙伴协商，ECER项目确立了五个重点（研究）领域，中德双方均认为这对城市与区域可持续发展意义重大，并建议将设立和发展“可持续城市与区域发展”专业中德合作培养博士学位课程与此相结合。

在此基础上，经智库及相关会议（2011年10月22日至29日）讨论，在实施中德合作培养博士学位课程的框架下，双方同意提出下述课题备选，总课题之下为可供考虑的博士论文课题，现总结如下。

如前所述，博士生亦可在说明原因后针对各总课题确立新的论文课题，但选题最终须经中德专家委员会及各大学/教- 中德财政平衡体系的法律基础- 对中德区域公共资助计划在消除发达与欠发达地区差异上所发挥作用的评价- 莱茵地区经验在跨地区合作开发长江流域中的应用问题总课题二：多元化的绿色交通：人员、商业和货运交通理论、实践要求及新技术- 交通运输系统的综合管理理论与方法- 交通可持续发展与机动性专业管理：中德案例比较研究- 城市交通规划与管理- 城市形态与交通需求- 运输经济理论与政策研究- 交通运输规划与管理，城市交通工程，智能交通系统与控制，交通运输安全工程，运输经济学- 城市公共交通工程，智能交通运作调度的理论与技术- 关注农村地区和人口稠密区效应链模式下的亚欧交通走廊建设与拓展- 人口稠密区和农村地区机动性及可通达性的保障：中德比较研究- 机动中心、电子机动性与交通工具共享：人口密集的城区模式在农村地区的应用- 为分析铁路基础设施运力构建多维评价模式- 铁路经营管理，铁路运输中的信息技术- 铁路客运与货运的技术及管理- 高速铁路列车控制- 轨道交通运行安全控制工程- 道路工程，铁路与城市轨道交通工程- 道路收费- 线路勘测设计理论与技术- 轨道结构设计理论与技术- 列车线路的动态响应分析- 城市轨道交通项目的规划、设计与施工- 城市轨道交通震动及噪音的环境影响- 城乡地区综合交通规划与空气污染控制规划：对中国和德国出发点的评价性比较研究- 低碳城市交通，能源消耗，二氧化碳排放- 运输与物流，多式联运，运输走廊的规划与管理- 运输物流系统规划、物流及供应链管理的理论与方法- 物流运作管理- 集装箱运输与多式联运- 运输走廊的规划与管理- 示范项目：建立亚欧运输走廊以推进区域发展（物流集群）- 促进亚欧交通走廊沿线地区的合作- 区域与城市经济交通方案- 区域物流（中等距离物流）与物流园区- 物流园区与货运中心：中德案例分析及评价- 通过扶持农村地区的货运中心构建腹地交通网- 中国的经济特区与德国和欧洲的自由（贸易）区：中德区域结构政策工具的比较研究- 合作型物流及运输规划- 以建立多式联运交通链为目标的物流经济营运模式- 城市物流，货运与电子机动性总课题三：可持续环境维护（特别针对空气及水质量）- 环境发展规划- 区域发展中的生态风险评估与生态系统保护- 作为资源开发利用中可持续发展方案基础的生态系统服务与功能分析和经济评价——城市生态系统、可持续发展规划和建模- 城市环境与生态健康的风险和治理- 城市热岛效应与城市植被- 城市生态规划- 城市植被的生态保护效益- 高人口密度城市群的空气质量保障框架——城乡应对气候变化影响的适应性战略：脆弱性分析方法- 适应战略工具- 在建筑密集的城区保持新鲜空气流通方案的制定——适应措施的经济评估- 脆弱性，恢复能力与危象基础设施——全球变化条件下的脆弱生态系统- 土地利用对流域生态系统的影响- 河岸生态系统中栖息地多样性与生物多样性之间的关系- 河流健康评估- 森林生长对全球变化的影响- 将回收污水处理厂污泥中的磷作为农村地区的发展因素- 建立和维护区域信息系统的先进调查统计方法- 为分析和监测地区发展项目中的环境动态而使用的卫星观测手段- 为有效建立和应用城市与区域环境信息系统的地理信息学- 区域与环境统计学，环境遥感和地理信息学的概念与方法- 区域发展理念下的环境经济与信息学- 环境法——中德范例与方法比较总课题四：地区未来管理：以既定目标为导向的调控，战略与方法- 中国与德国可持续发展的城市及城市管理：评价与建议- 城市与区域发展中可量化目标的确立- 未来发展预测和机遇风险评估模型与方法- 一个城市的政策管理：中德案例比较研究- 有目标地引导：以中德示范地区的目标与行动战略计划及其实施为例- 德国和欧洲实施目标与行动战略计划的成功模式及其在中国的适用性- 中国实施目标与行动战略计划的成功模式及其在德国/欧洲的适用性- 作为富有成效的城市与区域可持续发展基础的项目开发与实施：中国和德国的项目管理- 城市可持续发展与评估- 具有未来能力的区域发展战略及其调控手段培育- 区域管理和区域市场推广理念- 中心地区和周边地区的土地利用规划及可持续土地管理战略的实施- 土地利用与可持续管理- 土地利用与分散型综合水管理- 示范项目：可持续土地利用与水管理——以广东省为例（东江三角洲）英文版博士论文建议选题清单：- Integrated Regional Development as a Starting Point to enhance Regional Cooperation Capacity (Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia)- Comparison of Modes of Cooperation between Municipalities / Regions to Secure the Welfare in Germany and China- Approaches and Opportunities of Strategic Alliances at the Municipal and Regional Level: Comparison of Selected German and Chinese Examples - Financial Adjustment Systems between Rich and Poor Regions in Germany and China- Legal Basis of Financial Adjustment Systems in Germany and China- Review of Regional Public Funding Programs in Germany and China in Terms of their Effects on the Reduction of Disparities between Developed and Less Developed Areas- Transfer of Experience from the Rhine Area Based upon Cross-Border and Interregional Cooperation in the Development of the Yangtze River Area Central Theme 2: Green Intermodel Mobility: Theory, Practical Standards and New Technologies in Personal, Business and Freight Transport- Integrated Management Theory and Method of Traffic and Transportation System- Sustainable Traffic Development Planning and Professional Mobility Management: A Comparison of Selected Examples in Germany and China - Urban Transportation Planning and Management- Urban Form and Travel Demand- Economic Theory and Policy Research of Transportation- Traffic and Transportation Planning and Management, Urban Traffic Engineering, Intelligent Traffic System and Control, Traffic andTransportation Safety Engineering, Transportation Economics- Urban Public Traffic Engineering, Theory and Technology of Intelligent Traffic Operation and Dispatch- Establishing and Expanding Transeurasian Transportation Corridors with Special Attention to the Regional Effect Chains between Rural- and Urban Areas- Ensuring Mobility and Accessibility in Urban- and Rural Areas: A Sino- German Comparison- Mobility Centers, E-Mobility, and Car sharing : Application of Models of Urban Areas in Rural Areas- Railway Operation and Management, Information Technology in Railway Transportation- Technology and Management for Railway Passenger and Freight Transportation- Train Control of High-speed Railway- Rail Traffic Operation Safety Control Engineering- Road Engineering, Railway and Urban Rail Engineering- Road Pricing- Theory and Technology of Route Survey Design- Theory and Technology of Rail Structure Design- Dynamic Response Analysis of Train Line- Planning, Design and Construction of Urban Rail Transportation Project- Environment Impact of Urban Rail Traffic Vibration and Noise- Integrated Traffic and Air Pollution Control Planning in Urban- and Rural Areas: Approaches in Germany and China—an Evaluative Comparison- Low-Carbon Urban Transportation; Energy Consumption; CO2 Emissions - Transportation and Logistics, Multi-modal Transportation, Planning and Management of Transportation Corridor- Theory and Method of Transportation Logistics System Planning Logistics and Supply Chain Management- Logistics Operation Management- Container Transportation and Multi-modal Transportation- Planning and Management of Transportation Corridor- Model Project: Establishment of Transeurasian Traffic Corridors for Regional Development (Logistic Cluster)- Promoting Cooperation between the Regions along the Eurasian Transport Corridor- Regional and Urban Economic Transport Concepts- Regional Logistics (Mesologistics) and Logistics Parks- Logistics Parks and Freight Transport Centers: Analysis and Evaluation of German and Chinese Best Practice Examples- Setting up Hinterland Traffic Network by Promoting Freight Transport Center in Rural Areas- Special Economic Zones in China and Free Zones in Germany and Europe: Instruments of Regional Structural Policy—A German-Chinese Comparison- Cooperative Logistics- and Transport Planning- Business Models in the Logistics Industry for the Construction of Multimodal Transport Chains- City Logistics, Freight Transport and E-MobilityCentral Theme 3: Sustainable Protection of the Environment (particularly Air and Water Quality)- Environment Development Planning- Ecological Risk Assessment and Ecosystem Protection in Regional Development- Analysis and Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Functions as Basis for Developing Sustainable Concepts for Using Resources - Urban Ecosystem and Sustainable Planning and Modeling- Urban Environment and Risk and Governance of Ecological Health - Urban Heat Island Effects and Urban Vegetation- Urban Ecological Planning- Ecological Conservation Benefits of Urban Vegetation- Framework for Securing Air Quality in Dense Urban Agglomerations: Adaptation Strategies for Coping with Climate Change Impact in Urban and Rural Areas- Methods for Vulnerability Analysis- Toolbox of Adaptation Strategies- Concept Development for Maintaining Fresh Air Channels in Densely Built Urban Areas- Economic Valuation of Adaptation Measures- Vulnerability, Resilience and Critical Infrastructures- Responses of Vulnerable Ecosystems to Global Change- Impacts of Land Use to Watershed Ecosystem- Relations between Habitat Diversity and Biological Diversity in Riparian Ecosystems- Assessment of River Health- Responses of Forest Growth to Global Change Impacts- Phoshorous Recycling from Sewage Sludge as a Developing Factor for Rural Regions- Advanced Methods in Survey Statistics for Establishing and Maintaining Regional Information Systems- Satellite Observations for Analysing and Monitoring Environmental Dynamics in Regional Development Projects- Geoinformatics for Establishing and Using of Efficient Municipal and Regional Environmental Information Systems- Concepts and Methods of Regional and Environmental Statistics, Environmental Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics- Environmental Economics and Informatics in Regional Development Concepts- Environmental Law – a Comparison of German and Chinese Paradigms and ApproachesCentral Theme 4: Future Regional Management: Goal-Oriented Management, Strategies and Methods- Sustainable City and Urban Management in Germany and in China: Evaluation and Recommendations- Defining Measurable Objectives for Urban and Regional Development- Models and Methods for Forecasting Future Trends and the Assessment of Opportunities and Risks- Urban Political Management: A Comparison of Selected Examples in Germany and China- Management by Objectives: Strategic Objectives and Action Plans and Their Actual Implementation by the Example of Selected German andChinese Regions- Successful Models of Implementation of Strategic Objective- and Action Plans in Germany and Europe and Their Applicability to China- Successful Models of Implementation of Strategic Objective- and Action Plans in China and Their Applicability to Germany / Europe- Project Development and Implementation as the Foundation of a Successful Sustainable Urban- and Regional Development: ProjectManagement in Germany and China- Sustainable Urban Development and Assessment。

中缅边境英语作文Title: The Sino-Myanmar Border: A Complex Intersectionof Cultures and Geopolitics。

The Sino-Myanmar border, stretching over 2,000 kilometers, represents a fascinating confluence of cultures, economies, and geopolitical interests. This boundary, delineating two neighboring nations with rich histories and diverse populations, has been subject to multifaceted dynamics that shape regional interactions and globalaffairs.Geopolitically, the Sino-Myanmar border holdssignificant strategic importance for both China and Myanmar. China, as a rising global power, views its border regionsas critical for security and economic development. The border with Myanmar offers China access to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar's ports, facilitating trade and energy routes that bypass the congested Malacca Strait. Additionally, China sees Myanmar as a crucial ally in itsbroader geopolitical ambitions, particularly within the context of its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to enhance connectivity and infrastructure across Eurasia.On the other hand, Myanmar sees China as a vital economic partner and a source of investment and infrastructure development. However, Myanmar also seeks to balance its relations with China with those of other regional and global powers, including India, the United States, and Southeast Asian nations. This balancing act is evident in Myanmar's cautious approach to Chinese investments and its efforts to diversify its foreign relations.Culturally, the Sino-Myanmar border region is characterized by ethnic diversity and historical interactions. Myanmar is home to a myriad of ethnic groups, including the Shan, Kachin, Karen, and others, many of whom have cultural and linguistic ties to communities across the border in China's Yunnan province. These cross-border ethnic connections have contributed to both cooperation and conflict between the two countries, as seen in the case ofarmed ethnic groups operating along the border and seeking support from external actors.Economically, the Sino-Myanmar border serves as a vibrant trade corridor, facilitating the flow of goods, people, and ideas between the two nations. Cross-border trade, both formal and informal, is a significant driver of economic activity in border regions, benefiting local communities on both sides. However, issues such as smuggling, illegal migration, and environmental degradation also pose challenges to border management and governance.In recent years, the Sino-Myanmar border has witnessed increased attention due to various developments, including the Rohingya refugee crisis, China's infrastructureprojects in Myanmar, and ongoing conflicts between the Myanmar military and ethnic armed groups. These developments underscore the complexity of issues facing the border region and the need for comprehensive approachesthat address security, development, and humanitarian concerns.Moving forward, managing the Sino-Myanmar border will require cooperation and dialogue between the two countries, as well as engagement with regional and international stakeholders. Efforts to enhance border security, promote economic integration, and address the root causes ofconflict and instability will be essential for realizingthe full potential of the border region as a gateway for prosperity and peace.In conclusion, the Sino-Myanmar border represents a dynamic intersection of cultures, economies, and geopolitics. Understanding and navigating the complexitiesof this border region are essential for fostering cooperation, stability, and development in Southeast Asia and beyond. Through strategic engagement and mutual respect, China and Myanmar can harness the opportunities presentedby their shared border for the benefit of their peoples and the region as a whole.。

新经济可以跨界,但不能没有边界的申论作文1.新经济时代的到来让各行各业可以跨界合作。

The arrival of the new economy era enables different industries to collaborate across boundaries.2.传统边界的消失给人们带来了全新的商机和合作机会。

The disappearance of traditional boundaries has brought people new business opportunities and collaboration chances.3.但是，即使在新经济时代，仍然存在着一些无法逾越的边界。

However, even in the new economy era, there are still some boundaries that cannot be crossed.4.一些国家之间的贸易壁垒仍然影响着经济的发展。

Trade barriers between some countries still affect the development of the economy.5.跨国公司在进军新市场时依然面临着文化和语言的障碍。

Multinational companies still face cultural and language barriers when entering new markets.6.新兴科技企业虽然可以跨界合作，但在知识产权方面仍会受到限制。

Emerging technology companies can collaborate across boundaries, but they are still limited in terms of intellectual property rights.7.新经济时代的全球化虽然正在加速，但仍需要克服各种不可逾越的边界。