西方经济学编写组宏观部分课后习题答案-第13章

西方经济学课后习题答案-第十三章第十三章失业、通货膨胀和经济周期1.西方经济学是如何解释失业的?失业的影响表现在哪些方面?【参考答案】西方经济学家对失业的原因做出了不同的解释。

主要有：（1）古典经济学失业理论以“萨伊定律”为核心，认为供给能够创造需求，不会出现生产过剩，且每一个商品生产者都是理性的，都会尽力扩大生产、销售，这样社会的生产、销售就能达到最高水平，从而实现充分就业。

（2）凯恩斯提出了“非自愿失业”理论，认为有效需求是由消费需求与投资需求构成的，它是决定社会总就业量的关键性因素。

当“有效需求”不足时充分就业就无法实现。

凯恩斯提出边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减和流动性偏好三个基本心理规律，使得经济中消费需求和投资需求不足，从而导致非自愿失业。

（3）新凯恩斯主义经济学以不完全竞争和不完全信息为前提，通过论证工资和价格黏性进而解释非自愿失业存在的原因，认为工资在短期内具有黏性，失业率并不会随劳动需求的变动做出充分调整。

对存在工资黏性的解释主要有劳动工资合同论、隐含合同论、“局内人-局外人”理论和效率工资理论。

（4）现代货币主义的失业理论可以简单归结为“自然失业率”假说，其否认菲利普斯曲线，认为，如果政府用增加货币量来刺激就业，而雇员没有预见到实际收入下降时，就愿意增加劳动供给。

但从长期看，不仅失业没有减少反而物价会持续上涨。

失业对经济和社会的影响主要有：一是给个人和家庭带来物质和精神的负面影响；二是影响社会稳定；三是增加经济运行成本，带来产出损失以及影响社会经济的信心从而加重整个经济的不景气，对经济运行产生不利影响。

2.新凯恩斯主义经济学是如何解释工资黏性的?【参考答案】西方经济学对于工资黏性的原因主要有以下解释：（1）劳动工资合同论。

在一些行业中，由于工会的力量，往往可能签订较有利于雇员的工资合同。

这些合同通常附加工资随生活费上涨而增加，而当经济衰退时工资率并不随之削减的条款。

（2）隐含合同论。

西方经济学高鸿业主编第13章课后习题答案（Western economics, Gao Hongye, editor, thirteenth chapters, after-schoolExercises answer）1. in the two sector of the economy, equilibrium occurs when(C).A. actual savings equals actual investment;B. actual consumption plus actual investment equals output value;C. plans to save is equal to planned investment;D. total investment equals the income of the enterprise sector.2. when the consumption function is C = Aby (a>0,0<b<1), which showed that the average propensity to consume (A).A. is greater than marginal propensity to consume;B. is less than marginal propensity to consume;C. equals marginal propensity to consume; three cases aboveD. are possible.3., if the marginal propensity to save is 0.3, the investment expenditure will increase by 6 billion yuan, which will lead to an increase in the balanced income GDP (D).A. 2 billion yuan;B. 6 billion yuan;C. 18 billion yuan;D.20 billion yuan.4., in the balanced output level, whether the planned inventory investment and unplanned inventory investment must be zero?Answer: when a balanced production level is reached, the planned inventory investment is generally not zero, rather than the planned inventory investment must be zero. This is because the planned inventory investment is part of the planned investment, and the balanced output equals the output of the consumption plus planned investment, so the planned inventory is not necessarily zero. When the planned inventory increases, the inventory investment is greater than zero; when the planned inventory decreases, the inventory investment is less than zero. It should be pointed out that the stock is the stock, the stock investment is the flow, and the stock investment refers to the stock change. At the equilibrium level of output and inventory investment plan is part of a plan to invest, it is not zero, but the non planned inventory investment must be zero, if unplanned inventory investment is not zero, then it is not a balanced output. For example, enterprises wrongly estimated the situation, exceeded the market demand and produced more products, resulting in unplanned inventory investment.5. can the marginal propensity to consume and the average propensity to consume be always greater than zero and less than 1?Answer: consumption tendency is the relation between consumption expenditure and income, also called consumption function. The relationship between consumption expenditure and income can be studied from two aspects, one is the relationship between consumption expenditure and income variables, this is the marginal propensity to consume (can use the formula MPC = y or MPC = delta C delta dcdy), two is to investigate certainincome level of consumer spending in the relationship between the quantity and the this is the amount of income, the average propensity to consume (can use the formula APC = CY). The marginal propensity to consume is greater than zero and less than 1 of the total, because generally, increased consumer income, not only does not increase consumption is MPC = delta C delta y = 0, also won't increase revenue to increase consumption, the general situation is a part for increasing consumption, the other part is used to increase savings, i.e. y = C + delta delta delta s, therefore, delta C delta y + delta s delta y = 1, so, delta C delta y = 1 delta s delta y. As long as Delta s, delta y is not equal to 1 or 0, there are 0 < C, delta y < 1. However, the average propensity to consume is not always greater than zero, but less than 1. When people earn very little or even zero, they have to consume, even if they borrow money. Then the average propensity to consume will be greater than 1.6. what is Keynes's law and what is the social and economic background put forward by Keynes's law?Answer: the so-called Keynes Law refers to, no matter how much for the demand, economic system can provide the supply amount corresponding to the same price, that is to say the total social demand changes, will only cause the yield and income changes, until the supply and demand are equal, without causing a price change. This law is the background of Keynes's writing, "employment, interest and money" a book, the 1929 and 1933 in the western world economic depression, a large number of unemployed workers, a large number of idle resources. In this case, the increase in aggregate social demand will only makeuse of idle resources and increase production, rather than raise resource prices, so that product costs and prices can remain largely the same. The Keynes's law is thought to be suitable for short-term analysis. In the short run, prices are volatile and when social demand changes, firms first consider adjusting output rather than variable prices.7. the government purchase and government transfer payment belong to government spending, why the calculation of total demand of national income is only in government purchases excluding government transfer payments, which is why Cig (y = Xm) rather than Cigtr (y = Xm)?Answer: the government has increased transfer payments, although it has an impact on aggregate demand, but this effect is achieved by increasing disposable income and increasing consumer spending. If the transfer payment is included in the aggregate demand, the repeated calculation in the aggregate demand calculation will be formed. For example, the government increases the transfer payment by 1 billion yuan, assuming that the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, which will increase consumption by 800 million yuan. Here, the first round of aggregate demand increased by 800 million yuan, not 1 billion 800 million yuan. But if the 1 billion yuan transfer payment is also regarded as an increase in aggregate demand, then it is repeated calculation, that is, 1 billion yuan at a time,It's 800 million yuan at a time.8. why some western economists believe that a portion of national income from the rich to the poor will increase thetotal income level? Answer: their reason is that the rich consumption tendency and lower propensity to save is higher, while the poor and high consumption propensity (because of the poor low income, in order to maintain the basic living standards, the proportion of their spending in income must be greater than the rich, so) will be part of the national income from the rich to the poor that can improve the whole society consumption tendency, so as to improve the whole society's total consumption expenditure level, so the total output or total income will increase.9., why is the absolute value of the government expenditure multiplier larger than the absolute value of the government tax multiplier and the government transfer payment multiplier?Answer: the government (purchase) expenditure directly affects total expenditure, the change of both is the same direction. Changes in total expenditure are several times the amount of government purchases. This multiple is the government's purchase multiplier. But taxation does not directly affect total expenditure, which affects consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affects total expenditure. Tax changes are in reverse direction with changes in total expenditure. When taxes increase (tax rates rise or tax base increases), people's disposable income decreases, consumption decreases, and total expenditure decreases. Total expenditure reductions are several times greater than taxes, and vice versa. This multiple is the tax multiplier. Since tax revenue does not directly affect total expenditure, it will affect consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affect total expenditure. Therefore, the absolute value of thetax multiplier is less than the absolute value of the government purchase expenditure. For example, an increase of 1 billion yuan to buy a government, to increase 1 billion yuan of total demand, but the tax 1 billion yuan, will make people more disposable income of 1 billion yuan, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, one begins to increase consumer demand is only 800 million yuan, so the government spending multiplier of the absolute values of it must be greater than the tax multiplier.Government transfer payment impact on total expenditure is similar to tax, also indirectly affect the total expenditure, but also by changing people's disposable income to affect consumer spending and spending; the absolute value and the government transfer payment multiplier and the tax multiplier is as large as the. But unlike taxes, the government transfers payments in the same direction as the government purchases, but the government transfer payment multiplier is smaller than the government purchase multiplier.10. what is the mechanism of the balanced budget multiplier?Answer: a balanced budget multiplier is the ratio of changes in national revenues to changes in government revenues and expenditures when the amount of government revenue and expenditure increases or decreases in the same amount. In theory, the balanced budget multiplier equals 1. That is to say, if the government increases the expenditure of one yuan and increases the tax on one yuan of money, it will increase the national income by one yuan, because the government's expenditure multiplier is larger than the tax multiplier. Ifyou use the formula that is t = delta delta G (assuming that the transfer payment, and income tr constant) change is determined by the total expenditure changes, that is y = C + I + delta delta delta G, delta I assumes that the investment is unchanged, namely = 0, y = C +, delta delta delta G. The delta C = YD = beta (beta delta delta y delta T), therefore, there is y = P (Y - t) + delta G = P (Y - G) + delta (delta T = g for a g), the authors obtainedY (1 - beta) = delta G (1 - beta)Visible, delta y = g = 1 - beta 1 - beta = 1, i.e. balanced budget multiplier (expressed in KB), KB = g, delta y = 1.This conclusion can also be obtained by directly adding the government purchase expenditure multiplier and the tax multiplierKgkt = 11 - beta (1t) + - beta (1t) beta 1 (1t) = 111., why have some of the multipliers in the closed economy become smaller after foreign trade?Answer: in the closed economy, investment and government expenditures increase multiples of the national income increase is 11 - and beta have foreign trade after the multiple became M (11 - beta beta here and M denote the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to import), obviously the multiplier becomes small, this is mainly due to a part of the increase the income now used to buy imported goods.12. what is the difference between the three ways in which taxes, government purchases and transfer payments affect aggregate demand?Answer: aggregate demand consists of four components: consumer spending, investment spending, government purchases, and net exports.Taxation does not directly affect aggregate demand. It affects consumer spending by changing people's disposable income, and then affects aggregate demand. The change in taxation is in reverse direction with the change in aggregate demand. As taxes increase (tax rates rise or tax base increases), people's disposable income decreases, consumption decreases, and aggregate demand decreases. The decrease in aggregate demand is several times the increase in taxes, and vice versa. This multiple is the tax multiplier.Government purchase expenditure directly affects aggregate demand, and both change in the same direction. Changes in aggregate demand are also several times the amount of government purchases,This multiple is the government's buying multiplier.The impact of government transfer payments on aggregate demand is similar to taxation, which indirectly affects aggregate demand, as well as changes in people's disposable income, thereby affecting consumer spending and aggregate demand. Moreover, the absolute value of the government transfer payment multiplier and the tax multiplier is the same. But unlike taxes,the government transfer payments change in the same way as the government purchases, but the government transfer payment multiplier is smaller than the government purchase multiplier.These three variables (taxes, government purchases and government transfer payments) are variables that the government can control, and policies that control these variables are called fiscal policies. The government can regulate the economic operation through fiscal policy.For example, an increase of $1 in government spending initially increased aggregate demand by $1, as government purchases were directly related to the demand for end products. But increase the transfer payment of 1 dollars and 1 dollars to reduce taxes, just make people disposable income increased by $1, if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, while consumer spending increased only $0.8, the $0.8 is $1 increase transfer payments and tax cuts of $1 in the first round of the final product demand increases, the the difference between the government transfer payment and tax multipliers are equal and opposite, the absolute value of the government purchase multiplier is greater than the government transfer payment multiplier and the absolute value of the tax multiplier.The 13. assumption of an economy's consumption function is C = 1000.8yd investment, I = 50, g = 200 government purchase expenditure, government transfer payment tr = 62.5, t = 250 (tax unit for $1 billion).(1) seeking balanced income.(2) try to find the investment multiplier, the government expenditure multiplier, the tax multiplier, the transfer payment multiplier and the balanced budget multiplier.Answer: (1) by equationsSolvable y = 1000 ($100 million), so the balanced income level is $100 billion.(2) we can obtain the multiplier value directly according to the formula of the multiplier in the three sector economyInvestment Multiplier: ki = 11 - beta = 110.8 = 5Government spending multiplier: kg = 5 (equal to the investment multiplier)Tax Multiplier: KT = - 1 - beta beta = 0.810.8 = 4Transfer Payment Multiplier: KTR = 1 beta beta = 0.810.8 = 4The balanced budget multiplier is equal to the sum of government spending (purchase) multiplier and tax multiplierKB = Kgkt = 5 (4) = 1In the 14. part, assuming that the society to achieve the needs of full employment, national income is 1200, ask: (1) increase in government purchases; (2) to reduce taxes; (3) with the same amount of increase in government purchases and taxes (in order to balance the budget) to achieve full employment, the amountof how much?Answer: the question clearly uses a variety of multipliers. Originally balanced income is 1000, now need to reach 1200, then the gap = y = 200.(1) increase the government purchase of delta G = ykG = 2005 = 40.(2) decrease of tax = t = 200|kt| = 2004 = 50.(3) from the balanced budget multiplier equals 1, we can see that 200 of the government purchases and 200 of the tax revenue can achieve full employment.15. assume that the consumption function of economy and society in a C = 300.8yd, net tax total tax minus government transfer payment amount after TN = 50, investment I = 60, g = 50 government purchase expenditure and net export balance that exports minus imports after NX = 500.05y, for: (1) balance of income; (2) in the equilibrium level of income on the net export balance; (3) investment multiplier; (4) investment from 60 to 70 when the balance of income and net export balance; (5) when the equilibrium income net exports from NX = 50 to NX = 40 0.05y - 0.05y and net export balance.Answer: (1) disposable income: YD = Ytn = Y50Consumption: C = 300.8 (Y50)= 300.8y40= 0.8y10Equilibrium income: y = Cignx= 0.8y106050500.05y= 0.75y150The solution is y = 1500.25 = 600, i.e., the equilibrium income is 600.(2) net export balance:Nx = 500.05y = 500.05 x 600 = 20(3) investment multiplier ki = 110.80.05 = 4.(4) when the investment increased from 60 to 70, there wereY = Cignx= 0.8y107050500.05y= 0.75y160The solution is y = 1600.25 = 640, i.e., the equilibrium income is 640.Net export balance:Nx = 500.05y = 500.05 x 640 = 5032 = 18(5) the equilibrium income of the net export function changed from NX = 50 - 0.05y to NX = 40 - 0.05y:Y = Cignx= 0.8y106050400.05y= 0.75y140The solution is y = 1400.25 = 560, i.e., the equilibrium income is 560.Net export balance:Nx = 400.05y = 400.05 560 40 28×＝－＝12。

第十章国民收入核算理论一、名词解释1、国内生产总值2、国民生产总值3、消费4、投资5、政府购买6、净出口二、判断题1、一个在日本工作的美国国民的收入是美国GDP的一部分，也是日本GNP的一部分（×）2、GDP中扣除资本折旧，就可以得到NDP（√）3、个人收入即为个人可支配收入，使人们可随意用来消费或储蓄的收入（×）4、三部门经济的投资储蓄恒等式为I=S+(T-G)(√)5、实际GDP=名义GDP/价格指数（√）6、政府转移支付应计入国内生产总值GDP中（×）7、某企业年生产50万美元的产品，只销售掉40万美元的产品，则当年该企业所创造的GDP为40万美元（×）8、某出租车司机2013年购买了一辆产于2011年的小轿车，该司机为此付出的10万元的购车费应计入2011年的GDP当中（√）9、用支出法核算GDP时，政府转移支付不应计入GDP中（√）10、用收入法核算国内生产总值时，资本折旧应计入GDP中（√）三、选择题1、用支出法核算GDP时，应包括的项目有（D）A、居民消费支出和企业投资B、净出口C、政府购买D、以上都包括2、宏观经济学的核心理论是（A）A、国民收入决定理论B、收入与就业分析C、失业与通货膨胀分析D、通货膨胀与增长分析3、下列产品中计入当年GDP的有（D）A、某人购买了一辆二手车B、某人花10万元买了一栋旧房C、家务劳动D。

某企业当年生产没有卖掉的20万元产品4、属于GDP但不属于NI的项目有（D）A、去也转移支付B、间接税C、折旧D以上都包括5、国民收入核算体系中包括如下哪些总量（D）A、GDP与NDPB、NI、PI与DPIC、消费和投资D、A和B6、已知C=6亿，I=1亿，折旧=1.5亿，X=2亿。

M=1.8亿，则（C）A、NDP=8.7亿B、GDP=7.7亿C、GDP=8.7亿D、NI=8.5亿7、用支出法计算的GDP的公式为（A）A、GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)B、GDP=C+T+G+(X-M)C、GDP=C+I+T+(X-M)D、GDP=C+S+T+(M-X)8、一下可以计入GDP的有（D）A、购买一辆用过的卡车B、政府支付的利息C、政府转移支付D、政府购买办公用品9、NI包括的项目有（D）A、利润B、工资C、租金和利息D、以上都包括10、当GNP>GDP时，则本国居民从国外得到的收入（A）外国居民从本国的得到的收入A、大于B、等于C、小于D、大于或小于四、问答题1、计算GDP时应注意哪些问题？2、衡量宏观经济的五个总量指标之间的关系是什么？3、生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对GDP贡献大？为什么？五、计算题1、假设国内生产总值是5000，个人可支配收入是4100，政府预算赤字是200，消费是3800，贸易赤字是100。

第十三章 简单国民收入决定理论1.在两部门经济中，均衡发生于( )之时。

A.实际储蓄等于实际投资； B.实际消费加实际投资等于产出值；C.计划储蓄等于计划投资；D.总投资等于企业部门的收入。

解答：C2.当消费函数为c ＝a ＋by(a>0,0<b<1)，这表明，平均消费倾向( )。

A .大于边际消费倾向；B .小于边际消费倾向；C .等于边际消费倾向；D .以上三种情况都可能。

解答：A3.如果边际储蓄倾向为0.3，投资支出增加60亿元，这将导致均衡收入GDP 增加 ( )。

A . 20亿元；B . 60亿元；C . 180亿元；D . 200亿元。

解答：D4.在均衡产出水平上，是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零？解答：当处于均衡产出水平时，计划存货投资一般不为零，而非计划存货投资必然为零。

这是因为计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分，而均衡产出就是等于消费加计划投资的产出，因此计划存货不一定是零。

计划存货增加时，存货投资就大于零；计划存货减少时，存货投资就小于零。

需要指出的是，存货是存量，存货投资是流量，存货投资是指存货的变动。

在均衡产出水平上，计划存货投资是计划投资的一部分，它不一定是零，但是非计划存货投资一定是零，如果非计划存货投资不是零，那就不是均衡产出了。

比方说，企业错误估计了形势，超出市场需要而多生产了产品，就造成了非计划存货投资。

5.能否说边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向总是大于零而小于1？解答：消费倾向就是消费支出和收入的关系，又称消费函数。

消费支出和收入的关系可以从两个方面加以考察，一是考察消费支出变动量和收入变动量的关系，这就是边际消费倾向(可以用公式MPC ＝Δc Δy 或MPC ＝d c d y表示)，二是考察一定收入水平上消费支出量和该收入量的关系，这就是平均消费倾向(可以用公式APC ＝c y表示)。

边际消费倾向总大于零而小于1，因为一般说来，消费者增加收入后，既不会不增加消费即MPC ＝Δc Δy＝0，也不会把增加的收入全用于增加消费，一般情况是一部分用于增加消费，另一部分用于增加储蓄，即Δy＝Δc ＋Δs ，因此，Δc Δy ＋Δs Δy ＝1，所以，Δc Δy ＝1－Δs Δy 。

第十三章宏观经济政策一、名词解释经济增长：指在一个特定时期内经济社会所生产的人均产量和人均收入的持续增长。

通常用一定时期内实际国内生产总值年均增长率来衡量。

财政政策：政府为提高就业水平，减轻经济波动，防止通货膨胀，实现经济稳定增长而采取的有关税收、借债水平和政府支出的政策，即政府为了实现其宏观经济政策目标而对其收入和支出水平所做出的决策。

自动稳定器：指经济系统本身存在的一种会减少各种干扰对国民收入冲击的机制，能够在经济繁荣时期自动抑制膨胀，在经济衰退时期自动减轻萧条，无需政府采取任何行动。

斟酌使用的财政政策：为确保经济稳定，政府要审时度势，主动采取一些财政措施，变动支出水平或税收以稳定总需求水平，使之接近物价稳定的充分就业水平。

这就是斟酌使用的财政政策。

周期平衡预算：政府在一个经济周期中保持预算平衡。

货币政策：中央银行控制货币供给量以及通过货币供应量来调节利率进而影响投资和整个经济以达到一定经济目标的行为。

货币乘数：又称货币创造乘数，是指基础货币量变动引起货币总供给量变动的比率。

法定准备金：准备金在存款中最低的比率是由中央银行规定的，因而这一比率称为法定准备金。

贴现率：商业银行在用现金购进未到期票据时，可按该票据到期值的一定百分比作为利息预先扣除，这个百分比就叫做贴现率。

公开市场业务：中央银行在公开市场上买卖政府债券以控制货币供给与利率的货币政策手段。

挤出效应：若政府实行一项扩张性财政政策，会使得国民收入增加，因而对货币的交易需求增加了，在货币供给量不变的条件下，人们用于投机需求的货币需要相应减少，这就要求利率上升。

利率的上升抑制了私人投资，这就是“挤出效应”。

二、单选题1—5 DAABA 6—10 CCCAA三、简答题1．答：充分就业：充分就业并不是完全就业，而是维持一定的失业率。

“充分就业”时所维持的失业率要在社会可允许的范围之内，能为社会所接受。

经济增长：在一个特定时期内经济社会所生产的人均产量和人均收入的持续增长。

西方经济学宏观部分课后习题答案西方经济学宏观部分课后习题答案第十三章西方国民收入核算3．在统计中，社会保险税增加对GNP、NNP、NI、PI和DPI这五个总量中哪个总量有影响?为什么?答：因为社会保险税是直接税，故GNP、NNP、NI均不受其影响，又因为它是由企业上缴的职工收入中的一部分，所以PI和DPI均受其影响。

4．如果甲乙两国并成一个国家，对GNP总和会有什么影响?(假定两国产出不变)答：假定不存在具有双重居民身份的情况，则合并对GNP总和没有影响。

因为原来甲国居民在乙国的产出已经计入甲国的GNP，同样，乙国居民在甲国的产出已经计入乙国的GNP。

在存在双重居民身份生产者的情况下，则GNP减少。

5．从下列资料中找出:(1) 国民收入(2) 国民生产净值(3) 国民生产总值(4) 个人收入(5) 个人可支配收入(6) 个人储蓄单位：亿美元资本消耗补偿雇员酬金企业利息支付间接税个人租金收入公司利润非公司企业主收入红利社会保险税个人所得税消费者支付的利息政府支付的利息政府和企业转移支付个人消费支出356.41866.6264.9266.334.1164.8120.866.4253.9402.164.4105.1374.51991.9答：(1) 国民收入=雇员佣金+企业利息支付+个人租金收入+公司利润+非公司企业主收入(2) 国民生产净值＝国民收入+间接税(3) 国民生产总值＝国民生产净值+资本消耗补偿(4) 个人收入＝国民收入－公司利润－社会保障税＋红利＋政府和企业转移支付(5) 个人可支配收入＝个人收入－个人所得税(6)个人储蓄＝个人可支配收入－个人消费支出6．假定一国下列国民收入统计资料：单位：亿美元国民生产总值总投资净投资消费政府购买政府预算盈余4800800300300096030试计算：(1) 国民生产净值(2)净出口(3)政府收入减去转移支付后的收入(4) 个人可支配收入(5)个人储蓄答：（1）国民生产净值=GNP－（总投资折旧－净投资）=4800－（800－300）=4300（2）净出口=GNP－（消费＋总投资＋政府购买）=4800－（3000+800+960）=40（3）政府税收减去转移支付后的收入=政府购买＋政府预算盈余=960＋30=990（4）个人可支配收入=NNP－税收＋政府转移支付=NNP－（税收－政府转移支付）=4300－990=3310（5）个人储蓄=个人可支配收入-消费=3310－3000=3107．假设国民生产总值是5000，个人可支配收入是4100，政府预算赤字是200，消费是3800，贸易赤字是100(单位：亿元)，试计算：(1) 储蓄(2) 政府支出(3) 投资答：（1）储蓄=DPI－C=4100－3800=300（2）因为：I＋G＋(X－M)=S＋T所以：I=S＋(T－G)－(X－M)=300－200－(-100)=200（3）政府支出G=1100第十四章简单国民收入决定理论2．在均衡产出水平上，是否计划存货投资和非计划存货投资都必然为零?答：在均衡产出水平上，计划存货投资不一定为0，而非计划存货投资则应该为0。

一、单项选择题题目1正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干当国际收支赤字时，一般来说要使用的调整策略是（）选择一项：A. 增加进口B. 汇率升值C. 外汇管制D. 增加出口反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：增加出口题目2正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干如果一国经济起先处于内外均衡状况，现在出口额有了大幅度的提高，可能出现的情况是（）选择一项：A. 本国产品价格下降，有利于提高同类商品的国际竞争能力，出口持续增长B. 促进新的生产能力形成，供给将增加，从而提高总产出水平C. 进口会随之增加，使国际收支恢复平衡D. 出现过度需求，引起国内通货膨胀反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：出现过度需求，引起国内通货膨胀题目3正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干在下列情况下，乘数最大的是（）选择一项：A. 开放型国家的边际储蓄倾向是0.3，边际进口倾向是0.2B. 封闭型国家的边际消费倾向是0.6C. 开放型国家的边际消费倾向是0.8，边际进口倾向是0.2D. 封闭型国家的边际储蓄倾向是0.3反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：封闭型国家的边际储蓄倾向是0.3题目4正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干一般来说，外贸乘数比投资乘数要（）选择一项：A. 小B. 无法比较C. 大D. 相等反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：小题目5正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干进口边际倾向的上升（）选择一项：A. 将使开放经济的乘数减少B. 将改变国内消费品支出曲线斜率C. 使国内消费品支出曲线向上移动D. 将使开放经济的乘数增大反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：将使开放经济的乘数减少题目6正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干决定国际间资本流动的主要因素是各国的（）选择一项：A. 收入水平B. 进出口差额C. 价格水平D. 利率水平反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：利率水平题目7正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干在开放经济中，不是政府宏观政策最终目标的是（）选择一项：A. 国际收支平衡B. 经济均衡增长C. 不存在贸易逆差或顺差D. 消除通货膨胀反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：不存在贸易逆差或顺差题目8正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干在国民边际消费倾向为0.9的情况下，出现50亿元的通货紧缩缺口时，国民收入减少量为（）选择一项：A. 450亿元B. 600亿元C. 50亿元D. 500亿元反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：500亿元题目9正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干一个国家顺差过多，表明（）选择一项：A. 实行了汇率管制B. 积累了外汇C. 外汇得到利用充分D. 通货膨胀反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：积累了外汇题目10正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干如果国际收支顺差，意味着商业银行和中央银行的外汇储备（）选择一项：A. 增加B. 不能确定C. 不变D. 减少反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：增加题目11正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干经济开放度是衡量一国开放程度的指标，即（）选择一项：A. 出口与国内生产总值之间的比例B. 出口减去进口与国内生产总值之间的比例C. 出口与进口的平均值与国内生产总值之间的比例D. 进口与国内生产总值之间的比例反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：进口与国内生产总值之间的比例题目12正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干开放条件下国民收入均衡的条件是（）选择一项：A. I+G+X=S+T+MB. I+G=S+TC. I=SD. I+G+X+N=S+T+M+F反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：I+G+X=S+T+M题目13正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干美元贬值将会（）选择一项：A. 减少美国的出口和进口B. 减少美国的出口并增加其进口C. 增加美国的出口和进口D. 有利于美国出口不利于进口反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：有利于美国出口不利于进口题目14正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干如果经常项目上出现赤字（）选择一项：A. 出口小于进口B. 出口和进口都减少C. 出口和进口相等D. 出口和进口相等且减少反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：出口小于进口题目15正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干从纯经济的观点来看，最好的关税税率为（）选择一项：A. 使国际收支达到平衡B. 零C. 能使国内、外的同类商品价格相等D. 不至于引起国外的贸易报复反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：零题目16正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干与对外贸易乘数无关的因素是（）选择一项：A. 边际进口倾向B. 边际效率倾向C. 边际税收倾向D. 边际消费倾向反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：边际效率倾向标记题目信息文本二、多项选择题题目17正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干国际收支平衡表中的经常项目主要有（）选择一项或多项：A. 国外投资的利息和股息B. 劳务收支C. 外汇储备D. 单方面转移支付E. 商品贸易收支反馈你的回答正确The correct answers are: 商品贸易收支, 劳务收支, 国外投资的利息和股息, 单方面转移支付题目18正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干组成国际收支平衡表的项目有（）选择一项或多项：A. 资本项目B. 调整项目C. 错误与遗漏项目D. 官方储备项目E. 经常项目反馈你的回答正确The correct answers are: 经常项目, 资本项目, 错误与遗漏项目, 官方储备项目题目19正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干使国民收入增加的因素有（）选择一项或多项：A. 边际储蓄倾向提高B. 汇率下降C. 边际进口倾向提高D. 边际消费倾向提高E. 边际税收倾向提高反馈你的回答正确The correct answers are: 边际消费倾向提高, 汇率下降题目20正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干要提高国民收入增长率，就要（）选择一项或多项：A. 降低边际进口倾向B. 提高边际储蓄倾向C. 降低边际消费倾向D. 提高边际消费倾向E. 提高边际进口倾向反馈你的回答正确The correct answers are: 提高边际消费倾向, 降低边际进口倾向题目21正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干如果边际消费倾向下降，可能带来的结果是（）选择一项或多项：A. 边际储蓄倾向上升B. 消费增加C. 储蓄增加D. 国民收入下降E. 平均储蓄倾向下降反馈你的回答正确The correct answers are: 国民收入下降, 边际储蓄倾向上升, 储蓄增加标记题目信息文本三、判断题题目22正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干外汇储备增加会减少一国中央银行干预外汇市场的能力。

西方经济学（宏观部分）课后习题答案目录第十二章国民收入核算 01第十三章简单国民收入决定理论 06第十四章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡 11第十五章宏观经济政策分析 18第十六章宏观经济政策实践 27第十七章总需求一总供给模型 32第十八章失业与通货膨胀 37第十九章开放经济下的短期经济模型 42第二十章经济增长和经济周期理论 46第二十一章宏观经济学的微观基础 52 第二十二章宏观经济学在目前的争论和共识 60第二十三章西方经济学与中国 65第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别？为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的，有效的，而从宏观看却是不合理的，无效的？解答：两者之间的区别在于：(1)研究的对象不同。

微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为，而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。

(2)解决的问题不同。

微观经济学要解决资源配置问题，而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。

(3)中心理论不同。

微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的，而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论，所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。

(4)研究方法不同。

微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法，而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。

两者之间的联系主要表现在：(1)相互补充。

经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。

为此，既要实现资源的最优配置，又要实现资源的充分利用。

微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题，而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。

它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。

(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。

(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。

当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究，即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。

由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同，分析方法也不同，因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的，而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。

第12章国民收入核算1、解答：政府转移支付不计入GDP,由于政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收(包括社会保障税)和社会保险及社会救济等把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中，并没有相应的货物或劳物发生。

例如，政府给残疾人发放救济金，并不是残疾人创造了收入；相反，倒是因为他丧失了创造收入的能力从而失去生活来源才给予救济的。

购买一辆用过的卡车不计入GDP,因为在生产吋己经计入过。

购买普通股票不计入GDP,因为经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出，即购买新厂房，设备和存货的行为，而人们购买股票和债券只是一种证券交易活动，并不是实际的牛产经营活动。

购买一块地产也不计入GDP,因为购买地产只是一种所有权的转移活动，不属于经济意义的投资活动，所以不计入GDPo2、解答：社会保险税实质是企业和职工为得到社会保障而支付的保险金，它由政府有关部门(一般是社会保险局)按一定比率以税收形式征收的。

社会保险税是从国民收入中扣除的, 因此社会保险税的增加并不影响GDP , NDP和NI,但影响个人收入PL社会保险税增加会减少个人收入，从而也从某种意义上会影响个人可支配收入。

然而，应当认为，社会保险税的增加并不影响可支配收入，因为一旦个人收入决定以后，只有个人所得税的变动才会影响个人可支配收入DPlo3、如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP总和会有影响。

因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家吋，双方可能有贸易往来，但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP,对两国GDP总和不会有影响。

举例说：甲国向乙国出口10台机器，价值10万美元，乙国向甲国出口800套服装, 价值8万美元，从甲国看，计入GDP的有净出口2万美元，计入乙国的有净出口 - 2万美元；从两国GDP总和看，计入GDP的价值为0。

如果这两个国家并成一个国家，两国贸易变成两个地区的贸易。

甲地区出售给乙地区1()台机器，从收入看，甲地区增加1()万美元; 从支出看乙地区增加10万美元。