迷信(superstition

迷信英语作文Superstitions and Their Influence on English。

Superstitions are beliefs or practices that are not based on scientific reasoning or evidence, but rather on traditional or cultural beliefs. They have been a part of human culture for centuries and are still prevalent in many parts of the world. English language and culture are no exception to this, as there are many superstitions thathave influenced the language and its usage.One of the most common superstitions in English is the belief in lucky or unlucky numbers. For example, the number 13 is considered unlucky in many English-speaking countries, while the number 7 is considered lucky. This belief inlucky or unlucky numbers has influenced the language in many ways, such as the use of phrases like "lucky seven" or "unlucky thirteen". It has also led to the omission of the 13th floor in many buildings, with the number being skipped from the elevator buttons and floor numbering.Another superstition that has influenced English is the belief in the power of certain words or phrases. For example, the phrase "break a leg" is often used to wish someone good luck before a performance, as saying "good luck" is believed to bring bad luck. Similarly, the word "jinx" is used to describe a situation where someone has brought bad luck upon themselves or others. These beliefs have led to the creation of many idioms and expressions in English, such as "jinxed", "knock on wood", and "touch wood".Superstitions have also influenced the use of certain animals in English idioms and expressions. For example, the black cat is often associated with bad luck, and the phrase "a cat has nine lives" is used to describe someone who has survived a dangerous situation. Similarly, the owl is often associated with wisdom and knowledge, and the phrase "wise as an owl" is used to describe someone who is knowledgeable or intelligent.In addition to these examples, there are many othersuperstitions that have influenced English language and culture. For example, the belief in ghosts and spirits has led to the creation of many ghost stories and horror movies in English-speaking countries. The belief in the power of amulets and talismans has led to the use of lucky charms and symbols in English culture, such as the horseshoe,four-leaf clover, and rabbit's foot.While some may argue that superstitions are harmless and add a bit of fun and mystery to life, others believe that they can be harmful and lead to irrational thinking and behavior. It is important to approach superstitions with a critical and rational mindset, and to not let them dictate our actions or beliefs.In conclusion, superstitions have had a significant influence on English language and culture, from the use of lucky or unlucky numbers to the creation of idioms and expressions. While some may find them entertaining or intriguing, it is important to approach them with arational mindset and not let them dictate our actions or beliefs.。

“迷信”一词的起源“迷信”这个概念最早是由新柏拉图主义者提出并用以指称不正确的信仰，随着奥古斯丁对基督教神学体系的建立以及与异族的接触，“迷信”专门用以称呼非基督教信仰，言外之意惟有基督教才是世界上“最正宗”的宗教，异族的信仰皆是一种神灵崇拜、巫术、“迷信”。

宗教改革之后，新教继承了天主教对正统信仰与迷信的划分。

而此时也正是科学传播的早期阶段，对理性的追求将宗教与科学对立了起来。

由培根开启的近代科学继承了文艺复兴时期怀疑权威的传统，不仅审视迷信，还质疑经院哲学和宗教，20世纪20年代，科学占据了权威的地位，它让人相信自然法则是支配宇宙的惟一力量，宗教也被归入“迷信”之列。

总之，“迷信”（superstition）一开始是指与基督教相异的宗教信仰，后来随着西方科学的发展，它也指包括基督教在内的宗教信仰。

近代中国“迷信”概念的演变经历了相似的过程，但也有不同之处。

一、唐代至19世纪末出现的“迷信”一词无批判意义，不指向民间信仰，“迷信”一词使用的频率很低。

最早使用“迷信”一词的，是在一篇唐代墓志中：“既下车，闻有僧道峦属火於顶，‘加钳於颈’，以苦行惑民，人心大迷信。

”1沈洁认为此处“迷信”的意思泛指一种非理性的心理状态，并非专门指向民间的信仰形态。

219世纪末以前在对民间信仰的论述中常用的词汇主要有：淫祀、愚迷、愚昧、迷惑、迷妄等。

较早出现使用“迷信”一词的是在麦仲华主编的《皇朝经世文新编》和陈忠倚主编的《皇朝经世文三编》，这两本经世文编都成书于光绪二十四年（1898年）。

《皇朝经世文新编》卷16“外史”类中，收入了日本佚名作者的文章《论欧洲现情》，其中使用了“迷信”一词：“何则英驻土耳其大使言曰，亚儿米尼亚富人本不喜狂妄唱独立之说，诚恐刚暴无谋，奋激土人迷信宗教之心，遂以紊世局之静谧也。

”3沈洁认为这应当是“日本人用中文写作的时政文章，在戊戌维新思潮中传入中国。

”4《皇朝经世文三编》卷74中“外洋商务”类有《外洋商务巵言》一文，此文从内容到词句与上文所引《论欧洲现情》几乎完全一样，沈洁认为两部书中把“迷信”与“宗教”连用，是指同理性主义相对应的信仰世界或者更泛义地指向一种非常的心理状态，基本上是一个中性词，用来指代一种世界观，并不是直接指向对大众信仰形式的批判。

Superstition in China: A CulturalPhenomenonSuperstition, a common occurrence in various cultures, plays a significant role in Chinese society. Rooted in ancient traditions and beliefs, these superstitions have survived the test of time, influencing the daily lives of the Chinese people. This essay delves into the phenomenon of superstition in China, exploring its origins, manifestations, and the reasons for its persistence.The roots of Chinese superstition can be traced back to ancient times, when people relied on these beliefs to explain natural phenomena and seek guidance in their lives. For instance, the Chinese zodiac, which assigns a specific animal to each year of the lunar cycle, is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture. People often believe that their zodiac animal influences their personality and fate. Similarly, feng shui, the ancient practice of arranging objects in harmony with natural forces to promote positive energy, is widely followed in China.Manifestations of superstition are numerous and diverse in China. From traditional practices like burning incenseand paper money for ancestors to seeking auspicious dates and times for important events, superstition is pervasive. For instance, many Chinese believe that certain numbers, such as 8, are auspicious because they sound similar to words that convey positive meanings in Chinese. Conversely, numbers like 4 are considered inauspicious because they sound similar to words that have negative connotations.The persistence of superstition in China can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the influence of Confucianism, a major philosophical tradition in China, emphasizes the importance of respecting ancestors and ancestors' wishes. This cultural value encourages the continuation of traditional practices, including superstitious ones. Secondly, the rapid pace of modernization in China has led to uncertainty and anxiety among some individuals. In such contexts, superstition offers a sense of comfort and reassurance, explaining unexplainable phenomena and providing guidance in uncertain times.However, it is important to note that whilesuperstition remains a significant part of Chinese culture,there is also a growing trend of skepticism and rational thinking. Many Chinese, especially the younger generation, are becoming more skeptical of traditional beliefs and are seeking scientific explanations for phenomena. This shift towards rational thinking and skepticism is a positive sign for the future of Chinese society, as it encouragescritical thinking and the pursuit of knowledge.In conclusion, superstition is a deeply rooted cultural phenomenon in China, manifesting itself in various practices and beliefs. While its persistence can be attributed to cultural values and social uncertainties, there is also a growing trend of skepticism and rational thinking. This平衡 of tradition and modernity reflects the dynamic nature of Chinese culture and society.**中国的迷信：一种文化现象**迷信，这一在各种文化中普遍存在的现象，在中国社会中扮演着重要角色。

“迷信”一词的渊源辨析作者：何昭旭来源：《群文天地》2012年第22期清末以来，“迷信”就是一个比较热门的话题，一直到今天，讨论“迷信”问题的文章也并不鲜见，其角度也是多种多样，有的从历史的角度，有的从文化的角度，有的从心理的角度等等。

可是对于“迷信”一词的渊源流变，人们则注意甚少，凡是涉及这一问题的，大多是采取笼而统之的说法，一般而言有这么三种说法，其一、“迷信”一词为我国古典汉语所固有。

其二、该词源自佛教。

其三、来自于日本对西方概念的转译。

第一种观点认为，“‘迷信’这个词，原来常被宋明理学家用来批评庶民执迷不悟的信仰行为形式，与‘淫祠’、‘ 淫戏’等概念在意义上相一致，指与理学提倡的正统伦理观念和行为方式相对立、有碍正统伦理秩序推行的社会和思想活动。

”但是当笔者按图索骥去找寻宋明理学家们使用“迷信”一词的具体实例的时候，却发现一无所获，中国人民大学清史研究所的沈洁博士（现就职于上海社会科学院）在《“ 反迷信” 话语及其现代起源》一文里讲“迷信”一词唯一的一次出现在我国的古典文献里是在唐朝的一篇墓志铭当中：“既下车，闻有僧道峦属火於顶，加钳於颈，以苦行惑民，人心大迷信，脱衣辍食，竭产施与。

”沈洁博士的观点大概是正确的，因为笔者曾用尽办法去搜寻查找，亦未见其他古典文献中有类似情况出现。

另一方面，我们也会注意到在这篇墓志铭当中所使用的“迷信”一词的词性与含义与今天所使用的“迷信”决然不同，此二者显然没有有继承关系。

因此认为“迷信”一词自古有之的观点不妥。

至于第二种观点所认为的“迷信”一词来源于佛教，在书籍、网络中有不少人持有这种看法。

例如朱越利在《当代中国宗教禁忌》中说“迷信一词是来自于佛教经典的，是佛教称那种不能正确理解‘诸行无常、诸法无我’义理的人，对充满贪心、怨恨心和痴迷心的人为迷信。

”又如蒋劲松、杨新宇在《佛教与科学面面观》里说“由于佛教强调觉悟自心，反对迷信，主张因果自作自受，反对个人崇拜，就连‘迷信’一词本身就是佛教首先提出的，所以从古以来就是反对各种邪教迷信的重要力量。

清末以来，“迷信”就是一个比较热门的话题，一直到今天，讨论“迷信”问题的文章也并不鲜见，其角度也是多种多样，有的从历史的角度，有的从文化的角度，有的从心理的角度等等。

可是对于“迷信”一词的渊源流变，人们则注意甚少，凡是涉及这一问题的，大多是采取笼而统之的说法，一般而言有这么三种说法，其一、“迷信”一词为我国古典汉语所固有。

其二、该词源自佛教。

其三、来自于日本对西方概念的转译。

第一种观点认为，“‘迷信’这个词，原来常被宋明理学家用来批评庶民执迷不悟的信仰行为形式，与‘淫祠’、‘淫戏’等概念在意义上相一致，指与理学提倡的正统伦理观念和行为方式相对立、有碍正统伦理秩序推行的社会和思想活动。

”但是当笔者按图索骥去找寻宋明理学家们使用“迷信”一词的具体实例的时候，却发现一无所获，中国人民大学清史研究所的沈洁博士（现就职于上海社会科学院）在《“反迷信”话语及其现代起源》一文里讲“迷信”一词唯一的一次出现在我国的古典文献里是在唐朝的一篇墓志铭当中：“既下车，闻有僧道峦属火於顶，加钳於颈，以苦行惑民，人心大迷信，脱衣辍食，竭产施与。

”沈洁博士的观点大概是正确的，因为笔者曾用尽办法去搜寻查找，亦未见其他古典文献中有类似情况出现。

另一方面，我们也会注意到在这篇墓志铭当中所使用的“迷信”一词的词性与含义与今天所使用的“迷信”决然不同，此二者显然没有有继承关系。

因此认为“迷信”一词自古有之的观点不妥。

至于第二种观点所认为的“迷信”一词来源于佛教，在书籍、网络中有不少人持有这种看法。

例如朱越利在《当代中国宗教禁忌》中说“迷信一词是来自于佛教经典的，是佛教称那种不能正确理解‘诸行无常、诸法无我’义理的人，对充满贪心、怨恨心和痴迷心的人为迷信。

”又如蒋劲松、杨新宇在《佛教与科学面面观》里说“由于佛教强调觉悟自心，反对迷信，主张因果自作自受，反对个人崇拜，就连‘迷信’一词本身就是佛教首先提出的，所以从古以来就是反对各种邪教迷信的重要力量。

预定论名词解释(二)资深创作者预定论名词解释预定论（Determinism）是一种哲学观点，认为一切事件都有一个确定的原因，世界的发展和运行按照确定的规律进行。

预定论涉及到许多相关的名词和概念，下面是一些相关名词及其解释。

1.因果律（Causality）因果律是指一切事件都有其因果关系，即每一个事件都是由前面的某个或某些事件所引起的。

在预定论中，因果律是决定一切事件的原因，它认为每个事件的发生都有一个确定的原因。

例如，如果一个苹果从树上掉下来砸到了地面，这个事件的原因可以是重力的作用，也就是因果律。

根据这个观点，如果我们知道了某个事件的所有相关因素，那么我们就可以预测和解释这个事件的发生。

2.宇宙决定论（Cosmic Determinism）宇宙决定论是预定论的一个更加广义的形式，它认为整个宇宙的发展和运行都是按照确定的规律进行的。

它不仅包括了人类的行为，也包括了自然界的各种现象和事件。

例如，宇宙决定论认为所有自然界的运行都遵循一定的规律，比如行星绕太阳运行的轨迹，植物的生长与季节变化等等。

宇宙决定论认为这些现象的发生都有其确定的原因，能够被科学方法所解释和预测。

3.必然性（Necessity）必然性是指一件事情不可避免或者无法改变的性质。

在预定论中，必然性是事件按照确定的规律进行的结果，即事件发生是不可避免的。

例如，如果一个人在燃气炉上点火，那么燃气炉会产生火焰。

这个事件的发生是按照燃烧物质与氧气反应产生的规律进行的，是一个必然的结果。

4.自由意志（Free Will）自由意志是指个体能够自主做出决策和选择的能力。

与预定论相对立，自由意志认为人类有能力在某种程度上摆脱因果律的束缚，做出不受先前因果关系限制的决策。

例如，如果一个人在超市里面面临购买两种商品的选择，自由意志认为个体可以独立地做出选择，并不受到先前事件的影响。

5.唯物主义（Materialism）唯物主义是一种哲学观点，认为物质是世界的唯一本原和实在。

superstition的形容词Superstition是指一种迷信的信念或思想，这种信仰通常没有科学或合理的基础。

在许多文化中，人们认为某些符号或行为有神秘或超自然的力量。

因此，Superstition在人类历史上一直存在着，并继续对一些人产生影响。

形容这种Superstition信仰的词汇有很多，以下是一些常用的形容词：1. Irrational（不合理的）这个形容词形容的是那些没有依据或科学依据的Superstition信仰。

当人们没有足够的证据或理由支持他们的信仰时，他们的信仰就变得不合理了。

2. Unfounded（无根据的）这个形容词表示那些Superstition信仰没有真正的根据或证据支持。

当人们相信某些事情却没有任何证据时，他们的信仰就是无根据的。

3. Pseudoscientific（伪科学的）这个形容词形容Superstition信仰中涉及到的伪科学概念。

一些Superstition信仰涉及到了人们真实科学知识的错解，这些信仰因此被称为伪科学的。

4. Unproven（未经证实的）这个形容词形容那些Superstition信仰没有被证实是正确的。

当人们相信某些事情，但还没有足够的证据证明它们是正确的时，它们就是未经证实的。

5. Superstitious（迷信的）这个形容词直接表示了Superstition信仰中的迷信。

当人们相信某些符号或行为会给他们带来好运或坏运时，他们就是迷信的。

总体而言，这些形容词显示了Superstition的信仰通常是不合理、无根据、伪科学的，还没有得到证实。

当人们迷信地接受这些Superstition信仰时，他们会失去理性和科学精神。

因此，我们应该坚持科学的思考方式，拒绝迷信和无根据的信仰。

写一篇关于迷信的英语作文The Perils of Superstition.Superstition, a belief in the occult or in theinfluence of stars and planets on human affairs, hasexisted throughout history and across cultures. Itmanifests in various forms, ranging from minor rituals to significant life decisions, often leading to unnecessary anxiety, irrational behavior, and even harmful consequences. In this essay, we delve into the roots of superstition, its impact on individuals and communities, and the need to cultivate a rational and scientific mindset to overcome its grip.The origins of superstition are often traced back to ancient times, when people lacked a scientificunderstanding of natural phenomena. In the absence of scientific knowledge, people resorted to attributing events to supernatural forces or the influence of deities. Beliefs in omens, curses, and lucky charms gained prominence, oftenserving as a coping mechanism to explain and control the unpredictable.In modern times, despite the progress of science and technology, superstition still persists. It can be seen in various aspects of life, such as the belief that certain numbers or colors bring good luck, or that certain rituals must be performed to avoid bad luck. Such beliefs often lead to irrational decisions and actions, such as avoiding certain dates or numbers, or investing in expensive talismans instead of seeking medical treatment.The impact of superstition on individuals and communities can be profound. It can lead to unnecessary anxiety and stress, affecting people's mental health. For example, individuals who believe in curses or evil spirits may live in constant fear, affecting their quality of life. Communities that subscribe to superstitious beliefs may also be prone to outbreaks of panic and hysteria during crises, as people attribute events to supernatural forces rather than seeking rational solutions.Superstition can also have a negative impact on society. It can lead to the misallocation of resources, asindividuals and communities prioritize superstitiousrituals and practices over more effective and efficient solutions. For example, instead of investing in educationor healthcare, some may choose to spend their resources on expensive talismans or priests who promise to cast away curses. This can have long-term consequences, affecting the economic and social development of communities.To overcome the grip of superstition, it is essentialto cultivate a rational and scientific mindset. Education plays a crucial role in this endeavor. By providing accessto scientific knowledge and critical thinking skills, wecan help individuals understand the natural world and the laws of physics that govern it. This, in turn, can helpthem see through the veil of superstition and make informed decisions based on evidence and logic.Additionally, promoting rational thinking andskepticism can help individuals question and challenge superstitious beliefs. Encouraging people to questionauthority and seek independent verification of claims can help them break free from the shackles of superstition and embrace a more rational and scientific approach to life.In conclusion, superstition is a pervasive force that can have profound impacts on individuals and communities. It is essential to recognize its harmful effects and take steps to overcome its grip. By cultivating a rational and scientific mindset, promoting education and skepticism, we can move towards a more enlightened and rational society that is free from the shackles of superstition.。

初中英语作文：迷信SuperstitionThough the science is highly advocated, people try to explain everything in science, there are still some people believe that something happen for some certain reasons, and the ghosts manipulate the supernature. In the older generation, they believe in ghosts so much, my grandma is one of them. She burns joss sticks day and night, she says if she keeps doing this, and the immortal will see her sincere and will bless our family fast and sound. As for me, I don’t believe in superstition, a ghost exists in those people who do the guilty things’ heart. But if people believe in superstition and have faith, that will be good for them, so they won’t feel empty and do the right things.虽然科学得到了高度的提高，人们尝试着用科学解释每一件事情，但是仍然有一些人相信事出是有因的，鬼魂在背后操纵着超自然现象。

在老一辈里，他们很相信鬼怪，我的奶奶就是期中一个。

她从早到晚的烧香，她说如果她坚持这样做的话，神仙就会看到她的诚意，就会保佑我们家身体健康。

正确认识宗教与迷信的差别作者：思念淡然若水摘要：一直以来人们对宗教都存在着很大的误解，以至于一谈起宗教人们就会把它和封建迷信联系在一起，这种思想是极为不合理的，但却又是可以理解的，因为这所有的偏见都源于社会民众对宗教的不理解或者认识的不够清楚。

为了使人们能够更加深刻地认识宗教，正确地区分宗教与迷信的差别，接下来就让我们一起来了解二者之间的差异。

关键词：宗教迷信宗教政策差异宗教与迷信是一个古老的问题，又是一个复杂的社会问题。

就古老性来看，迷信比宗教还要古老；就复杂性来看，宗教比迷信复杂得多。

宗教问题牵扯面广、政策性强，它具有长期性、复杂性、群众性、民族性和国际性的特点，这就决定了宗教问题往往就是民族问题，民族宗教问题处理不当，就会诱发一系列的社会问题。

然而，在当今社会上还有相当多的一部分人对宗教和迷信的问题一知半解、或知之甚少、一无所知，误以为宗教与迷信是一回事，允许“宗教信仰自由”，也就应该允许迷信的自由；坚决取缔迷信，也就是坚决“消灭”宗教。

其实，这种认识在理论上是极端错误的，在实践上也是十分有害的。

本文就什么是宗教，什么是迷信以及宗教与迷信的区别，发表一些个人的认识和看法。

一、宗教和迷信的含义（一）什么是宗教宗教有着各种各样的定义，多数定义试图在很多极端的解释和无意义表述中找到平衡。

有人认为应用形式和理论去定义它，也有人更强调经验、感性、直觉和伦理的因素。

社会学家和人类学家倾向于把宗教看作是一个抽象的观念、含义。

这种抽象的概念是基于自身文化发展而建立起来的。

在《宗教百科全书》中，宗教的定义是这样的：总的来说，每个已知的文化中都包含了或多或少的宗教信仰，它们或明了或令人疑惑得试图完美解释这个世界。

当某些行为典范在特定的一个文化中得到确立时，它就将在这个文化中打下深深的历史烙印。

即便宗教在形式、完整度、可信度等等都应不同文化而不同，但人在社会中还是不可避免要受到宗教影响。

宗教包括了符号意义、信仰、叙事体的故事，应该给予修行者生命体验的宗教实践。

“迷信”一词的起源“迷信”这个概念最早是由新柏拉图主义者提出并用以指称不正确的信仰，随着奥古斯丁对基督教神学体系的建立以及与异族的接触，“迷信”专门用以称呼非基督教信仰，言外之意惟有基督教才是世界上“最正宗”的宗教，异族的信仰皆是一种神灵崇拜、巫术、“迷信”。

宗教改革之后，新教继承了天主教对正统信仰与迷信的划分。

而此时也正是科学传播的早期阶段，对理性的追求将宗教与科学对立了起来。

由培根开启的近代科学继承了文艺复兴时期怀疑权威的传统，不仅审视迷信，还质疑经院哲学和宗教，20世纪20年代，科学占据了权威的地位，它让人相信自然法则是支配宇宙的惟一力量，宗教也被归入“迷信”之列。

总之，“迷信”（superstition）一开始是指与基督教相异的宗教信仰，后来随着西方科学的发展，它也指包括基督教在内的宗教信仰。

近代中国“迷信”概念的演变经历了相似的过程，但也有不同之处。

一、唐代至19世纪末出现的“迷信”一词无批判意义，不指向民间信仰，“迷信”一词使用的频率很低。

最早使用“迷信”一词的，是在一篇唐代墓志中：“既下车，闻有僧道峦属火於顶，‘加钳於颈’，以苦行惑民，人心大迷信。

”1沈洁认为此处“迷信”的意思泛指一种非理性的心理状态，并非专门指向民间的信仰形态。

219世纪末以前在对民间信仰的论述中常用的词汇主要有：淫祀、愚迷、愚昧、迷惑、迷妄等。

较早出现使用“迷信”一词的是在麦仲华主编的《皇朝经世文新编》和陈忠倚主编的《皇朝经世文三编》，这两本经世文编都成书于光绪二十四年（1898年）。

《皇朝经世文新编》卷16“外史”类中，收入了日本佚名作者的文章《论欧洲现情》，其中使用了“迷信”一词：“何则英驻土耳其大使言曰，亚儿米尼亚富人本不喜狂妄唱独立之说，诚恐刚暴无谋，奋激土人迷信宗教之心，遂以紊世局之静谧也。

”3沈洁认为这应当是“日本人用中文写作的时政文章，在戊戌维新思潮中传入中国。

”4《皇朝经世文三编》卷74中“外洋商务”类有《外洋商务巵言》一文，此文从内容到词句与上文所引《论欧洲现情》几乎完全一样，沈洁认为两部书中把“迷信”与“宗教”连用，是指同理性主义相对应的信仰世界或者更泛义地指向一种非常的心理状态，基本上是一个中性词，用来指代一种世界观，并不是直接指向对大众信仰形式的批判。

英语四级翻译备考题每日一练英语四级翻译备考题每日一练No success in life merely happens. 以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的英语四级翻译备考题每日一练，希望能给大家带来帮助!part 1请将下面这段话翻译成英文：中国的印章篆刻(seal carving)始于古代，贯穿于整个秦朝。

篆刻的印帝最初是作为皇帝的玉玺(imperial seal)来使用的。

皇家的印章被称为玺(Xi)并且只能由皇室成员使用。

秦朝之后，更多不同种类的印章出现了。

它们作为个性化的印戳用于私人用途。

这些非官方定制的印戳被称为印(Yin)。

在唐朝，由于迷信(superstition),印章的名称被改称为宝，理由是玺的发音与另一个表示“死亡”意思的汉字类似。

参考翻译:Chinese seal carving first appeared in ancient times and was used throughout the Qin Dynasty. It was initially employed as an imperial seal named Xi. These imperial seal carvings were used only by the royalty. Following this dynasty, more different kinds of seals appeared and were used by private folks as personalized stamps. These non-official stamps were called Yin. During the Tang Dynasty, the seals was renamed Bao as a result of superstition since the pronunciation of Xi is similar to that of another Chinese charactcr which means death.1.篆刻的印幸最初是作为皇帝的玉玺(imperial seal)来使用的:该句可译为被动句，谓语是"最初是作为…使用”，其中“使用”可用employ来表示，属于正式用语，故可翻译为was initially employed as。

迷信英文作文翻译英文：Superstition is a belief or practice that is not based on scientific evidence, but rather on myths, traditions, or supernatural forces. In my opinion, superstition is a dangerous and irrational way of thinking that can lead to harmful actions and beliefs.For example, some people believe that breaking a mirror will bring seven years of bad luck. This belief is not based on any scientific evidence, but rather on a superstition that has been passed down through generations. If someone were to break a mirror and believe in this superstition, they may become anxious and fearful for the next seven years, which could negatively impact their mental health.Another example is the belief in lucky charms or talismans. Some people believe that carrying a rabbit'sfoot or wearing a certain piece of jewelry will bring them good luck. This belief is not based on any scientific evidence, but rather on a superstition that has been perpetuated through cultural traditions. If someone were to rely on these lucky charms instead of their own abilities and hard work, they may miss out on opportunities and fail to achieve their goals.Superstition can also lead to harmful practices, such as witch hunts or exorcisms. In some cultures, people believe that certain individuals are possessed by evil spirits or are practicing witchcraft. This belief can lead to violent actions, such as the torture or killing of innocent people who are accused of being witches or possessed.In conclusion, superstition is a dangerous andirrational way of thinking that can lead to harmful actions and beliefs. It is important to rely on scientific evidence and critical thinking instead of superstition in order to make informed decisions and live a fulfilling life.中文：迷信是一种不基于科学证据而是基于神话、传统或超自然力量的信仰或实践。

7. 作为原始宗教的一条暗河，迷信似乎流淌在人类意识的表层之下。

自从有了人类行为的记载以来，它便这样流淌着。

尽管我不能予以证明，但我不信现今迷信比以往任何时候都更为盛行。

神学家告诉我们，“迷信”一词源于拉丁文supersisto,意即对神灵的畏惧。

虽然大多数人都能控制这种畏惧，但他们却不能将其根除，而且他们似乎也不想那么做。

Superstition seems to run, a submerged river of crude religion, below the surface of human consciousness. It has done so for as long as we have any chronicle of human behavior, and although I cannot prove it, I doubt if it is more prevalent today than it has always been. Superstition, the theologians tell us, comes from the Latin supersisto, meaning to stand in terror of the Deity. Most people keep their terror within bounds, but they cannot root it out, nor do they seem to want to do so.8. 正统宗教的教化衰落越严重或者越社会化，大众就越难将上帝视为“仁爱之神”，这个“仁爱之神”要重新担起他原先那明察万物且威慑人心的角色，需要抚慰与哄骗。

当孩子们害怕踩到人行道上的裂缝后就会有厄运降临之时，迷信很早便在他们的人生之中出现了，而且明显是不请自来。

迷信甚至还会潜藏于那些极为博学和虔诚的人群中间，例如塞缪尔•约翰逊博士，他在街上经过柱子，总觉得有必要摸摸它们。