IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry

醚的命名规则1. 引言醚是有机化合物的一类，其分子结构中含有一个或多个氧原子与两个碳原子相连。

醚具有广泛的应用领域，包括药物合成、溶剂、染料、香料等。

为了方便管理和使用，对醚的命名规则进行了系统的规定。

本文将详细介绍醚的命名规则，以便读者能够正确命名和理解醚化合物。

2. 醚的命名规则概述醚的命名规则主要遵循以下原则： - 醚的命名以较长的碳链为主链，以醚氧原子为侧链。

- 醚的命名中，氧原子被称为醚基。

- 醚的命名中，侧链醚基的位置由编号表示。

- 醚的命名中，侧链醚基的个数由前缀表示。

3. 醚的命名规则详解3.1 醚的主链命名醚的主链命名以较长的碳链为准，碳链中的一个碳原子被视为主链的起始点，其余的碳原子依次编号。

主链命名根据碳原子数量使用不同的前缀，如： - 一碳原子：甲基（methyl） - 二碳原子：乙基（ethyl） - 三碳原子：丙基（propyl） - 四碳原子：丁基（butyl） - 五碳原子：戊基（pentyl） - 六碳原子：己基（hexyl）3.2 醚基命名醚的命名中，氧原子被称为醚基。

醚基的命名使用前缀“氧”（oxy），例如： - 一氧（oxy） - 二氧（dioxy） - 三氧（trioxy）3.3 醚的侧链命名醚的命名中，侧链醚基的位置由编号表示。

编号从主链的起始点开始，依次向后编号。

例如，如果醚基连接到主链的第三个碳原子上，则命名中使用前缀“3-”。

例如： - 3-甲氧基（3-methoxy） - 4-乙氧基（4-ethoxy） - 2,5-二氧基（2,5-dioxy）3.4 醚的命名示例下面是几个醚化合物的命名示例： - 乙醚（ethyl ether）：由乙基和醚基组成的醚化合物。

- 丙醚（propyl ether）：由丙基和醚基组成的醚化合物。

- 2,4-二甲氧基苯（2,4-dimethoxybenzene）：苯环上有两个甲氧基的醚化合物。

4. 醚的命名规则总结醚的命名规则简单明了，遵循主链命名、醚基命名和侧链命名的原则。

有机化学常用网址整理http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Carey.html/iupac/nomenclature/On-Line Learning Center"Organic Chemistry" 5th ed. by Francis A. CareyIUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry有机合成：Organic Syntheses(有机合成手册), John Wiley & Sons (免费)/Named Organic Reactions Collection from the University ofOxford (有机合成中的命名反应库) (免费)/thirdyearcomputing/NamedOrganicReac...有机化学资源导航Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide/有机合成文献综述数据库Synthesis Reviews (免费)/srev/srev.htmCAMEO (预测有机化学反应产物的软件)/products/cameo/index.shtmlCarbohydrate Letters (免费,摘要)/Carbohydrate_Letters/Carbohydrate Research (免费,摘要)/locate/carresCurrent Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/coc/index.htmlElectronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (有机合成试剂百科全书e-EROS) /eros/European Journal of Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/jpages/1434-193X/Methods in Organic Synthesis (MOS,有机合成方法)/is/database/mosabou.htmOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlRussian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry (Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya) (免费,摘要)http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1068-1620Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry (Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii) (免费,摘要)http://www.maik.rssi.ru/journals/orgchem.htmScience of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformation/Solid-Phase Synthesis database (固相有机合成)/chem_db/sps.htmlSynthetic Communications (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/SCCSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (复杂碳水化合物研究中心)/合成材料老化与应用(免费,目录)/default.html金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm上海化学试剂研究所/英国化学数据服务中心CDS (Chemical Database Service)/cds/cds.html英国皇家化学会碳水化合物研究组织(Carbohydrate Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry)/lap/rsccom/dab/perk002.htm有机反应催化学会(ORCS, Organic Reaction Catalysis Society)/有机合成练习(免费)/中国科学院成都有机化学研究所：催化与环境工程研究发展中心/MainIndex.htm金属有机及元素有机化学：CASREACT - Chemical Reactions Database(CAS的化学反应数据库)/CASFILES/casreact.html日本丰桥大学Jinno实验室的研究数据库(液相色谱、多环芳烃/药物/杀虫剂的紫外谱、物性) (免费)http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/ENGLISH/RESEARCH/research...A New Framework for Porous Chemistry (金属有机骨架) (免费)/alchem/articles/1056983432324.htmlActa Crystallographica Section B (免费,摘要)/b/journalhomepage.htmlActa Crystallographica Section E (免费,摘要)/e/journalhomepage.htmlBibliographic Notebooks for Organometallic Chemistryhttp://www.ensc-lille.fr/recherche/cbco/bnoc.htmlBiological Trace Element Research (生物痕量元素研究杂志) (免费,摘要)/JournalDetail.pasp?issn=0163-4984...Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/locate/jnlabr/jomOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm金属有机参考读物：The Organometallic HyperTextBook by Rob Toreki/organomet/index.html金属有机化学国家重点实验室，中国科学院上海有机所/元素有机化学国家重点实验室（南开大学）/在线网络课程：有机金属反应和均相催化机理(Dermot O'Hare 主讲)/icl/dermot/organomet/药物化学：Fisher Scientific/PubMed: MEDLINE和PREMEDLINE (免费)/PubMed/生物医药:BioMedNet: The World Wide Club for the Biological and Medical Community /AIDSDRUGS (艾滋病药物) (免费)/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.htmlautodock (分子对接软件) (免费)/pub/olson-web/doc/autodock/DIRLINE (卫生与生物医药信息源库) (免费)/HISTLINE (医药史库) (免费)/TOXNET (化合物毒性相关数据库系列) (免费)/日本药典，第14版(免费)http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp14e/index.html小分子生物活性数据库ChemBank (免费)/Ashley Abstracts Database (药物研发、市场文献摘要) (免费)/databases/ashley/search.aspBIOSIS/BIOSIS/ONLINE/DBSS/biosisss.html从检索药物交易信息库PharmaDeals (部分免费)/从ChemWeb检索有机药物用途及别名库Negwer: organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms (部分免费)/negwer/negwersearch.html美国常用药品索引库RxList (免费)/美国国家医学图书馆NLM的免费在线数据库(免费)/hotartcl/chemtech/99/tour/internet.html制药公司目录(Pharmaceutical Companies on Virtual Library: Pharmacy Page)/company.html37℃医学网/AAPS PharmSci (免费,全文)/Abcam Ltd.有关抗体、试剂的销售，抗体的搜索)/Acta Pharmaceutica (免费,摘要)http://public.srce.hr/acphee/Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (免费,摘要)http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/drugdelivAmerican Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/ADAAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) (免费,全文)/Amgen Inc. (医药)/Anita's web picks (药学与药物化学信息导航)http://wwwcmc.pharm.uu.nl/oyen/webpicks.htmlAnnals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (免费,全文)/Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (免费,摘要) /Anti-Cancer Drug Design (免费,摘要)/antcan/。

化学有机物质英文命名规则The naming of organic substances in chemistry follows a set of consistent and systematic rules that allowscientists to unambiguously identify and communicate the structure of these compounds. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is responsible for establishing and maintaining these naming conventions, which are known as the IUPAC nomenclature.The IUPAC nomenclature is based on the structure of the organic compound, with the main focus being on the carbon skeleton. The naming system is hierarchical, starting with the largest and most complex part of the molecule and working down to the smallest and simplest components.Here are the basic rules and principles of the IUPAC nomenclature for organic compounds:1. Root Names: The root names of organic compounds are derived from the number of carbon atoms in the longestcontinuous chain of carbon atoms, known as the parent chain. For example, compounds with one to four carbon atoms are named methane, ethane, propane, and butane, respectively. Compounds with more than four carbon atoms are named by adding the prefix "pent-" (five), "hex-" (six), "hept-" (seven), "oct-" (eight), and so on, to the root name "ane" (indicating an alkane).2. Substituents: Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms attached to the parent chain. They are named separately and then added to the name of the parent chainas prefixes. For example, in the compound ethyl methyl ether, the parent chain is ethane, and the substituents are methyl and hydroxyl (OH). The name of the compound is derived by adding the prefix "methyl" to the name of the parent chain "ethane" and appending the suffix "-ol" to indicate the hydroxyl group.3. Position Numbers: The position of each substituenton the parent chain is indicated by a number followed by a comma. The number is the lowest possible integer that indicates the position of the substituent on the parentchain. If there are multiple substituents, they are numbered in order of their appearance in the chain, withthe lowest-numbered substituent appearing first in the name.4. Functional Groups: Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine the chemical properties of organic compounds. They are named as suffixes added to the name of the parent chain. For example, compounds with a carbonyl group (C=O) are named ketones or aldehydes depending on the position of the carbonyl group and the length of the carbon chain. Compounds with a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom are named alcohols.5. Alkenes and Alkynes: Compounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) are named alkenes, and compounds containing carbon-carbon triple bonds (C≡C) are named alkynes. The position of the double or triple bond is indicated by a number followed by a hyphen. For example, in the compound but-2-ene, the double bond is located between the second and third carbon atoms of the butane parent chain.6. Cyclic Compounds: Compounds that contain one or more closed rings of carbon atoms are named cycloalkanes if the ring is saturated (all carbon-carbon bonds are single) or alkenes if the ring contains one or more double bonds. The number of carbon atoms in the ring is indicated by a prefix (e.g., "cyclohex-" for a six-membered ring).7. Aromatic Compounds: Aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds with a special stability due to the presence of a delocalized pi electron system. They are named as derivatives of benzene, with the number of carbon atoms in the ring indicated by a prefix (e.g., "naphthalene" for a nine-membered aromatic ring). Substituents on aromatic rings are named as prefixes, with the position numbers indicating their relative positions on the ring.In addition to these basic rules, there are also specific naming conventions for more complex organic compounds, such as polymers, ions, and radicals. The IUPAC nomenclature is a comprehensive and detailed system that allows chemists to unambiguously communicate the structure and identity of organic compounds.It is important to note that while the IUPAC nomenclature is the internationally recognized standard for naming organic compounds, there are also common names or trade names that are widely used in everyday language or within specific industries. These common names may not follow the strict rules of IUPAC nomenclature but are widely recognized and understood by the general public or within specific professional communities.。

有机物的iupac英文命名法则IUPAC nomenclature is the systematic way of naming organic compounds based on their structure and functional groups. The rules were established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to ensure consistency and clarity in naming chemical compounds. In this document, we will discuss the key principles of IUPAC nomenclature for organic compounds.1. Basic Guidelines:- The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is called the parent chain and forms the base of the compound’s name.- Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain starting from the end closest to the first substituent.- If there are multiple substituents, list them in alphabetical order and indicate their positions on the parent chain with numbers.- Use prefixes like di, tri, tetra, etc., if there are multiple identical substituents.2. Naming Alkanes:- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms.- The parent chain is named based on the number of carbon atoms: methane (1C), ethane (2C), propane (3C), butane (4C), etc.- Substituents are named by adding the suffix -yl to the root name of the alkane: methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.3. Naming Alkenes:- Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond between carbon atoms.- The parent chain is named similarly to alkanes, but the suffix -ene is added to indicate the presence of a double bond.- Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain to indicate the position of the double bond.4. Naming Alkynes:- Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a triple bond between carbon atoms.- The parent chain is named similarly to alkanes, but the suffix -yne is added to indicate the presence of a triple bond.- Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain to indicate the position of the triple bond.5. Naming Functional Groups:- Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that determine the chemical properties of organic compounds.- Each functional group has a specific suffix or prefix to indicate its presence in the compound.- Common functional groups include alcohols (-ol), aldehydes (-al), ketones (-one), carboxylic acids (-oic acid), and amines (-amine).6. Naming Aromatic Compounds:- Aromatic compounds contain a ring structure of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.- The parent chain is named based on the number of carbon atoms in the ring, with the prefix cyclo- added to indicate a cyclic structure.- Common aromatic compounds include benzene, toluene, and phenol.7. Naming Substituted Compounds:- Substituted compounds have one or more substituents attached to the parent chain.- Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain to indicate the positions of the substituents, and list them in alphabetical order.- Use prefixes like di, tri, tetra, etc., for multiple identical substituents.In conclusion, IUPAC nomenclature provides a standardized way of naming organic compounds based on their structure and functional groups. By following the rules outlined in this document, chemists can accurately and consistently name a wide range of organic compounds.。

iupac对药物化学的定义解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述药物化学是研究药物分子的合成、结构和性质，并探索药物与生物体内的相互作用机制的科学领域。

它是药物研发过程中至关重要的一环，为新药的设计、合成和优化提供了理论依据和实践指导，对推动医药领域的发展起到了重要作用。

1.2 文章结构本文将从引言、IUPAC对药物化学的定义、药物化学的基本原理以及应用案例分析等方面进行阐述和解释。

首先介绍文章的目的并简要概述药物化学领域的重要性。

然后，详细介绍国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）对药物化学的定义，并探讨其在药物研发中所起到的作用。

接下来，阐述药物化学的基本原理，包括分子结构与活性关系、药物分子合成和修饰方法以及药物分子的结构优化与设计原则。

最后，通过应用案例分析，提供具体实例来说明该领域在实践中的应用价值和影响。

1.3 目的本文的主要目的是为读者全面解释和说明IUPAC对药物化学的定义，以及药物化学领域的基本原理和应用案例。

通过这些内容的介绍，读者可以更好地了解药物化学在药物研发中的重要性，并对药物设计、合成和优化等方面有更深入的认识。

此外，本文也旨在为从事相关领域研究或对该领域感兴趣的人提供一份资料参考，促进药物化学科学的发展和应用。

2. IUPAC对药物化学的定义2.1 IUPAC简介IUPAC是指国际纯粹和应用化学联合会（International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry），是一个在全球范围内推动化学领域发展的组织。

其成立于1919年，由各个国家的化学学会组成，并致力于建立化学领域的统一规范和标准。

2.2 药物化学的概念药物化学是研究药物分子结构、性质以及其与生物体相互作用关系的一门科学。

它通过合成、改造和优化药物分子的结构，以提高药效、降低毒性并改善药物代谢和传递等方面来促进新药的开发和设计。

2.3 IUPAC对药物化学的定义及其重要性根据IUPAC的定义，药物化学是指运用化学原理和技术研究药物相关问题，并开发新型有效治疗疾病的方法。

苯环命名的顺序规则简介标题：苯环命名的顺序规则简介引言：苯环是有机化学中重要的结构单元之一，其命名具备一定的规则和顺序。

正确的命名方法可以准确地描述分子结构，便于学术交流和化学研究。

本文将介绍苯环命名的基本规则、顺序以及一些实例，以便读者理解和掌握苯环命名的方法。

一、苯环的基本结构和命名规则苯环由六个碳原子组成，构成一个平面、连续的环状结构。

为了描述和命名苯环，首先需要给每个碳原子编号，通常从1到6进行顺序编号。

在这个过程中，需要遵循以下几个基本规则：1. 选择一个最简单的起始点，通常选择一个取代基最少的碳原子作为起始点。

2. 沿着苯环顺时针或逆时针方向编号碳原子，一直到回到起始点。

3. 编号过程中，遵循IUPAC（国际纯粹与应用化学联合会）命名规则。

二、苯环命名的顺序苯环命名按照从简到繁、由浅入深的顺序进行，下面将介绍不同顺序的命名方法。

1. 组成苯环的碳原子编号在命名苯环时，首先要明确六个碳原子的编号。

这些编号通常从1到6，编号方式可以根据取代基的位置和碳原子的性质进行选择。

2. 一级取代基的命名苯环中存在取代基时，根据取代基与苯环的连接方式和位置，按照一级取代基的顺序命名。

通常情况下，一级取代基按照字母表顺序排列，例如，氨基（Amino-）优先于溴代基（Bromo-）。

3. 二级取代基的命名当存在多个取代基时，按照二级取代基的顺序命名。

一般来说，和苯环连接的取代基先于与一级取代基相连的取代基进行命名。

4. 三级取代基的命名在苯环上存在三个或更多的取代基时，按照三级取代基的顺序命名。

和苯环直接连接的取代基排在前面，然后是与一级和二级取代基相连的取代基。

5. 导向性命名法对于一些特殊的化合物，苯环上的取代基会对某些反应具有导向性。

这种情况下，取代基的位置会影响命名的顺序。

三、苯环命名实例现在，我们通过一些具体的实例来说明苯环的命名方法。

实例1: 1,2-二氯苯（1,2-dichlorobenzene）在这个实例中，首先明确了苯环的基本结构和编号。

有机化学常用期刊网址1． ScienceDirect (SD)网址：/(1) Catalysis Communications （催化通讯）(2) Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical （分子催化A：化学）(3) Tetrahedron (T) （四面体）(4) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry (TA) （四面体：不对称）(5) Tetrahedron Letters (TL) （四面体快报）(6) Applied Catalysis A: General （应用催化A）2． EBSCOhost数据库网址：/(1) Synthetic Communcations （合成通讯）(2) Letters in Organic Chemistry (LOC)(3) Current Organic Synthesis(4) Current Organic Chemistry3. Springer数据库网址：http:// /(1) Molecules （分子）(2) Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly （化学月报）(3) Science in China Series B: Chemistry （中国科学B）(4) Catalysis Letts （催化快报）4. ACS Publications (美国化学会)网址：/(1) Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) （美国化学会志）(2) Organic Letters (OL) （有机快报）(3) The Journal of Organic Chemistry (JOC) （美国有机化学）(4) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (JMC) （美国药物化学）(5) Chemical Reiew （化学评论）5. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) (英国皇家化学会)网址：/Publishing/Journals/Index.asp(1) Green Chemistry （绿色化学）(2) Chemical Communications (CC) （化学通讯）(3) Chemical Society Reviews （化学会评论）(4) Journal of the Chemical Society （化学会志）Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (1972-2002) Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 (1972-2002) Journal of the Chemical Society B: Physical Organic (1966-1971) Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic (1966-1971)(5) Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (OBC) （有机生物化学）/publishing/jo ... p?type=CurrentIssue6. Wiley网址：/(1) Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis (ASC) （先进合成催化）(2) Angewandte Chemie International Edition （德国应用化学）(3) Chemistry - A European Journal （欧洲化学）(4) Chinese Journal of Chemistry （中国化学）(5) European Journal of Organic Chemistry （欧洲有机化学）(6) Helvetica Chimica Acta （瑞士化学）(7) Heteroatom Chemistry （杂原子化学）7. Ingent网址：/(1) Journal of Chemical Research (JCR) （化学研究杂志）(2) Canadian Journal of Chemistry （加拿大化学）(3) Current Organic Chemistry(4) Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry(5) Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements （磷、硫、硅和相关元素）(6) Letters in Organic Chemistry8. Taylor & Francis数据库网址：http://www.journalsonline.tandf. ... sp?referrer=default(1) Synthetic Communications(2) Journal of Sulfur Chemistry（硫化学杂志）(3) Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements9. Thieme数据库网址：/(1) Synlett （合成快报）(2) Synthesis （合成）10. 日本化学会网址：(1) Chem. Lett. (CL) （化学快报）http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/cl/_vols(2) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. http://www.csj.jp/journals/bcsj/index.html11. 澳大利亚化学会（Australian Journal of Chemistry）http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/52.htm12．巴西化学会.br/13．Molecules/molecules/14．韩国化学会http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/15．印度化学会http://www.niscair.res.in/Scienc ... hin.htm&d=test816．国际有机制备和程序（Organic Preparations and Procedures International，OPPI）/17．有机化学/index.htm/daohang1/免费数据库/免费可以通过结构式及化合物名称查询反应条件/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/247/practice/medialib/data/有机合成路线查询/stilbene做有机合成非常好的免费网站，全部经本人整理并尝试过，现倾囊相送，希望对各位做有机合成的小虫有所帮助合成路线查询;1 / 可用结构式查找2 /default.asp 可用结构式查找3/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/247/practice/mediali b/data/ 反应类型查找4 /reaction/index.h 有机人名反应5 / 支持结构式查询6 /reactions.htm 类型反应推荐免费外文全文1 /2 /bjoc/home/home.htm3 /patent.htm 专利下载4 http://www.thieme.de/connect/en/5 /6 /7 http://www.abc.chemistry.bsu.by/current/fulltexto.htm8 /More_Res.html9 /化合物（原料）查询1 /chemistry/2 /chemdata/index.aspx3 /4 /5 /6 /products/67-68-5C.htm7 /dicti ... 2&disp=&si=谱图查询1 http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/ ... _index.cgi?lang=eng 免费查询质谱、氢谱、碳谱、红外光谱、拉曼光谱2 /scdb/ 可查谱图和其他各种数据有机论坛1 /bbs/ 小木虫2 / 科学网论坛3 /forumdisplay.php?fid=15&page=7 有机化学论坛4 /forumdisplay.php?fid=681 鸭绿江5 /bbs/index.php 化学信息论坛6 /bbs/index.php 诺贝尔7 /bbs/index.html 丁香园8 /bbs/?a=hangover[/url 子午学术论坛9 /bbs/ 网上读书园地论坛有机化学常用网址整理http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Carey.html/iupac/nomenclature/On-Line Learning Center"Organic Chemistry" 5th ed. by Francis A. CareyIUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry有机合成：Organic Syntheses(有机合成手册), John Wiley & Sons (免费)/Named Organic Reactions Collection from the University ofOxford (有机合成中的命名反应库) (免费)/thirdyearcomputing/NamedOrganicReac...有机化学资源导航Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide/有机合成文献综述数据库Synthesis Reviews (免费)/srev/srev.htmCAMEO (预测有机化学反应产物的软件)/products/cameo/index.shtmlCarbohydrate Letters (免费,摘要)/Carbohydrate_Letters/Carbohydrate Research (免费,摘要)/locate/carresCurrent Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/coc/index.htmlElectronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (有机合成试剂百科全书e-EROS)/eros/European Journal of Organic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/jpages/1434-193X/Methods in Organic Synthesis (MOS,有机合成方法)/is/database/mosabou.htmOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlRussian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry (Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya) (免费,摘要)http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/1068-1620Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry (Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii) (免费,摘要)http://www.maik.rssi.ru/journals/orgchem.htmScience of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformation /Solid-Phase Synthesis database (固相有机合成)/chem_db/sps.htmlSynthetic Communications (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/SCCSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/The Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (复杂碳水化合物研究中心) /合成材料老化与应用(免费,目录)/default.html金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm上海化学试剂研究所/英国化学数据服务中心CDS (Chemical Database Service)/cds/cds.html英国皇家化学会碳水化合物研究组织(Carbohydrate Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry)/lap/rsccom/dab/perk002.htm有机反应催化学会(ORCS, Organic Reaction Catalysis Society)/有机合成练习(免费)/中国科学院成都有机化学研究所：催化与环境工程研究发展中心/MainIndex.htm金属有机及元素有机化学：CASREACT - Chemical Reactions Database(CAS的化学反应数据库)/CASFILES/casreact.html日本丰桥大学Jinno实验室的研究数据库(液相色谱、多环芳烃/药物/杀虫剂的紫外谱、物性) (免费)http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/ENGLISH/RESEARCH/research...A New Framework for Porous Chemistry (金属有机骨架) (免费)/alchem/articles/1056983432324.htmlActa Crystallographica Section B (免费,摘要)/b/journalhomepage.htmlActa Crystallographica Section E (免费,摘要)/e/journalhomepage.htmlBibliographic Notebooks for Organometallic Chemistryhttp://www.ensc-lille.fr/recherche/cbco/bnoc.htmlBiological Trace Element Research (生物痕量元素研究杂志) (免费,摘要)/JournalDetail.pasp?issn=0163-4984... Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (免费,摘要)/locate/jnlabr/jomOrganic Letters (免费,目录)/journals/orlef7/index.htmlOrganometallics (免费,目录)/journals/orgnd7/index.htmlSyntheticPages (合成化学数据库) (免费)/金属卡宾络合物催化的烯烃复分解反应(免费)/html/books/O61BG/b1/2002/2.6%20.htm金属有机参考读物：The Organometallic HyperTextBook by Rob T oreki/organomet/index.html金属有机化学国家重点实验室，中国科学院上海有机所/元素有机化学国家重点实验室（南开大学）/在线网络课程：有机金属反应和均相催化机理(Dermot O'Hare 主讲)/icl/dermot/organomet/药物化学：Fisher Scientific/PubMed: MEDLINE和PREMEDLINE (免费)/PubMed/生物医药:BioMedNet: The World Wide Club for the Biological and Medical Community/AIDSDRUGS (艾滋病药物) (免费)/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.htmlautodock (分子对接软件) (免费)/pub/olson-web/doc/autodock/DIRLINE (卫生与生物医药信息源库) (免费)/HISTLINE (医药史库) (免费)/TOXNET (化合物毒性相关数据库系列) (免费)/日本药典，第14版(免费)http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp14e/index.html小分子生物活性数据库ChemBank (免费)/Ashley Abstracts Database (药物研发、市场文献摘要) (免费)/databases/ashley/search.aspBIOSIS/BIOSIS/ONLINE/DBSS/biosisss.html从检索药物交易信息库PharmaDeals (部分免费)/从ChemWeb检索有机药物用途及别名库Negwer: organic-chemical drugs and their synonyms (部分免费)/negwer/negwersearch.html美国常用药品索引库RxList (免费)/美国国家医学图书馆NLM的免费在线数据库(免费)/hotartcl/chemtech/99/tour/internet.html制药公司目录(Pharmaceutical Companies on Virtual Library: Pharmacy Page) /company.html37℃医学网/AAPS PharmSci (免费,全文)/Abcam Ltd.有关抗体、试剂的销售，抗体的搜索)/Acta Pharmaceutica (免费,摘要)http://public.srce.hr/acphee/Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (免费,摘要)http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/drugdelivAmerican Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (免费,摘要)/servlet/product/productid/ADAAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) (免费,全文)/Amgen Inc. (医药)/Anita's web picks (药学与药物化学信息导航)http://wwwcmc.pharm.uu.nl/oyen/webpicks.htmlAnnals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (免费,全文) /Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (免费,摘要) /Anti-Cancer Drug Design (免费,摘要)/antcan/。

世界上最长的单词 [世界上最长的单词英语] 世界上最长的单词英语是什么世界上最长的英文单词竟有189819个字母。

相信绝大部分人第一次听到的时候，还真有点目瞪口呆，心里的想法是不会吧，还真的有那么长的英文单词。

那到底是哪个英文单词那么走运?答案是肌联蛋白的英语单词。

那么它的英文学名有多少个字母?189819个，由于字母太多太长，就不一一列举了，自己想象一下吧，这个世界上有一个名叫International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(国际纯粹与应用化学联合会)的组织，它最有名的工作就是定义化学等领域的专有名词。

它出过一本“蓝宝书”(你没看错，它的外号就是The Blue Book)IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry，也就是《IUPAC有机化学命名法》。

因此，一旦遇上某些链啊、基啊特别多的化合物，它的名称也就长的丧心病狂。

骨骼肌中含有一种名叫肌联蛋白的蛋白质，它有25000多个氨基端。

这直接导致它的学名成为最长的英文单词，长度为189819个字母!这直接导致了IUPAC的蓝宝书从未发行过纸质版本。

相信如果以后身边还有同学说英语难学的话，可以拿这个肌联蛋白的英语单词来做挡箭牌，这样就有理由反驳那些说英语简单的人了，是不是觉得很有趣?世界上最长的英文单词：念完得三个半个小时这个世界上有一个名叫International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(国际纯粹与应用化学联合会)的组织，它最有名的工作就是定义化学等领域的专有名词。

它出过一本“蓝宝书”(你没看错，它的外号就是The Blue Book)IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry，也就是《IUPAC有机化学命名法》。

因此，一旦遇上某些链啊、基啊特别多的化合物，它的名称也就长的丧心病狂。

吡咯的命名编号规则引言吡咯（pyrrole）是一种含有五个原子的杂环化合物，具有特殊的化学性质和广泛的应用。

为了方便对吡咯及其衍生物进行研究和分类，科学家们制定了一套命名编号规则。

本文将介绍吡咯的命名编号规则，包括命名方式、编号规则以及一些特殊情况的处理方法。

命名方式吡咯的命名方式采用IUPAC（国际纯粹与应用化学联合会）命名法，根据其结构和功能基团进行命名。

基本命名规则吡咯的命名以“吡”为前缀，后跟一个数字表示其所在的位置。

例如，吡咯的结构中有五个原子，分别记作1、2、3、4、5，因此吡咯的命名方式为“吡-1”、“吡-2”、“吡-3”、“吡-4”和“吡-5”。

功能基团命名规则吡咯分子中的功能基团也需要进行命名，常见的功能基团包括烷基、酮基、醇基等。

功能基团的命名方式是在吡咯的编号前面加上功能基团的名称。

例如，如果吡咯分子中有一个甲基基团，那么该分子的命名方式为“甲基吡-1”。

多个功能基团的命名规则如果吡咯分子中存在多个功能基团，那么需要按照它们在吡咯环上的位置进行编号，并在吡咯的命名中按照编号的顺序加上它们的名称。

例如，如果吡咯分子中有一个甲基基团和一个酮基，那么该分子的命名方式为“甲基酮吡-1”。

编号规则吡咯的编号规则是根据吡咯环上的原子顺时针编号，从位置1开始到位置5结束。

编号的原则是尽量使得编号后的位置号码小，同时保持原子的顺序。

环上原子的编号吡咯环上的原子按照顺时针方向进行编号，从位置1开始到位置5结束。

在编号时，需要考虑到环上的共轭体系，尽量使得共轭体系中的原子编号连续。

基团的编号吡咯分子中的功能基团也需要进行编号，编号的原则是尽量使得编号后的位置号码小，同时保持原子的顺序。

如果吡咯分子中存在多个相同类型的功能基团，可以使用数字或字母进行区分。

特殊情况的处理方法在实际的命名过程中，可能会遇到一些特殊情况，需要特殊处理。

双取代的吡咯如果吡咯环上同时存在两个取代基，需要按照它们在环上的位置进行编号，并在吡咯的命名中按照编号的顺序加上它们的名称。

Basic IUPAC Organic NomenclatureR- and S- nomenclature of chirality centersThe Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are used for naming chirality centers and geometric isomers (e.g. E- or Z-alkenes) These rules are based on atomic number, and the first point of difference.In its simplest and most common case, a chirality center is characterised by an atom that has four different groups bonded to it in such a manner (e.g. tetrahedral) that it has a non-superimposable mirror image. Terms such as an asymmetric, stereogenic or chiral center have been used in the past.The most common chirality center in organic chemistry is a carbon atom with four different groupsattachedIn order to assign the configuration as R or S:∙Identify each of the chirality centers (most commonly an sp3 C with 4 different groups attached)Then at each chirality center....∙Assign the priority (high = 1 to low = 4) to each group attached to the chirality center based on atomic number∙Reposition the molecule so that the lowest priority group is away from you as if you were looking along the C-(4) σ bond. If you are using a model, grasp the lowest priority group in your fist.∙Determine the relative direction of the priority order of the three higher priority groups (1 to 2 to 3)∙If this is clockwise then it is the R-stereoisomer (Latin; rectus = right handed)∙If this is counter-clockwise then it is the S-stereoisomer (Latin; sinister = left handed)∙If there is more than one stereocenter, then the location needs to be included with the locant, e.g. (2R)-Subrules:∙Isotopes: H vs D ? Since isotopes have identical atomic numbers, the mass number is used to discriminate them so D > H ∙If the same atom is attached, then look for the first point of difference by moving out one atom at a time, locate the first point of difference and apply rules there.∙If a multiple bond is encountered, treat it as if the atoms are attached by the same number of single bonds e.g. C=C is treateda 2 C-C and C=O is 2 C-OHINT :∙at each center, list out the 3 new groups attached as you move away from the chirality center.∙list these groups in their priority order (i.e. high to low atomic number)∙use this to locate the first point of differenceExample: chlorofluoroiodomethaneThe chirality center should be easy to spot, and the four attached groupsare in priority order, highest to to lowest:I (purple), Cl (green), F(brown) and H (white)Rotate the image on the left so the you are looking along the C-H bondand the H is away from you, then determine the direction of high to lowpriority.It decreases clockwise, so this is the R enantiomer.Example : cyclohex-2-enolBasic IUPAC Organic Nomenclature E- and Z-nomenclature of alkenesOn the previous pages, we looked at naming alkenes as cis- and trans-.It is important to note that the two methods are different (i.e. they are based on different rules) and they are NOT interchangeable, see below for an example.The cis- / trans- style is based on the longest chain whereas the E/Z style is based on a set of priority rules.You need to know both styles.cis-but-2-eneor (Z)-but-2-ene cis-2-chlorobut-2-eneor(E)-2-chlorobut-2-eneThe E- and Z- style is more reliable and particularly suited to highly substituted alkenes, especially when the substituents are not alkyl groups.The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are used for naming geometric isomers (e.g. E- or Z-alkenes) and other stereoisomers (see later).These rules are based on atomic number, and the first point of difference.∙Imagine each alkene as two pieces, each piece containing one of the sp2 C∙Assign the priority (high = 1, low = 2) to each group on each sp2 C based on atomic number∙Determine the relative position of the two higher priority groups∙If they are on the same side then it is a (Z)-alkene (German; zusammen = together)∙If they are on opposite sides then it is an (E)-alkene (German; entgegen = opposite)∙If there is more than one C=C that can be E/Z, then the location needs to be included with the locant, e.g. (2E,4Z)- Example: but-2-ene∙Isomer 1 :∙Isomer 2 :You do not have Java appletsSubrules:∙Isotopes: H vs D ? Since isotopes have identical atomic numbers, the mass number is used to discriminate them so D > H ∙Same atom attached ? By moving out one unit at a time, locate the first point of difference and apply rules there.© Dr. Ian Hunt, Department of Chemistry, University of CalgaryCahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rulesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchAn example of the prioritisation of structure within the CIP system. Priority is assigned according to the substitution of elements with higher atomic numbers, or other attached groupsThe Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, CIP system or CIP conventions(after Robert Sidney Cahn, Christopher Kelk Ingold and Vladimir Prelog) are a set of rules used in organic chemistry to name the stereoisomers of a molecule [1][2]. A molecule may contain any number of stereocenters and any number of double bonds, and each gives rise to two possible configurations. The purpose of the CIP system is to assign an R or S descriptor to each stereocenter and an E or Z descriptor to each double bond so that the configuration of the entire molecule can be specified uniquely by including the descriptors in its systematic name.The key article by the three authors setting out the CIP rules was published in 1966 [3][4][5]The Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules are distinctly different from those of other naming conventions, such as general IUPAC nomenclature, since they are designed for the specific task of naming stereoisomers rather than the general classification and description of compounds.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Steps for namingo 1.1 Assignment of priorities▪ 1.1.1 Isotopes▪ 1.1.2 Double and triple bonds▪ 1.1.3 Cycleso 1.2 Assigning descriptors▪ 1.2.1 Stereocenters: R/S▪ 1.2.2 Double bonds: E/Zo 1.3 Examples∙ 2 Multiple descriptors in one moleculeo 2.1 Relative configuration∙ 3 Faces∙ 4 References[edit] Steps for namingThe steps for naming molecules using the CIP system are often presented as:1.Identification of stereocenters and double bonds2.Assignment of priorities to the groups attached to each stereocenter or double-bonded atom3.Assignment of R/S and E/Z descriptors[edit] Assignment of prioritiesR/S and E/Z descriptors are assigned by using a system for ranking priority of the groups attached to each stereocenter. This procedure, often known as the sequence rules, is the heart of the CIP system.1. Compare the atomic number (Z) of the atoms directly attached to the stereocenter; the group having the atom of higher atomic number receives higher priority.2. If there is a tie, we must consider the atoms at distance 2 from the stereocenter—as a list is made for each group of the atoms bonded to the one directly attached to the stereocenter. Each list is arranged in order of decreasing atomic number. Then the lists are compared atom by atom; at the earliest difference, the group containing the atom of higher atomic number receives higher priority.3. If there is still a tie, each atom in each of the two lists is replaced with a sub-list of the other atoms bonded to it (at distance 3 from the stereocenter), the sub-lists are arranged in decreasing order of atomic number, and the entire structure is again compared atom by atom. This process is repeated, each time with atoms one bond farther from the stereocenter, until the tie is broken.[edit] IsotopesIf two groups differ only in isotopes, mass numbers are used at each step to break ties in atomic number.[edit] Double and triple bondsIf an atom A is double-bonded to an atom B, A is treated as being singly bonded to two atoms: B and a ghost atom that has the same atomic number as B but is not attached to anything except A. In turn, when B is replaced with a list of attached atoms, A itself is excluded in accordance with the general principle of not doubling back along a bond that has just been followed, but a ghost atom for A is included so that the double bond is properly represented from both ends.A triple bond is handled the same way except that A andB each carry two ghost atoms instead of one.It needs to be mentioned also that two substituents on an atom may, in rare cases, be geometrical isomers. Consider for example the compound (3Z,6E)-3,5,7-trimethylnona-3,6-diene. It soon becomes clear that the 5-carbon is chiral because it has four different substituents. Thus it is necessary to introduce the rule that the Z-isomer has higher priority than the E-isomer.[edit] CyclesTo handle a molecule containing one or more cycles, one must first expand it into a tree (called a hierarchical digraph by the authors) by traversing bonds in all possible paths starting at the stereocenter. When the traversal encounters an atom through which the current path has already passed, a ghost atom is generated in order to keep the tree finite.A single atom of the original molecule may appear in many places (some as ghosts, some not) in the tree.[edit] Assigning descriptors[edit] Stereocenters: R/SAfter the substituents of a stereocenter have been assigned their priorities, the molecule is so oriented in space that the group with the lowest priority is pointed away from the observer. If the substituents are numbered from 1 (highest priority) to 4 (lowest priority), then the sense of rotation of a curve passing through 1, 2 and 3 distinguishes thestereoisomers. A center with a clockwise sense of rotation is an R or rectus center and a center with a counterclockwise sense of rotation is an S or sinister center. The names are derived from the Latin for right and left, respectively.It is possible in rare cases that two substituents on an atom differ only in their absolute configuration (R or S). If the relative priorities of these substituents need to be established, R takes priority over S. When this happens, the descriptor of the stereocenter is a lowercase letter (r or s) instead of the uppercase letter normally used.[edit] Double bonds: E/ZFor alkenes and similar double bonded molecules, the same prioritizing process is followed for the substituents. In this case, it is the placing of the two highest priority substituents with respect to the double bond which matters. If both high priority substituents are on the same side of the double bond, ie. in the cis configuration, then the stereoisomer is assigned a Z or Zusammen configuration. If, by contrast they are in a trans configuration, then the stereoisomer is assigned an E or Entgegen configuration. In this case the identifying letters are derived from German for 'together' and 'in opposition to', respectively.[edit] ExamplesR/S assigments for several compounds[edit] Multiple descriptors in one moleculeIf a compound has more than one stereocenter each center is denoted by either R or S.For example, ephedrine exists with both (1R,2S) and (1S,2R) configuration. This compound also exists as the diastereoisomers with (1R,2R) and (1S,2S) configuration. The last two stereoisomers are not ephedrine, but pseudoephedrine. All isomers are 2-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol in systematic nomenclature. Pseudoephedrine is chemically distinct from ephedrine with only the three dimensional configuration in space, as notated by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules.[edit] Relative configurationThe relative configuration of two stereoisomers may be denoted by the descriptors R and S with an asterisk (*). "R*,R*" means two centres having identical configurations (R,R or S,S); "R*,S*" means two centres having opposite configurations (R,S or S,R).To designate two anomers the relative stereodescriptors alpha (α) and beta (β) are used. In the α anomer the anomeric carbon and the reference atom do have opposite configurations (R,S or S,R), whereas in the β anomer they are the same (both R or both S). [6][edit] FacesStereochemistry also plays a role assigning faces to trigonal molecules such as ketones. A nucleophile in a nucleophilic addition can approach the carbonyl group from two opposite sides or faces. When an achiral nucleophile attacks acetone, both faces are identical and there is only one reaction product. When the nucleophile attacks butanone, the faces are not identical (enantiotopic) and a racemic product results. When the nucleophile is a chiral molecule diastereoisomers are formed. When one face of a molecule is shielded by substituents or geometric constraints compared to the other face the faces are called diastereotopic. The same rules that determine the stereochemistry of a stereocenter (R or S) also apply when assigning the face of a molecular group. The faces are then called the re-faces and si-faces. In the example displayed on the right, the compound acetophenone is viewed from the re face. Hydride addition as in a reduction process from this side will form the S-enantiomer and attack from the opposite Si face will give the R-enantiomer. However, one should note that adding a chemical group to the prochiral centre from the re-face will not always lead to an S stereocenter, as the priority of the chemical group has to be taken into account. That is, the absolute stereochemistry of the product is determined on its own and not by considering which face it was attacked from. In the above mentioned example, if chloride (Cl-) was added to the prochiral centre from the re-face, this would result in an R-enantiomer.[edit] References1.^ J. March. Advanced Organic Chemistry 3Ed. ISBN 0-471-85472-72.^IUPAC Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. Section E, Stereochemistry (Recommendations 1974). [1]3.^The following two papers define the CIP system. The papers provide a number of additional rules beyond the main points coveredabove, such as describing less common forms of stereoisomerism (such as chiral axes and planes), and resolving more difficult priority assignments. For example, note that the above rules fail to generate stereo descriptors for compounds such as (1s,2s,3s)-1,2,3-trichlorocyclopropane (in which all three chlorine atoms are on the same side of the ring).4.^Robert Sidney Cahn; Christopher Kelk Ingold; Vladimir Prelog (1966). "Specification of Molecular Chirality". AngewandteChemie International Edition5 (4): 385–415. doi:10.1002/anie.196603851.5.^Vladimir Prelog; Günter Helmchen(1982). "Basic Principles of the CIP-System and Proposals for a Revision". Angewandte ChemieInternational Edition21 (8): 567–583. doi:10.1002/anie.198205671.6.^ IUPAC Goldbook relative configurationRetrieved from "/wiki/Cahn%E2%80%93Ingold%E2%80%93Prelog_priority_rules"。