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PETS3 语法笔记PETS 语法辅导:虚拟语气16. 虚拟语气1) 概念虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
2) 在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。
非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
16.1 真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系句型: 条件从句主句一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.A. will rainB. rainsC. rainedD. is rained答案B。
真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意:1) 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2) 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
16.2 非真实条件句1)时态:可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。
它的基本特点是时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 : 条件从句主句一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型: 条件从句主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c. 表示对将来的假想句型: 条件从句主句一般过去时 should+ 动词原形were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.16.3 混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
公共英语等级考试三级学习笔记公共英语等级考试三级学习笔记范例Dialogues /monologues:1、 The acceptable standard is 15% of the tall bill.2、You can stock up on something to have for later—for example, cheese and caviar in Mexico City.3、 Meditation room4、 When you walk in, relaxing music comes and pictures of clouds are projected on the wall.5、Christen cruises are popular with those who are not interested in the drinking, gambling, and Las Vegas style shows that are a part of most cruising vacations.6、Enjoying retracing the journeys of the apostle Paul in Turkey and Greece on a luxurious tall sailing ship.Passage:To attract tourism to o ne’s country was once thought of as an unqualified success; there seemed to be no negative aspects to it. However, today we are coming to realize that tourism is a mixed blessing: it has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it can bring money to parts of the world that very much need it. People can earn a great deal through tourism. And this income can help to preserve the environment. Anything that helps to protect the ecosystem, the interrelated community of plants and animals that makes up the earth, is, of course, positive.A recent worry, however, is the fact that tourism can cause serious damage to the fragile environments they love to visit. Ecosystems are delicate and easily damaged. Around the world, areas are endangered by the large numbers of tourism who visit them. On every continent, tourism threatens the environment.Even trekkers who take difficult journeys on foot can cause damage.There are, then, serious dangers that come with the promise of tourism. Every advantages bring with it real disadvantages. This dilemma makes planning difficult for nations trying to decide what to do. Countries can make a good deal more money from the tourist industry than they need to put into attracting tourists. This financial profit can help nations protect habitats where endangered animals and plants live. It also may be that tourism can help strengthen local culture by encouraging awareness of traditions and ceremonies. Historic buildings thrive on tourism. These cultural locations enjoy great success with the money and respect brought by tourism.But there is a down side to all this. Because cultural sites are becoming too crowded, Disneyland-like reproductions are being created. These are not authentic cultural sites but copies of something that may or may not have ever really existed. Some people say, “what’s the value of tradition if it’s kept alive for profit, and bears little relation to real life?”Taken together, the negative effects of tourism grow larger over time. The cumulative effects of tourism are great because every time we use cars or planes to travel we contribute to one of the greatest disruptions in the history of the planet: global warming and climate change are interrupting what has been the normal climate pattern for centuries.New approaches to the problem are also being developed. One initiative has been the development of tourist opportunities in which the tourists both give and receive through working vacations. This kind of personal, small-scale tourism is meant to be a positive response with its large-scale organizing. Workingtourism may not be for everyone, but the hope is that some kinds of travel can become more planet friendly.参考译文:吸引游客到某个国家旅游曾一度被认为是绝对成功的，因为这种做法似乎没有什么负面效应。
全国公共英语等级考试（PETS）三级教程与笔记精编版Unit 1 Greeting and introuductionDialogues /monologues:1、You can tell they lived during the Depression.这里的"tell"是断定的意思，咳……常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。
此句意思应该是：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。
2、He really knows how to bring a person out."bring a person out."是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。
整句话的意思是：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。
PS：to bring sb. out意思为：to make someone feel more comfident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗3、he looks like his fun to be with.整句话的意思是：他看起来是个很有意思的人。
或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。
句子解析4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。
这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便...整句话的意思是：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学.5、Would you address character description for the commercial and industrial arts staff?arts staff 怎么翻译?==>你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗?arts跟前面的commercial and indutrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff:(the commercial and industrial arts) staff.6、There are a number of other positions to consider."A number of" 换成 "a lot of" 或者是”a great many”行不行，为什么?==>可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。
公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记（一）Unit 1 Greeting and introuductionDialogues /monologues:1、You can tell they lived during the Depression.这里的"tell"是断定的意思，咳……常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。
此句意思应该是：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。
2、He really knows how to bring a person out."bring a person out."是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。
整句话的意思是：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。
PS：to bring sb. out意思为：to make someone feel more confident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗3、he looks like his fun to be with.整句话的意思是：他看起来是个很有意思的人。
或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。
句子解析4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。
这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便...整句话的意思是：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学.5、Would you address character description for the commercial and industrial arts staff?arts staff 怎么翻译?==>你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗?arts跟前面的commercial and indutrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff:(the commercial and industrial arts) staff.6、There are a number of other positions to consider."A number of" 换成"a lot of" 或者是”a great many”行不行，为什么?==>可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。
2021年公共英语三级考试(PETS3)学习笔记3自己整理的2021年公共英语三级考试(PETS3)学习笔记3相关文档，希望能对大家有所帮助，谢谢阅读！对话/独白：1、重力与行星停留在围绕太阳的轨道上有什么关系？与v有关。
与……有关2、这可能是一个交流知识、引起对新问题的注意或基于科学学科的案例——没有理由同一个项目不能将这三者结合起来。
引起某人对某事的注意：令某人注意某事。
如：她把我的注意力吸引到那个在路上哭的男孩身上。
3、影片以采访安德鲁怀尔斯开始，他发现了费马大定理的解，这个问题几个世纪以来一直没有解决。
打开方式：用……作为开场，以……开头。
如：他以欢迎辞宣布会议开始。
4、但我仍然希望我能打开任何尺寸的屏幕，这取决于我想离客厅墙壁的距离。
但是我还希望可以根据我离起居室墙的距离随意调整屏幕的大小。
Passage:The该全球实验室20世纪是实验室的黄金时代。
伟大的研究问题的答案是在隐蔽的房间里寻找的，在那里，专业专家的小组在快乐的隔离中缩小（或放大)现象。
称之为涓滴科学时代：知识从有限的理性启蒙中心出现，然后慢慢为社会其他人所知。
科学是在白大褂工作的墙壁里制造出来的。
在实验室的边界之外，开始了纯粹经验的领域——而不是实验。
今天，这一切都在改变。
事实上，如果说这种自上而下的科学影响模式很快就什么都没有了，绝对什么都没有了，那将是轻描淡写的说法。
首先，实验室已经把它的墙延伸到了整个星球。
仪器无处不在。
房子、工厂和医院已经成为实验室的前哨。
以全球定位系统：为例，由于卫星网络，地质学家和生物学家现在可以在实验室外进行测量，精度与在实验室内相同。
与此同时，一个全球环境传感器网络实时监控着这个星球。
研究卫星从上方观察它，就好像地球在显微镜下一样。
室外科学和实验室科学的区别慢慢被侵蚀了。
第二，你不再需要白大褂或者博士来研究具体问题。
以空军奖章为例，这是一个法国患者倡导组织，专注于被忽视的遗传疾病。
它雇佣了研究人员，推动了有争议的程序，如基因疗法，并建立了一个完整的行业，同时产生了一个新的社会身份和一个新的研究议程。
【考试百科- 公共英语等级考试(PETS)】下半年PETS考试备考已经拉开帷幕，为了帮助大家备考，从本期开始我们将为大家整理一系列公共英语三级考试PETS3级学习笔记，希望对大家备考有帮助。
Dialogues /monologues:1、Geography has been integrating many different subjects in its approach.has been integrating：现在完成进行时现在完成进行时与现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后结果。
如：A：Be careful! John has been painting the door.B ：John has painted the door.A句表示约翰刚刚把门刷漆过，现在油漆还末干，所以得小心。
B句则无此含义，油漆可能已经干了。
2、Many schools have eliminated geography in favor of more math and science courses.In favor of：(1)赞成某人/某事;支持某人/某事。
如：Was he in favor of the death penalty? (他赞成死刑吗?)(2)(指支票)以某人/某部门为收款人。
如：Cheques should be written in favor of the Red Cross.支票上请写明以红十字会为收款人。
3、SoI has a vital social cause other than recovering costs.other than(1) 除了(表示所说的不包括在内)。
如：She has no close friends other than him. (她除了他之外没有好朋友。
)(2) 不同于，而不。
如：I have never known him behave other than selfish. (我只知道他自私自利。
公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记（二）Unit 4 EnvironmentPhrases and Sentences:1、He is famous for vigorously opposing the use of chemicals to kill pets.PS:解析vigorously opposing 并翻译这句话。
==>vigorously opposing积极反对全句翻译：他因为积极反对用化学品杀宠物而出名。
2、What would you recommend for a tenth-grader?PS:解析tenth-grader到底是十年级的学生，还是十岁的小孩?==>tenth-grade是“十年级”，所以tenth-grader当然是“十年纪的学生”了。
十岁的小孩是：teenager3、They used Singapore as a microcosm for examining a regionwide tropical biodiversity crisis,and compiled population data from the past two centuries.PS:翻译这句话。
==>他们用新加坡作为检查热带地区的区域性的生活差异危机一个缩影，并用过去两个世纪(的历史)来编纂人口数据。
其中biodiversity是由前缀bio-和diversity组合而成的，意思是生命的差异性。
4、Animals that call the forest home have suffered enormously.PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"call"在这句话的意思。
==>call称为，当作。
全句翻译：以森林为家的动物们受到了巨大的灾难。
5、American and Europe will pool research into hydrogen-powered fuel cells.PS:翻译这句话，重点解析"pool"在这句话的意思。
公共英语三级考试(P E T S3)学习笔记3D i a l o g u e s/m o n o l o g u e s:1、w h a t d o e s t h e g r a v i t y h a s t o d o w i t h t h ep l a n e t s s t a y i n g i n o r b i t a r o u n d t h e s u n?h a s t o d o w i t h：V.与……有关2、I t m a y b e a c a s e o f c o m m u n i c a t i n g k n o w l e d g e,d r a w i n g a t te n t i o n t o n e w i s s u e s o r e n t e r a i n i n g o n t h e b a s i s of s c i e n c e s u b j e c t s—a n d t h e r e i s n or e a s o n w h y t h e s a m e p r o g r a m c a n n o t c o m b i n e a l lt h r e e.d r a w s b a t te n t i o n t o s t h：令某人注意某事。
如： S h e d r a w m y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e b o y w h o i s c r y i n g o n t h e r o a d.3、T h e f i l m o p e n s w i t h a n i n t e r v i e w w i t h A n d r e w W i l e s,t h e m a n w h o d i s c o v e r e d t h e s o l u t i o n t oF e r m a t’s l a s t t h e o r e m, w h i c h h a d r e m a i n e d u n s o l v e d f o r c e n t u r i e s.o p e n w i t h：用……作为开场，以……开头。
Unit 23 Making friends and communication Dialogues /monologues: 1、we lived with a cousin in Dallas for 2 years. lived with：与……同住(寄宿在…家) 2、I have to do a load of laundry today. 我今天还得洗完⼀筐⾐服。
3、I think my parents would have liked to live overseas for at least 20 more years. 我想(要不是这样),⽗母可能还要在海外⽣活⾄少20年。
(虚拟语⽓，实际上⽗母已经 回国了) 4、A lot of proposals floating around state legislatures are aimed at throwing the children of illegal immigrants out of public schools. Do you find such ideas helpful? 许多旨在从公⽴学校驱逐⾮法移民⼦⼥的提议⽇⽇涌向州⽴法团体，您认为这些办法有益吗?(floating是“未决定的”) Passage: I got a chance to actually meet an online friend in real life when I went on vacation to San Francisco. I‘d left a note in my live Journal telling everyone where I’d be going. When I went online at the hotel, I found a comment from my friend Kim telling me that she lived nearby in Palo Alto, and asking if I wanted to get together. After checking with my parents, I rushed back to the computer to let her know that I cloud meet her on my way back too Los Angeles. We exchanged cell phone numbers and set up a meeting place and time. After hanging up, though, I began to get nervous. I had known her for a few months, but meeting someone in person is a lot different than chatting over the internet, and I was worried it wouldn’t turn out well. We both brought people with us for safety reasons—I brought my parents and she brought a friend—and met in front of a bookstore. I got there a few minutes early, and instructed my parents to please try not to embarrass me. I didn’t see her at first, but after a few minutes, we both recognized each other. Even though I’d never met her before, I felt like I knew her from all the times we’d talked online. We talked about graphic design, the classes we were taking, clubs we were in and college, which we were both stressed out about since California schools are so competitive and it’s becoming harder to get accepted into good universities. My parents seemed to have a good time too—my dad got into some incredibly involved science conversation with Kim’s friend Derrick. The meeting lasted less than an hour, since I had to get home. At the end, we hurried outside to take photos with each other, them said goodbye. Even though the meeting was short, it was a lot of fun, and we made plans to get together again if I came up north or she visited near Los Angeles. Now, we talk online several times a week. Before we had only a few conversations a month. Meeting Kim helped my parents and I get more used to the idea of online and offline life intersecting. I’m glad to have found friends whom I never would have discovered otherwise. 参考译⽂: 在去旧⾦⼭度假的途中，我得以有机会在现实⽣活中与每⼀位友见⾯。
公共英语等级考试三级(PETS3)学习笔记（五）Unit 16 Places and locationsDialogues /monologues:1、 About a block down from here.2、 I went to the conference to register and to set up my exhibition stand.3、 I set out our brochures ready for the official opening.4、 Coal could be moved from Welsh mining villages right into the heart of London.5、Britain’s rail network is still second to none.6、That doesn’t necessarily follow.7、 There will be taxies to cross down, but it will naturally be more economical to use bicycles and buses or to work.Passage:Washington, D.C. serves as the seat of government for the United States of American. Over the 200 years, Washington, D.C. has grown with the nation, and it now represents the very best of America.From its majestic monuments to its incomparable museums, from the Mall to the steps of the Capital, Washington offers visitorsone-of-a-kind attractions.The majestic capital building stands at the center of the city, allowing unobstructed views of the city’s most famous attractions. The immense open space of the Mall is marked off by the various museums of the Smithsonian Institution, the largest cluster of museums in the world. The national Air and Space Museum celebrates the nation’s achievements in flight and sp ace exploration, from the Wright brother’s first biplane to the Apollo moon mission and beyond. Visitors also line up for the Natural History Museum to learn about the sciences and to view the famous Hope Diamond. The Smithsonian Institution also includes the world-famous galleries. Art lovers should also appreciate the nearby National Portrait Gallery and National Museum of American Art.Looking past the Mall, the Washington Monument stands 505 feet above the city. It was the tallest man-made structure in America from its completion until the early 1900’s. Behind this monument are the reflecting pool and the trio of memorials dedicated to remembering President Lincoln and the wounded and killed of the Vietnam and Korean conflicts. New to the area of the tidal basin,and facing the Jefferson Memorial, a memorial to Franklin Roosevelt lies on the Potomac River which hosts millions of visitors each year.The offices of the various government agencies take up most of the space of the city, and most offer free tours to the public. The White House also offers free tours to the public. Just outside of the city, the national zoo houses thousands of animals on 163 acres of park. Among its residents are two giant pandas given to the United States as gifts from the People’s Republic of China. Across the river in Arlington, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands amidst the dim, grave and majestic Arlington National Cemetery.Washington has many other distractions from politics. Washington’s theatre life is thriving; it is second only to New York in number of theatre seats. The National Symphony and other musical companies play four schedules. As a temporary home to diplomats from around the world, Washington’s restaurant offerings are the finest and most diverse around.The beauty and grandeur of the nation’s capital continue to captivate millions of American and foreign tourists who visit Washington, D.C. each year.参考译文:华盛顿特区(又称华盛顿哥伦比亚特区)是美利坚合众国政府所在地。
Unit 1 Greeting and introuductionDialogues /monologues:1、You can tell they lived during the Depression.这里的"tell"是断定的意思，咳……常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。
此句意思应该是：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。
2、He really knows how to bring a person out."bring a person out."是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。
整句话的意思是：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。
PS：to bring sb. out意思为：to make someone feel more comfident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗3、he looks like his fun to be with.整句话的意思是：他看起来是个很有意思的人。
或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。
句子解析4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。
这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便...整句话的意思是：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学.5、Would you address character description for the commercial and industrial arts staff?arts staff 怎么翻译?==>你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗?arts跟前面的commercial and indutrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff:(the commercial and industrial arts) staff.6、There are a number of other positions to consider."A number of" 换成 "a lot of" 或者是”a great many”行不行，为什么?==>可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。
如果这里是不可数名词，则只能用a number of代替而不能用a great many.修饰可数/不可数都行：a number of/a lot of,只能修饰可数：a great many of(与many性质一样)7、Would you mind letting me take a look in your briefcase?将"letting me"换成 "let me" 行不行，为什么?==>不行，mind是动词，后面不能直接跟动词原形，一般接名词(或动名词),这里的letting 是let的动名词形式。
8、I’m afraid I certainly do mind, if it’s all the same to you.“Do mind”与” all the same”什么意思?==>do mind: 在英语中强调动词，用助动词do(各种时态)+动词原形。
==>all the same: 完全一样，用于强调。
如：Although you didn't complete it in time, I appreciate you all the same.尽管你没有及时完成，我还是一样很感激你。
9、One day the life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression. (种族压迫)在这句话中，state-sponsored 翻译成什么意思最好?==>state-sponsored:国家发起的。
用于修饰racial repression(种族压迫),是复合形容词，复合形容词的相结合。
10、The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome.整句话的意思是：在她出生的洲有专门针对象她那一类人并将他们列为不受欢迎人士的法律。
11、Present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in.整句话的意思是：目前，这种平常的税收会不断地压迫在单亲家庭的身上,就象Winfrey 这样的例子.12、One day the life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression.整句话的意思是：有一天，生活可以从洲政府怂恿的残酷种族压迫中解放。
Passage:The circumstances surrounding the birth of a female infant in Kosciusko, Mississippi, on Jan.29, 1954,were not promising present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in. The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome, to bar her participation in otherwise acceptable social activities, to shackle her to the residue of slavery and other injustices of the past. The simple truth is that her grandmother, her great-grandmother and all thegreat-great-grandmothers before them never experienced one day of life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression.In hindsight, it appears that her birth was an uneventful one. But at age three she was reciting speeches from church pulpits. Upon discovering books, the child delved into the written word, turning out weekly book reports for her father. Even during turbulent times, not a moment was wasted. Seeds were being planted, watered, and nurtured. On April 13, 1964, nearly an adolescent and watching television from the linoleum floor of her mother’s walk-up flat in something deep inside of her. She was watching the live broadcast of the Academy Awards ceremony and saw a young African-American actor receiving the film industry’s highest honor. Sharing in that moment and all it implied she later told me, caused her to say softly to herself, “If he can do that, I wonder what I could do?”The ground had been set. The journey of Oprah Winfrey had begun. The babe, the child, the adolescent, the young woman-all their strengths were harnessed into a force of astonishing power that placed itself in the service of nature and the human family. That the world has changed in meaningful ways since 1954 is beyond question. Oprah and her activities were driving forces in many of those changes. Her enormously influential talk show, her philanthropic work with children in Africa and elsewhere, her popular book club and magazine, her empowering spiritual message, her contribution (by action and example) to improving race relations-all speak to the human family, touching hearts and leaving each one uplifted.Mississippi too seems to be mellowing out into a more congenial place than it was in 1954. that may also be partly due to the very special energy that is Oprah Winfrey-a courageous, funny, compassionate, well-informed, dazzlingly curious person, asdown-to-earth and loving as any human being I’ve ever known.参考译文:故事的详情围绕在1954年六月29日出生于密西西比，科修斯科山的一个女婴。
