Effect Extrusion Parameter on Texture and Microstructure Evolution of Extruded MgMnandMgMnSr Alloys
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一、File〈文件〉New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、Views〈查看〉Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to View〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All Views〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Deactivate All Maps〈关闭显示所有贴图〉Update During Spinner Drag〈微调时实时显示〉Adaptive Degradation Toggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准图元〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展图元〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Directional Light〈平行光〉Omni Light〈泛光灯〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉V olume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉:Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉Delete Spline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车床修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉Optimize〈优化编辑器〉Smooth〈平滑编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉Vertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉Vertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥形化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈栅格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Displace〈置换〉XForm〈参考变换〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Bezier〈贝塞尔曲线控制器〉Expression〈表达式控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TCB)〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注:该命令工十一个子菜单。
Maya 2009 中英文对照File 文件New Scene 建立新场景Enable default scene 使用默认的场景Default scene 默认场景Default Working Units 默认的工作单位Linear 长度单位millimeter 毫米centimeter 厘米meter 米inch 英寸foot 英尺yard 光年Angular 角度单位degrees 角度radians 弧度Time 时间Default Timeline Settings 默认的时间线设置Playback start/end 回放起始结束帧Animation start/end 动画起始结束帧Open Scene 打开场景File type 文件类型Execute script nodes 执行脚本节点Load Settings 调用设置Load default references 调用默认参照Load all references 调用所以参照Load top-level top-level only 仅调顶级参照Load no references 不调用参照Selective preload 选择性调用Save Scene 保存场景Incremental save 递增保存Limit incremental save 限制保存次数Number of incremental 递增次数Save Scene As 另存场景Default file extensions 默认文件扩展名Copy texture maps 纹理Always 总是Unless referenced 除非参照Disk Cache Options 磁盘缓冲File Type Specific Options 文件类型细节Use full names for attributes on nodes 在节点上使用属性全名Save Preferences 保存参数Optimize Scene Size 优化场景尺寸Remove invalid 移除无效的Remove empty 移除空的Remove unused 移除无用的Remove duplicate 移除重复的Import 导入Group 组Remove duplicate 移除重复Preserve references 保留参照Use namespaces 使用名字空间Export All 导出所有Export Selection 导出选定对象Keep only a reference 仅保留一个参考Prefix with 添加前缀Include these inputs 包含下列这些输入Include texture info 包含纹理信息View Image 查看图片View Sequence 查看序列帧Create Reference 导入场景文件Deferred 延缓Lock 锁定Locator 定位器Reference Editor 参考编辑器Create Reference 创建参考文件Import Objects from Reference 从参考中输入对象Export Selection 输出选择Save Reference Edits 保存参考List Reference Edits 列出参考编辑List Unknown Edits 列出未知编辑Clean Up Reference 清楚参考Select File Contents 选择文件内容Reference 参照Reload Reference 重加载参照Unload Reference 卸载参照Load Reload Reference 调用相关参照Unload Reload Reference 卸载相关参照Duplicate Reference 复制参照Recently Reference 替换参照Recently Reference Files 最近替换的文件Remove Reference 移除参照Lock Reference 锁定参照Unlock Reference 解除参照Proxy 代理Add Proxy 增加代理Remove Proxy as 重载代理Reload Proxy 移除代理Switch Tag for Active Proxy to 切换激活代理的标记Switch Tag for Proxy 切换代理的标记View Selected References 查看选择的参考View All References 查看所以参考Project 工程Edit Current 编辑当前项目Recent Files 最近文件Recent Increments 增量文件Recent Projects 最近工程Exit 退出Edit 编辑Undo 取消上一次操作Redo 恢复上一次操作Repeat 重复上一次操作Recent Commands List 最后使用的命令Cut 剪切Copy 复制Paste 粘贴Keys 关键帧Cut Keys 剪切关键帧Copy Keys 复制关键帧Paste Keys 粘贴关键帧Delete Keys 删除关键帧Scale Keys 缩放关键帧Snap Keys 吸附关键桢Bake Simulation 模拟复制Delete 删除Delete by Type 根据类型删除History 历史记录Non-Deformer History 没有变形的历史All Non-Deformer History 所以没有变形的历史History before deformers only 仅没有变形前的历史Channels 通道Hierarchy 层级Selected 选择的Below 下层All keyable 所以可设关键桢属性From Channel Box 通道盒属性Driven channels 驱动通道Control point 控制点Shapes 形节器Static Channels 静帧通道Motion Paths 运动路径Expressions 表达式Constraints 约束Rigid Bodies 刚体Delete All by Type 根据类型删除所有History 历史Channels 通道Static Channels 静帧通道Motion Paths 运动路径Non-particle Expressions 非离子表达式Constraints 约束Sounds 声音Rigid Bodies 刚体Select All by Type 根据类型选择所有Clips 片段Lattices 晶格Clusters 箸Sculpt Objects 雕刻物体Nonlinears 非线形变形器Wires 线变形器Shading Group and Materials 阴影组和材质Particles 粒子Rigid Bodies 刚体Rigid Constraints 刚体约束Fluids 物流Fur 毛发nCloths 布料nRigids 刚体Dynamic Constraints 动力学约束Select Tool 选择工具Lasso Select Tool 选择套索工具Paint Selection Tool 绘图选择工具Select All 选择所有Deselect 取消选择Select Hierarchy 选择层级Invert Selection 反选Select All by Type 按类型全部选择Transforms 变形节点Geometry 几何体Polygon Geometry 多边形几何体Subdiv Geometry 细分体Brushes 画笔Strokes 笔画Quick Select Sets 快速选择组Duplicate 复制Duplicate Special 专用复制Geometry type 几何体类型Instance 实例Group under 群组类型Parent 父子World 世界坐标系New group 新的群组Smart transform 智能变换Translate 位移Rotate 旋转Number of copies 复制份数Duplicate input graph 复制输入节点Duplicate input connections 复制输入连接Instance leaf nodes 实例化子节点Assign unique name to child nodes 为子节点指定单独的名称Duplicate with Transform 变换复制Group under 群组类型World 世界坐标系Center 中心Origin 原点Group pivot 群组轴中心点Preserve position 保持位置Ungroup 打散群组Ungroup under 打散群组类型Level with Detail 细节层级Parent method 父化方式Move objects 移动对象Add instance 增加实例Preserve position保存位置Unparent 解除父子Unparent method 解除父化方式Parent to world 作为世界系子物体Remove instance 清除实例Modify 修改Transformation Tools 变形工具Move Tool 移动工具Rotate Tool 旋转工具Scale Tool 缩放工具Universal Manipulator 通用操作器Move Normal Tool 移动法线工具Move/Rotate/Scale Tool 移动旋转缩放工具Show Manipulator Tool 显示操作杆Default Object Manipulator 默认操作器Move 移动Transform 变换操作器Proportional Modi Tool 比例修改工具Soft Modification Tool 柔性修改工具Reset Transformations 重设变换Freeze Transformations 变换归零Joint orient 骨骼方向Normals 法线Only for non-rigid transformations 仅针对非刚体的变换有效Snap Align Objects 捕捉对齐物体Grandparent 祖父物体Snap type 捕捉类型Left 左Middle 中Right 右Align Objects 对齐物体Align mode 对齐模式Align in 对齐轴Align to 对齐到Selection average 选择对象的平均值Last selected object 最后选择的对象Align Tool 对齐工具Snap Together Tool 捕捉聚集工具Enable Nodes 授权动画节点Move and rotate object 移动并选择物体Snap to polygon face 捕捉到多边形边上Evaluate Nodes 解算节点Evaluate All 解算所有节点Ignore All 忽略所有节点IK solvers 逆向运动连接器Global Stitch 全局缝合nucleuses 核子解算器Snapshots 快照Make Live 激活构造物Center Pivot 中心化枢轴点Prefix Hierarchy Names 为层级名前添加前缀Search and Replace Name搜索并替换名称Add Attribute 增加属性Long name 属性名称Make attribute 可关键桢属性Vector 向量Integer 整型变量String 字符串Float 浮点型变量Boolean 布尔变量Enum 列举型Scalar 标量Per particle 每个粒子Add initial state attribute 添加初始状态属性Minimum 最大值Maximum 最小值Default 默认值Particle 粒子Control 控制Edit Attribute 编辑属性Numeric Attribute Properties 属性的参数值Keyable 可关键桢Displayable 不可关键桢Has minimum 存在最小值Has maximum 存在最大值Enum Name 列举名称Delete Attribute 删除属性Convert 转换Subdiv 细分表面Attach multiple output meshes 合并多片面Merge tolerance 合并容差Match render tessellation 配色渲染细分Triangles 三角形Quads 四边形Tessellation method 镶嵌细分方式General 常规Count 数目Standard fit 标准匹配Chord height ratio 弧高比率Fractional tolerance 细分公差Minimal edge length 最小边的长度3D delta 3D增量Maximum base mesh faces 基于网格的最大面数Maximum edges per vertex 每个点转化为边的最大值Subdivision surface mode 细分面模式Standard 标准Proxy object 代理物体Keep original 保留原物体Tessellation method 镶嵌细分方式Uniform 统一Adaptive 适应Polygon count 多边形数目Vertices 顶点Level 层级Divisions per face 每个面的细分次数Maximum number polygons 多边形的最大数值Origin object 原始物体Replace 取代Hide 隐藏Share UVs 共享UVOutput type 输出类型Paint Effects 原始笔画Vertex color mode 顶点着色模式None 无Color 着色Illuminated 照明Quad output 输出四边形Hide strokes 隐藏笔画Poly limit 多边形数目极限Input image 输入的图像Quantize 量化Quantize levels 量化级别Search radius 探索半径Minimum segment size 最小片段大小Color range 颜色范围Maximum color difference 最大颜色差异Max point to add 要添加的点的上限Fit to selection 适配至所选Surface offset 曲面偏移UV set UV集合Generate shaders 产生着色Shader template 着色器模板Displacement 置换Fluid 液体Paint Scripts Tool 脚本编辑工具Paint Attributes Tool 属性绘制工具Create 创建NURBS Primitives NURBS基本几何体Sphere 球体Pivot 枢轴点Object 物体User defined 用户自定义Pivot point 枢轴点坐标Axis 轴向Free 自由Active view 当前视窗Axis definition 轴向定义Start sweep angle 起始扫掠角度End sweep angle 终止扫略角度Radius 半径Surface degree 表面度数Cubic 立方Usetolerance 使用容差Global 全局Number of sections 扇区数Number of spans 段数Cube 立方体Width 宽Length 长Height 高U patches U向面片数V patches V向面片数Cylinder 圆柱体Caps 盖Both 都有Extra transform on caps 盖子附加变换Use tolerance 容差Cone 圆锥体Plane 平面Torus 圆环Circle 圆形Square 正方形Interactive Creation 互交式创建Exit On Completion 完成后退出Polygon Primitives 多边形基本几何体Axis divisions 环绕轴细分Height divisions 沿高度方向细分Texture mapping 贴图坐标Create UVs 创建UVsPinched at Poles 两端顶点收缩Sawtooth at poles 两端顶点锯齿化Width divisions 沿宽度细分Depth divisions 沿深度细分Normalize 归一化Collectively 共同Each face separately 各面分离Preserve aspect ratio 保持比例Cap divisions 沿盖方向细分Round cap 圆形的圆柱体盖Preserve aspect ratio 保持比例Section Radius 截面半径Twist 扭曲Prism 菱体Side length 边长Number of sides in base 边的数量Pyramid 金字塔Pipe 管状物Thickness 厚度Helix 螺旋体Coils 卷曲Coil divisions 沿卷曲细分Direction 方向Clockwise 顺时针Counterclockwise 逆时针Soccer Ball 英式足球Platonic Solids 多面实体Platonic type 实体类型Dodecahedron 十二面体Icosahedron 二十面体Octahedron 八面体Tetrahedron 四面体Subdiv Primitives 细分基本几何体Volume Primitives 体积基本几何体Ambient Light 环境光Intensity 亮度Ambient shade 发散度Cast shadows 投射阴影Shadow color 阴影颜色Shadow rays 阴影光线数Direction Light 方向灯Interactive placement 交互放置Point Light 点光源Spot Light 聚光灯Cone rate 椎体角度Cast shadows 投射阴影Area Light 面积光Volume Light 体积光Camera 摄像机Camera and Aim 带目标点的摄像机Camera,Aim,and Up 带目标点和旋转轴的摄像机CV Curve Tool CV曲线工具Curve degree 曲线度Knot spacing 节间距Chord length 弧长Multiple end knots 多个终结EP Curve Tool EP曲线工具Pencil Curve Tool 铅笔工具Arc Tools 弧线工具Three Point Circular Arc 三点弧线Two Point Circular Arc 两点弧线Measure Tools 测量工具Distance Tool 距离测量工具Parameter Tool 物体参数测量工具Arc Length Tool 线参数测量工具Text 文字Font 字体Curves 曲线Trim 剪切面Poly 多边形Bevel 倒角Adobe(R) Illustrator(R) Object Illustrator物体Create bevel 创建倒角At start 在起点At end 在末端bevel width 倒角宽度bevel depth 倒角深度Extrude distance 挤压高度Create cap 创建封盖Outer bevel style 外倒角类型Inner bevel style 内倒角类型Construction Plane 创建平面Pole axis 平面轴向Size 尺寸Empty Group 空组Sets 集合Add to a partition 添加到分区Only if exclusive 排他性By making exclusive 制造排除Partition 分区Quick Select Set 快速选择分区Display 显示Grid lines every 网格间隔Axes 轴Grid lines & numbers 网格和数字Subdivision lines 细分线Thicker line for axes 轴线加粗Grid lines 网格线Heads Up Display 题头显示Object Details 物体细分Poly Count 多边形参数Subdiv Details 细分体细节Animation Details 动作细节FBIK Details FBIK细节Frame Rate 帧速度Current Frame 当前构成Camera Name 摄像机名称View Axis 视图轴Origin Axis 原始轴Tool Message 工具提示UI Elements 用户界面元素Status Line 状态栏Shelf 工具架Time Slider 时间滑块Range Slider 范围滑块Command Line 命令行Help Line 帮助行Tool Box 工具箱Attribute Edit 属性编辑器Tool Settings工具设置Channel Box/Layer Edit 通道盒层编辑层Hide All UI Elements 隐藏所以元素Show All UI Elements 显示所以元素Restore UI Elements 恢复用户元素Hide Selection 隐藏选择对象Hide selected Object 隐藏未选择对象Hide selected CVs 隐藏未选择CVsAll 所以Hide Geometry 隐藏几何体Polygon Surface 多边形曲面Deforming Geometry 施加变形的几何体Stroke Path Curves 笔画路径曲线Stroke Control Curves 笔画控制曲线Hide Kinematics 隐藏动力学对象Hide Deformers 隐藏变形器Wrap Influences 包裹影响物Smooth Skin Influences 平滑蒙皮的影响物Animation Markers 动画标记Light Manipulators 灯光操作杆Camera Manipulators 摄像机操作杆Show Selection 显示选择对象Show selected Object 显示未选择对象Show Last Hidden 显示上次隐藏的对象Show selected CVs 显示未选择CVsShow Kinematics 显示动力学对象Show Deformers 显示变形器Object Display 对象显示Template 模板Untemplate 取消模板Ignore Hardware Shader 忽悠硬件材质Use Hardware Shader 使用硬件材质Fast Interaction 快速交互Transform Display 变换属性显示Local Rotation Axes 局部旋转坐标Selection Handles 选择手柄Culling Options 剔除选项Keep Wire 保持线框Keep Hard Edges 保留硬边Keep Vertices 保留顶点Vertex Size 顶点尺寸Crease Vertices 创建顶点UVs UV点Unshared UVs 非共享的UV点UV SizeUV 尺寸Component IDs 元素序号Edges 边Faces 面Face Normals 表面法线Vertex Normals 顶点法线Tangents 切线Normals Size 法线尺寸Standard Edges 普通边Soft/Hard Edges 软硬边Hard Edges 硬边Border Edges 边界边Crease Edges 折边Texture Border Edges 纹理边界边Edge Width 边的宽度Face Center 面中心Face Triangles 三角面Non-planar Faces 非平面Reset Display 恢复显示Limit to Selected 限制显示Custom Polygon Display 自定义多边形显示Object affected 影响物体Backculling 剔除背面Highlight 高亮Edges 边Soft/Hard 硬软Only hard 仅软Texture borders 纹理边Edge width边宽Face 面Non-planar 非平面Show item numbers 显示项目数Texture coordinates 纹理坐标UV topology UV拓扑Color in shaded display 在实体显示下着色Color material channel 颜色材质通道Material blend setting 材质混合设置Hulls 外壳Patch Center 片面中心Surface Origin 表面方向Custom 自定义Scope 范围Active object 选择的物体All object 所以的物体New curves 新创建的曲线New surface 新创建的曲面Sel handles 选择手柄Hull 壳Active 激活的Hull simplification U U方向简化Hull simplification V V反向简化Rough 粗糙Medium 中等Fine 完美Custom Smoothness 自定义平滑显示Full 完全Surface div per span U U方向表面细分Surface div per span V V方向表面细分Curve div per span 曲线细分Display render tessellation geometry 显示渲染细分几何体Surface div per span 分段表面细分Hull simplification U U方向细分Hull simplification V V方向细分UV Borders UV边缘Animation 动画Lattice Point 晶格点Lattice Shape 晶格网格Joint Size 骨骼尺寸IK/FK Joint Size IK/FK骨骼尺寸IK Handle Size IK手柄尺寸Joint Labels 骨骼标签Rendering 渲染Camera/Light Manipulator 摄像机灯光操纵器Clipping Planes 剪切平面Cycling Index 循环索引Paint Effects Mesh Display 画笔多边形显示Stroke Display Quality 笔画显示Window 窗口General Editors 综合编辑器Component Editor 元素编辑器Attribute Spread Sheet 属性扩展清单Visor 浏览器Display Layer Editor 显示通道栏Blind Data Editor 不可视数据编辑器Script Editor 脚本编辑器Command Shell 命令编辑器Rendering Editors 渲染编辑器Render View 渲染窗口Render Settings 渲染设置Hypershade 超级着色器Render Layer Editor 分层渲染窗口Rendering Flags 渲染标记Shading Group Attributes 阴影组属性Multilister 材质多重列表Hardware Render Buffer 硬件渲染器Animation Editors 动画编辑器Graph Editor 图表编辑器Trax Edit 非线形编辑器Dope Sheet 关键桢清单Blend Shape 混合形状编辑器Expression Editor 表达式编辑器Device Editor 运动捕捉编辑器Relationship Editors 关系编辑器Deformer Sets 变形器组Character Sets 角色组Display Layers 显示组Render Layers 渲染层Dynamic Relationships 动力学关系Light Linking 灯光连接Light-Centric 以灯光为中心Object-Centric 以物体为中心UV Linking UV连接Texture-Centric 以纹理为中心UV-Centric 以UV为中心Hair/Fur Linking 头发绒毛系统连接Settings/reference 设置/参数references 参数窗口Tool Settings 工具设置Performance Settings 指定执行设置Hotkey Editor 快捷键编辑器Color Settings 颜色设置窗口Marking Menu Editor 标记菜单编辑器Shelf Editor 工具架编辑器Plug-in Manager 插件管理器。
After effect shatter滤镜参数详解shatter可以制作爆炸,破碎,裂痕等,功能强大。
0.shape在pattern里面可以选择很多破碎爆炸的形状,还可以自定义这个形状,在pattern中选择custom自定义后,在custom shatter map 选项中选择之间定义好的贴图,在定义贴图的时候,要注意一点,因为它的破碎效果是根据颜色的形状来成碎块的,即不同的颜色的形状会成为不同的碎片,【如下面的图,彩色图为自定义贴图,黑白图为破碎效果,因为彩图的颜色为不规则形状,所以破碎效果也为不规则的,反之,如果贴图的颜色为规整的,则破碎的也为规整的形状,如AB图】拖动时间线就会出现效果。
“white tiles fixed”这个选项的意思是在贴图中白色区域的不受到破碎重力的影响。
在利用贴图做破碎效果的时候,这个选项可以做很酷的效果。
【如C,D图】1. force 和physicsforce1和force2设置是一样的。
shatter把f orce做为一个球【图1蓝线球】,所以它的中心是有着三维坐标的:position代表球心的x、y坐标,而Depth就是它的z坐标,xyz共同决定force这个“球”的位置。
“球”和层的相交的部分就是真正的shatter“作用区域”,这时爆炸的碎片总是飞离球心的。
Radius是球的半径,决定球的大小,如果要使force起作用,必须使Depth 的绝对值小于radius,这样才能保证和源层有相交的区域。
图1 ↑↑↑图2 ↑↑↑图3↑↑↑strength【图2,3】是force的强度值,它决定碎片的飞行速度。
正值使碎片飞离球心,负值则相反,当然碎片的飞离方向与force的z值和strength有关,这个朋友们可以试试。
当碎片炸开后,就不会再受到force的作用了。
而strength如果设置的足够小,就可以只产生裂纹而不会使碎片分离。
当radius、strength设为0时,或者z(depth)的绝对值大于radius时,force1 没有作用。
After Effects CS6仿真特效演示及参数完全详解仿真特效组包含了18种特效:Card Dance、Caustics、Foam、Particle Playground、Shatter、Wave World。
它们表现的特效是碎裂、液态、气泡、粒子、粉碎、电波、涟漪等仿真效果。
仿真特效位于Effects & Presets(特效与预设)面板的Simulation(仿真)下,如图1所示。
1、Card Dance(动态卡片)应用Card Dance特效前后的效果如图2所示。
图2此特效可以在选定的层上读取渐变的颜色信息,利用此信息Card Dance(动态卡片)把本层根据设置进行分列、位移、旋转等多种动画。
如图3所示为Card Dance(动态卡片)的设置参数面板。
Rows&Columns(行和列):选择行和列的使用方式。
Independent项是行和列独立生效。
Columns Follows Rows项是列的数量和行的数量相同。
Rows(行):设置行的数量。
Columns(列):设置列的数量。
Back Layer(背面层):选择作为当前图像背面的图像,当图像被翻转过来时能见到背面。
Gradient Layer 1(渐变层1):选择读取渐变信息的1图9-3号层。
Gradient Layer 2(渐变层2):选择读取渐变信息的2号层。
Rotation Order(旋转顺序):选择旋转的先后顺序,先后顺序决定当前图像的旋转分布。
Transformation Order(变换顺序):选择变换的先后顺序,指的是XYZ Position。
X Position(X位置):在其下可以选择X位置基于源(渐变1或2号层)层的何种颜色通道或颜色信息进行位置增效和偏移。
Y Position(Y位置):在其下可以选择Y位置基于源(渐变1或2号层)层的何种颜色通道或颜色信息进行位置增效和偏移。
Z Position(Z 位置):在其下可以选择Z位置基于源(渐变1或2号层)层的何种颜色通道或颜色信息进行位置的增效和偏移。
3D英文版主要菜单的翻译:)一、File〈文件〉New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、Views〈查看〉Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to View〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All Views〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Deactivate All Maps〈关闭显示所有贴图〉Update During Spinner Drag〈微调时实时显示〉Adaptive Degradation Toggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准图元〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展图元〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Directional Light〈平行光〉Omni Light〈泛光灯〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉Volume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉:Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉Delete Spline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车床修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉Optimize〈优化编辑器〉Smooth〈平滑编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉Vertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉Vertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥形化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈栅格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Displace〈置换〉XForm〈参考变换〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Bezier〈贝塞尔曲线控制器〉Expression〈表达式控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TCB)〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注:该命令工十一个子菜单。
一、File〈文件〉New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、Views〈查看〉Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to View〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All Views〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Adaptive Degradation Toggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准图元〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展图元〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉Volume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉:Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉Delete Spline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车床修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉Vertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉Vertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥形化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈栅格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TCB)〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注:该命令工十一个子菜单。
AE自带特效中英文对照表3D Channel三维通道特效--3d chanel extract 提取三维通道--depth matte深度蒙版--depth of field场深度--fog 3D雾化--ID Matte ID蒙版Blur & Sharpen模糊与锐化特效--box blur方块模糊--channel blur通道模糊--compound blur混合模糊--directional blur方向模糊--fast blur快速模糊--gaussuan blur高斯模糊--lens blur镜头虚化模糊--radial blur径向模糊--reduce interlace flicker降低交错闪烁--sharpen锐化--smart blur智能模糊--unshart mask反遮罩锐化Channel通道特效--alpha levels Alpha色阶--arithmetic通道运算--blend混合--calculations融合计算--channel combiner复合计算--invert反相--minimax扩亮扩暗--remove color matting删除蒙版颜色--set channels设置通道--set matte设置蒙版--shift channels转换通道--solid composite实体色融合Color correction 颜色校正--auto color自动色彩调整--auto contrast自动对比度--auto levels自动色阶--brightness & contrast亮度核对比度--broadcast colors播放色--change color转换色彩--change to color颜色替换--channel mixer通道混合--color balance色彩平衡--color blance(HIS)色彩平衡(HIS)--color link色彩连接--color stabilizer色彩平衡器--colorama彩光--curves曲线调整--equalize均衡效果--exposure多次曝光--gamma/pedestal/gain伽马/基色/增益--hue/saturation色相/饱和度--leave color退色--levels (individual controls)色阶(个体控制) --photo filter照片过滤--PS arbitrary Map映像遮罩--shadow/highlight阴影/高光--tint 浅色调/色度--tritone三阶色调整Distort扭曲特效--bezier warp贝赛尔曲线弯曲--bulge凹凸镜--corner pin边角定位--displacement map置换这招--liquify像素溶解变换--magnify像素无损放大--mesh warp液态变形--mirror镜像--offset位移--optics compensation镜头变形--polar coordinates极坐标转换--puppet木偶工具--reshape形容--ripple波纹--smear涂抹--spherize球面化--transform变换--turbulent displace变形置换--twirl扭转--warp歪曲边框--wave warp波浪变形Expression Controls表达式控制特效--angel control角度控制--checkbox control检验盒控制--color control色彩控制--layer control层控制--point control点控制--slider control游标控制Generate 生成--4-ccolor gradient四色渐变--advanced lightning高级闪电--audio spectrum声谱--audio waveform声波--beam声波--beam光束--cell pattern单元图案--checkerboard棋盘格式--circle圆环--ellipse椭圆--eyedropper fill滴管填充--fill填充--fractal万花筒--grid网格--lens flare镜头光晕--lightning闪电--paint bucker颜料桶--radio waves电波--ramp渐变--scribble涂抹--stroke描边--vegas勾画--write-on手写效果Keying 抠像特效--color difference key色彩差抠像--difference matte差异蒙版(已淘汰)--extract提取(已淘汰)--inner/outer key轮廓抠像--luma key亮度抠像--color key色彩抠像(效果差)--color range色彩范围(效果较差)--linear color key线性色彩抠像(与spill suppressor配合使用,效果可以接受)--spill suppressor溢色控制常用的抠图滤镜keylight(1.2),通过调节Screen color,Screen Gain, Screen Balance三个参数调节,简单方便效果不错Matte 蒙版特效--matte choker蒙版清除--simple choker简单清除--Noise & Grain 噪波和杂点特效--add grain添加杂点--dust & scratches杂点和划痕--fractal noise不规则噪波--match grain杂点匹配--median中性--noise杂点--noise alpha alpha通道杂点--noise HLS HLS通道杂点--noise HLS auto自动生成HLS通道杂点--remove grain减弱杂点Paint 绘画--paint绘画工具--vector paint矢量绘画perspective 透视--3D glasses立体眼镜--basic 3D基础三维--bevel Alpha 斜面Alpha--vevel edges边缘导角--drop shadow阴影--radial shadow放射状的投影simulation 仿真特效--CC Ball Action CC 滚珠操作--CC Bubbles CC 吹泡泡--CC Drizzle CC 细雨滴--CC Hair CC 毛发--CC Mr.Mercury CC 水银滴落--CC Particle Systems ⅡCC 粒子仿真系统--CC Particle World CC 粒子仿真世界--CC Pixel Polly CC 像素多边形--CC Rain CC 下雨--CC Scatterize CC 散射效果--CC Snow CC 下雪--CC Star Burst CC 星爆--card dance碎片飘移--caustics焦散--foam泡沫--particle playground粒子--shatter爆碎--wave world波纹抖动stylize 风格化特效--brush storkes画笔描边--color emboss彩色浮雕--emboss浮雕--find edges查找边缘--glow辉光--mosaic马赛克--motion tile运动拼贴--posterize多色调分离--roughen edges粗糙边缘--scatter扩散--strobe light闪光灯--texturize纹理化--threshold对比度极限text 文字特效--basic text基本文字--numbers数字--path text路径文字--timecode时间码time 时间特效--echo重影--psterize time招贴画--time difference时间差异--time displacement时间置换--timewarp时间收缩transition 转场特效--block dissolve快面溶解--card wipe卡片擦除--gradient wipe渐变擦拭--iris wipe星形擦拭--linear wipe线性擦拭--radial wipe径向擦拭--venetian blinds百叶窗utlity 实用特效--cineon converter Cineon转换--color profile converter色彩特性描述转换--grow bounds范围增长--HDR compander HDR压缩扩展--HDR Highlight compression HDR高光压缩Audio音频特效--backwards倒播--bass & treble低音和高音--delay延迟--flange & chorus变调和合声--high-low pass高低音过滤--modulator调节器--parametric EQ EQ参数--reverb回声--stero mixer 立体声混合--tone音质AE的FOAM特效介绍在AfterEffect中有一组滤镜叫做Simulation,这是一组仿真滤镜,利用它可以来模拟自然界中的泡沫、光的反射、爆炸、水纹等效果,下面我们通过实例来介绍一下其中的Foam特效的使用。
一、File〈文件〉New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、Views〈查看〉Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to View〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All Views〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Deactivate All Maps〈关闭显示所有贴图〉Update During Spinner Drag〈微调时实时显示〉Adaptive Degradation Toggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准图元〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展图元〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Directional Light〈平行光〉Omni Light〈泛光灯〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉V olume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉:Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉Delete Spline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车床修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉Optimize〈优化编辑器〉Smooth〈平滑编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉Vertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉Vertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥形化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈栅格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Displace〈置换〉XForm〈参考变换〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Bezier〈贝塞尔曲线控制器〉Expression〈表达式控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TC〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注:该命令工十一个子菜单。
Despeckle 去斑Dust & Scratches 蒙尘与划痕 Median 中间值 pixelate 像素化 Color Halftone 彩色半调 Facet 彩块化 Fragment 碎片 Mezzotint 铜版雕刻 Mosaic 马赛克 Pointillize 点状化 Render 渲染Difference Clouds 分层云彩 Fibers 纤维Lens Flare 镜头光晕 Lighting Effects 光照效果 Stylize 风格化 Diffuse 扩散 Emboss 浮雕 Extrude 凸出 Solarize 曝光过度 Tiles 拼贴Trace Contour 等高线 Video 视频 De-Interlace 逐行Other 其他High Pass 高反差保留 Maximum 最大值 Offset 位移Digimarc Embed Watermark 嵌入水印 Browse Filters Online 浏览联机滤镜八、3DNew 3D Layer from File 从文件新建3D 图层New 3D Extrusion from Selected Layer 从所选图层新建3D 凸出 New Mesh from Layer 从图层新建网络 Postcard 明星片 Mesh Preset 网格预设 Cone 锥形Cube Wrap 立体环绕 Cylinder 圆柱体 Donut 圆环 Pyramid 金字塔 Ring 环形 Sphere 球体Spherical Panorama 球面全景 Wine Bottle 酒瓶 Depth Map to 深度映射到 Two-Sided Plane 双面平面 V olume 体积Add Constraints from 添加约束的来源 Show /Hide Polygons 显示/隐藏多边形 Within Selection 选区内 Invert Visible 反转可见Snap Object to Ground Plane 将对象贴紧地面 Split Extrusion 拆分凸出New Tiled Painting from Layer 从图层新建拼贴绘画 Paint Falloff 绘画衰减Paint on Target Texture 在目标纹理上绘画 Diffuse 漫射 Bump 凹凸Specular Color 镜面颜色 Opacity 不透明度 Shininess 反光度Self-Illumination 自发光 Reflectivity 反射 Roughness 粗糙度Reparameterize UVs 重新参数化 Create Painting Overlay 创建绘图叠加 Select Paintable Areas 选择可绘画区域Make Work Path from 3D Layer 从3D 图层生成工作路径 Sketch With Current Brush 使用当前画笔素描 Get More Content 获取更多内容九、View 视图Proof Setup 校样设置Working Cyan Plate 工作中的青版 Working Magenta Plate 工作中的洋红版Legacy Macintosh RGB(Gamma 1.8)旧版Macintosh RGB(Gamma 1.8) Monitor RGB 显示器RGBColor Blindness-Protanopia-type 色盲-红色盲型 Color Blindness-Deuteranopia-type 色盲绿色盲型 Proof Colors 校样颜色 Gamut Warning 音域警告 Pixel Aspect Ratio 像素长宽比Custom Pixel Aspect Ration 自定像素长宽比 Square 方形Pixel Aspect Ratio Correction 像素长宽比校正 Zoom In 放大Screen Mode 屏幕模式Full Screen Mode With Menu Bar 带有菜单栏的全屏模式 Extras 显示额外内容 Show 显示Target Path 目标路径 3D Secondary View 3D 副视图 Edit Pins 编辑图钉 Snap To 对齐到Document Bounds 文档边界十、Window 窗口Arrange 排列Tile All Vertically 全部垂直拼贴 2-up Horizontal 双联水平 3-up Stacked 三联堆积Consolidate All to Tabs 将所有内容合并到选项卡中 Cascade 层叠Float in Window 在窗口中浮动 Match Zoom 匹配缩放 Workspace 工作区Essentials(Default)基本功能(默认) Typography 排版规则 Extensions 扩展功能 Character Styles 段落样式 Clone Source 仿制源 Histogram 直方图Measurement Log 测量记录 Navigator 导航器 Properties 属性 Swatches 色板。
不同处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面品质的改良效果范会平1,2,吴丹1,艾志录1,2,司艺蕾1,侯冰洁1,张波波1(1.河南农业大学食品科学技术学院,河南郑州 450002)(2.农业农村部大宗粮食加工重点实验室,河南郑州 450002)摘要:本研究通过考察紫甘薯全粉面蒸煮损失率、微观结构、流变学特性及抗性淀粉含量的变化,探讨加工过程中蒸制、老化和冷冻等处理条件对紫甘薯全粉面品质的影响。
结果表明,经蒸制、老化或冷冻处理后,挤压制备紫甘薯全粉面的蒸煮损失率、抗性淀粉含量、微观结构及流变学特性均发生了变化。
在老化时间为2~4 h时,紫甘薯全粉面中抗性淀粉含量从3.01%增加至4.02%,老化时间的进一步延长则对抗性淀粉含量无显著影响;在蒸制时间为3~5 min范围内,抗性淀粉含量由3.41%增加至4.82%,而在5 min~11 min范围内则从4.82%降至2.40%。
处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面表面微观结构变化影响显著,适宜的蒸制、老化或冷冻处理可以改善紫甘薯全粉面的微观结构,但处理时间过长反而导致其结构被破坏。
未经处理的紫甘薯全粉面其储能模量和损耗模量得值均明显高于经过不同处理的紫甘薯全粉面,且其储能模量均明显高于损耗模量,弹性模量占主导地位。
因此,适宜的蒸制、老化和冷冻等处理可以有效改善紫甘薯全粉面的整体品质。
关键词:紫甘薯全粉面,处理方式,微观结构,动态流变学,抗性淀粉文章篇号:1673-9078(2021)04-149-156 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2021.4.0873 Effects of Different Treatment Methods on Improving the Quality ofPurple Sweet Potato NoodlesFAN Hui-ping1,2, WU Dan1, AI Zhi-lu1,2, SI Yi-lei1, HOU Bing-jie1, ZHANG Bo-bo1(1.College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China) (2.KeyLaboratory of Staple Grain Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450002, China) Abstracts: In this study, the changes of cooking loss rate, microstructure, rheological properties and resistant starch content of purple sweet potato flour were investigated to explore the effects of steaming, aging and freezing treatment on the quality of purple sweet potato noodle. The results showed that the cooking loss rate, resistant starch content, microstructure and rheological properties of purple sweet potato noodle prepared by extrusion changed under different treatment conditions including steaming, aging and freezing. The content of resistant starch gradually increased from 3.01% to 4.02% under 2 to 4 h aging treatment, but it remained unchanged with the further increasing of aging time. In the first 3 to 5 min, the content of resistant starch increased from 3.41% to 4.82% with the increase of steaming time, however, it decreased from 4.82% to 2.40% when the steaming time increased from 5 min to 11 min. Under different treatment conditions, the surface microstructure of purple sweet potato powder changed obviously, suitable steaming, aging or freezing treatment improved the microstructure of purple sweet potato noodle, but overtreatment also led to deterioration of the microstructure. The storage modulus and loss modulus of untreated purple sweet potato noodle were obviously higher than those of treated purple sweet potato noodle, and the storage modulus was obviously higher than the loss modulus, and the elastic modulus was dominant. Therefore, 引文格式:范会平,吴丹,艾志录,等.不同处理方式对紫甘薯全粉面品质的改良效果[J].现代食品科技,2021,37(4):149-156FAN Hui-ping, WU Dan, AI Zhi-lu, et al. Effects of different treatment methods on improving the quality of purple sweet potato noodles [J]. Modern Food Science and Technology, 2021, 37(4): 149-156收稿日期:2020-09-19基金项目:国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFD0401303);河南省高等学校重点科研项目(18B550004);河南省薯类产品加工工艺与设备研发创新型科技团队(豫科人组[2017]6号)作者简介:范会平(1972-),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:农产品加工与贮藏、功能活性成分开发与应用通讯作者:艾志录(1965-),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农产品精深加工149suitable steaming, aging and freezing treatment can effectively improve the whole quality of purple sweet potato noodle.Key words: purple sweet potato noodles; treatment methods; microstructure; dynamic rheology; resistant starch紫甘薯富含丰富的营养物质,它不仅含有蛋白质、淀粉、膳食纤维、维生素等[1],还富含硒、磷、铁、钙等人体必需的微量元素,以及花青素、黄酮、多酚、神经节苷脂、粘液蛋白和脱氢表雄酮等功能性成分,是一种药食两用的特有甘薯品种[2]。
V-ray1.5 RC3完全中文手册此主题相关图片如下:参数:Enable built-in frame buffer:使用内建的帧缓存。
勾选这个选项将使用VR渲染器内置的帧缓存。
当然,ma x自身的帧缓存仍然存在,也可以被创建,不过,在这个选项勾选后,VR渲染器不会渲染任何数据到max自身的帧缓存窗口。
为了防止过分占用系统内存,VR推荐把max的自身的分辨率设为一个比较小的值,并且关闭虚拟帧缓存。
位于渲染场景的common卷展栏下,如下图所示:Get resolutlon from 3dsmax:从3ds max获得分辨率。
勾选这个选项的时候。
VR将使用设置的3ds max的分辨率。
Output resolution:输出分辨率。
这个选项在不勾选Get resolutlon from 3dsmax这个选项的时候可以被激活,你可以根据需要设置VR渲染器使用的分辨率,具体使用的方法大家都知道的。
Show Last VFB:显示上次渲染的VFB窗口,点击这个按钮会显示上次渲染的VFB窗口。
Render to memory frame buffer:渲染到内存。
勾选的时候将创建VR的帧缓存,并使用它来存储颜色数据以便在渲染时或者渲染后观察。
注意:如果你需要渲染很高分辨率的图像输出的时候,不要勾选它,否则它可能会大量占用你系统的内存!此时的正确选择是使用下面的“渲染到图像文件”(Render to V-Ray raw iamge file)。
Render to V-Ray image file:渲染到VR图像文件。
这个选项类似于3ds max的渲染图像输出。
不会在内存中保留任何数据。
为了观察系统是如何渲染的,你可以勾选下面的Generate preview选项。
Generate preview:生成预览。
这个选项的作用应该不需要多讲吧。
Save separate G-Buffer channels:保存单独的G-缓存通道。
最全vray渲染器中英对照及各种材质参数设置VR材质参数Diffuse (漫反射)- 材质的漫反射颜色。
能够在纹理贴图部分(texture maps)的漫反射贴图通道凹槽里使用一个贴图替换这个倍增器的值。
Reflect(反射) - 反射表要用于石材金属玻璃等材质,一个反射倍增器,通过颜色来控制反射,能够在纹理贴图部分(texture maps)的反射贴图通道凹槽里使用一个贴图替换这个倍增器的值)。
黑色表面没有任何反射,值越大反射越强,白色表面完全反射。
Hilight glossiness-反射出的光点,也就是高光, 控制着模糊高光,只能在有灯光的情况下有效果,值越低越模糊,高光范围越大)Glossiness(光泽度、平滑度)-这个值表示材质的光泽度大小。
值为 0.0 意味着得到非常模糊的反射效果。
值为1.0,将关掉光泽度,VRay将产生非常明显的完全反射)。
注意:打开光泽度(glossiness)将增加渲染时间.Subdivs(细分) -控制光线的数量,作出有光泽的反射估算。
当光泽度Glossiness值为1.0时,这个细分值会失去作用,VRay不会发射光线去估算光泽度。
Fresnel reflection(菲涅尔反射)-不勾选(当这个选项给打开时,反射将具有真实世界的玻璃反射。
这意味着当角度在光线和表面法线之间角度值接近0度时,反射将衰减(当光线几乎平行于表面时,反射可见性最大。
当光线垂直于表面时几乎没反射发生。
) Max depth(最大深度)-光线跟踪贴图的最大深度。
光线跟踪更大的深度时贴图将返回黑色(左边的黑块)。
Refract(折射) -一个折射倍增器。
你能够在纹理贴图部分(texture maps)的折射贴图通道凹槽里使用一个贴图替换这个倍增器的值。
Glossiness(光泽度、平滑度) - 这个值表示材质的光泽度大小。
值为 0.0 意味着得到非常模糊的折射效果。
值为1.0,将关掉光泽度(VRay将产生非常明显的完全折射)。
3dmax英汉翻译3dmax中英文对照一、File〈文件〉New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、Views〈查看〉Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to View〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All Views〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Deactivate All Maps〈关闭显示所有贴图〉Update During Spinner Drag〈微调时实时显示〉Adaptive Degradation T oggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准图元〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展图元〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Directional Light〈平行光〉Omni Light〈泛光灯〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera 〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉Volume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉:Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉Delete Spline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车床修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉Optimize〈优化编辑器〉Smooth〈平滑编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉Vertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉Vertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥形化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈栅格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Displace〈置换〉XForm〈参考变换〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Bezier〈贝塞尔曲线控制器〉Expression〈表达式控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TC〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注:该命令工十一个子菜单。
Adobe After Effects中英文注释目录一、菜单 (3)1. File菜单 (3)2. Edit菜单 (5)3. Animation菜单 (6)4. View菜单 (7)5. Layer菜单 (9)6. Effect菜单 (12)7. Compostion菜单 (16)8. Window菜单 (17)9. Help菜单 (18)二、特效注释 (19)1. Adjust (19)2. Audio 音频特效 (20)3. Blur&Shmpen图像模糊和锐化效果 (22)4. Video效果 (25)5. Perspective特效 (26)6. Image Control效果 (27)7. Distort效果 (28)8. Simuation Partcle Playground (31)9. StyliZe风格化效果 (32)10. Text特效 (34)11. KEY 键控 (36)12. TIME效果 (42)13. Transition效果 (43)14. Render效果 (45)三、表达式注释 (55)1.全局对象 (55)2.向量数学方法 (56)3.随机数方法 (56)4.插值方法 (57)5.彩色转换方法 (58)6.其它数学方法 (58)p属性和方法 (58)8.脚本属性和方法 (59)10.层的一般属性和方法 (59)yer 3D属性和方法 (60)13.层空间转换方法 (61)14.摄象机属性和方法 (61)15.灯光属性和方法 (62)16.效果的属性和方法 (62)17.遮罩属性和方法 (62)一、菜单1.File菜单新建← New┗New Project → 新建项目New Folder →新建文件夹打开项目← Open Project打开最近项目← Open Recent Projects关闭← Close保存← Save另存为← Save As...保存副本← Save a Copy...恢复← Revert导入← Import┗File... → 文件Multip le Files... →多个文件Placeholder... →输入占位符Solid... →实色导入最近镜头← Import Recent Footage输出← Export查找← Find...再次查找← Find Next添加镜头到合成← Add Footage to Comp选定脚本建立合成← New Comp From Selection...整理镜头← Consolidate All Footage删除未用镜头← Remove Unused Footage简化项目← Reduce Project文件打包← Collect Files...浏览文件夹← Watch Folder...运行脚本← Run Script建立代理← Create Proxy┗Still... → 静态图片Movie... → 影片设置代理← Set Proxy┗File... → 文件None →无解释镜头← Interpret Footage┗Main... → 常规Proxy... → 代理Remember Interpretation →保存解释Apply Interpretation →应用解释替换镜头← Replace Footage┗File... → 文件Placeholde r... → 占位符Solid.. → 实色重载镜头← Reload Footage显示所在文件夹← Reveal in Explorer项目设置← Project Settings...打印← Print...退出← Exit2.Edit菜单撤消← Undo Copy重复← Redo Copy历史记录← History剪切← Cut复制← Copy粘贴← Paste清楚← Clear副本← Duplicate分层图层← Split Layer抽出工作区域← Lift Work Area挤压工作区域← Extrace Work Area选择全部← Select All全部取消← Deselect All标签← Label清空← Pruge┗All → 全部Undo → 撤消Image Caches → 图象缓存Snap shot → 快照Video Memory → 视频内存编辑原稿← Edit Original模版← Templates┗Render Settings... → 渲染设置Output Module... → 输出模式预置← Preferences┗General... → 常规Previews... → 预演Display → 显示Import... → 输入Output → 输出Grids & Guides... → 辅助线及网络Label Colors... → 标签颜色Label Defaults... → 标签设置Cache... → 缓存Video Preview... → 视频预演3.Animation菜单添加关键帧← Add Keyframe冻结关键帧← Toggle Hold Keyframe关键帧插值← Keyframe Interpolation...关键帧速率← Keyframe Velcity...辅助关键帧← Keyframe Assistant┗Convert Audio to Keyframes → 转换音频为关键帧Conv ert Expression to Keyframes → 转换表达式为关键帧Easy Ease → 缓和曲线Easy Ease In → 缓和曲线进入Easy Ease Out → 缓和曲线离开Exponen tial Scale → 指数缩放RPF Camera Import → RPF摄象机导入Sequence Layers... → 图层排序Time-Reverse Keyframes → 反转关键帧文字动画← Animate Text┗Anchor Point → 轴心点Position → 位置Scale → 缩放Skew → 倾斜Rotation → 旋转Opacity →不透明度All Transform → 所有变换Fill Color → 填充色Stroke Color → 描边色Stroke Width → 描边宽度Tracking → 追踪Line Anchor → 线形频谱Line Spacing → 线形间距Character Offset → 字符位移Character Value → 字符值率添加文字选择器← Add Text Selector┗Range → 平行Wi ggly → 抖动移除所有文字动画← Remove All Text Animators添加表达式← Add Expression追踪运动← Track Motion稳定运动← Stabilize Motion追踪当前属性← Track this property显示关键帧← Reveal Animating Properties显示被修改属性← Reveal Modified Properties4.View菜单新视图← New View放大← Zoom In缩小← Zoom Out解析度← Resolution┗Full → 最佳Half → 一半Third → 三分之一Quarter → 四分之一Custom.... → 自定义隐藏/显示标尺← Show Rulers隐藏/显示辅助线← Hide Guides吸附辅助线← Snap To Gui des锁定辅助线← Lock Guides清楚辅助线← Clear Guides隐藏/显示网格← Show Grid吸附网格← Snap to Grid视图选项← View Options...显示图层控制← Hide Layer Controls重置3D视图← Reset 3D View切换3D视图← Switch 3D View┗Active Camera → 当前摄象机Front → 前视图Left → 左视图Top → 顶视图Back → 后视图Right → 右视图Bottom → 底视图Custom View 1 → 自定视图1Custom View 2 → 自定视图2Custom View 3 → 自定视图3快速设置3D窗口← Set 3D View Shortcut┗Replace "Front" → 替换为前视图Replace "Custom View 1" → 替换为自定视图1Replace "Active Camere" → 替换为动态摄象机切换到最近的3D视图← Switch To Last 3D View观察选择图层← Look At Selected Layers观察所有图层← Look At All Layers前往指定时间← Go To Time...yer菜单新建← New┗Text → 文字Solid... → 实色Light... → 灯光Camera.. → 摄象机Null Object → 虚拟对象Adjustment Layerv → 调节层层设置← Layer Settings...打开层窗口← Open Layer Window打开素材窗口← Open Source Win dow遮罩← Mask┗New Mask → 新建遮罩Mask Shape → 遮罩形状Mask Feather → 遮罩羽化Mask Opacity → 遮罩不透明度Mask Expansion → 遮罩伸缩Reset Mask → 重置遮罩Remove Mask → 删除遮罩Remove All Masks → 删除所有遮罩Mode →模式┗None → 无Add → 相加Subtrace → 相减Intersect → 交集Lighten → 变亮Darken → 变暗Difference → 差值RotoBez ier → 旋转式曲线Inverse → 反转Closed → 封闭Set First Vertex → 设置起始点Locked → 锁定Motion Blur → 运动模糊┗Same As Layer → 与层相同On → 开Off → 关Unlock All Maskss → 解锁所有遮罩Lock Other Masks → 锁定其他遮罩Free Transform Points → 自由变换点质量← Quality┗Best → 最佳Draft → 草图Wireframe → 线框转换开关← Switches┗Hide Other Video → 隐藏其他视频层Show All Video → 显示所有视频层Unlock All Layers → 解锁所有层Shy → 退缩Lock → 锁定Audio → 音频Videl → 视频Solo → 独奏Effect → 特效Collapse → 卷展Frame Blending → 帧融合Motion Blur → 运动模糊Adjustment Layer → 调节层变换← Transform┗Reset → 复位Anchor Point → 定位点Position → 位置Scale → 缩放Orientation → 方向Rotation → 旋转Opacity → 不透明度Auto-Orient → 自动定向三维层← 3D Layer添加标记← Add marker保持透明← Presserve Transparency混合模式← Blending Mode┗Normal → 正常Dissolve → 溶解Dancing Dissolve → 动态溶解Daiken → 变暗Multiply → 正片叠底Linear Burn → 线性加深Color Burn → 颜色加深Classic Color Burn → 典型颜色加深Add → 加Lighten → 变亮Screen → 屏幕Linear Dodge → 线性减淡Color Dodge → 颜色减淡Classic Color Dodge → 典型颜色减淡Overlay → 叠加Soft Light → 柔光Hard Light → 强光Linear Light → 线性光Vivid light → 艳光Pin Light → 点光Hard Mix → 强烈混合Difference → 差值Classic Difference → 典型差值Exclusion → 排除Hue → 色相合成Sateration → 饱和度Color → 颜色Luminosity → 亮度Stencil Alpha → Alpha模版Stencil Luma → 亮度模版Silhouette Alpha → Alpha轮廓Silhouette Luma → 亮度轮廓Alpha Add → Alpha添加Luminescent Premul → 冷光下一个混合模式← Next Blending Mode上一个混合模式← Previous Blending Mode轨道蒙版← Track Matte┗No Track Matte → 无Alpha M atte → Alpha蒙版Alpha Inverted Matte → 反相Alpha蒙版Luma Matte → 亮度蒙版Luma Inverted Matte → 反相亮度蒙版图层置顶← Bring Layer to Front图层置上← Bring Layer Forward图层置下← Send Layer Backward图层置底← Send Layer to Back转换为可编辑文本← Convert To Editable Text 创建轮廓← Create Outlines自动追踪← Auto-trace...激活时间变速← Enable Time Remapping 时间伸缩← Time Stretch...重组← Pre-compose...6.Effect菜单特效控制←Effect Controls上一个特效←Reduce Interlace Flicker全部删除←Remove All有储收藏←Save Favorite应用收藏←Apply Favorite最近收藏←Recent Favorites三维通道←3D Channel┗3D Chaccel Extract →提取三维通道Depth Matte →深度蒙版Depth of Field →场深度Fog 3D →雾化ID Matte →ID蒙版调整←A djust┗Brightness & Contrast →亮度和对比度Channel Mixer →通道混合Color Balance →色彩平衡Color Stabilizer →色彩平衡器Curves →曲张Hue/Saturation →色相/饱和度Levels →色阶Levels(Individual Controls) →色阶(个体控制)Posterize →色调分离Threshold →阈值音频←Audio┗Backwards →倒播Bass & Treble →低音和高音Delay →延迟Flange & Chorus →变调和合声High-Low Pass →高低音过滤Modulator →调节器Parametric EQ →EQ参数Reverb →回声Stereo Mixer →立体声混合Tone →音质模糊与锐化←Blur & Sharpen┗Channel Blur →通道模糊Comound Blur →混合模糊Direction Blur →方向模糊Fast Blur →快速模糊Gaussian Blur →高斯式模糊Radial Blur →径向模糊Sharpen →锐化Unsharp Mask →反遮罩锐化通道←Channel┗3D Glasses →三维眼睛Alpha Levels →Alpha色阶Arithmetic →运算Blend →混合Calculations →计算Channel Combiner →通道组合Cineon Converter →转换Cineon文件Compound Arithmetic →复合计算Invert →反相Minimax →扩亮扩暗Remove Color Matting →删除蒙版颜色Set Channels →设置通道Set Matte →设置蒙版Shift Channels →转换通道Solid Composite →实色合成扭曲←Distort┗Bezier Warp →贝塞尔曲线弯曲Bulge →凹凸镜Cor ner Pin →边角定位Displacement Map →置换Liquify →液化Magnify →放大Mesh Warp →网格变形Mirror →镜像Offset →位移Optics Compensation →镜头变形Polar Coordinates →极坐标转换Reshape →形变Ripple →波纹Smear →涂抹Spherize →球面化Transform →变换Turbulent Displace →剧烈置换Twirl →扭转Warp →弯曲Wave Warp →波浪变形表达式控制←Expression Controls┗Angle Control →角度控制Checkbox Control →检验盒控制Color Control →色彩控制Layer Control →层控制Point Control →点控制Slider Control →游标控制图象控制←Image Control┗Change Color →转换色彩Change To Color →定向转换色彩Color Balance(HLS) →色彩平衡Color Link →色彩连接Colorama →彩光Equallize →均衡Gamma/Pedestal/Gain →伽玛/基色/增益Grow Bounds →增长边缘PS Arbitrary Map →映象Tint →色彩键控←Keying┗Color Difference Key →色彩差异键Color Key →色彩键Color Range →色彩范围Difference Matte →差异蒙版Extrace →提取Inner/Outer Key →轮廓键Keylight →光键Linear Co lor Key →线性色彩键Luma Key →亮度键Spill Suppressor →溢色抑制蒙版工具←Matte Tools┗Matte Choker →蒙版清除Simple Choker →简单清除杂色←Noise绘画←Paint透视←Perspective渲染←Render仿真←Simulation风格化←Stylize文字←Text时间←Time切换←Transition视频←Videopostion菜单新建合成←N ew Composition合成设置←Compodition Settings背景颜色←Background Color设置海报←Set Poster Time修剪合成适配工作区域←Trim Comp to Work Area裁切合成适配自定区域←Crop Comp to Region of Interest增加到渲染序列←Add To Render Queue添加输出模块←Add Output Module预演←Preview┗RAM Preview →内存预演Wireframe Preview →线框预演Motion with Trails →运动轨迹Audio →音频Audio Preview(Here Forward) →音频预演(当前位置)Audio Preview(Work Area) →音频预演(工作区域) 存储单帧为←Save Frame As┗File →文件Pho toshop Layers →Photoshop图层制作影片←Make Movie组合渲染←Pre-render存储内存预演←Save RAM Preview观察流程图←Comp Flowchart View8.Window菜单工作空间←Workspace┗One Comp View →单视图Two Comp View →双视图Four Comp View →四视图Conform All Windows →适应窗口Save Workspace →存储工作空间Delete Workspace →删除工作空间层叠←Cascade拼贴←Tile排列图标←Arrange Icons全部关闭←Close All全组关闭←Closing in Groups工具箱←Tools信息调板←Info时间控制调板←Time Controls音频调板←Audio特效调板←Effects字符调板←Character段落调板←Paragraph绘画调板←Paint笔刷技巧调板←Brush Tips运动草图←Motion Sketch智能遮罩插值←Smart Mask Interpolation 平滑←The Smoother抖动←The Wiggler对齐和分布←Align & Distribute追踪控制←Tracker Controls立方体建立←Box Creator Lite立体散布←Cubic Distribution Light 圆柱体建立←Cylinder Creator Lite当前文件←Untitled Project.aep*项目流程图←Project Flowchart View渲染序列←Render Queue重置调板位置←Reset Palette Locations9.Help菜单关于AfferEffects ←About After EffectsAfferEffects帮助←After Effects Help特效帮助←Effects Help脚本帮助←Scripting Help每日技巧←Tip og the Day注册←Registration第二章特效中英文注释二、特效注释1.Adjust主要都是一些调整参数的滤镜,主要包括以下滤镜:⏹Brightness&Contrast亮度和对比度⏹Channel MixerChannel Mixer用于通道混合,可以用当前彩色通道的值来修改一个彩色通道。
专业英语词汇accordion手风琴activation活化(作用)additionpolymer加成聚合物,加聚物aggravate加重,恶化agitation搅拌agrochemical农药,化肥Alfincatalyst醇(碱金属)烯催化剂align排列成行aliphatic脂肪(族)的alkalimetal碱金属allyl烯丙基aluminumalkyl烷基铝amidation酰胺化(作用)amino氨基,氨基的amorphous无定型的,非晶体的anionic阴(负)离子的antioxidant抗氧剂antistaticagent抗静电剂aromatic芳香(族)的arrangement(空间)排布,排列atactic无规立构的attraction引力,吸引backbone 主链,骨干behavior性能,行为biological生物(学)的biomedical生物医学的bonddissociationenergy键断裂能boundary界限,范围brittle脆的,易碎的butadiene丁二烯butyllithium丁基锂calendering压延成型calendering压延carboxyl羧基carrier载体catalyst催化剂,触媒categorization分类(法)category种类,类型cation正[阳]离子cationic阳(正)离子的centrifuge离心chainreaction连锁反应chaintermination链终止char 炭characterize表征成为…的特征chilledwater冷冻水chlorine氯(气)coating涂覆cocatalyst 助催化剂coil线团coiling线团状的colligative依数性colloid胶体commence开始,着手commonsalt食盐complex络合物compliance柔量condensationpolymer缩合聚合物,缩聚物conductivematerial导电材料conformation构象consistency稠度,粘稠度contaminant污物contour外形,轮廓controlledrelease控制释放controversy争论,争议conversion转化率conversion转化copolymer 共聚物copolymerization共聚(合)corrosioninhibitor缓释剂countercurrent逆流crosslinking 交联crystal基体,结晶crystalline晶体,晶态,结晶的,晶态的crystalline结晶的crystallinity结晶性,结晶度crystallite微晶decomposition分解defect缺陷deformability变形性,变形能力deformation形变deformation变形degreeofpolymerization聚合度dehydrogenate使脱氢density密度depolymerization解聚deposit堆积物,沉积depropagation降解dewater脱水diacid二(元)酸diamine二(元)胺dibasic二元的dieforming口模成型diffraction衍射diffuse 扩散dimension尺寸dimensionalstability尺寸稳定性dimer二聚物(体)diol二(元)醇diolefin 二烯烃disintegrate分解,分散,分离dislocation错位,位错dispersant分散剂dissociate离解dissolution溶解dissolve使…溶解distort使…变形,扭曲doublebond双键dough(生)面团,揉好的面drug药品,药物elasticmodulus弹性模量elastomer弹性体eliminate消除,打开,除去elongation伸长率,延伸率entanglement缠结,纠缠entropy熵equilibrium平衡esterification酯化(作用)evacuate 撤出extrusion注射成型extrusion挤出fiber纤维flameretardant阻燃剂flexible柔软的flocculatingagent絮凝剂folded-chainlamellatheory折叠链片晶理论formulation配方fractionation分级fragment碎屑,碎片fringed-micelletheory缨状微束理论functionalgroup官能团functionalpolymer功能聚合物functionalizedpolymer功能聚合物gel凝胶glasstransitiontemperature玻璃化温度glassy玻璃(态)的glassy玻璃态的glassystate玻璃态globule小球,液滴,颗粒growingchain生长链,活性链gyration旋转,回旋hardness硬度heattransfer热传递heterogeneous不均匀的,非均匀的hydocyacid羧基酸hydrogen氢(气)hydrogenbonding氢键hydrostatic流体静力学hydroxyl烃基hypothetical假定的,理想的,有前提的ideal理想的,概念的imagine想象,推测imbed嵌入,埋入,包埋imperfect不完全的improve增进,改善impurity杂质indispensable 不了或缺的infraredspectroscopy红外光谱法ingredient成分initiation(链)引发initiator引发剂inorganicpolymer无机聚合物interaction相互作用interchain链间的interlink把…相互连接起来连接intermittent间歇式的intermolecular(作用于)分子间的intrinsic固有的ion离子ionexchangeresin离子交换树脂ionic离子的ionicpolymerization离子型聚合irradiation照射,辐射irregularity不规则性,不均匀的isobutylene异丁烯isocyanate异氰酸酯isopropylate异丙醇金属,异丙氧化金属isotactic等规立构的isotropic各项同性的kineticchainlength动力学链长kinetics动力学latent 潜在的lightscattering光散射line衬里,贴面liquidcrystal液晶macromelecule大分子,高分子matrix基体,母体,基质,矩阵mean-aquareend-to-enddistance 均方末端距mechanicalproperty力学性能,机械性能mechanism机理medium介质中等的,中间的minimise最小化minimum最小值,最小的mo(u)lding模型mobility流动性mobilize运动,流动model模型modify改性molecularweight分子量molecularweightdistribution分子量分布molten熔化的monofunctional单官能度的monomer单体morphology形态(学)moulding模塑成型neutral 中性的nonelastic非弹性的nuclearmagneticresonance核磁共振nucleartrackdetector核径迹探测器numberaveragemolecularweight数均分子量occluded夹杂(带)的olefinic烯烃的optimum最佳的,最佳值[点,状态]orient定向,取向orientation定向oxonium氧鎓羊packing 堆砌parameter参数parison型柸pattern花纹,图样式样peculiarity特性pendantgroup侧基performance性能,特征permeability 渗透性pharmaceutical药品,药物,药物的,医药的phenylsodium苯基钠phenyllithium苯基锂phosgene光气,碳酰氯photosensitizer光敏剂plastics塑料platelet片晶polyamide聚酰胺polybutene聚丁烯polycondensation缩(合)聚(合)polydisperse多分散的polydispersity多分散性polyesterification聚酯化(作用)polyethylene聚乙烯polyfunctional多官能度的polymer聚合物【体】,高聚物polymeric聚合(物)的polypropylene聚苯烯polystyrene聚苯乙烯polyvinylalcohol聚乙烯醇polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯porosity多孔性,孔隙率positive正的,阳(性)的powdery粉状的processing加工,成型purity纯度pyrolysis热解radical自由基radicalpolymerization自由基聚合radius半径randomcoil无规线团randomdecomposition无规降解reactent反应物,试剂reactive反应性的,活性的reactivity反应性,活性reactivityratio竞聚率real真是的release 解除,松开repeatingunit重复单元retract收缩rubber橡胶rubbery橡胶态的rupture断裂saturation饱和scalp筛子,筛分seal密封secondaryshapingoperation二次成型sedimentation沉降(法)segment链段segment链段semicrystalline半晶settle沉淀,澄清shaping成型sidereaction副作用simultaneously同时,同步singlebond单键slasticparameter弹性指数slurry淤浆solarenergy太阳能solubility溶解度solvent溶剂spacergroup隔离基团sprinkle喷洒squeeze挤压srereoregularity立构规整性【度】stability稳定性stabilizer稳定剂statistical统计的step-growthpolymerization逐步聚合stereoregular有规立构的,立构规整性的stoichiometric当量的,化学计算量的strength强度stretch拉直,拉长strippingtower脱单塔subdivide细分区分substitution取代,代替surfactant 表面活性剂swell溶胀swollen溶胀的synthesis合成synthesize合成synthetic合成的tacky(表面)发粘的,粘连性tanker油轮,槽车tensilestrength抗张强度terminate(链)终止tertiary三元的,叔(特)的tetrahydrofuran四氢呋喃texture结构,组织thermoforming热成型thermondynamically热力学地thermoplastic热塑性的thermoset热固性的three-dimensionallyordered三维有序的titaniumtetrachloride四氯化钛titaniumtrichloride三氯化铁torsion转矩transfer(链)转移,(热)传递triethyloxonium-borofluoride三乙基硼氟酸羊trimer三聚物(体)triphenylenthylpotassium三苯甲基钾ultracentrifugation超速离心(分离)ultrasonic超声波uncross-linked非交联的uniaxial单轴的unsaturated不饱和的unzippering开链urethane氨基甲酸酯variation变化,改变vinyl乙烯基(的)vinylchloride氯乙烯vinylether乙烯基醚viscoelastic黏弹性的viscoelasticstate黏弹态viscofluidstate黏流态viscosity黏度viscosityaveragemolecularweight黏均分子量viscous粘稠的vulcanization硫化weightaveragemolecularweight重均分子量X-rayx射线x光yield产率Young'smodulus杨氏模量课文翻译第一单元什么是高聚物什么是高聚物首先,他们是合成物和大分子,而且不同于低分子化合物,譬如说普通的盐。
New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit〈退出〉二、Edit〈菜单〉Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉三、Tools〈工具〉Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉四、Group〈群组〉Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉五、Views〈查看〉Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected〈选择亮显〉Show Dependencies〈显示关联物体〉Match Camera to View〈相机与视窗匹配〉Add Default Lights To Scene〈增加场景缺省灯光〉Redraw All Views〈重画所有视窗〉Activate All Maps〈显示所有贴图〉Deactivate All Maps〈关闭显示所有贴图〉Update During Spinner Drag〈微调时实时显示〉Adaptive Degradation Toggle〈绑定适应消隐〉Expert Mode〈专家模式〉六、Create〈创建〉Standard Primitives〈标准基本体〉Box〈立方体〉Cone〈圆锥体〉Sphere〈球体〉GeoSphere〈三角面片球体〉Cylinder〈圆柱体〉Tube〈管状体〉Torus〈圆环体〉Pyramid〈角锥体〉Plane〈平面〉Teapot〈茶壶〉Extended Primitives〈扩展基本体〉Hedra〈多面体〉Torus Knot〈环面纽结体〉Chamfer Box〈斜切立方体〉Chamfer Cylinder〈斜切圆柱体〉Oil Tank〈桶状体〉Capsule〈角囊体〉Spindle〈纺锤体〉L-Extrusion〈L形体按钮〉Gengon〈导角棱柱〉C-Extrusion〈C形体按钮〉RingWave〈环状波〉Hose〈软管体〉Prism〈三棱柱〉Shapes〈形状〉Line〈线条〉Text〈文字〉Arc〈弧〉Circle〈圆〉Donut〈圆环〉Ellipse〈椭圆〉Helix〈螺旋线〉NGon〈多边形〉Rectangle〈矩形〉Section〈截面〉Star〈星型〉Lights〈灯光〉Target Spotlight〈目标聚光灯〉Free Spotlight〈自由聚光灯〉Target Directional Light〈目标平行光〉Directional Light〈平行光〉Omni Light〈泛光灯〉Skylight〈天光〉Target Point Light〈目标指向点光源〉Free Point Light〈自由点光源〉Target Area Light〈指向面光源〉IES Sky〈IES天光〉IES Sun〈IES阳光〉SuNLIGHT System and Daylight〈太阳光及日光系统〉Camera〈相机〉Free Camera〈自由相机〉Target Camera〈目标相机〉Particles〈粒子系统〉Blizzard〈暴风雪系统〉PArray〈粒子阵列系统〉PCloud〈粒子云系统〉Snow〈雪花系统〉Spray〈喷溅系统〉Super Spray〈超级喷射系统〉七、Modifiers〈修改器〉Selection Modifiers〈选择修改器〉Mesh Select〈网格选择修改器〉Poly Select〈多边形选择修改器〉Patch Select〈面片选择修改器〉Spline Select〈样条选择修改器〉V olume Select〈体积选择修改器〉FFD Select〈自由变形选择修改器〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择修改器〉Patch/Spline Editing〈面片/样条线修改器〉:Edit Patch〈面片修改器〉Edit Spline〈样条线修改器〉Cross Section〈截面相交修改器〉Surface〈表面生成修改器〉Delete Patch〈删除面片修改器〉Delete Spline〈删除样条线修改器〉Lathe〈车削修改器〉Normalize Spline〈规格化样条线修改器〉Fillet/Chamfer〈圆切及斜切修改器〉Trim/Extend〈修剪及延伸修改器〉Mesh Editing〈表面编辑〉Cap Holes〈顶端洞口编辑器〉Delete Mesh〈编辑网格物体编辑器〉Edit Normals〈编辑法线编辑器〉Extrude〈挤压编辑器〉Face Extrude〈面拉伸编辑器〉Normal〈法线编辑器〉Optimize〈优化编辑器〉Smooth〈平滑编辑器〉STL Check〈STL检查编辑器〉Symmetry〈对称编辑器〉Tessellate〈镶嵌编辑器〉Vertex Paint〈顶点着色编辑器〉Vertex Weld〈顶点焊接编辑器〉Animation Modifiers〈动画编辑器〉Skin〈皮肤编辑器〉Morpher〈变体编辑器〉Flex〈伸缩编辑器〉Melt〈熔化编辑器〉Linked XForm〈连结参考变换编辑器〉Patch Deform〈面片变形编辑器〉Path Deform〈路径变形编辑器〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉* Surf Deform〈空间变形编辑器〉UV Coordinates〈贴图轴坐标系〉UVW Map〈UVW贴图编辑器〉UVW Xform〈UVW贴图参考变换编辑器〉Unwrap UVW〈展开贴图编辑器〉Camera Map〈相机贴图编辑器〉* Camera Map〈环境相机贴图编辑器〉Cache Tools〈捕捉工具〉Point Cache〈点捕捉编辑器〉Subdivision Surfaces〈表面细分〉MeshSmooth〈表面平滑编辑器〉HSDS Modifier〈分级细分编辑器〉Free Form Deformers〈自由变形工具〉FFD 2×2×2/FFD 3×3×3/FFD 4×4×4〈自由变形工具2×2×2/3×3×3/4×4×4〉FFD Box/FFD Cylinder〈盒体和圆柱体自由变形工具〉Parametric Deformers〈参数变形工具〉Bend〈弯曲〉Taper〈锥化〉Twist〈扭曲〉Noise〈噪声〉Stretch〈缩放〉Squeeze〈压榨〉Push〈推挤〉Relax〈松弛〉Ripple〈波纹〉Wave〈波浪〉Skew〈倾斜〉Slice〈切片〉Spherify〈球形扭曲〉Affect Region〈面域影响〉Lattice〈晶格〉Mirror〈镜像〉Displace〈置换〉XForm〈参考变换〉Preserve〈保持〉Surface〈表面编辑〉Material〈材质变换〉Material By Element〈元素材质变换〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉NURBS Editing〈NURBS面编辑〉NURBS Surface Select〈NURBS表面选择〉Surf Deform〈表面变形编辑器〉Disp Approx〈近似表面替换〉Radiosity Modifiers〈光能传递修改器〉Subdivide〈细分〉* Subdivide〈超级细分〉八、Character〈角色人物〉Create Character〈创建角色〉Destroy Character〈删除角色〉Lock/Unlock〈锁住与解锁〉Insert Character〈插入角色〉Save Character〈保存角色〉Bone Tools〈骨骼工具〉Set Skin Pose〈调整皮肤姿势〉Assume Skin Pose〈还原姿势〉Skin Pose Mode〈表面姿势模式〉九、Animation〈动画〉IK Solvers〈反向动力学〉HI Solver〈非历史性控制器〉HD Solver〈历史性控制器〉IK Limb Solver〈反向动力学肢体控制器〉SplineIK Solver〈样条反向动力控制器〉Constraints〈约束〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Link Constraint〈连结约束〉LookAt Constraint〈视觉跟随约束〉Orientation Constraint〈方位约束〉Transform Constraint〈变换控制〉Link Constraint〈连接约束〉Position/Rotation/Scale〈PRS控制器〉Transform Script〈变换控制脚本〉Position Controllers〈位置控制器〉Audio〈音频控制器〉Bezier〈贝塞尔曲线控制器〉Expression〈表达式控制器〉Linear〈线性控制器〉Motion Capture〈动作捕捉〉Noise〈燥波控制器〉Quatermion(TCB)〈TCB控制器〉Reactor〈反应器〉Spring〈弹力控制器〉Script〈脚本控制器〉XYZ〈XYZ位置控制器〉Attachment Constraint〈附件约束〉Path Constraint〈路径约束〉Position Constraint〈位置约束〉Surface Constraint〈表面约束〉Rotation Controllers〈旋转控制器〉注:该命令工十一个子菜单。
Effect of Extrusion Parameters on Texture and Microstructure Evolution of Extruded Mg-1pctMn and Mg-1pctMn-Sr Alloys HEMANT BORKAR and MIHRIBAN PEKGULERYUZThree Mg alloys Mg-1pctMn(M1),Mg-1pctMn-1.3pctSr,and Mg-1pctMn-2.1pctSr weresubjected to two different extrusion temperatures and two different extrusion speeds in lab-scaleextrusion.The extrusion temperatures of573K and673K(300°C and400°C)and two ramspeeds of4and8mm/s were used at constant extrusion ratio of7.M1exhibited strong basaltexture after extrusion at673K(400°C)at higher speed.At573K(300°C),recrystallization inall alloys takes place completely or partially by continuous dynamic recrystallization mecha-nism,while particle stimulated nucleation(PSN)occurs in all M1-Sr alloys at both extrusiontemperatures and speeds.At673K(400°C),grain boundary bulging is the only recrystalliza-tion mechanism in alloy M1,while it occurs in combination with PSN in M1-Sr alloys.Theeffect of texture weakening by PSN is more significant in M1-Sr alloys extruded at573K(400°C).The plant extrusion trials were carried out on Mg-1pctMn,Mg-1pctMn-0.3pctSr,and Mg-1pctMn-2.1pctSr at623K(350°C)with different speeds than in lab-scale extrusion.M1alloy exhibited strong basal texture at both speeds,while Sr additions of0.3and2.1pctpromoted similar amount of texture weakening.DOI:10.1007/s11661-014-2636-zÓThe Minerals,Metals&Materials Society and ASM International2014I.INTRODUCTIONT HERE is an increasing interest in developing magnesium alloys having good combination of strength, formability,and isotropic mechanical properties for automotive applications.Wrought Mg alloys have better mechanical properties than cast alloys;however,their low formability is the issue of major concern.Extruded products of Mg exhibit basalfiber texture and tensile-compressive yield asymmetry.[1–5]There have been several attempts toward weakening the texture and improving the formability of extruded alloys.The addi-tion of yttrium(Y)or RE elements such as Nd and Ce can significantly alter the texture resulting in higher form-ability.This effect has been found in both extrusions and sheet alloys.[6–10]Recently,authors have studied Sr addition to Mg-1pctMn(M1)alloy and reported that Mg-Sr precipitates induce particle stimulated nucleation (PSN)during hot compression and extrusion.[11,12]Grain refinement by strontium has also led to the improvement of the mechanical properties in Mg alloys.[13,14]Alloy M1 is preferred extrusion alloy with good extrudability but low strength.The authors have found that Sr addition to M1results in texture weakening at the extrusion temper-ature of623K(350°C),and it also improves the strength of the alloy.[12]The grains nucleated by PSN have different orientations than those of parent grains or grains deformed by grain boundary bulging(GBB) mechanism.Therefore,the PSN grains promote texture weakening which improves Schmid factor and mechan-ical properties are improved.The weakening of texture was found to be more pronounced at higher speed extrusion than that at lower speed extrusion at623K (350°C).It was also found that higher Sr additions were required to weaken the texture at lower speed,whereas the weakening started at lower Sr additions in high-speed extrusion.The improved strength of M1-Sr alloys was attributed to precipitate strengthening.Sr addition pro-moted increase in ductility as a result of random textures developed.M1-Sr alloys were also found to exhibit reduced yield asymmetry due to the weakened texture as well as reduced grain size.The authors have also studied the effect of extrusion temperature on texture evolution and recrystallization mechanisms in M1and M1-1.6pctSr alloys extruded in lab-scale experiments where ram speed was held constant.[15]Recrystallization mechanisms during extrusion affect thefinal texture,microstructure,and mechanical prop-erties of extruded products.Recrystallization mecha-nisms as well as grain size change with extrusion temperature.[16–18]Along with extrusion temperature, extrusion speed is another important parameter which affects the texture and microstructure evolution during extrusion.In this study,combined effect of extrusion temperature and extrusion speed on the texture and microstructure evolution of M1and M1-Sr alloys during extrusion has been investigated.In addition,the results from industrial extrusion trials have been compared with those in lab-scale extrusion because the extrusion parameters are different in these two settings.This paper is further addition to the knowledge generated in theHEMANT BORKAR,Postdoctoral Researcher,is with the Jo nko ping University,Jo nko ping,Sweden,and also Ph.D.Researcher with the Department of Mining and Materials Engineering,McGill University,Montreal,QC,Canada.Contact e-mail:hemu_vnit@ yahoo.co.in MIHRIBAN PEKGULERYUZ,Associate Professor,is with the Department of Mining and Materials Engineering,McGill University.Manuscript submitted August29,2014.previous work by the authors.Here different Sr addi-tions and different combinations of extrusion parame-ters(temperature and speed)have been selected to study the microstructure and texture evolution.It would generate additional knowledge to the work on extruded M1-Sr alloys.II.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREMg-1pctMn-Sr alloys were prepared with two Sr additions of1.3and2.1pct to Mg-1pct Mn(M1)alloy obtained from Applied Magnesium.The alloy synthesis first consisted of melting M1alloy in graphite crucible using induction furnace(20kW,5kHz)under protec-tive gas mixture of SF6/CO2.Sr was added to the melt at temperature of973K(700°C).The melt was stirred and held for10minutes to dissolve Sr.The alloy was cast at 1013K(740°C)into cylindrical shaped steel dies preheated at673K(400°C).M1alloy was also cast as control alloy.The chemical compositions of the alloys measured using ICP were Mg-0.9Mn,Mg-0.87Mn-1.33Sr,and Mg-0.88Mn-2.11Sr.The samples for extrusion were obtained from the cast billets and had dimensions of5cm in length and2.5cm in diameter.The extrusion was carried out in the lab-scale100ton hydraulic press to produce round bars with diameter of10mm resulting in the extrusion ratio of7.Two extrusion temperatures of573K and673K (300°C and400°C)and two ram speeds of4and8mm/ s were used for the extrusion process.The two speeds will now be referred to as‘low’and‘high’speeds, respectively.Special large cylindrical billets were cast in McGill laboratory for plant extrusion trials at industrial partner Applied Magnesium.For this purpose,Mg-1pctMn-Sr alloys were prepared with Sr additions of0.3and 2.1pct.M1alloy was also cast for comparison.The samples,30cm in length and7cm in diameter,were machined from the billets for extrusion.The extrusion was carried out at623K(350°C)at an extrusion ratio of19with two ram speeds of2.7and8.1mm/s.The authors have previously published the results for lab-scale extrusion at623K(350°C)for these alloys.The process parameters in lab-scale extrusion and industrial extrusion have been summarized in Table I.XRD texture was measured on the cross sections of the extruded samples using a Bruker D8X-ray diffrac-tometer with Co K a radiation at40kV and35mA.The diffraction data were collected,and raw polefigures of {0001},{1010}and{1011}were generated using general area detector diffraction system software.Orientation distribution function and inverse polefigures(IPFs)in the extrusion direction were calculated using TexTools texture analysis software.The extruded samples were prepared for optical microscopy using grinding,polishing,and etching with acetic picral solution.The microstructures were investi-gated using Nikon Epishot200optical microscope.The grain orientation was studied using the electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)method in a Philips SEM at20kV accelerating voltage and70deg tilt angle.The EBSD specimens were prepared by mechanical polishing with alumina powder followed by electropolishing using a solution of10pct nital cooled to273K(0°C)at20V.III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA.Texture Evolution1.Extruded at573K(300°C)The texture of alloy M1extruded at573K(300°C) and low speed reveals the presence of stronger h1010i component accompanied by weaker h1122i component (Figure1(a)).At high speed,the alloy displays strongTable I.Extrusion Parameters in Lab-Scale and Plant ExtrusionExtrusion Ram Speed(mm/s)Extrusion Speed(mm/s)Extrusion Ratio Strain Strain Rate(sÀ1)McGill[623K(350°C)]4297 1.94 1.86 858 3.73Industrial trials [623K(350°C)]2.75119 2.930.598.11521.78Fig.1—Texture of alloys extruded at573K(300°C)at two ramspeeds:(a)M1,(b)M1-1.3Sr,and(c)M1-2.1Sr.IPF’s refer to theextrusion direction.h 1010i and h 1120i and other weaker random texturecomponents (Figure 1(a)).The intensity of h 1122i is reduced,while maximum intensity of the IPF decreases from 2to 1.5.Sr addition does not weaken the texture in low-speed extrusion and actually it strengthens the basal fiber texture.This is evident from the fact that h 1122i component disappears in IPFs of alloys M1-1.3Sr and M1-2.1Sr,whereas the maximum texture intensity decreases first to 1.8and then increases to 2.8,respec-tively (Figures 1(b)and (c)).In contrast,Sr addition contributes to texture weakening in both M1-1.3Sr and M1-2.1Sr extruded at high speed in which random texture components are developed resulting in maxi-mum intensity of 1.6and 1.7,respectively.2.Extruded at 673K (400°C)At 673K (400°C)and low speed,M1develops relatively more random texture than that at 573K (300°C).(Figure 2(a)).However,the high-speed extru-sion of M1at 673K (400°C)leads to the strongest basal fiber texture among all conditions (Figure 2(a)).Alloys with Sr additions of 1.3and 2.1pct to M1show random textures at both the speeds.Such weakening was observed with similar Sr additions at extrusion temperature of 623K (350°C).[12]It is interesting to note that there is no specific pattern of development ofFig.2—Texture of alloys extruded at 673K (400°C)at two ram speeds:(a )M1,(b )M1-1.3Sr,and (c )M1-2.1Sr.IPF’s refer to the extrusion direction.Fig.3—Microstructures of alloys extruded at 573K (300°C)at different ram speeds:(a )M1—low speed,(b )M1—high speed,(c )M1-1.3Sr—low speed,and (d )M1-1.3Sr—high speed.texture components with Sr additions and the texture consists of random orientations.M1-2.1Sr alloys ex-truded at both the speeds produce the most randomized texture among all samples.B.Microstructure and TextureTexture evolution can be influenced by the deformation structure of Mg since different mechanisms of recrystal-lization,GBB,twin-induced nucleation (TIN),and PSN,which lead to differing texture development are governed by second phases and grain size.It is generally known that,that PSN,TIN produce randomly oriented recrys-tallized grains contributing to texture weakening;while GBB leads to the nucleation of grains with orientations similar to the parent grain which in the case of Mg shows little change in the basal deformation texture.The texture evolution during extrusion can be interpreted with the microstructures developed during the process.1.Extrusion at 573K (300°C)After extrusion at 573K (300°C)at low speed,M1alloy exhibits bimodal grain size distribution in which large deformed grains are surrounded by chain of very fine recrystallized grains (Figure 3(a)).This kind of recrystallization microstructure has been found to occur in alloy M1during extrusion under certain conditions and is attributed to continuous dynamic recrystalliza-tion (CDRX).[19,20]In contrast,the extrusion at this temperature but at high speed leads to the microstruc-ture consisting of small and large recrystallizedgrainsFig.4—EBSD orientation map of M1-2.1Sr extruded at 573K (300°C)at lowspeed.Fig.5—Microstructures of alloys extruded at 673K (400°C)at different speeds:(a )M1—low speed,(b )M1—high speed,(c )M1-1.3Sr—low speed,(d )M1-1.3Sr—high speed.along with deformed parent grains (Figure 3(b)).The small grains are likely to be recrystallized by similar mechanism at low speed,whereas large grains might be recrystallized by GBB.The microstructures of extruded M1-1.3Sr extruded at 573K (300°C)at both low speed and high speed show the recrystallized grains around some of the intermetallic stringers in Figures 3(c)and (d).However,the comparison of their textures shows that only the extrusion at high speed results in weaker texture (Figure 1(b)).This is most likely due to the relatively higher degree of PSN occurring at high speed and the larger recrystallized grains (mean grain size 20l m at low speed and 29l m at high speed)generated due to the temperature rise at high-speed extrusion.The increase in grain size due to the temperature rise at higher extrusion speed has been previously reported in the studies by other authors.[16,21]The presence of Mg-Sr intermetallic stringers in extrudates of M1-Sr alloys affects the recrystallization mechanisms.This has been illustrated in the previous study by the authors [12]where it was found that Mg-Sr precipitates are responsible for PSN which leads to the random texture in M1-Sr alloys extruded at 623K (350°C).EBSD microstructure of alloy M1-2.1Sr extruded at 573K (300°C)at low speed in Figure 4shows the presence of large deformed grains along with recrystallized grains but the occurrence of PSN around the stringers is limited.The large deformed grains with basal orientations and the low tendency of PSN results in the strong basal texture in this case.C.Extrusion at 673K (400°C)After extrusion at 673K (400°C)at low speed,the microstructure of M1shows large increase in grain size (272l m)with presence of recrystallized grains around coarse parent grains (Figure 5(a)).High-speed extrusion also generates similar kind of microstructure (Figure 5(b)).However,the grain size in this case is lower (125l m)which probably indicates that higher strain rate has more dominating effect than the temper-ature increase due to high speed.Higher strain rate is likely to increase the propensity of recrystallization,andtherefore generates higher volume of fine recrystallized grains,which in turn reduces the grain size.Low-speed extruded M1produces weaker texture than that of high-speed extruded alloy (Figure 2(a)).EBSD microstructures of M1extruded at 673K (400°C)at low and high speeds are represented in Figures 6(a)and (b),rge recrystallized grains can be found in the microstructure of low-speed extruded M1which might contribute to the texture weakening.Since the grains are very large,few grains with random orientations can make significant differ-ence to the overall texture weakening.On theotherFig.6—EBSD orientation maps of M1alloy extruded at 673K (400°C)at (a )low speed and (b )highspeed.Fig.7—Texture of alloys extruded at 623K (350°C)in plant trials at two ram speeds:(a )M1,(b )M1-0.3Sr,and (c )M1-2.1Sr.IPF’s refer to the extrusion direction.hand,the recrystallized grains in high-speed extruded M1are finer and strong texture is observed in this case.Sr addition produces significant grain size reduction (47l m)as seen in the microstructure of low-speed extruded M1-1.3Sr (Figure 5(c)).High-speed extruded microstructure (Figure 5(d))at 673K (400°C)shows extensive PSN which leads to significant texture weak-ening compared to M1(Figures 2(a)and (b)).The effect of Sr addition on texture weakening is prominent in high-speed extrusion at 673K (400°C)and this was also observed in extrusion at 623K (350°C).[12]M1-2.1Sr shows similar kind of microstructure as that of M1-1.3Sr and is not represented here.M1-2.1Sr alloys extruded at both the speeds show the most randomized texture because of the highest degree of PSN occurring at these conditions.The similar texture generated at both the speeds also means that the effect of PSN is exhausted at higher strain rate i.e .,extrusionspeed.Fig.8—Microstructures of alloys extruded at 623K (350°C)in plant trials,(a )M1,low speed,(b )M1—high speed,(c )M1-0.3Sr—low speed,(d )M1-0.3Sr—high speed,(e )M1-2.1Sr—low speed,and (f )M1-2.1Sr—high speed.1.Texture and microstructure of alloys extrudedin plant extrusion trialsThe texture of alloys extruded at623K(350°C)inplant trials is shown in the form of IPFs in Figure7.These results can be compared with the texture of alloys extruded at623K(350°C)as previously published;[12]however,the extrusion ratio and ram speed are stilldifferent in the plant trials.M1alloy exhibits strong basal texture at both speeds.The IPF of low-speedextruded alloy is characterized by the presence of strongh1010i component,whereas high-speed extruded alloy shows strong h1120i component(Figure7(a)).With Sr additions of0.3and2.1pct,the texture weakening isobserved but the extent of weakening is similar in bothcases(Figures7(b)and(c)).Also the texture weakening occurs with decrease in maximum texture intensity but development of random texture components is not seen as is observed in lab-scale extrusion.The absence of random texture components is most likely due to the fact that the higher strains in the industrial extrusion lead to competing dynamic recrystallization mechanisms to PSN.The similar texture observed at both Sr additions means that the effect of PSN is exhausted after initial Sr addition.The absence of random texture components also means that the GBB mechanism could be more active due to higher strain in this case and the grains recrystallized by this mechanism could be restrict-ing the growth of PSN grains.The more effective texture weakening by PSN can be possibly achieved with higher Sr additions.The microstructures of alloys extruded at623K (350°C)in plant trials are shown in Figure8.M1alloy extruded at low speed exhibits bimodal grain size distribution in which large deformed grains are sur-rounded by chain of veryfine recrystallized grains (Figure8(a)).This kind of distribution is not observed after lab-scale extrusion at623K(350°C).[12]This is most likely to be due the lower strain rate developed in the plant extrusion.At high speed,bimodal distribution is not observed instead the microstructure exhibits deformed grains and larger recrystallized grains(Fig-ure8(b)).In addition,twins are also observed in the microstructure.M1-0.3Sr extruded at low speed shows few large deformed grains and recrystallized grains (Figure8(c)).The intermetallic phases are not observed in the form of stringers here due to lower strain rate.The recrystallized grains seem to be primarily formed by GBB since they do not seem to be associated with intermetallic phases.At high speed,Sr intermetallics are converted to stringers in the extrusion direction(Fig-ure8(d)).The grain size is smaller and the grains are recrystallized by PSN as well as GBB.Alloy M1-2.1Sr shows extensive recrystallization by PSN after extrusion at both the speeds;however,the grain size at high speed is higher than that of low speed which is attributed to the increase of temperature(Figures8(e)and(f)).The texture and microstructure after extrusion affect the mechanical properties of M1and M1-Sr alloys.It will be further interesting to study the effect of extrusion parameters on mechanical properties such as ductility and strength to optimize the processing parameters for these alloys.IV.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe effect of extrusion temperature and extrusion speed on the texture and microstructure evolution of alloy M1,M1-1.3Sr,and M1-2.1Sr was studied in lab-scale extrusion.Plant trials were conducted on M1,M1-0.3Sr,and M1-2.1Sr by carrying out extrusion at623K (350°C)with two different extrusion speeds.The important outcomes of this study are summarized below:1.The texture of extruded M1and M1-Sr alloys isdetermined by the microstructure developed after extrusion which in turn is influenced by the combi-nation of extrusion parameters such as extrusion temperature and extrusion speed.2.In lab-scale extrusion,alloy M1develops differenttextures according to the extrusion temperature and extrusion speed.The strong basal texture is found after extrusion at673K(400°C)at high speed.The stronger basal texture h1010i component is accompanied by weaker h1122i component after extrusion at573K(300°C)at low speed.Alloy M1 extruded at573K(300°C)at high speed and alloy M1extruded at low speed at673K(400°C)exhibit weaker textures.3.Extrusion of alloys M1-1.3Sr and M1-2.1Sr at lowspeed at573K(300°C)produce strong basal tex-ture.However,these alloys display random textures at all other extrusion parameters.4.At extrusion temperature of573K(300°C),bimo-dal grain size distribution is found to occur in all alloys and is the result of CDRX.Extrusion at 673K(400°C)triggers the recrystallization by GBB and the microstructures do not show occur-rence of bimodal grain size distribution.5.Sr addition to alloy M1promotes PSN at all extru-sion parameters.However,the degree of texture weakening by PSN varies with the extrusion param-eters.In general,higher extrusion speed,higher temperature,and higher Sr content are favorable for PSN.The effect of texture weakening is the most prominent at673K(400°C)at higher Sr additions.6.In industrial extrusion trials,M1alloy exhibitsstrong basal texture at both speeds.Sr additions of0.3and2.1pct promote similar amount of textureweakening which is only characterized by decrease in maximum texture intensity with absence of ran-dom texture components unlike in lab-scale extru-sion.The more effective texture weakening by PSN in industrial extrusion setting can be possibly achieved with higher Sr additions.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study wasfinancially supported by the strategic project grant from Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)of Canada and the indus-trial support of Applied Magnesium(formerlyTimminco).Thanks are due to Pierre Vermette for his useful contribution in alloy synthesis.One of the au-thors,Hemant Borkar,would like to thank McGill University for theirfinancial support through MEDA (McGill Engineering Doctoral Award)award.REFERENCES1.A.Becerra and 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