南京财经大学西方经济学(812)2008真题

南京财经大学812西方经济学（宏观经济学、微观经济学）考研模拟试题及详解（三）第一部分微观经济学部分（共75分）一、名词解释（3×5分＝15分）1．蛛网模型答：蛛网模型是运用弹性原理解释某些生产周期较长的商品在失去均衡时发生的不同波动情况的一种动态分析理论。

古典经济学理论认为，如果供给量和价格的均衡被打破，经过竞争，均衡状态会自动恢复。

蛛网模型却证明，按照古典经济学静态下完全竞争的假设，均衡一旦被打破，经济系统并不一定自动恢复均衡。

与均衡价格决定模型不同的是，蛛网模型是一个动态模型，假定商品的本期产量Q t s决定于前一期的价格P t－1，即供给函数为Q t s＝f（P t－1），并根据需求弹性、供给弹性的不同，分为“收敛型蛛网”、“发散型蛛网”和“封闭型蛛网”三种类型。

蛛网模型解释了某些生产周期较长的商品的产量和价格的波动情况，对实践具有一定的指导作用。

但是，这个模型还是一个很简单的和有缺陷的模型，需要进一步的完善。

2．价格歧视答：价格歧视是指由于垄断者具有某种垄断力量，因此，垄断者可以对自己所出售的同类产品，索取不同的价格，以使自己所获利润达到最大值。

垄断厂商实行价格歧视，必须具备以下两点基本条件：①市场的消费者具有不同的偏好，且这些不同的偏好可以被区分开。

②不同的消费者群体或不同的销售市场是相互隔离的。

价格歧视可分为一级价格歧视、二级价格歧视和三级价格歧视。

其中，一级价格歧视也被称作完全价格歧视，是指厂商对每一单位产品都按消费者所愿意支付的最高价格出售；二级价格歧视是指厂商把需求曲线分成不同的几段，然后根据不同的购买量来确定不同的价格；三级价格歧视是指垄断厂商对同一种产品在不同的市场上（或对不同的消费群）收取不同的价格。

3．科斯定理答：科斯定理的内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。

它是一种产权理论，由斯蒂格勒根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括而成。

南京财经大学函授考试答案西方经济学测试1-98分(总16页)本页仅作为文档页封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March考试名称： 正考测试1 考试说明：剩余时间：1时52分26秒1、 单选题宏观经济学研究的是(A)资源配置 (B) 资源利用(C) 单个经济单位 (D) 单个商品微观经济学研究的是(A)资源利用 (B) 资源配置(C) 资源配置 (D)国民经济总体微观经济学的创始人是(A) 马歇尔(B) 凯恩斯(C) 斯密 (D)萨缪尔森与资源配置有关的概念是(A)机会成本 (B) 生产成本 (C)显成本(D) 隐成本生产可能性曲线内的一点表示(A) 资源得到了充分利用(B) 资源没有得到充分利用(C) 可利用的资源稀缺(D) 通货膨胀需求曲线是(A) 商品的价格曲线(B) 商品的总收益曲线(C) 商品的边际收益曲线(D) 商品的供给曲线关于均衡价格的正确说法是(A) 均衡价格是需求等于供给时的价格(B) 供给量等于需求量时的价格(C) 供给曲线与需求曲线交点上的价格(D) 供给价格等于需求价格时的价格均衡价格是(A) 供给与需求相等时的价格(B) 需求超过供给时的价格(C) 支持价格(D) 限制价格均衡价格随着(A) 需求和供给的增加而上升＆需求和供给的减少而上升(B) 需求和供给的减少而上升(C) 需求的减少和供给的增加而上升(D) 需求的增加和供给的减少而上升某种商品的需求弹性大于1时会(A) 涨价，总收益增加(B) 涨价，总收益不变(C) 降价，总收益减少(D) 降价，总收益增加如果消费者突然偏好某商品，而此商品的生产技术有大的改进，可以预料(A) 该商品的需求曲线和供给曲线都向右移动并使均衡价格和产量下降(B)该商品的需求曲线和供给曲线都向右移动并使均衡价格和产量提高(C)该商品的需求曲线和供给曲线都向左移动并使均衡价格上升而均衡产量下降(D) 该商品的需求曲线和供给曲线都向右移动并使均衡产量增加，但均衡价格可能上升 也可能下降汽车的需求曲线向右下方倾斜，若汽油价格上升，则(A) 汽车需求量上升(B) 汽车需求量下降(C) 需求曲线左移(D) 需求曲线右移若供给减少，需求增加，将导致均衡价格(A) 不变(B) 下降(C) 上升(D) 不确定下列因素不会使需求曲线移动的是(A) 购买者偏好改变(B) 商品价格下降(C) 其他有关商品价格下降(D) 消费者收入上升均衡价格的形成是(A) 生产者生产的结果(B) 消费者消费的结果(C) 供求双方自发调节的结果(D) 政府指令性下达的结果需求的价格弹性系数是(A) 需求量与价格之比(B) 价格变化的绝对值除以需求量变化的绝对值(C) 需求量变化的相对值除以价格变化的相对值(D) 反映供给变动对需求变动的反映程度假定土豆的供给不变，白菜的供给减少，会导致(A) 土豆的需求曲线右移(B) 土豆的价格下降(C) 白菜的需求曲线右移(D) 白菜的需求曲线左移某商品缺乏弹性，若价格上升5％，则供给量可能(A) 增加50％(B) 增加25％(C) 增加5％(D) 增加1％某商品供给富有弹性，若该商品价格下降10％，则供给量(A) 也下降10％(B) 下降幅度大于10％(C) 下降幅度小于10％(D) 不能确定假定某商品价格从5美元上升至7美元，需求量从8个单位下降到6个单位，该商品生产者的总收益(A) 增加(B) 减少(C) 不变(D) 不能确定某商品的收入弹性为一2，此商品可能是(A) 高档化妆品(B) 小轿车(C) 移动电话(D) 白菜羊肉的价格上涨10％，对牛肉的需求增加5％，牛肉对羊肉的交叉弹性为(A) 2(B) 一2(C) 0.5(D) 一0．5下列对需求的交叉弹性叙述正确的是(A) 交叉价格弹性值为正值(B) 交叉价格弹性值为负值(C) 商品甲和乙是互补产品，交叉价格弹性值为负值(D) 商品甲和乙是互补产品，交叉价格弹性值为正值某种商品的价格变动10％，需求量变动20％，则它的弹性系数是(A) 0.1(B) 0.2(C) 1／2(D) 2某商品价格从3美元上升到5美元，则(A) 该商品供给下降(B) 该商品供给增加(C) 该商品供给量减少(D) 该商品供给量上升消费者的预算线反映了(A) 消费者的收入约束(B) 消费者的偏好(C) 消费者的需求(D) 消费者效用最大化状态对于消费两种商品的消费者来说，实现效用最大化的均衡条件是(A) MUl／P1>MU2／P2(B) MUl／Pl<MU2／P2< td>(C) MUl／P1=MU2／P2(D) MUl=MU2给消费者带来相同满足程度的商品组合集中在(A) 生产可能性曲线上(B) 无差异曲线上(C) 预算约束曲线上(D) 需求曲线上商品的边际效用随着商品消费量的增加而(A) 递增(B) 递减(C) 先减后增(D) 先增后减效用分析在西方经济学中有两种基本方法，它们是(A) 边际效用分析法和总效用分析法(B) 主观效用分析法和客观效用分析法(C) 基数效用分析法和序数效用分析法(D) 绝对效用分析法和相对效用分析法商品的价格不变而消费者的收入增加，消费可能线(A) 向左下方移动(B) 向右上方移动(C) 不动(D) 绕着一点移动商品的收入不变，其中一种商品价格变动，消费可能线(A) 向左下方移动(B) 向右上方移动(C) 绕着一点移动(D) 不动收入消费曲线与恩格尔曲线(A) 所表达的经济意义相同(B) 所表达经济意义不相同(C) 是同一条曲线(D) 是两条没有任何关系的监线对香烟征般销售税时，其税收(A) 主要由消费者承担(B) 主要由生产者负担(C) 由生产者和消费者均等地负担(D) 全部由生产者负担如果商品的需求弹性等于0.8，供给弹性等于0.8，则销售税(A) 主要由消费者承担(B) 主要由生产者负担(C) 由生产者和消费者均等地负担(D) 全部由生产者负担对小汽车征收销售税时，其税收(A) 主要由消费者承担(B) 主要由生产者负担(C) 由生产者和消费者均等地负担(D) 全部由生产者负担已知某商品的收入弹性等于1．2，则这种商品是(A) 低档商品(B) 一般的正常商品(C) C·奢侈品(D) 吉芬商品生产者剩余是指生产者的所得(A) 小于边际成本的部分(B) 等于边际成本的部分(C) 超过边际成本的部分(D) 超过平均成本的部分当企业增加产出主要是依靠生产要素X而非Y时，其扩展路线是(A) 上凹型(B) 下凹型(C) 线性(D) 无法确定生产者剩余是指(A) 供给曲线与需求曲线交点以下部分(B) 供给曲线之下，均衡价格I；(I-部分(C) 需求曲线之下，均衡价格以下部分(D) 供给曲线之上，均衡价格IjA-F部分2、多选题经济学研究稀缺资源的配置，包括(A) 生产什么(B) 生产多少(C) 如何生产(D) 为谁生产(E) 什么时候生产经济学有一套以数量分析为特征的分析方法，包括(A) 均衡分析法(B) 边际分析法(C) 总量分析法(D) 个量分析法(E) 短期与长期分析法均衡价格就是(A) 供给量等于需求量时的价格(B) 供给价格等于需求价格，同时供给量也等于需求量时的价格(C) 供给曲线与需求曲线交点时的价格(D) 供给等于需求时的价格(E) 需求等于供给时的价格下列弹性的表达中，正确的是(A) 需求价格弹性是需求量变动对价格变动的敏感程度(B) 需求价格弹性等于需求的变动量除以价格的变动量(C) 收入弹性描述的是收入与价格的关系(D)收入弹性描述的是收入与需求量的关系(E) 交叉弹性就是一种商品的价格变化对另一种商品需求量的影响程度需求曲线是由下列哪些因素决定的(A) 边际效用最大化(B) 消费者均衡的考虑(C)价格的高低(D) 在既定收入情况下，实现效用最大化的考虑(E) 政府意志关于收入弹性的论述中，正确的是(A) 收入弹性就是消费者收入变化对某种商品需求量的影响程度(B)所有商品的收入弹性都是正值(C)如果收入弹性小于零，表示这种商品是低档商品(D) 从宏观上来说，如果某类商品收入弹性小于1，说明人们对这类商品需求的增长速度小于他们收入的增长速度(E)从微观上说，企业提供的产品如果收入弹性较大，则经济繁荣时期企业可以获得较多的收益以下关于需求价格弹性大小与销售收入的论述中，正确的是(A) 需求弹性越大，销售收入越大(B) 如果商品富有弹性，则降价可以扩大销售收入(C) 如果商品缺乏弹性，则降价可以扩大销售收入(D) 如果商品富有弹性，则降价可以提高利润(E) 如果商品为单位弹性，则价格对销售收入没有影响某种商品的供给曲线的移动是由于(A) 商品价格的变化(B) 互补品价格的变化(C) 生产技术条件的变化(D) 生产这种商品的成本的变化(E) 政府向生产企业提供补贴根据需求弹性的弹性系数的大小，可以把需求的价格弹性分为(A) 富有弹性(B) 缺乏弹性(C) 单元弹性(D) 无弹性(E) 弹性无穷大消费者剩余是指(A) 需求曲线之上，均衡价格以下部分(B) 供给曲线之上，均衡价格以下部分(C) 需求曲线之下，均衡价格以上部分(D) 消费者从商品的消费中得到的满足程度超过他实际付出的价格部分(E) 消费者的最大满足程度。

南 京 财 经 大 学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试（初试）试卷A 考试科目： 812西方经济学 满分150分适用专业：西方经济学、国民经济学、区域经济学、财政学、金融学 、产业经济学、国际贸易学、劳动经济学、统计学、数量经济学 考试时间： 2011年1月16日下午2：00——5：00 注意事项：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效； 请认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项，试题随答卷一起装入试题袋中交回。

第一部分 微观经济学部分（共75分）一、名词解释（3×5分=15分）1、奢侈品2、纳什均衡3、公共物品二、简答题（3×10分=30分）1、在购买两种商品的情形下，消费者效用最大化的均衡条件为1212MU MU P P =，请解释该均衡条件的经济含义。

2、在完全竞争市场上，厂商的短期供给曲线可以用SMC 曲线大于和等于停止营业点的部分来表示，为什么？3、劳动供给曲线为什么会向后弯曲？ 三、计算题（1×10分=10分）已知某企业的生产函数为1/32/3Q K L =，劳动的价格2w =，资本的价格1r =。

求：1、当成本3000C =时，企业实现最大产量时的L 、K 和Q 的均衡值；2、当产量800Q =时，企业实现最小成本时的L 、K 和C 的均衡值；3、请解释该企业为什么具有规模报酬不变的生产技术。

四、论述题（1×20分=20分）请结合图形分析比较完全竞争厂商与完全垄断厂商长期均衡时的资源配置效率。

第二部分 宏观经济学部分（共75分）五、 名词解释（3×5分=15分）1、资本边际效率2、实际余额效应3、BP 曲线六、简答题（3×10分=30分）1、谈谈你对作为统计指标GDP 的认识，为什么经济学家偏好使用绿色GDP 。

2、简述通货膨胀的成因，并作简要说明。

3、既然政府支出有挤出效应，为什么我国政府还要推行积极的财政政策。

七、计算题（1×10分=10分）假定某一竞争性经济体的总量生产函数为1/32/3()Y=K AL ，技术进步率和人口增长率分别为1.5%和1%，折旧率为2%，储蓄率为36%，试求：（1）该经济体稳态时有效人均资本水平；（2）黄金资本存量是多少；（3）在稳态水平上总产出和人均收入增长率各为多少。

南京财经大学2019年初试试题（812）
微观部分（75分）
名词解释（15分）
规模报酬。

外部影响。

边际转换率
简答题（30分）
1，既定成本下实现的产量最大化时，为什么每一单位购买的生产要素所生产的产量是相等的，用图形或数学证明。

2，三级价格歧视，为什么价格弹性小的要定价得高，价格弹性大的定价低？用数学证明。

3，完全竞争厂商使用生产要素的规则
计算题（10分）
完全竞争行业，告诉了单个厂商的长期总成本LTC，告诉了市场价格P。

问：1，此时的均衡数量，平均成本，利润。

2，此时是否处于长期均衡，为什么。

3，处于长期均衡时的数量，利润，平均成本是多少。

论述题（20分）
正常品和吉芬物品的替代效应与收入效应，以及各自的需求曲线的特点。

宏观部分（75分）
名词解释（15分）
中间产品。

平衡预算乘数。

李嘉图等价定理。

简答题（30分）
1，国民收入核算中支出恒等于收入，但是国民经济为什么还是不均衡？
2，我国大幅度降税，对国民经济的影响。

3，中美贸易战，美国对中国的产品提高了关税，这对人民币汇率有什么影响。

计算题（10分）
预期的通货膨胀率与失业率。

∏＝∏e－2(U－Un) 其中，起初通货膨胀率5％，自然失业率Un＝4％。

问：1，为使通货膨胀率降至3％，失业率的变化？根据奥肯定律，GDP损失多少？2，通货膨胀率为零，失业率的变化？3，通货膨胀率等于预期时，失业率多少？
论述题（20分）
根据经济增长和中国经济增长中存在的问题，阐述促进经济的措施。

南京财经大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试（初试）试卷考试科目：613 基础英语适用专业：英语语言文学考试时间：2008年1月20上午8：30—11:30注意事项：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。

I. Paraphrase the underlined part of the following sentences. (10 points)1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.2. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, and above them won by observation.3. Unless the man exploit others, he has to work in order to live. Howerver simple and primitive his production may be, he has risen above the animal kindom; rightly has he been defined as “animal that produces”.4. Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave.5. Even philosophy divorced from theology and from the knowledge of life and ascertainable facts, is but a famishing pabulum, or a draught stimulating for a moment, leaving behind drought and disillusion.II. Vocabulary and General Knowledge. (20 points)1. It was found the diet of older people is often ________in vitamins.A. shotB. inadequateC. deficientD. failing2. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.A. sheerB. shearC. shieldD. sheet3. I understand ______preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.A. more than the enormous amount ofB. better than most the enormous number ofC. better than most the enormous amount ofD. fewer than the number of4. From the available data it may fairly be ______ that the writer flourished in the 15th century.A. presupposedB. presumedC. assumedD. supposed5. I ______ to one daily newspaper and one weekly magazine.A. prescribeB. subscribeC. decretiveD. transcribe6. Her enthusiasm, and her violent likes and dislikes, _____ herself in all the everyday occupations of life.A. inserted D. counseled C. asserted D. discerned7. Communication satellites contain special instruments which can pass on or ______ radio and television programs or telephone messages from one station to another.A. relay B set C return D. emit8. One of the attractive features of the course was the way the practical work had been _____ with the theoretical aspects of the subject.A. alternatedB. integratedC. adjustedD. embraced9. It is hoped that the prisoner will be released through the _______ of the president himself.A. conventionB. preventionC. interventionD. interference10. They began constructing the bridge in 1960, but several years _______ before the project was completed.A. elapsedB. advancedC. proceededD. compromise11. James Boswell is famous for his biography of _____.A. General PaoliB. Samuel JohnsonC. Lord ChesterfieldD. Bertrand Russell12. Which one of the following books is not written by Jane Austen?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. PersuasionC. EmmaD. Mrs. Dalloway13. Sigmund Freud is a _____.A. neuropsychologistB. writerC. biologistD. anthropologist14. Who wins Nobel Prize Laureate for literature among the following people?A. Johannes KeplerB. Enric FermiC. Samuel BeckettD. Sigmund Freud15. The author of The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is _____.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. Thomas CarlyleD. C. S. Lewis16. Which one of the following events was not a part of civil rights movement in 1960s?A. anti-terroristB. women’s liberation movementC. the drug cultureD. the Vietnam War17. Jean-Paul Sartre is the foremost exponent of _____.A. modernismB. postmodernismC. intuitionismD. existentialism18. The Greening of America is written by _____.A. Thorstein VeblenB. Charles ReichC. Joseph BrodskyD. Saul Bellow19. Eskimos call their houses as _____.A. tepeesB. igloosC. hutsD. cottages20. The author of The Scarlet Letter is _____.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Kenneth ClarkC. Herman MelvilleD. Ernest HemingwayIII.Error Correction. (10 points)1. Massachusetts was first explored in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and theA B Dfirst permanent settlement at Plymouth in 1620.D2. Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II brought to the musicalAOklahoma! extensive musical and theatrical background as well as familiar with theB Ctraditional forms of operetta and musical comedy.D3. Harvesting of grain is affected by annual changes in temperature or the amount of moisture,A B Cbut both.D4. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.A B C D5. The economy of Litue Rock, Arkansas, is basing primarily on manufacturing, wholesale andA Bretail trade and government functions.C D6. How many people realize that Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’The Yearling is a minor literaryA Bclassic and an important contribute to regional literature?C D7. Dams vary in size from small rock barriers to concrete structures many feet height.A B C D8. Scientists estimate that as many as two hundred millions visible meteors enter the Earth’sA B Catmosphere every day.D9. In the early twentieth century, there was considerable interesting among sociologists in theAfact that in the United States the family was losing its traditional roles.B C D10. Government money appropriated for art in the 1930’s made possible hundreds of murals andA Bstatues still admiration in small towns all over the United States.C DIV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)TEXT AA few common misconception. Beauty is only skin-deep. One’s physical assets an d liabilities don't count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment Works something like this. They give each member of a group —college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers — a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains. In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.1. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager______.A. a persons property or debts do not matter muchB. a person's outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC. women should always dress fashionablyD. women should not only be attractive but also high-minded2. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A. people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB. women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC. good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD. attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not3. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes _______.A. they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB. they do not usually act according to the views they supportC. they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD. they tend to base their judgment on the individual's accomplishments4. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world _______.A. handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB. physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC. physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quitewellD. good looks are important for women as they are for menTEXT BTo emphasize the stagnation and the narrowness of the society depicted in Jane Austin’s novels is to take a narrow and mechanical view of them. Emma is not a period piece, nor is it what is sometimes called a "comedy of manners. "We read it to illuminate not only the past but also the present. And we must face here in both its crudity and its importance a question. Exactly what relevance and helpfulness does Emma have for us today? In what sense does a novel dealing skillfully and realistically with a society and its standards, which are dead and gone forever, have value in our very different world today? Stated in such terms, the question itself is unsatisfactory. If Emma today captures our imagination and engages our sympathies (as, in fact, it does), then either it has some genuine value for us, or else there is something wrong with the way we give our sympathy and our values are pretty useless.Put this way, it is clear that anyone who enjoys Emma and then remarks “but of course it has no relevance today” is, in fact, debasing the novel, looking at it not as a living, enjoyable work of art but as a mere dead picture of a past society. Such an attitude is fatal both to art and to life. It can be assumed that Emma has relevance. The helpful approach is to ask why this novel still has the power to move us today.What gives Emma its power to move us is the realism and depth of feeling behind Jane Austin’s attitu des. She examines with a scrupulous yet passionate and critical precision the actual problems of her world. That this world is narrow cannot be denied. But the value of a work of art rests on the depth and truth of the experience it communicates, and such qualities cannot be identified with the breadth of the work’s panorama(概要). A conversation between two people in a grocery store may tell us more about as world war than a volume of dispatches from the front. The silliest of all criticisms of Jan Austen is the one the blames her for not writing about the Battle of the Waterloo and French Revolution, which were in th4e headlines of the newspapers she read. She wrote about what she genuinely understood, and no artist can do more.5. The main idea of the passage is that _______.A. a narrow view of Emma is natural and acceptableB. a novel should not depict a vanished societyC. a good novel is an intellectual rather than an emotional experienceD. Emma should be read with sensitivity and an open mind6. The author would probably disagree with those critics or readers who find that the society inJane Austen’s novels is ________.A. unsympatheticB. uninterestingC. crudeD. authoritarian7. The author implies that a work of art is properly judged on the basis of its ________.A. universality of human experience truthfully recordedB. popularity and critical acclaim in its own ageC. openness to varied interpretations, including seemingly contradictory onesD. avoidance of political and social issues of minor importance8. The author’s attitude toward someone who“enjoys Emma and then remarks ‘but of course ithas no relevance today’” can best be described as one of ______.A. amusementB. astonishmentC. disapprovalD. resignationText CJoseph Jones had a criminal record, but he swore up and down that this time he was innocent. That's what the 36-year-old felon told a Los Angeles Superior Court judge last year, just moments before pleading guilty to selling cocaine. He received an eight-year sentence. On Wednesday, Jones walked out of California's Salinas Valley State Prison, his conviction overturned at the request of the Los Angeles District Attorney Gil Garcetti. Turns out, Jones really was innocent of the cocaine charge.Jones’ case is not all that unus ual. In Los Angeles lately, it is the prosecutors who are asking that defendants be set free. The criminal justice system seems to have been turned inside out as authorities probe what might become the most widespread police corruption scandal in the city’s history. “I wouldn't say the system is in shambles, but it has certainly been seriously disrupted,” says Michael Judge, chief public defender for Los Angeles. A high-ranking police official who asked not to be named adds: “I’ve never seen anything like t his before in Los Angeles. It's the kind of thing you hear about in other places. I don't know if we'll ever get over it.”Police authorities say at least one officer has been fired, 11 placed on administrative leave, and one, Rafael Perez, has resigned, as allegations swirl that they stole contraband, lied, planted evidence, roughed up witnesses and kept a crash pad where they had sex with prostitutes. Perez admitted shooting an unarmed man, then framing him by planting a semiautomatic rifle near his unconscious body and accusing him of attacking officers. Five Los Angeles prosecutors and a special police task force are reviewing hundreds of cases that might have been compromised. More than 200 police department supervisors and assistants are part of a board of inquiry expected to make recommendations to Police Chief Bernard Parks as early as next week. Five criminal convictions that Perez and his partner obtained have been overturned, and more couldfollow, a spokeswoman for Garcetti said.On Wednesday, public defenders received a list of more than 1 000 cases involving eight law enforcement officers targeted in the probe. Each must be reviewed for possibly tainted testimony. If evidence is suspect, lawyers say, they’ll argue for new trials or dismissal of charges. The courts could be tied up for years. Adding to the morass, officials expect an onslaught of civil law-suits against the police department from defendants who were wrongly convicted. The first has been filed.“This is a tarnish on our badge,”says Officer Ted Hunt, president of the Los Angeles Police Protective League, which provides lawyers for accused officers. He cautioned, however, against jumping to the conclusion that police corruption is widespread. Only Perez has been proved guilty, he notes. “Other than this one tiny person who embarrassed all of us, LAPD coppers are honest and ethical, and they want to do the right thing,” Hunt adds.In September, Perez admitted in court that he had stolen about 8 pounds of cocaine from the police evidence room last year. In an attempt to lower his sentence, he offered to blow the whistle on alleged corruption in the department's Rampart Division.Assigned to a tough, mostly minority neighborhood west of downtown, Rampart Division police are known as pro-active. “Their job is to go out and get the street hoodlums, the ones who cause ordinary citizens to be afraid” Hunt says. “Rampart had the highest crime rate in the city, and they turned it around.”According to Perez, some officers at Rampart were doing more than good police work. Perez contends, for example, that in 1996, he and his partner, Nino Durden, shot 19-year-old Javier Francisco Ovando, then framed him for assaulting them. The shooting paralyzed Ovando. Though he had no prior record, the judge handed down the stiffest sentence possible because, the judge said, the defendant showed no remorse. Ovando was released from prison in September after serving three years of a 23-year sentence.Tamar Toiser, Ovando’s criminal defense lawyer, says Perez and his partner testified brilliantly at the trial. “They were wonderful witnesses,” she said. “They knew just when to look the jury in the eye. They called (Ovando) a ‘gang assassin.’ ” David Brockway, the lawyer who advised Jones to take an eight-year deal and admit selling cocaine, also remembers the same two cops as effective witnesses. If Jones had gone up against them, “Who would the jury have believed?” he asks. By going to trial, Jones would have risked being found guilty and rece iving a sentence of 32 years to life in prison under California’s “three-strikes’” law, Brockway says.“Innocent people are being convicted,” public defender Judge says. “That's the magnitude of the consequences, and this is really devastating for th e system.”But Hunt and other police officers say that the system is working. It’s the police department, they say, that uncovered the problem by aggressively investigating the evidence room theft, which led to Perez.9. What’s the main idea of the articl e?A. Policemen also do some illegal things.B. There are more and more police scandals these days.C. Police scandal puts convictions in doubt.D. Only 1 cop has admitted guilt, so it is unreasonable to question the criminal convictions.10. The phrase “hand down” is in close meaning to which of the following?A. put downB. take downC. state publiclyD. deny angrily11. This article can be found most probably in ________.A. novelsB. anthologyC. newspaperD. encyclopedia12. If the information offered by Perez in paragraph 8 was wrong and other information weretrue, it helps to confirm that ________.A. all Brockway says at the last paragraph is rightB. Perez is really not a good copC. Nino and Perez are not friendsD. No innocent people are being conceivedT ext DCyberspace, data superhighways, multimedia—for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, televisions and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how," the question of "for whom" is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets – with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves—so-called “development communications” mode rnization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries’ economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S., Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. Itis also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit – credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.13. From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of _____.A. the rich countriesB. scientific developmentC. the eliteD. the world economy14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. international trade should be expandedB. the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough considerationC. the exports of the poor countries should be increasedD. communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized15. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?A. Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B. Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C. Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.D. Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.16. The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may ____.A. hinder their industrial productionB. cause them to lose control of their tradeC. force them to reduce their share of exportsD. cost them their economic independenceText EPoor health is closely associated with homelessness. Thirteen percent of homeless patients surveyed in a national study published in the 1980s stated that poor physical health was a factor in their becoming United States lacked health insurance, and nearly one-third of persons living in poverty had no health insurance of any kind. A recent analysis of Health Care for the Homeless projects found that the number of uninsured persons seeking treatment is increasing: overall, HCH programs report a 35% increase in the numbers of patients who are uninsured.The rates of both chronic and acute health problems are extremely high among the homelesspopulation. With the exception of obesity, strokes, and cancer, homeless people are far more likely to suffer from every category of chronic health problem. Conditions that require regular, uninterrupted treatment, such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension, addictive disorders, and mental disorders, are extremely difficult to treat or control among those without adequate housing.Many homeless people have multiple health problems. For example, frostbite, leg ulcers and upper respiratory infections are frequent, often the direct result of homelessness. Homeless people are also at greater risk of trauma resulting from muggings, beatings, and rape. Homelessness precludes good nutrition, good personal hygiene, and basic first aid, adding to the complex health needs of homeless people. In addition, some homeless people with mental disorders may use drugs or alcohol to self- medicate, and those with addictive disorders are also often at risk of HIV and other communicable diseases.Homeless children also experience numerous health problems. A recent study of the health status of homeless children in New York City found that 61% of homeless children had not received their proper immunizations (compared to 23% of all New York City two-year-olds); 38% of homeless children in the City's shelter system have asthma (an asthma rate four times that for all New York City children and the highest prevalence rate of any child population in the United States).People who are homeless are overwhelmingly uninsured and often lack access to the most basic health care services for their complex health care needs. At present, there is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which is designed specifically to provide primary health care to homeless persons. Recent evaluations of the HCH programs have found that HCH projects provide primary health care in a cost-effective and efficient manner. HCH projects are successful because they are designed and controlled by local communities to fill significant gaps in exiting health care delivery systems. Health and social service workers in HCH projects provide comprehensive care through accessible clinics and mobile and street health outreach. No other indigent care system provides this service. In Fiscal Year 1998, the HCH program awarded grants to 128 community-based organizations that, in mm, expanded their service network through arrangements with over 300 service providers. As a result, the HCH program serves more than 430,000 clients in 48 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. For the people served byHealth Care for the Homeless programs, the restoration of physical health is often a first step toward reentry into stable housing and mainstream society.However, the crumbling health care safety net, the arrival of managed care, and growth in homelessness have resulted in increased need for homeless health care services. Welfare reform is also having an impact: many families leaving welfare lose health insurance, despite continued Medicaid eligibility. These and other policy changes have made it impossible for HCH programs to reach the majority of homeless people in America. A 1997 study by the Bureau of Primary Health Care found that HCH projects are experiencing a significant growth in homelessness in their communities, and that at the same time, financial support for HCH programs is diminishing. As a result, HCH projects have been forced to reduce program staffing, and waiting lists and turn away rates have increased.17. Which of the following diseases are the ones the homeless are most likely to suffer directly from?A. Obesity, and Tuberculosis.B. HIV/AIDS, and diabetes.C. Frostbite, and leg ulcers.D. Strokes, and upper respiratory infections.18. Health Care for the Homeless is ________.A. to help to prevent future episodes of homelessnessB. to help the overwhelmingly uninsuredC. to expand the service network through arrangementsD. to provide the most basic health care services to the homeless19. According to the passage, Health Care for the Homeless projects is ________.A. questionable.B. affordable.C. efficient.D. credible.20. Which of the following statements is true, according to the author?A. HCH projects succeed in restoring the homeless back into houses and society.B. The overwhelmingly uninsured are those who are accessible to health care.C. The acute health problems are what the homeless population is most haunted.D. The increased number of the homeless seeking health care worsens theissue.V. Translation from English into Chinese. (20 points)Globalization creates unprecedented new opportunities and risks. If the poorest countries can be drawn into the global economy and get increasing access to modern knowledge and technology, it could lead to a rapid reduction in global poverty, as well as bringing new trade and investment opportunities for all. But if this is not done, the poorest countries will become more marginalized, and suffering and division will grow. And we all be affected by the consequences. In order to make globalization work for the poor we need not just strong and vibrant private sectors, but also effective governments and strong and reformed international institutions. We need to work collectively to tackle the problems of conflict and corruption, boost investment in education and health, spread the benefits of technology and research, strengthen the international financial system, reduce barriers to trade, tackle environmental problems and make development assistance more effective.VI. Translation from Chinese into English. (20 points)中国曾向国有企业职工保证其终生受雇。

2013年南京财经大学金融学院金融学专业812西方经济学真题（回忆版）南京财经大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 812 科目名称：西方经济学满分： 150 分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！第一部分微观经济学部分（共75分）一、名词解释（3×5分=15分）1、洛伦兹曲线2、公共资源3、一般均衡分析二、简答题（3×10分=30分）1、结合图形，分析政府实行最高限价的动机和后果2、完全竞争厂商的短期和长期平均成本曲线均呈“U”形，导致这一特征的作用相同吗？3、在完全竞争厂商长期生产中，一旦厂商的经济利润为零，该厂商就应该退出生产吗？三、计算题（1×10分=10分）（好像就是这个样子）假设在一个非完全竞争市场上存在两个垄断厂商，其成本函数分别为C1=4+2Q1，C2=3+2Q2，需求曲线函数为P=50-Q，Q=Q1+Q2，求：1、若市场上这两个厂商合谋，那么这两个厂商最大利润时各自的产量分别是多少，均衡价格是多少？2、若这两个厂商达到古诺均衡，那么利润最大化时各自的产量分别是多少，均衡价格是多少？3、若这两个厂商达到斯塔克伯格均衡，那么利润最大化时各自的产量分别是多少，均衡价格是多少？四、论述题（1×20分=20分）结合图形分析，为什么正常商品的需求量与价格反方向变动；吉芬商品的需求量与价格成同方向变动？第二部分宏观经济学部分（共75分）五、名词解释（3×5分=15分）1、单一规则货币政策2、斟酌使用的财政政策3、实际余额效应六、简答题（3×10分=30分）1、GDP有哪三种核算方法，说明为什么三种核算方的结果是一致的？2、影响中国居民消费不足的因素有哪些？3、为什么经济学家将自然失业率定义为非加速通货膨胀的失业率？七、计算题（1×10分=10分）设某一三部门的经济中，已知货币需求L=0.3Y，货币供给M=300，消费函数C=100+0.8Y d，T=50，投资函数I=140-600r，G=60，求：1、产品市场与货币市场同时达到均衡时的国民收入，利率和投资；2、若M增加60，求新的均衡时国民收入，利率和投资；3、若G增加10，是否存在挤出效应？挤出是多少？八、论述题（1×20分=20分）结合经济增长理论，分析为什么“一些国家如此富裕，而一些国家如此贫穷”？怎样解释中国的增长奇迹？南京财经大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（ A 卷）科目代码： 812 科目名称：西方经济学满分： 150 分注意:①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！第一部分 微观经济学部分（共75分）一、名词解释（3×5分=15分）1、补偿预算线2、机会成本3、实证经济学二、简答题（3×10分=30分）1、垄断市场形成的原因主要有哪些？2、完全竞争市场中一规模报酬不变厂商的生产函数为Q AL K αβ=，其中Q 为产量，L 和K 分别为劳动和资本投入量，01αβ、。

跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。

2008年南京财经大学812西方经济学考研真题及详解第一部分微观经济学部分（共75分）一、名词解释（3×5分=15分）1．纳什均衡答：纳什均衡又称为非合作均衡，是博弈论的一个重要术语，以提出者约翰·纳什的名字命名。

纳什均衡是指这样一种策略集，在这一策略集中，每一个博弈者都确信，在给定竞争对手策略的情况下，他选择了最好的策略。

纳什均衡是由所有参与人的最优战略所组成的一个战略组合，也就是说，给定其他人的战略，任何个人都没有积极性去选择其他战略，从而没有人有积极性去打破这个均衡。

2．公共物品答：限于篇幅原因，想要获得完整版真题及解析请加入经济学考研备战群3．生产可能性曲线答：生产可能性曲线也称为生产可能性边界或社会生产可能性边界，是指在其他条件（如技术、要素供给等）不变的情况下，一个社会用其全部资源所能生产的各种产品的最大数量的组合。

由于整个社会的经济资源是有限的，当这些经济资源都被充分利用时，增加一定量的一种产品的生产，就必须放弃一定量的另一种产品的生产。

整个社会生产的选择过程形成了一系列的产品间的不同产量组合，所有这些不同产量的组合就构成了生产可能性曲线。

假设一个社会把其全部资源用于X和Y两种商品的生产，那么其生产可能性曲线可用图1-1表示。

图1-1 生产可能性边界图1-1中曲线PP 为生产可能性曲线，表示一个社会在资源一定、技术一定的情况下所可能生产的X商品和Y商品的各种不同产量的组合。

位于曲线右边的点是不能实现的，因为没有足够的资源；位于曲线左边的点可以实现，但没有利用或没有有效利用全部可供利用的资源；而位于曲线上的点则表示全部资源都得到了利用而又可以接受的组合。

南财812十年真题(1)西方经济学目录2004年 (3)2005年 (4)2006年 (5)2007年 (6)2008年 (7)2009年 (8)2010年 (9)2011年 (10)2012年 (11)2014年 (12)2013年 (13)2015年 (14)南京财经大学西方经济学考研真题2004年一、名词解释（共7题，30分）1、边际替代率（4 分）2、完全竞争市场厂商的供给曲线（4 分）3、资本边际效率（4 分）4、凯恩斯极端（4 分）5、马歇尔—--- 勒纳条件（4 分）6、垄断利润（5 分）7、可变资本（5 分）二、简答题（共8题，56分）1、钻石对人的用途很有限而价格昂贵，生命必不可少的水却很便宜。

运用所学经济学原理解释这一价值悖论。

（6 分）2、举例说明信息不对称会破坏市场的有效性。

（6 分）3、由家庭消费函数直接加总是否可以得到社会消费函数？（6 分）4、如果LM曲线既定，IS曲线的斜率变小，那么扩张性财政政策的效果将发生什么样的变化？（6 分）5、不考虑通货膨胀因素，在总供求所决定的均衡产量尚未达到潜在产量的情况下，短期内可以采取什么样的宏观经济政策？（6 分）6、在日、美等国不断要求人民币升值的同时，我国政府则坚持人民币汇率的基本稳定。

如果人民币升值，对国际经济部门将会带来什么样的影响？（6 分）7、简述商品价值与生产价格的关系。

（10 分）8、简述社会必要劳动时间的两种含义及其关系。

（10 分）三、计算题（共2题，20分）1、某产品的市场需求函数为，该市场为某垄断厂商所支配，其成本函数为TC Q2 /2. 求：（10 分）（1）厂商均衡时的价格、供给及利润；（2）由于垄断而导致的经济福利损失。

2、假设：在三部门经济中，消费函数c=100+0.75yd ，投资i=160-6r ，政府购买g=100,税收T=0.2y，货币需求L=0.25y-1.5r，货币供给M=168价格指数P=1.2. 单位：亿美元。

2008年中央财经大学812经济学综合考研真题详解一、微观经济学（75分）一、名词解释（12分，每小题4分）1公共产品的非竞争性【分析】此题目为对公共产品定义的考察，偏重于非竞争性。

对非竞争性的解释，建议加入例子辅助说明。

【答案】公共产品是指对所有涉及的消费者都必须供应同样数量的产品，每个人必定消费相同数量的这种产品。

相对于私人产品而言，公共产品具有两个基本特征：非竞争性和非排他性。

其中，公共产品的非竞争性指公共物品可以同时为许多人所消费，增加一名消费者的消费的边际成本为零，即一个人对这种物品的消费不会减少可供别人消费的量。

例如，新生人口一样享受国防提供的安全服务，但原有人口对国防的“消费”水平不会因此而降低。

如多一台电视收看公共频道对其他人收看此频道没有影响。

由于公共产品既没有竞争性，又没有排他性，所以能够从公共物品获益的人可以避开为公共物品付出费用，这称为”搭便车问题”，在公共物品的提供上，人们总是希望别人来提供，而自己坐享其成。

要使公共物品有效率的提出来，经常需要政府的行动。

2消费者剩余【分析】这是消费者理论部分一个非常重要的概念。

作答时，可以结合图形说明消费者剩余的几何意义。

同时，注意消费者剩余是对消费者福利变化的测度。

【答案】消费者剩余是指消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的最高总价格和实际支付的总价格之间的差额。

由于消费者消费不同数量的同种商品所获得的边际效用是不同的，所以，他们对不同数量的同种商品所愿意支付的价格也是不同的。

但是，消费者在市场上所面临的同种商品的价格往往却是相同的，这样，消费者为一定数量的某种商品所愿意支付的价格和他实际支付的价格之间就会有一定的差额，这一差额就构成消费者剩余。

消费者剩余是消费者福利变化的近似测度。

另外，补偿变化和等价变化也可以测度消费者福利变化。

图1消费者剩余如图1所示，反需求函数P d＝f（Q）表示消费者对每一单位商品所愿意支付的最高价格。

南京财经大学2008年812西方经济学考研试题（暂缺答案）(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、第一部分微观经济学部分（共 75 分） (总题数：3，分数：15.00)1.纳什均衡（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：2.公共物品（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：3.生产可能性曲线（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：二、简答题（30 分）(总题数：3，分数：30.00)4.为什么经济学家通常总是反对价格控制？（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：5.为什么说垄断也有可能促进经济效率？（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：6.完全竞争厂商短期均衡时的盈利情况有哪些可能性？（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：三、计算题（10 分）(总题数：1，分数：10.00)7. ，若生产5 单位产品的总成本是595 ，求总成本函数、平均成本函数、可变成本函数及平均可变成本函数。