小型超声波切割机毕业设计翻译中文

附录A 英文原文MILLINGMilling is a machining process that is carried out by means of a multiedge tool known as a milling cutter .In this process,metal removal is achieved through combining the rotary motion of the milling cutter and linear motions of the workpiece ling operations are employed in producing flat ,contoured and helical surfaces as well as for thread-and gear-cutting operations.Each of the cutting edges of a milling cutter acts as an individualsingle-point cutter when it engages with the workpiece metal .Therefore ,each of those cutting edges has appropriate rake and relief angles .Since only a few of the cutting edges are engaged with the workpiece at a time ,heavy cuts can be taken without adversely affecting the tool life .In fact ,the permissible cutting speeds and feeds for milling are there to four times higher than those for turning or drilling .Moreover,the quality of the surfaces machined by turning ,shaping ,or drilling.A wide variety of milling cutters is available in industry with the fact that a milling machine is a very versatile machine milling machine the backbone of a machining workshop.As far as the direction of cutter rotation and workpiece feed are concerned ,milling is performed by either of a machining workshop.Up milling (conventional milling) .In up milling the workpiece is fed against the direction of cutter rotation ,as shown in Fig.5. l(a) .As we can see in that figure ,the depth of cut (and consequently the load ) gradually increases on the successively engaged cutting edges .Therefore ,the machining process involves no impact loading ,thus ensuring smoother operation of the machine tool and longer tool life .The quality of the machined surface obtained by up milling is not very high .Nevertheless ,upmilling is commonly used in inciustry ,especially for rough cuts.Down milling(climb milling) .As can be seen in Fig.5.1b ,in down milling the cutter rotation coincides with the direction of feed at the contact point between the tool and the workpiece .It can also be seen that the maximum depth of cut is achieved directly as the cutter engages with the workpiece .This result in a kind of impact ,or sudden loading .Therefore ,this method cannot be used the milling machine is equipped with a backlash eliminator on the feed screw. The advantages of this method include higher quality of the machined surface and easier clamping of workpieces,since the cutting forces act downward.Types of milling cuttersThere is wide variety of milling cutter shapes.Each of them is designed to perform effectively a specific.Generally,a milling cutter can be described as a multiedge cutting tool having the shape of a solid of revolution,with the cutting teeth arranged either on the periphery or on an end face or on both.following is a quick survery of the commonly used types of milling cutters.Plain milling cutter.A plain milling cutter is a disk-shaped cutting tool that may hace either straght or helical teeth,as shown in Fig.5.2a.This typeis always mounted on horizental milling machines and is used for machining flat surfaces.Face milling cutters.A face milling cutter is also used for machining flat surfaces,it is bothed at the end of a shot arbor,which is in turn mounted on a vertical milling machine.Fig.5.2b indicates a milling cutter of this type.Plain metal slitting saw.Fig.5.2c indicates a plain metal slitting saw cutter.We can see that it actually involves a very thin plain milling cutter.Side milling cutter.Aside milling cutter is used for cutting slots,grooves,and splines.As we can see in Fig.5.2d,it is quite sililar to the plain milling cutter,the difference between thebeing that this type has teeth on the side .As was the case with the plain cutter ,the cutting teeth can be straight or helical.Angle milling cutter .An angle milling cutter is employed in cutting dovetail grooves ,ratchet wheels ,and the like .Fig.5.2e) indicates a milling cutter of this type.T-slot cutter .As shown in Fig.5.2f) ,a T-slot cutter involves a plain milling cutter with an integral shaft normal to it .As the name suggests ,this type is used for milling T-slots.End mill cutters .End mill cutters find common application in cutting slots ,grooves ,flutes ,splines ,pocketing work ,and the like .Fig.5.2g indicates an end mill cutter .The latter is always mounted on a vertical milling machine and can have two or four times ,which may be either straight or helical.Form milling cutters Th:~ teeh of a form milling cuuter have a certain shape ,which is identical to the metal to be removed during the milling operation. Examples of this type include gear currer ,gear hobs, convex and concave cutters, and the like .Form milling cutters are mounted on horizontal milling machines,as is esplained later when we discuss gear cutting.Material of Milling CuttersThe commonly used milling cutters are made of high-speed steel, which is generally adequate for most jobs .Milling cutters tipped with sintered cabides nonferrous alloys as cutting teeth are usually employed for mass production,gh cutting speeds are requied.Cutting tool material may be classified in different ways main element. The main element may be carbon steel.high-speed steel meaJum-alloy steel .high-speed steel, acemented carbide. Of course, iron is the main constitutent .of the first three.Carbon steel toolsCarbon steel tools have a limited use, as they are characterized by. Low hot hardness and poor hardnability. Carbon contents range from o.s percent to 1.3 prcent. Tools of this type can be used for light work where temperatures produced do not exceed 204~C.Medium-alloy steelsThese steels are not satisfactory for operations finishing operations. They can be used successfully.High-speed steelsHigh-speed steel tools are characterized by superior wear resistance and hot hardness. High-speed steel tools contain Up to 18 percent tungsten and 51.5 percent chromium as the principal alloying element, Other alloying element such as molybdenum and cobalt give special qualities, These cutters will retain keen cutting edges at temperatures up to 593 ~C ( 1100~F ) .Also the proper cutting fluids can increase their life and improve use to a considerable extent.Cast AlloysA number of nonferrous alloys know as stellhes have developed for use asculting tools ,these alloys usually contain 2 to 4 percent carbon 14 to 29 percent tungsten 27 to 32 percent chromium 40 to 50 percent cobalt; the tools must be used as cast ;and cannot ;be near treated, they are not affected by heat up to 815~C (1500~F), high-speed steel tools are somewhat harder that Stellite up to 537 ~C(ll00~F).above this temperatures, stelite retails hardness much better ,highcutting speeds are possible with this type of tool than with high speed steel tools.Stelite, being cast ,has a tendency to shatter under shock ,thus ,it must be well supported in the toolhoider. It can be tip-brazed or weided to a shank steel. It may also be fashioned as a removable bit in a specialtoolhoider.Cemented CarbidesCemented carbide tools are know by trade named such as Carpoioy, Kennametal,Vascoioy-Ronet,and Firtnite. There are two genral grades of metal-cutting cemented in use:1. The "C" grace is made up of tung-sten carbide with cobait grace is used in machining cast ircn and nonterrous metals.2. The "S"grade is made up of tung-sten. Titanium,and tantalum carbides cobalt as a binder. This grade is used on steels withThe cobalt content may vary from 3 percent to 16 percent. The larger the amount of cobait. The tougher and more wear-resistant beccmes the tool. The"S"graces usually contain form 0 percent to 16 percent tianlum carbide and 0percent to 10 percent tantalum carbide. The mean grain size is important. Toolsof icential cnemical composition but of different grain size will have differentpropentes. Coarser grain materi tl is more snock resistant. Cemented carbices have the following cnaractenstics High naraness over a wide range of temperatures.High thermal concuctivity.Low thermal expansion.Stiffness.Cemented carbide shculd be used at much higher operating speeds than high speed steel tool.The depth of cut is the thickness of the meal layer that is to be removed in one cut o The maximum allowable depth of cue depends upon the material being machined and is commonly taken up to 5/16in. (or 8mm)in toughing operations and 1/16in(aboutl.5mm)in finishing operations .Another parameter that affects milling operations is the width of cut .The Latter is the width of the workpiece in contact with the cutter in a direction normal to the feed. We can easily see that the width of cut should decrease with increasingdepth of cut to keep the load and powerrequirement below by the cutter and the machine tool, respectively.Types of Milling MachinesThere are several types of milling machines in industry. They are generally classified based on their construction and design features .They vary from the common general-purpose types to duplicators and machining operation that involve a tool magazine and are capable of carrying out many machining operation with a single workpiece setup. For example Plain horizontal milling machine, Universal milling machine, Vertial milling machine, Duplicators,Machining centers.附录B 汉语翻译铣削铣削是用铣刀进行多刃旋转加工的工艺。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：United States Patent 5442592(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：（手写签名）年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

外文资料翻译译文超声波测距仪文件类型和数目：美国专利5442592摘要：提出了一种可以抵消温度的影响和湿度的变化的新型超声波测距仪，包括测量单元和参考资料。

在每一个单位，重复的一系列脉冲的产生，每有一个重复率，直接关系到各自之间的距离，发射机和接收机。

该脉冲序列提供给各自的计数器，计数器的产出的比率，是用来确定被测量的距离。

出版日期：1995年8月15日主审查员：罗保.伊恩j.一、背景发明本发明涉及到仪器的测量距离，最主要的是，这种仪器，其中两点之间传输超声波。

精密机床必须校准。

在过去，这已经利用机械设备来完成，如卡钳，微米尺等。

不过，使用这种装置并不利于本身的自动化技术发展。

据了解，两点之间的距离可以通过测量两点之间的行波传播时间的决定。

这样的一个波浪型是一种超声波，或声波。

当超声波在两点之间通过时，两点之间的距离可以由波的速度乘以测量得到的在分离的两点中波中转的时间。

因此，本发明提供仪器利用超声波来精确测量两点之间的距离对象。

当任意两点之间的介质是空气时，声音的速度取决于温度和空气的相对湿度。

因此，它是进一步的研究对象，本次的发明，提供的是独立于温度和湿度的变化的新型仪器。

二、综述发明这项距离测量仪器发明是根据上述的一些条件和额外的一些基础原则完成的，其中包括一个参考单位和测量单位。

参考和测量单位是相同的，每个包括一个超声波发射机和一个接收机。

间隔发射器和接收器的参考值是一个固定的参考距离，而间距之间的发射机和接收机的测量单位是有最小距离来衡量的。

在每一个单位，发射器和接收器耦合的一个反馈回路，它会导致发射器产生超声脉冲，这是由接收器和接收到一个电脉冲然后被反馈到发射机转换，从而使重复系列脉冲的结果。

襄樊学院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目超声波简介及其应用专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级机制0712姓名刘康学号07116201指导教师职称李梅副教授2011年5月25日Introduction and application of ultrasonic Ultrasonic is a mechanical waves which frequency above 20,000 Hz. Ultrasonic inspection commonly used in the frequency of 0. 5~5 MHz. The mechanical waves in the material spread in a certain speed and directions, acoustic impedance different heterogeneous interfaces such as defect is encountered or the bottom surface of the object being tested, will reflections. This reflection phenomenon can be used to ultrasonic testing , most common is pulse echo testing method testing , pulse oscillator issued of voltage plus in probe with pressure electric ceramic or quartz chip made of detection components , probe issued of ultrasonic pulse by sound coupled media such as oil or water , entered material and in which spread , encountered defects , part reflection energy along original way returns probe , probe will change it in electric pulse , by instrument zoom and display in oscilloscope tubes of screen . Depending on where the flaw echo on the screen and amplitude of reflection wave with artificial defects in a reference block rate compared to defect location and approximate dimensions. Apart from Echo method, and use another probe to the other side of the workpiece to accept signal penetration method. When use ultrasonic detection the physical properties of materials, also often take advantage of ultrasonic in sound velocity, attenuation and resonance characteristics of workpiece.Ultrasonic characteristics: 1, ultrasonic beam to focus on a specific direction, along the straight lines in the media, has a good point. 2, ultrasonic wave propagation in the media, attenuation and scattering occurs. 3, ultrasonic wave on the interface of heterogeneous media will make reflection, refraction and mode conversion. Using these features, you can get the defective interface from reflected reflection, so as to achieve the purpose of detecting defects. 4, ultrasonic energy is power than sonic. 5, the ultrasonic loss is very small in solid transmission , probe depth, as occurs in the hetero - interface by ultrasonic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, especially not by gas - solid interface. If the metal air holes, flaws and layer defects such as defects in a gas or a mixture, when defects at the interface of ultrasonic propagation to the metal and on all or part of the reflection. Reflected ultrasonic probe received, handled through circuits inside the instrument, on the screen of the instrument will show a different height and have a certain pitch waveform.Based on waveform characteristics of determine defect depth, location, and shape of the workpiece.Non - destructive testing is not damaged parts or raw materials subject to the status of the work, a means of detection of surface and internal quality checks, Nondestructive Testing abbreviations short for NDT. Ultrasonic testing is also called ultrasonic, ultrasonic flaw detector, is a type of non - destructive testing. UT is on industrial ultrasonic testing non - destructive testing methods. Ultrasonic enters objects when a defect is encountered, some sound waves produce reflection, transmit and receive an analysis of the reflected wave, exception can accurately gauge the flaws. And is able to display the location and size of internal defects, determination of material thickness.Advantages of ultrasonic inspection is to detect thickness, high sensitivity, high speed, low cost, is harmless to human body, can be positioned and quantitative defects.Display of ultrasonic detection on defects are not intuitive, testing of technical difficulty, vulnerable to subjective and objective factors, and inspection results are not easy to hold, ultrasonic testing requirements on the work surface smooth, requiring experienced inspectors to identify defects types, suitable for the part of considerable thickness inspection, ultrasonic inspection has its limitations.Variety of ultrasonic flaw detector, but most widely application of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector. In general, in uniform material, presence of defect will create material discontinuity,this often acoustic impedance of the discontinuity is inconsistent , by the reflection theorem we know that, in two different acoustic impedance by ultrasonic reflection on the interface of media occurs. Size and interface on both sides of the reflected energy media differences in acoustic impedance and orientation, relative to the size of the interface. Pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is designed according to this principle. Most of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is a scan, the so-called A-scan display is the way the display of ultrasonic detection in materials is the horizontal coordinate of transmission time or distance, the ordinate is the amplitude of ultrasonic reflected wave. Such as , in a workpiece in the exists a defects , because defects of exists , between defects and material formed a different media junction surface, interface of sound impedance different , when launch of ultrasonic encountered this interface will occurs reflection , reflection back of energy and probe received it, in monitor screen in the horizontal of must of location on will display out a reflection wave of waveform , horizontal of this location is defects wave in was detection material in the of depth . The reflected wave height and shape of different because of different defects, reflecting the nature of the defectNow is usually on the measured object, human launch industrial materials such as ultrasound, and then use its reflection, Doppler effect, transmission to get the formation of internal information and processing of measured object image. Ultrasonic flaw detector which more general Doppler effect method is using ultrasonic in encountered movement of object Shi occurs of more general Doppler frequency moved effect to came the object of movement direction and speed , characteristics ; transmission rule is by analysis ultrasonic penetrating had was measuring object of changes and came object of internal characteristics of , its application currently also is development stage ; ultrasonic flaw detector here main describes of is currently application up to of by reflection method to gets object internal characteristics information of method. Reflection method is based on ultrasonic in by different sound impedance organization interface will occurs strong reflection of principle work of , as we all know , When sonic from a media spread to another media in the interface will occurs reflection , and media of differences more large reflection will more large , so we can launch out penetrating force strong , and to line spread of ultrasonic to a object , and on reflection back of ultrasonic for received and under these reflection back of ultrasonic , and range , situation on can judgment out this organization in the contains of various media of size , and distribution situation and various media of comparison differences degree , information which reflection back of ultrasonic of has can reflect out reflection interface away fromdetection surface of distance , range can reflect out media of size , and comparison differences degree , characteristics , ultrasonic flaw detector to judgment out the was measuring object is has exception . In this process involves many aspects of content, including produce, receive, ultrasonic signal conversion and processing. One method is through the circuit of ultrasonic excitation signals to crystals such as quartz, lithium sulfate, with the piezoelectric effect, making it resulting in ultrasonic vibration ; receives the reflected ultrasonic waves when the piezoelectric crystals, there will be pressure from the reflected sound waves and electrical signals and transferred to the signal processing circuit for a series of processing, observation of ultrasonic flaw detector resulting images for people to judge.Types of image processing can be divided into A type display display, M and B type show, C-type display, such as F-type display. Which A type display is will received to of ultrasonic signal processing into waveform image , under waveform of shape can see was measuring object inside is has exception and defects in there , and has more large , ultrasonic flaw detector main for industrial detection ; M type display is will a section after fai of processing of detection information by time order expand formation a dimension of " space more points movement timing figure " , for observation internal is movement state of object , ultrasonic flaw detector as movement of organ , and artery vascular; B type display is will side - by - side many section after fai of processing of detection information group synthesis of second dimension of , and reflect out was measuring object internal fault section of " Anatomy image " hospital in using of B Super is with this principle do out of , ultrasonic flaw detector for observation internal is static of object ; and c type display , and F type display now with was comparison less . Detection of ultrasonic flaw detector can be very accurate, and more convenient, fast compared to other testing methods, nor harmful to detect objects and actions, so welcomed by the people more and more popular, has a very broad prospects for development. With the further development of electronic technology and software technology, digital ultrasonic flaw detector there are broad development prospects. Believe in the near future, more advanced new generation of digital intelligent ultrasonic flaw detector will gradually replace traditional analog detector, mainly for image display detector will be widely used in industrial inspection.Ultrasonic characterization of defects is always a difficult problem, still mainly relies on experience and analysis of inspection personnel, and poor accuracy. Development of the modern discipline of artificial intelligence for the realization of instrument automatic defect characterization offers the potential. Application of pattern recognition technology and expert systems, various characteristics of a large number of known defects input sample library, to accept the equipment people experience, and after studying with automatic defect characterization capabilities.超声波简介及其应用超声波是频率高于20千赫的机械波。

超声波清洗机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献超声波清洗超声波清洗是工业领域一种广泛应用的新方法，可以去除工件表面的磨削，研磨，抛光后表面残留的碎屑，去除工件表面残留的油污，甚至可以去除油漆层。

超声波清洗能够应用于从大到小的工业零件，大到波音747 飞机的引擎大修，小到手表的部件制作，都有超声波清洗的用武之地，目前广泛应用超声波清洗的行业涉及电子，精密机械，照明工程，光学，冶金，医疗仪器设备等诸多领域。

超声波清洗对工业的推动和影响是显而易见的，要真正理解超声波的价值，我们需要进一步了解超声波的原理。

超声波清洗原理超声波清洗的作用主要是一种叫做“空化效应”的现象造成的，每分钟数以十亿计的空泡向内爆裂，撞击到工件的表面，将工件表面的附着物剥离，分散开来。

对于一些手工清洗难以达到的位置，（例如深孔，死角等）超声波清洗也可以有很好的清洗效果，这也是超声波清洗的一个优点。

超声波清洗常用频率在 20 千赫到 50 千赫之间，常用清洗温度在50 -80 ℃ 之间。

在一个超声波清洗系统中,空化效应是由于一系列超声波换能器把声波导入清洗槽中的清洗液而产生。

这个声波传遍整个清洗槽, 在液体中产生了波的压缩和扩张。

在压缩波时，清洗液中的分子被紧密的压缩在一起，相反，在扩张波时，分子被快速的拉开了。

扩张是那么戏剧性，以至于分子被裂开了，形成了精微的气泡。

气泡里是局部真空的。

当气泡周围的压力变大时，周围的液体就涌过来，并使气泡爆裂。

当这个发生时，就产生了液体的喷射，导致温度高达 9032华氏度 (约为太阳的温度)。

这个极高的温度，伴随着液体喷射的速度，产生了一个非常强烈的清洗作用。

然而，因为气泡的扩张和爆裂周期是那么短暂，伴随在气泡外的液体迅速吸收了热量，从而在清洗过程中防止了清洗槽和清洗液过热。

影响清洗效果的因素有 7 个主要影响清洗效果的原因:1.清洗时间2.清洗液温度3.采用的清洗液4.工件的外形设计5.超声波频率6.超声功率密度7.清洗装夹方式清洗时间是影响超声波清洗效果的一个主要因素，清洗时间取决于工件的污染程度以及清洁度要求，典型的清洗时间是 2-10 分钟，只有少数工件能够在很短的时间里面清洗干净。

第1页Screening Vibrating screensPrinciples--Vibrating screens save space and weight and operate on little power because the screening surface may be actuated by vibrating, gyrating or pulsating movement of small amplitude, but at frequencies that normally exceed 3,000/min.Selection of Proper Vibration Sereen--Be sure the screen supplier knows all details of the application. The centrifugal force factor, or combination of frequency of vibration (speed) and amplitude (throw), may affect performance of any vibrating screen. Also, a correct combination of slope and direction of mechanism rotation is vital for inclined screens. Usually, the larger the opening, the greater the amplitude needed for a screen.If the throw is too small, the material may clog or wedge in the openings. Increasing the throw beyond what is required to prevent blinding or plugging does not necessarily increase the life of the bearings and reduce screening efficiency. Increased rate of travel permits more tonnage to be passed over the screen per unit of time. For a given tonnage, a faster rate of travel results in a thinner bed of material and high screening efficiency.Maximum slope is reached when the material travels too fast for the fines to penetrate the ribbon of material and reach the apertures in the screen cloth. At this point an excessive amount of fine material passes over the screen with the oversize, resulting in poor efficiency.When an existing screen is to be used for an application other than that for which it was originally intended, check with the Supplier to see if any of the operating characteristics need modification and if the the screen is structurally suitable for the new application.The operator can get the correct vibrating screen by providing the supplier with the following information:∙Maximum tons per hour to be screened, including any circulating load or any surges in the feed rate.∙ A complete size consist or sieve analysis of the material or, if available, an estimated analysis.∙Type of material and weight per cubic foot in broken state.∙Separations desired on each deck.∙Surface moisture carried by the material if screening is to be dry or amount of water with feed if wet.∙Special operating requirements or conditions such as temperature, abrasiveness, corrosiveness or other physical characteristics of the feed,efficiency or product requirements which determine selection of screening surface, or installation problems which affect screen size selection or capacity. General Types --Vibrating screens may be divided into two main classes: mechanically-vibrated and electrially-vibrated. The former can be subdivided into classes based on how the vibration is produced--by eccentrics; by unbalanced weight; by cams or bumpers. They can also be subdivided as inclined and horizontal.Sizes --Vibrating screens are made in standard sizes of from 12 in. to 10 ft wide and from 2 1/2 ft to 28 ft long. Common practice dictates that the length of the screen should be 2.5 times the width for dry screening. For wet screening, wider and shorter screen is best. Screens for scalping ahead of primary crushers, operate at a slope of from 12 degrees to 18 degrees and have openings as large as 11-in. square. The eccentric throw for openings from 5 to 11 in. is usually 1/2 in.; for openings from 3 to 5 in. about 3/8 in.; and for smaller openings 1/4 in. The screening surface consists of a heavy cast desk, perforated steel with or without skid bars welded between the holes, rod deck, etc.The mechanical shaking screen comprises a rectangular frame, with perforated steel or wire cloth screening medium. It is usually inclined and suspended on loose rods or cables. These screens now are used mainly for special tasks of coarse screening, having given way to vibrating screens.Electrically-Heated Screens--Electrically heated screen cloth decks have afforded better screening and less dust. Modern or updated screening operations, now handling clays, limestone, potash, salts, phosphates and various hydroscopic materials, report minimum dust loss when equipped with heated screens. The controlling factor in this improvement is the electrically-heated screen doth deck. Any vibratory screen with fine opening (less than 1/2 in.) can be equipped with low volt-age-high amperage resistance heating.The principle of electric heating is based on the fact that small diameter wire of screen cloth (especially stainless steel) serves as a conductor, but offers resistance to a high-amperage current. This resistance causes heating of the wire when powerful transformer and specially designed bus bars connected to screen doth decks push up to 6,000 amps current into a circuit. The current is safe and shock-proof because voltage is low, ranging from approximately 1 1/2 to 16 volts. Workers can do their jobs around electrically-heated screens without special precautions.Heated screens are effective in preventing moisture content of material from causing buildup and blinding. The screen wire is kept at 100 degrees to 130 degrees F depending on character and tonnage of the material processed. This temperature is not high enough to weaken the wire cloth or screen structure, nor does it suffice to drive off moisture held in material. The warm wire stays dry, breaking the surface tension that otherwise would bind damp material to cold, damp metal. This differential orwarm, dry screen wire versus cold, damp material can be maintained economically through transformer control settings.With every opening in the heated screen mesh protected against blinding, there is no guesswork about what size particle will be delivered. A uniform, unvarying quality to meet tough specifications comes through day after day, no matter what the weather. (High humidity makes trouble with unheated screens.) Plants operating heated screens will have no trouble with excessive amounts of fine, dusty material that formerly sifted through reduced meshes on clogged screens.Service life of screen cloth is greatly increased when electric heating ends the punishment of old-fashioned cleaning methods, such as rough pounding or brushing. Blowtorch flames put too much heat in one spot and bouncing chains added to wear and tear. But, screens kept clean and open with electric heating reportedly are seldom mistreated and last up to eight times as long. Heated decks end the threat of pile ups and strains that can break the mesh.Economical operation of electric heating for screens requires one transformer for installations of up to three panels of screen cloth (maximum area 4- x 12-ft). Two transformers are used on longer decks. Any deck (top, center or bottom) can be heated. Electric heating is most desirable of all where a screen surface is hard to get at. Changing heated screens does not involve more unbolting than needed for ordinary screens.In specifying screens to deliver a uniform particle through heated mesh, the first thing to consider is weight per square foot of the wire cloth needed to set up appropriate resistance. Most calculations are based on square openings. Slotted openings must be identified as to width of clear opening, diameter of wire and number of wires per inch before weight per square foot can be found in any screen cloth manufacturer's catalog.Having determined the usable weight per square foot of screen cloth, the next step is to select the size of clear opening needed, making no allowance for reduction in this size as formerly was the case when material stuck to the wires. Heated wires will maintain the clear opening at all times, making it possible to screen finer without blinding.From a wire catalog, select a mesh weighing no more per square foot (can weigh less) than determined using the method above with the clear opening characteristics desired. This often turns out to be a more efficient screen because the wire diameter will be smaller and the percentage of the open area will be greater.For example, where a 1/8-in. clear opening was desired (but often blinded) on unheated screens, the wire diameter was 0.63 and the open area was 44 percent. The cloth weighed 1.43 lb/ft. 2. For a heated 3- x 12-ft screen, the weight must not exceed1.1 lb/ft2. Two options were found in cloth with 1/8-in. clear opening: wire diameter .054 weighing 1.09 lb/ft2providing 48.8 percent open area; and wire diameter .047 weighing 0.85 lb/ft2 with a 52.8 percent open area.Load conditions may make fine diameters of carbon steel wire inadequate. In such cases, stainless steel wire of larger diameter with greater load-carrying capacity will have the necessary resistance for good heating.Lighter wire with more open area yields higher tonnage and heated mesh stays open 100 percent. Two screen cloths connected in a series may be of different mesh sizes or clear openings, as long as they both weigh the same per ft2and do not exceed the weight allowed for that particular size of screen.With heated screens, major savings in pollution control are possible. Also moisture content of material is reportedly increased in a range of 5 to 8 percent. This moisture is added during or after crushing-grinding operations and holds down dust during transfer of material and passage over heated screens. Warm wire handles 5 to 8 percent moisture in stride. The cost of heating equipment and mist spraying reportedly is less than the cost of having bag towers and precipitators.振动筛的选择振动筛的选择原则：选择振动筛的原则是所选择的振动筛要节省空间、重量并且驱动的功率要小，因为筛选表面可以驱动并且发生振动。

1英文文献翻译1.1Automatic wire straightening and cutting machineReinforcing steel cutting machine is a kind of shear of reinforced by the use of a tool. The general automatic steel cutting machine, and automatic steel bar cutting machine of. It is one of the essential equipment in steel processing, it is mainly used for buildings, bridges, tunnels, hydropower, large-scale water conservancy projects of steel cutting. Reinforcing steel cutting machine and other cutting equipment, has the advantages of light weight, low energy consumption, reliable work, high efficiency, so in recent years has been gradually mechanical processing and small rolling mill is widely used, in all areas of national economic construction play an important role.The general automatic steel cutting machine, and automatic steel bar cutting machine of. Full automatic electric cutting machine is also called the electric energy is converted to kinetic energy by the motor control cutter incision, to achieve the effect of shear reinforcement. The semi-automatic is artificial control of incision, and shear reinforcement operation. But there is more to belong to the hydraulic steel bar cutting machine hydraulic steel bar cutting machine is divided into a charging and portable two categories.Steel bar cutting machineApplicable to all types of ordinary carbon steel construction, hot rolling bar, screw steel, flat steel, square steel cutting. Cut round: ( Q235-A ) diameter: (Φ 6-Φ 40) mm cut flat maximum specifications: (70x15) mm cut square: (Q235-A) the maximum specifications: (32x32) mm cut angle maximum specifications: (50x50) mmDomestic and international comparison: because the cutting machine cutting machine technical content is low, easy imitation, profit is not high, so the manufacturer for decades to maintain the basic present situation, development israpid, with foreign counterparts in particular has following several aspects the gap.1) foreign cutting machine of the eccentric shaft of large eccentricity, such as vertical cutting machine eccentric distance 24mm, and general domestic17mm. seemingly saves material, some small gear structure, but to give the user to bring trouble, not easy to management. Because the cut the expected cut small material, not for a knife pad is for the blade, sometimes also need to change perspective.2) foreign cutting machine frame is welded steel structure, precision machining parts and components, roughness especially heat treatment technology is excellent, so that the cutter under overload load, fatigue failure, wear etc. more than domestic machine.3) domestic cutter blade design is reasonable, the single screw bolt is fixed, the blade thickness is thin enough, type 40and type 50blade thickness is 17mm; and abroad are double bolt,25～ 27mm thickness, so foreign blade in stress and life are more domestic excellent comprehensive performance.4) domestic cut machine cut fewer times per minute. Home is generally 28 to31 times, foreign higher than 15~ 20 times,30times the highest high, high work efficiency. 5) foreign models generally use the semi-open structure, gear, bearing grease, crank shaft, connecting rod, cutting knife holder, swivel by manual plus dilute oil lubrication. The model structure has fully open, fully closed, half open3, lubrication methods are concentration of dilute oil lubrication and splash lubrication of 2. 6) domestic cutting machine appearance quality, machine performance is unsatisfactory; foreign manufacturers generally is the scale of production, make investment in technology and equipment inInto, automated production level is higher, form a complete set of quality assurance and processing system. Especially on the appearance quality is refine on, cover one-time stamping molding, paint the paint spraying processing, color collocation is scientific and reasonable, the appearance can not see where the weld, burrs, sharp corners, the bright and clean appearance. And some domestic manufacturers although production history is long, but not one of the formationof scale, and aging equipment, process, production technology experience to spellphysical power, always make a few years, so the appearance of rough, perceptionof poor quality.Reinforcing steel cutting machine safety requirements for operation(1) to the surface of the work material feeding and cutter lower level, the lengthof the working platform can be processed according to material length.(2) before, should check and confirm the cutter without crack, carriage bolts, protective cover firm. And then hand belt pulley, gear meshing clearance check,adjust the cutting clearance. (3) after the start, should first air operation,check the transmission part and the bearing can be normal operation, operation.(4) machinery does not reach the normal speed, not cutting. When cutting materials, should be used in the next part, cutter, hold the reinforced alignmentedge quickly put, the operator should stand in a fixed blade side press bar, shouldprevent the reinforced end pop. Prohibit the use of both hands in blade on bothsides hold reinforced leaned feeding.(5) may not be cutting diameter and strength more than machinery nameplate provisions and a red-hot steel reinforced. A cut of a plurality of steel, the totalcross-sectional area should be within the specified scope. (6) cutting low alloysteel, should be replaced with high hardness cutting knife, cutting diameter shallbe in accordance with the provisions of machinery nameplate.(7) cut short when feeding, the distance between the hand and the knife shouldbe maintained above 150mm, such as holding end is less than 400mm, should adoptthe casing or fixture to be reinforced short head down or clip. (8) operation,prohibit the use of hand direct clear cutting knife near the end and sundries.Steel swing around and cutter may not stay around, non operators. (9) found thatwhen the machine is not operating properly, abnormal noise or the cutter deflection,should immediately stop machine overhaul.(8) operation, prohibit the use of hand direct clear cutting knife near the endand sundries. Steel swing around and cutter may not stay around, non operators.found that when the machine is not operating properly, abnormal noise or the cutter deflection, should immediately stop machine overhaul.(10) after the operation, the power should be cut off, with the steel brush to clean the sundries cutter machine, cleaning and lubricating.(11) hydraulic transmission type cutting machine operation before, should check and confirm the hydraulic oil and the rotation direction of the motor meets the requirements. After starting, no-load operation, loosen oil drain valve, hydraulic cylinder air, can be cut tendons. (12) manual hydraulic cutting machine before use, should the oil drain valve in a clockwise direction, after the cutting, should immediately counterclockwise unscrewing. During the operation, the hand should besteady and cutting machine, and wear insulated gloves.This article introduces a kind of architectural lie type steel cutting machines. Its operating principles are: It use electric motors level triangle belt transmission and secondary gear transmission to slowdown. Then, it drives the crank rotate, The crank connected to slide block and moving blades in the slippery way make the back and forth straight line sport, makes the moving blades and the fixed blade shear and cut steel.According to the working environment choice thetype of electric motors,using horizontal installation, protection of the electrical, squirrel-cage three-phase asynchronous motor.momentum, and the scope of power, transmission efOption three slowdown,first level belt slowdown, followed by the secondary gear deceleration. firstthe introduction of automated, because it has a buffer, absorb shock and operate smoothly, small noise, and can protect the over loading. Then introduce a secondary gear deceleration slowdown, because gear transmission can be used to transmit arbitrary space between the two axis movement andficient transmission accurately, long using life, such as safe and reliable character. Power output by electric motors through slow down transmission system to import power to the executive body.As the system make rotation movement, The steel cutting machine needs the back and forth straight line sport ,in order to achieve this transformation, we can use c slider-crank institutions or gear and rack. I decided to consider realistic machinery.conditions using slider-crank as the executing.1.2毕业设计中文文献钢筋切断机是一种剪切钢筋所使用的一种工具。

英语原文：CAD/CAM is the technical expression, indicates the computer-aided design and the computer aided manufacturing.This is one item in the design and the production, carries out certain function technology about the use computer data.This technology is completing the design and the production direction to the place develops.In these two traditions was considered is in the production process out of the ordinary, independent function.In brief, CAD/CAM will be able to provide the technology base for the future complete computer production.Looked from the computer science angle that, the design and the manufacture process is one has, processing, the exchange and the management process about the product information.The people use the computer to take the main technical method, from forms in one's mind to the product to put in the market in the entire process information to carry on the analysis and processing, produces and utilizes each kind of numerical information and the graph information, carries on the product the design and the manufacture.The CAD/CAM technology is not the traditional design, the manufacture flow method simple reflection, also is not limits in the partial use computer takes the tool in the individual step or the link, but is unifies the computer science and the project domain specialized technology as well as human's wisdom and the experience take the modern scientific method as the instruction, in the design, in the manufacture entire process each completely manager, as far as possible use computer system completes the work which these duplication high, the labor big, the computation complex as well as depends on purely artificially completes with difficulty, but assists must replaces the engineers and technicians to complete the entire process, obtains the desired effec The CAD/CAM system as well as plans the hardware, the software for supports the environment, (subsystem) realizes through each function module to the product description, the computation, the analysis, optimized, the cartography, the technological process design, the simulation as well as the NC processing.But the generalized CAD/CAM integrative system also should include aspects and so on production plan, management, quality control.Since 1946 first electronic accounting machine has been born in US, people on unceasing computer technology Introduces the machine design? Manufacture domain.As early as in the 50's, for the first time develops successfully the numerical control engine bed, may realize through the different numerical control procedure to the different components processing Afterwards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's servo laboratory succeeds with the computer manufacture numerical control paper tape, has realized the NC programming automation.In this foundation, the people proposed the following tentative plan: The APT software is feeds the path method realization computer assistance programming through the description, that, can not describe feeds the path, but is direct description components itself? From this has had the CAD initial concept.The entire 50's, the electronic accounting machine also is in the electron tube time, uses the machine language programming, the computer mainly uses in thescience computation, also only has the output function for it disposition graph equipment.CADCAM system basic compositionCAD/CAM system hardware dispositionCAD/CAM system software compositionCAD/CAM system software dispositionComputer aided manufacturing (CAM) may define for uses the computer system to design, to manage and controls a productive plan the movement, through direct or indirect planned production resources computer contact surface.If defines states, the computer aided manufacturing application has 2 big aspects:1) computer supervisory control.This is the direct application, the computer with the production process connection, uses in supervising directly and the control production process2) produces the support application.This is the indirect application, middle the productive plan, the computer uses in supporting the production operation, but is not the computer and the production process links directly.Charting productive forces increaseThe CAD/CAM system may undertake the one whole set new charting theory to be able to strengthen the productivity.Again completes next step, keeps firmly in mind the entire design to be possible to store up the system.When the planner receives one with has saved the blueprint specification similar work piece, he only must recollect, and adjusts it the work storage place, revises in the original blueprint not to conform to a new work piece request part, productivity enhances.The original work piece efficiency enhances, but this can enhance the next step working efficiency.This is a complete at times renewal database support, can facilitate the user to use Improve mapping analysisThe charting analysis is another important work, it can by certain synthesize the CAD/CAM system automatic operation.This in pipeline design, in particular an important application.The pipeline design paper very is usually complex moreover must conform to the precise industry specification.The other giftedCAD/CAM also can affect a company in other aspects the project system.It can enhance the entire physical process the efficiency, the permission present project plan and the report procedure appraisal.CAD/CAM can improve improves the quality of the product the guarantee technology.It can automatic accurate and the integrity document material, the maintenance partial data accurate and bill of materials accurate.DeficiencyCAD/CAM insufficient spot not that obvious, but they can destroy even the most perfect design, the biggest shortcoming is only can directly skips from the manual charting and the recordpreservation to CAD/CAM, the elephant installs a set of jet engine in the populace automobile.The automobile possibly can run quick somewhat, but if the foundation enhancement has not coordinated the heavy pressure, the entire automobile can disperse the frame.CAD/CAM applicationSKETCHPAD, the CAD/CAM technology has passed through very long chi.It is already applied in the middle of each widespread industry.It uses in each aspect, controls from the airplane to the weapon research, manufactures from the map to the movement medical service, from circuit analysis to building steel analysis.CAD/CAM is being applied in each kind of charting and the production, installs the schematic diagram from the movie to the large-scale long-distance monitoring direct set battleship, its application to is developing variously.Now CAD/CAM market.Now in the market has four kind of different CAD/CAM sellers.First is some subordinate companies sells comes from a big enterprise part or the branch CAD/CAM technology.The IBM CAD/CAM branch is an example.If belongs to Mc-Donnell-Douglas McAuto; Belongs to General Electric Lalma, with belongs to Schlumberger Applican, if the multi-large number CAD/CAM subordinate company the main corporation has the massive service intercourse, not only sale supervisory system moreover when one's position is lowly one's words carry no weight service office.When they control the massive accounts also with provides the service, these companies on in optimum condition, because they may extract the massive profits.But they must undertake the complex administrative chain of command, this obstructs in them makes the fast response to the market tendency, or their itself studies and outside the development department, the merge improves on again their new production line the new technical developmentCAD/CAM technology and the product development road of futureAfter many year promotions, the CAD technology already widely applied in professions and so on machinery, electron, astronautics, chemical industry, building.Played using the CAD technology enhanced the enterprise the rated capacity, the optimization design proposal, reduces technical personnel's labor intensity, reduction design cycle, beefed-up design roles and so on standardization.In recent years, our country CAD technology development and the application have obtained the considerable development, besides has carried on sinicizing and the re-development to many overseas softwares, but also was born many had the independent copyright CAD system, If high Chinese CAD, opens item CAD and so on, because these software price is cheap, conforms to our country national condition and the standard, therefore has received widespread welcome, has won the more and more big market share. But, our country CAD/CAM software no matter is from the product development level from the commercialization, the marketability degree all has not the small disparity with the developed country.Because the overseas CAD/CAM software appears early, the development and the application time is also long,therefore they develop quite maturely, now basically already has seized the international market.These overseas software company uses its technical and the fund superiority, starts vigorously to our country market march At present, the overseas some outstanding softwares, like UG, SolidWorks, Pro/Engineer, CATIA and so on, already have seized part of domestic markets.Therefore, our country CAD/CAM software prospect is unoptimistic.But, we also should see clearly own superiority, for instance understood our country market, provides the technical support to be convenient, price small advantage and so on.Not only under these premises, we importantly with the trend of the times, the track international newest tendency, observe each international standard, in international domestic forms the oneself unique superiority, must base the home, the union national condition, face the domestic economic development need，develops has oneself characteristic, conforms to CAD/CAM software which the Chinese is familiar with.。

Introduciton of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process . For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its generalshape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。

机械类毕业设计英文翻译(共7页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-襄樊学院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目超声波简介及其应用专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级机制0712姓名刘康学号07116201指导教师职称李梅副教授2011年5月25日Introduction and application of ultrasonicUltrasonic is a mechanical waves which frequency above 20,000 Hz. Ultrasonic inspection commonly used in the frequency of 0. 5~5 MHz. The mechanical waves in the material spread in a certain speed and directions, acoustic impedance different heterogeneous interfaces such as defect is encountered or the bottom surface of the object being tested, will reflections. This reflection phenomenon can be used to ultrasonic testing , most common is pulse echo testing method testing , pulse oscillator issued of voltage plus in probe with pressure electric ceramic or quartz chip made of detection components , probe issued of ultrasonic pulse by sound coupled media such as oil or water , entered material and in which spread , encountered defects , part reflection energy along original way returns probe , probe will change it in electric pulse , by instrument zoom and display in oscilloscope tubes of screen . Depending on where the flaw echo on the screen and amplitude of reflection wave with artificial defects in a reference block rate compared to defect location and approximate dimensions. Apart from Echo method, and use another probe to the other side of the workpiece to accept signal penetration method. When use ultrasonic detection the physical properties of materials, also often take advantage of ultrasonic in sound velocity, attenuation and resonance characteristics of workpiece.Ultrasonic characteristics: 1, ultrasonic beam to focus on a specific direction, along the straight lines in the media, has a good point. 2, ultrasonic wave propagation in the media, attenuation and scattering occurs. 3, ultrasonic wave on the interface of heterogeneous media will make reflection, refraction and mode conversion. Using these features, you can get the defective interface from reflected reflection, so as to achieve the purpose of detecting defects. 4, ultrasonic energy is power than sonic. 5, the ultrasonic loss is very small in solid transmission , probe depth, as occurs in the hetero - interface by ultrasonic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, especially not by gas - solid interface. If the metal air holes, flaws and layer defects such as defects in a gas or a mixture, when defects at the interface of ultrasonic propagation to the metal and on all or part of the reflection. Reflected ultrasonic probe received, handled through circuits inside the instrument, on the screen of the instrument will show a different height and have a certain pitch on waveform characteristics of determine defect depth, location, and shape of the workpiece.Non - destructive testing is not damaged parts or raw materials subject to the status of the work, a means of detection of surfaceand internal quality checks, Nondestructive Testing abbreviationsshort for NDT. Ultrasonic testing is also called ultrasonic,ultrasonic flaw detector, is a type of non - destructive testing. UTis on industrial ultrasonic testing non - destructive testing methods. Ultrasonic enters objects when a defect is encountered, some sound waves produce reflection, transmit and receive an analysis of the reflected wave, exception can accurately gauge the flaws. And is able to display the location and size of internal defects, determinationof material thickness.Advantages of ultrasonic inspection is to detect thickness, high sensitivity, high speed, low cost, is harmless to human body, can be positioned and quantitative defects. Display of ultrasonic detection on defects are not intuitive, testing of technical difficulty, vulnerable to subjective and objective factors, and inspectionresults are not easy to hold, ultrasonic testing requirements on the work surface smooth, requiring experienced inspectors to identify defects types, suitable for the part of considerable thickness inspection, ultrasonic inspection has its limitations.Variety of ultrasonic flaw detector, but most widely applicationof pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector. In general, in uniform material, presence of defect will create material discontinuity,this often acoustic impedance of the discontinuity is inconsistent , bythe reflection theorem we know that, in two different acoustic impedance by ultrasonic reflection on the interface of media occurs. Size and interface on both sides of the reflected energy media differences in acoustic impedance and orientation, relative to thesize of the interface. Pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is designed according to this principle. Most of pulse - echo ultrasonic flaw detector is a scan, the so-called A-scan display is the way the display of ultrasonic detection in materials is the horizontal coordinate of transmission time or distance, the ordinate is the amplitude of ultrasonic reflected wave. Such as , in a workpiece in the exists a defects , because defects of exists , between defectsand material formed a different media junction surface, interface of sound impedance different , when launch of ultrasonic encounteredthis interface will occurs reflection , reflection back of energy and probe received it, in monitor screen in the horizontal of must of location on will display out a reflection wave of waveform ,horizontal of this location is defects wave in was detection material in the of depth . The reflected wave height and shape of different because of different defects, reflecting the nature of the defect Now is usually on the measured object, human launch industrial materials such as ultrasound, and then use its reflection, Doppler effect, transmission to get the formation of internal information andprocessing of measured object image. Ultrasonic flaw detector which more general Doppler effect method is using ultrasonic in encountered movement of object Shi occurs of more general Doppler frequency moved effect to came the object of movement direction and speed , characteristics ; transmission rule is by analysis ultrasonic penetrating had was measuring object of changes and came object of internal characteristics of , its application currently also is development stage ; ultrasonic flaw detector here main describes ofis currently application up to of by reflection method to gets object internal characteristics information of method. Reflection method is based on ultrasonic in by different sound impedance organization interface will occurs strong reflection of principle work of , as we all know , When sonic from a media spread to another media in the interface will occurs reflection , and media of differences more large reflection will more large , so we can launch out penetrating force strong , and to line spread of ultrasonic to a object , and on reflection back of ultrasonic for received and under these reflection back of ultrasonic , and range , situation on can judgment out this organization in the contains of various media of size , and distribution situation and various media of comparison differences degree , information which reflection back of ultrasonic of has can reflect out reflection interface away from detection surface of distance , range can reflect out media of size , and comparison differences degree , characteristics , ultrasonic flaw detector to judgment out the was measuring object is has exception . In this process involves many aspects of content, including produce, receive, ultrasonic signal conversion and processing. One method is through the circuit of ultrasonic excitation signals to crystals such as quartz, lithium sulfate, with the piezoelectric effect, making it resulting in ultrasonic vibration ; receives the reflected ultrasonic waves when the piezoelectric crystals, there will be pressure from the reflected sound waves and electrical signals and transferred to the signal processing circuit for a series of processing, observation of ultrasonic flaw detector resulting images for people to judge.Types of image processing can be divided into A type display display, M and B type show, C-type display, such as F-type display. Which A type display is will received to of ultrasonic signal processing into waveform image , under waveform of shape can see was measuring object inside is has exception and defects in there , and has more large , ultrasonic flaw detector main for industrial detection ; M type display is will a section after fai of processing of detection information by time order expand formation a dimension of " space more points movement timing figure " , for observation internal is movement state of object , ultrasonic flaw detector asmovement of organ , and artery vascular; B type display is will side - by - side many section after fai of processing of detection information group synthesis of second dimension of , and reflect out was measuring object internal fault section of " Anatomy image " hospital in using of B Super is with this principle do out of , ultrasonic flaw detector for observation internal is static ofobject ; and c type display , and F type display now with was comparison less . Detection of ultrasonic flaw detector can be very accurate, and more convenient, fast compared to other testing methods, nor harmful to detect objects and actions, so welcomed by the people more and more popular, has a very broad prospects for development. With the further development of electronic technology and software technology, digital ultrasonic flaw detector there are broad development prospects. Believe in the near future, more advanced new generation of digital intelligent ultrasonic flaw detector will gradually replace traditional analog detector, mainly for imagedisplay detector will be widely used in industrial inspection.Ultrasonic characterization of defects is always a difficult problem, still mainly relies on experience and analysis of inspection personnel, and poor accuracy. Development of the modern discipline of artificial intelligence for the realization of instrument automatic defect characterization offers the potential. Application of pattern recognition technology and expert systems, various characteristics of a large number of known defects input sample library, to accept the equipment people experience, and after studying with automatic defect characterization capabilities.超声波简介及其应用超声波是频率高于20千赫的机械波。

毕业设计（论文）任务书诚毅学院机械工程及其自动化专业机械0791 班学生：学号毕业设计（论文）题目：手持式超声振动切割机的机构设计一、毕业设计（论文）工作规定进行日期：2011年 1 月 16 日起至 2011年 6 月02 日止二、毕业设计（论文）进行地点：三、任务书的内容：1、课题研究的目的、意义目前，硬脆材料在工业中的应用相当普遍，但这类材料坚硬易碎，导致它们的孔加工是一大难题。

本课题要求学生以普通手持式切割机结构的基础，设计添加一超声振动系统，以实现超声振动切割加工，提高工件加工的质量和效率。

本课题可使学生了解超声技术的应用，掌握结构设计的程序、步骤和方法，培养学生解决问题的能力，激发学生的创新精神。

2、课题研究任务（1）通过实地调研和查阅文献，了解超声波加工原理、特点和应用。

（2）复习机械设计的知识，确定钻孔机的传动结构设计。

（3）明确超声振动系统设计方法，确定设计方案。

（4）选择换能器和变幅杆，确定超声振动系统各参数。

（5）用PRO/E软件绘制小型超声钻孔机的3D整体装配图。

（6）用PRO/E导出CAD装配图及部分零件图，图纸总量折合A0图纸三张。

（7）整理和编写说明书。

3、工作程序（1）资料收集；（2）理论计算；（3）结构设计；（4）结构建模、完成图纸、计算说明书。

4、日程安排1月20日——2月25日实习、调研、收集资料、翻译外文资料。

2月26日——3月15日撰写开题报告、工作计划并确定总体方案。

3月16日——4月15日进行并完成系统设计计算工作。

4月16日——5月04日绘制并完成总装配图。

5月05日——5月15日绘制并完成全部零件图。

5月16日——5月31日完成毕业论文撰写并进行修改和完善。

6月01日——6月02日整理修改图纸，打印并提交论文和图纸。

编写毕业设计（论文）答辩提纲，准备答辩5、成果要求毕业设计论文一篇（不少于一万字）；毕业设计图纸一套（折合A0图纸三张）；外文资料翻译一份（不少于5000英文单词）。

机械毕业设计外⽂翻译原⽂（万能）CA6140 lathe CNC turret design transformationL i YunchaoNortheast China Electric Power University 132012 China466595838@/doc/c69df869a5e9856a561260f4.htmlAbstract: The transformation of ordinary machine tools are CNC machining of small and medium enterprises to improve the accuracy of a way to reduce the auxiliary processing time is now shorter processing time is a major means of automatic rotary tool holder so the transformationis the main part of NC.Keywords: CNC turret rotation transformation of the Hall element1 IntroductionMachine is the basis of equipment manufacturing industry, which directly affects the level of technology manufacturing industry. Currently, the processing center as the representative of the NC machine tool commonly used by developed countries has become a modern industrial manufacturing plant processing unit. From the development of general machine tools to CNC machine tools, machine tool structure in the transmission and a leap forward with this adaptation, CNC machine tools in its structural design will surely require new design methods and theories to guide.China as a developing country, the CNC machine tools are expensive, some SMEs unableto acquire CNC machine, so the general transformation of NC machine tools is a better and more economical way, a CK6140 needs funds 115,000, while the CA6140 CNC Lathe 2.7 million renovation needs.Machine tool holder is one of the main components, but also one of the objects need to transform NC. Turret accuracy, rigidity and reliability of a direct impact on machine performance, in the deadly machine analysis, the deadly turret is the highest degree, digital control system to issue commands, the turret does not turn position, knife switch bit errors, misplaced turret, turret alarm, turret tool change and a seriesof failures can not be normal so that the machine will not work properly. This paper briefly describes the economic CA6140 Machine Tool CNC turret part of the transformation of the transformation of design.The need for reform knife, according to the modified object to determine the main processing machine. If using a knife to complete the processing on this machine, there is no need to transform the knife. For multi-knife, such as lathe modified take three or four knives to complete all the sewing process, we must transform the turret components. That removed the original manual turret, fitted with electric or hydraulic drive controlled by the numerical control device of automatic knife.Turret lathe is mainly used for holding the cutting tool used, so a direct impact on the structure function of the cutting lathe and cutting efficiency, according to the type of machine tool holder, properties and use the occasion of the comprehensive comparison, the specific use by the Changzhou Wang of CNC equipment factory production L D4-CK6140 four-station automatic rotary tool holder. The turret has shifted fast, high positioning accuracy, the advantages of tangential torque, sending translocation by the Hall element, long life. Rotating turret with automatic replacement of ordinary knife, remove the original turret and small slide plate, put LD4-CK6140 electric knife.2, the turret control design2.1 The process of tool changeRotating turret tool change, the first cutter release (lift), cutter knife near translocation arrived at the designated position, the last cutter reset (drop) clamping. When the control2011 Second International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automationinstruction issued by ATC, through the interface circuit to the motor is transferred, by the structure of transmission and drive down knife tooth plate on the knife and have a "elevation" action. Then turret body translocation, when the tool holder indexable cutter to need, the Hall switch feedback signal to the motor reversal, the tool rest stops, so that it falls in that location, after the knife to achieve precise positioning, Turret clamping motor to reverse, when the two teeth to a certain clamping force plate, the numerical control device issued a directive to stop the motor reversal, reverse and prevent the motoroverload stop the destruction to complete a tool change process. 2.2 Implementation of ATC functionsTurret tool change process to achieve through the auxiliary control PL C. Set up a Hall sensor position detection tool, knife switch signal as a PLC input signals. PLC on the turret of all the I / O signal processing logic and judge, to achieve turret tool change the order of the process control and automatic tool selection, tool change to allow the signals sent by the CNC system.Switch signal is defined as X (ie the interface of the I signal) PLC output to the tool holder of the switch signal is defined as Y (ie the interface of the O signal) by setting the system parameters in the PL C hardware configuration coefficient and system parameters .Figure 1 controls the turret main circuit operationFigure 2, the Hall element letter trayFigure 1 is to control the operation of the main circuit turret, turret motor controlled by the KM1 Forward looking forward to achieve knife knife,knife motor reversal by the KM2 control to achieve reverse lock knife; Figure 2 letter tray the Hall element, the tool rest on every knife is a fixed cutter, the cutter by the Hall switch in place testing, tool change program instruction specified by the target tool number, tool change system operation to the instruction. ATC will be issued to allow the PLC signal, turret motor clockwise rotation, Hall switch blade position detection, if detected, the cutter location and procedures consistent with the target knife position, the knife to stop the clockwise rotation of the inverse clockwise rotation, tool holder locking reverse positioning. If the requirement can not be completed within the time monitoring the forward and reverse locking tool selection, tool change process is automatically ended, the election monitoring tool time and time lock set by the PLCtimer.3, ConclusionIn the NC lathe, the methods described in this paper is easy to implement, especially in the economic transformation of the NC can be widely used. Practice has proved that after transformation, using three-phase asynchronous machine motor, worm gear, the transmission ratio can be larger, stable tool change, reliability, and to overcome the traditional machine tool supporting the shortcomings of long processing time, tool change time is short, high efficiency .References1?CNC Technology Machinery Industry Press, second edition Zhu Xiaochun2?Guangxi School Metal Cutting Machine Tools Machinery Industry Beijing: China Machine Press. 1979,23?Department of Beijing Institute of Aeronautics CNC machining the structure and transmission. Beijing: National Defence Industry Press .2005,1。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译超声波测距中英文对照The Circuit Design of UltrasonicRanging System超声波测距系统的电路设计Ultrasonic Distance Meter超声波测距仪姓名:专业: 测控技术与仪器学号: 2007071071指导教师姓名,职称,:The Circuit Design of Ultrasonic Ranging SystemThis article described the three directions (before, left, right) ultrasonic ranging system is to understand the front of the robot, left and right environment to provide a movement away from the information. (Similar to GPS Positioning System)A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement1, the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generatorPiezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectriccrystal resonators to work. Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown in Figure 1, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate. When it's two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibrationresonance, ultrasound is generated. Conversely, if the two are notinter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance,it will be for vibration suppression of piezoelectric chip, the mechanical energy is converted to electrical signals, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.2, the principle of ultrasonic distance measurementUltrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstacles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave received by the receiver immediately stop the clock. Ultrasound in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m / s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier (s), that is: s = 340t / 2 Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit DesignSystem is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751, economic-to-use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming. Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 2. Draw only the front range of the circuit wiring diagram, left and right in front of Ranging circuits and the same circuit, it is omitted.1,40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launchRanging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric ceramic sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, whichby the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.puzel: mov 14h, # 12h; ultrasonic firing continued 200mshere: cpl p1.0; output 40kHz square wavenop;nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;retRanging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a40kHz pulse output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms. Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.2, reception and processing of ultrasonicUsed to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2. IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlledoscillator center frequency of f0 = 1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth. R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25mV, the outputfrom the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit output port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gate IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, whilesingle-chip P1.3 and P1. 4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source of inquiry to deal with, interruptpriority level for the first left right after. Part of the source codeis as follows:receive1: push pswpush accclr ex1; related external interrupt 1jnb p1.1, right; P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service routine circuitjnb p1.2, left; P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit interrupt service routinereturn: SETB EX1; open external interrupt 1pop accpop pswretiright: ...; right location entrance circuit interrupt serviceroutineAjmp Returnleft: ...; left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service routineAjmp Return4, the calculation of ultrasonic propagation timeWhen you start firing at the same time start the single-chipcircuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time. When you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receivercircuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance . Some of its source code is as follows:RECEIVE0: PUSH PSWPUSH ACCCLR EX0; related external interrupt 0MOV R7, TH0; read the time valueMOV R6, TL0?CLR CMOV A, R6SUBB A, # 0BBH; calculate the time differenceMOV 31H, A; storage resultsMOV A, R7SUBB A, # 3CHMOV 30H, ASETB EX0; open external interrupt 0POP ACCPOP PSWRETIFourth, the ultrasonic ranging system software designSoftware is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine, shown in Figure 3 (a) (b) (c) below. Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Interrupt service routines from time to time to complete three ofthe rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to read the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.V. CONCLUSIONSRequired measuring range of 30cm ~ 200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility. Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error. Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistoramplifier circuit, because the magnification well, CX20106 integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.超声波测距系统的电路设计本文所介绍的三方向(前、左、右)超声波测距系统，就是为机器人了解其前方、左侧和右侧的环境而提供一个运动距离信息。