2013年管理类联考大小作文模板

2013年管理类联考论说文范文
2013年管理类联考是一场极具挑战性的考试，考察的内容涉及广泛，需要考生具备扎实的专业知识和全面的素质。

在这里，我想谈谈我的一些看法和建议。

对于考生来说，充分准备是成功的关键。

这不仅包括对各科目知识的深入理解和熟练掌握，还包括良好的心态和充足的体力。

在备考期间，考生应该制定合理的学习计划，严格执行，同时注重身体锻炼和休息，以保持良好的状态。

考试过程中，考生应该注重策略，善于分配时间和精力。

在考试时，可以先浏览试题，把握难易程度，然后有针对性地进行答题。

对于比较难的题目，可以先放一放，先解决易于解答的问题，以增加信心和积累时间。

同时，对于每道题，应该仔细审题，理解题意，避免因为误解而导致错误答案。

考试中的写作题目也是需要注意的重点。

在写作时，要注意结构合理，条理清晰，语言准确、简洁，避免冗长和繁琐。

同时，对于论题的论述，应该具备一定的深度和广度，要能够从多个角度、多个方面进行分析和阐述，体现出自己的思考和理解。

考试结束后，考生应该认真复盘，对自己的表现进行总结和反思。

通过分析自己的优缺点，找出不足之处，并制定下一步的学习计划
和改进方案。

同时，也要对自己的成绩保持客观的态度，不要过分沉浸于得失之中，而是要以积极的心态迎接未来的挑战。

2013年管理类联考是一场考验考生综合素质和应变能力的大考，需要考生在各个方面做好准备。

只有充分准备，才能够在考试中发挥出自己的最佳水平，取得优异的成绩。

只搞好文化建设吗
材料通过一系列有问题的论证，得出结论：“要增强软实力，只需搞好本国的文化建设并向世人展示就可以了”，这样的观点是值得商榷的。

首先，国家文化的影响力作为该国软实力的重要组成部分，不必然推出，“要增强软实力，只需搞好本国文化建设并向世人展示就可以了”。

因为国家文化的影响力是该国软实力增强的必要条件而非充分条件，材料混淆使用，因此其观点也是值得推敲的。

其次，材料认为，“无论是接受还是关注，都体现了该国文化影响力的扩大，也即表明了该国软实力的增强”，这样的观点是不太合理的。

因为影响力的扩大，带来的结果并非只有好的一面，例如负面的事件可能会抹黑国家形象，那么也就不太能增强国家软实力。

再次，文艺作品并非“都会被他国所接受或关注，都能产生文化影响力”。

因为不同文化背景的人们，并非都能对其他国家的文化作品感兴趣，从而去接受或关注。

即使被接受或关注了，但如果只是一扫而过，不加以思考，恐怕也很难产生文化影响力。

最后，材料认为，“只要创作更多的具有本国文化特色的文艺作品，那么文化影响力的扩大就是毫无疑义的”，这也是值得商榷的。

因为文艺作品并非国家文化的唯一表现形式，例如还有考古遗址等。

而且“具有本国文化特色的文艺作品”不一定会受到外国市场的欢迎，因为文化影响力并非一定能扩大。

综上所述，材料的论证存在诸多的逻辑错误，因此得出“要增强软
实力，只需搞好本国的文化建设并向世人展示就可以了”的结论也是难以必然成立的。

文化建设能增强软实力吗上述材料通过一系列论证，得出加强文化建设就能增强软实力这一结论。

然而，该论证存在以下几个方面的缺陷。

首先，即使软实力是评判国家国际地位的要素之一，但增强软实力也未必是政府需要“高度关注”的“重大问题”，如果增强软实力是需要“高度关注”的重大问题，那么像国防军事、经济等重要的硬实力就不需要关注了吗？实则在评判国际地位时，国防和经济等硬实力更需要国家政府高度关注。

其次，文化即使具有普同性和特异性，也未必会被他国所接受和关注，或许会正是因为文化的普同性，他国就不必再接受与其相同的文化；也因为文化的特异性，某国的文化甚至会受到排斥。

因此文化并非能够被接受和关注。

再次，要从文艺作品推出能被他国接受或关注，都能产生文化影响力，还必须包含这样的一个假设：作品可以被翻译并且广泛传播。

如果文艺作品不能被翻译和传播，又怎么能被他国接受或关注呢？更不必说产生文化影响力了。

最后，即使生活方式和价值观念可以被他国接受或关注，也不必然推出只有创作更多具有文化特色的文艺作品，文化影响力就能扩大，因为生活方式和价值观念并不等同于文艺作品，而创作具有文化特色的文艺作品也未必可以提升文化影响力。

综上，该论证存在诸多缺陷，所以论证者得出“文化建设能增强软实力”这一结论值得商榷。

竞争与合作“空中客车”在欧洲市场的竞争与合作中孕育而生，而波音和麦道面对来自欧洲的挑战时，也毅然选择了合作。

在激烈的竞争中固然可以获得收益，然而在竞争中选择合作实现共赢才是获得长久收益的法宝。

在竞争中合作是现代企业生存的现实选择，虽然激烈的竞争可以活跃市场，促进更多更好的产品问世。

但是如果波音、麦道面对来自欧洲的冲击时，一味地投身于竞争中，必然会得头破血流损失惨重，甚至于退出市场。

因此企业想要获得生存并非是要消灭竞争对手，适当适时的合作或许才能长久的生存获得利润。

是什么促使原本的竞争对手走向合作呢？竞合并非是消灭竞争，而是更好的进行资源配置。

2013年MBA全国联考论说文写作万能模版第一段，（100字）首先，简略的引用原文，作为一篇完整的文章，应该让看的人明白你的论证从何处引申和展开的，否则，好像是无病之呻吟，所以，思路应该是：在文章开头用100字以内简洁的引述原文，抛出自己的观点。

第二段，（100字）破题，对材料有简单的分析和引申，强化观点。

第三段，（200字）通过正面论述，通过3个短暂的排比例子，（最好古代，近代，现代：比如论坚持和毅力，李白若没有“铁棒磨成针”的精神，何来“斗酒诗百篇”；杜蒲若没有“读书破万卷”，何来“下笔若有神”，马克思若没有四十年如一日的坚持，何来资本论之闻名与世。

再如：论修养方面，试想，孔子若不注重修身，何以成为圣人，受世代敬仰；战国四公子，若不注重修身，何以有门客四千，大家都愿意为其舍生取义。

）第四段，（200字）通过反面论证，如上面的论述展开，列举3个例子。

比如，周幽王、商纣王若不贪恋酒色，何以成为千古罪人而遭人唾齿；秦烩、高俅若不残害忠良，何以成为佞臣而遗臭万年；成克杰、胡长青若不贪欲堕落，何以成为国家的罪人而抱憾终身。

第五段，（100字）点击材料论点，展开号召和呼吁，说明这中情况既然如此重要，那么，作为我们现代化的建设者，国家的栋梁，没有理由漠然处之，我们责无旁贷，“天载其苍，地屐其荒，纵有千古，横有八荒，前途似锦，来日方长”、“自信人生二百年，会当击水三千里”、“以个人数十年必死之生命，扶中华千百年不倾之大厦”。

建议：正反面的字数和重点与否，根据自己的观点和题目要有所侧重，多用三句排比，语言尽量短小精悍，最好有时能形成对仗，多使用反问句，或者假设，比如：试想，若没有，何以。

论创新，“齐白石若没有五易画风，何以自成派系而成为画坛宗师；海尔集团若没有创新的思路，何以能冲出国门而成为世界名牌。

”2011MBA论说文例文羡鱼与结网《汉书?.礼乐志》中写道："临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网。

"意思是说人只是站在河边，望着河中肥美的鱼，徒然羡慕，是永远得不到鱼儿的，还不如回家结张网来捕鱼。

2013年硕士研究生入学考试管理类专业硕士综合能力真题说明：由于试题为一题多卷，因此现场试卷中的选择题部分，不同考生有不同顺序。

请在核对答案时注意题目和选项的具体内容。

答案仅供参考。

一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分。

下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡．．．上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1.某工厂生产一批零件，计划10天完成，实际2天完成，则每天生产量比计划平均提高了（A）、15% （B）、20% （C）、25% （D）、30% （E）、35%答案：C2.某工程由甲公司承包需60天，甲、乙共同承包需28天，由乙、丙两公司共同承包需35天完成，则由丙公司承包完成该工程所需的天数为（A）、85 （B）、90 （C）、95 （D）、100 （E）、105答案：E3.甲班有30名学生，在一次满分为100分的考试中，全班的平均成绩为90分，则成绩低于60分的学生最多有（A）.8名（B）.7名（C）.6名（D）.5名（E）.4名答案：B4.甲、乙两人同时从A点出发，沿400米跑道同向匀速行走，25分钟后乙比甲少走了一圈，若乙行走一圈需要8分钟，则甲的速度是（单位：米/分钟）（A）、62 （B）65 （C）.66 （D）.67 （E）.69答案：C5.甲、乙两商店同事购进了一批某品牌的电视机，当甲店售出15台时乙售出了10台，此时两店的库存之比为8:7，库存之差为5，甲、乙两商店的总进货量为？（A）75 （B）80 (C)85 (D)100 (E)125答案：D6. 已知 f(x)= + + … + ,则f(8)=（A ）（B ）（C ）（D ）（E ）答案：E7.如图1，在直角三角形ABC 中，AC=4,BC=3,DE//BC,已知梯形BCED 的面积为3，则DE 的长为（A ）(B)+1 (C) -4 (D) (E)+1答案：D8. 点（0,4）关于直线2X+y+1=0的对称点为（）A 、（2,0） （B ）、（-3,0） （C ）、（-6,1） （D ）、（4，2） （E ）、（-4,2） 答案：E9. 将体积为4πcm 3和32πcm 3的两个实心金属球溶化后铸成一个实心大球，则大球的表面积是（ ）（A ）32π cm 2 （B ）36π cm 2 （C ）38π cm 2 （D ）40π cm 2 （E ）42π cm 2 答案：B A E C DB图 110.在的展开式中，的值（A）5 （B）10 （C）45 （D）90 （E）95答案：E11.已知10件商品中有4件一等品，从中任取2件，至少有1件为一等品的概率（A）1/3 （B）2/3 （C）2/15 （D）8/15 （E）13/15答案：B12. 有一批水果要装箱，一名熟练工单独装箱需要10天，每天报酬为200元；一名普通工单独装箱需要15天，每天报酬为120元。

管理类联考论证有效性分析写作万能模板关于文章题目：最保险的命题（一般性命题）：即万能命题方法《似是而非的论证》《漏洞百出的论证》《草率的论证,偏颇的结论》《值得商推的论证》最有气势的命题（后吗型）：即质疑命题方法……真的……吗？普通命题方法：一份难以实现（不可信）的商业计划（调查报告、改革方案）___________（文中的结论）难以实现（难以奏效、不可信）无效的/不可行的/有失偏颇的/ 无效的/不可行的/有失偏颇的/欠妥当的__________计划、策略、方案、决策、报告、预测……对_________文章的论证有效性分析分析思路：第一段：__________(简单总结文中的逻辑推理关系)，上述计划（报告、文章、评论、建议等）的论据不足以支持其论点，论证缺乏科学性，由此而得出的结论（论证、报告、建议）是不可信的，是值得商榷的。

后面几段：1、文中出现举例的，首先考虑可能会有“以偏概全”的可能，列举的事例可能不具有代表性；2、文中出现数字百分比的列举，要分析考虑分子和分母的变化，以及样本基数的变化中的错误推理；3、出现了一段时间后价格的变动，要考虑是否存在通货膨胀的可能性；4、出现寓言故事，可能存在“不当类比”的错误；5、要仔细分析文章是否存在前后的概念理解混淆现象，可能有“混淆概念”的错误；6、文章结论是否存在“自相矛盾”的推理；7、影响文中的事件的是否还有其他影响因素，出现“可能、预计、推测”等词汇，考虑是否存在“想当然的绝对推理”的错误。

8、最后，即使文中作者的推理是正确的，最终的解决方法是否是唯一的解决方案，是否会产生负面和消极影响；9、文中出现两个地区，或者两个企业等两个现象，要考虑两个现象的成因、规模、所处的产品阶段等是否具有一致性和可对比性。

上述计划（报告、评论、建议等）（或上述论证通过，认为或论证者）通过系统论证得出……（概括一下原文论据）认为……（原文观点），论述者之所以得出这样的结论是因为______,上述计划（报告、文章、评论、建议等）并非无懈可击，漏洞百出，其的论据、论证方法、推理过程中的不妥之处都不足以支持其论点，论证缺乏科学性，由此而得出的结论（论证、报告、建议）是不可信的/有失偏颇的/不足信的，是值得商榷的。

2013mba英语写作MBA是英文Master Of Business Administration(工商管理硕士)的简称，而其中文简称为“工管硕”。

下面是店铺给大家整理的2013mba英语写作，供大家参阅!2013mba英语写作：Pollution of EnvironmentThese days we often hear that our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment . It is common that many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded. For another, the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology. What is more, since the industrial revolution, it is natural that a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms. The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment.To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthy. We should do something such as planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.2013mba英语写作：英语写作模板(一)问题解决型：模板一The market economy has brought China both benefits and headaches, one of which is the problem of _____主题__________. There is no denying that serious social problems will arise unless this problem is properly solved. As a result, it is essential for usto explore ways to cope with it.The negative aspects caused by this phenomenon can be briefly illustrated as follows. 缺点一，二，三.(First of all, besides, at last)As a matter of fact, there are many ways that can contribute to solving this serious problem, but I think the following ones may be most effective. Every one should make a special effort to avoid the bad effect. The government ought to spare no efforts to set up some policies and laws to achieve the goal. Although it can not be eliminated in a short period of time, there is no doubt that attention must be paid and it is clear that task demands great efforts. As long as we combine our efforts together, there is greater possibilities that we can manage to solve the problems. (186words)(二)积极有利型：As the society becomes more and more advanced and complicated，(主题)plays a more and more important role in the life of individual members of the society and in the development of the society itself. It is universally acknowledged that (主题) arouse more public attentions.There can be no doubt that the significance of (主题) can be clearly seen in the following aspects: 有利处一，二，三 ( initially, what’s more, the last but not the least)From what has been clearly discussed above, I can definitely come to the conclusion that (主题) is something that we cannot develop without, especially in our fast-developing hi-tech society, because it can not only improve our life but also change our life. It can be said without exaggeration that (主题) will bring China historic and realistic significance. It is, therefore, high time that we took action to get full use of (主题). (173words)2013mba英语写作：The phenomenon of moral decline These days, there is a hot topic which concerns the phenomenon of moral decline which drive from a case of an office worker who beat and abused his old parents. Whenever it comes this issue, there will grow up a variety of voice. Some people view it is because of the stress of young people form work, some others consider it is because of the narrow way of coping with the argument ,mostly people contributed this phenomenon to the moral decline of our society. I am inclined to support the third standpoint.It is no difficulty for me to put forward some argument to illustrate my standpoint. At the top of the list, with the rapid development of our society, the education about moral is rare. What is more, the trend of money as most important is more and more prevail. Last but not the least, we have not enough means to prohibit the moral decline.It is no denying that there will be various voices about the same issue, but my standpoint is clear. We will find good Measures in the forgoing discussion. The phenomenon of moral decline may insult in some serious negative effects and we must cope with it.。

2013年十月全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考写作试题四、写作：第56～57小题，共65分。

其中论证有效性分析30分，论说文35分。

56. 论证有效性分析：分析下述论证中存在的缺陷和漏洞，选择若干要点，写一篇600字左右的文章，对该论证的有效性进行分析和评论。

（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准备并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，论证的论据是否成立并支持结论，结论成立的条件是否充分等等。

）“勤俭节约”是中国人民的优良传统，也是近百年流传下来的革命传统，在新中国成立后的建设时期，尤其是上世纪50年代，国家百废待兴，就是靠全国人民发扬勤俭持家，勤俭建国的艰苦奋斗精神，才在一穷二白的基础上打下了工业化的基础。

时代车轮进了21世纪，中国加入了世贸组织，实现了全面开放，与30年前相比，我们面对的国际形势已经发生了天翻地覆的变化，形势在变，任务在变。

人的观念也要适应这种变化，也要与时俱进。

比如，“勤俭节约”的观念就需要改变了。

我们可以从个人、家庭、国家三个层面对“勤俭节约”的观念进行分析。

先从个人的角度谈起，一个人如果过分强调勤俭节约，就会过度关注“节流”，而不重视“源”，“源”就是要动脑筋，花气力，最大程度发挥自己的能力合法赚钱，个人的财富不是省出来的，只靠节省，财富的积累是有限的，靠源，财富才可能会滚滚而来。

试想，比尔盖茨的财富是靠省出来的吗？再从家庭的角度分析，一个家庭如果过分强调勤俭节约，也就是秉持“勤俭持家”，对于上了年纪的老人，还是应该的，因为他们已经不能出去挣钱了，但对于尚在工作年龄的人，尤其是青年人，提倡勤俭持家有害无益，为了家庭的长远利益，缺钱的时候还可以去借钱，去抵押贷款，为了勤俭持家，能上的学不上，学费是省了，可孩子的前途就耽误了。

即使是学费之外的学习费用，也不能一味节俭。

试想，如果朗朗的家长当年不买钢琴，能有现在的国际钢琴大师朗朗吗？最后从国家的角度审视，提倡“勤俭节约”弊远大于利。

马全海第一套样题作文：In the past, many Chinese people worried that they wouldn’t have enough food, and most people worked hard just to feed the family. But now, we have too much choice of food, and many people in big cities even want to limit their diet. I think that is mainly because our country has been much richer than before. Our food industry has been developed and can produce more food than before. I am sure that as our country becomes more developed, this situation will be further improved. In the future, Chinese people will not only limit their diet, but also pay more attention to the healthiness of food.第二套样题作文:People have different ideas about what makes a good student. Some people believe that those who have high scores are good students, but some others think that those who are active are good students.2.But in my opinion, basic knowledge and other qualities are both important. We should not emphasize one aspect but neglect the other. A student should not only study hard, but also take part in the activities at school. 3. If a student wants to deal with the work and people in their future job, he must pay attention to the development of these abilities.第三套样题作文：1. People have different ways of life and different purpose in life. Some people live to make money, but others want to enjoy life.2. For me, I live for my family.3. Whenever I think my family can live a better life if I work hard, I have more energy to work. In the future, I will work harder and make more money. With the money, I can buy big house for my family and take them to beautiful places to travel.I will be very happy if my dream can come true. This is the purpose of my life.第四篇样题：We live in a modern society, and science is influencing every aspect of our life. Every morning, the first thing we do is to turn on our mobile phones and computers. We can talk friends very easily even if we are very far from each other. Life is much easier because we have washing machine to wash our dirty clothes. However, some very good memory is getting farther from us. We no longer write letters with our pens. We don’t have time to talk with our family because mobile phones and computers take up most of our free time.In my opinion, we should make some changes. We should make use of technology, but not let it ruin our life.第五套样题：Nowadays, as computer becomes more and more widely used, learning on line is getting more and more popular. But just like every coin has two sides, online study has both advantages and disadvantages.On the one hand, there is rich information on line. Whenever we have difficulties, we can search for information on the internet. On the other hand, spending too much time on line has its problems. Staying on line for too long is not good to our health.Besides, it can not give us the feeling of touching the paper books.Therefore, we should make use of the modern technology, but should depend too much on it.作文样题：1. People have different opinions on reading. Some people think we should read extensively, but others think that we should read selectively. For those who choose to read extensively, they want to know many different aspects in life. But for those who want to read selectively, they think reading in too many aspects can distract their attention. They think that we should focus our limited energy on a few aspects that we are interested in.As for me, I will read selectively on a few fields I am especially interested in, but extensively on others.2.As computer and the internet become more widely used, shopping via internet is being accepted by more and more people.Shopping on the internet is very convenient. We don’t have to go to the stores to buy what we want, and we can easily find things on websites. Besides, the price is much lower on cyber-shop because they have lower costs to run such stores. They don’t have to rent the store and hire shop-assistants. However, the drawbacks/ disadvantages are also very clear. We can’t see and touch the products we buy. Sometimes they are of low quality; some times they just don’t fit us.To cope with the new trend, traditional sales industry should try to improve their service and reduce their price.3.Housing has become the most concerned issue in ourcountry. Whenever you go, you hear people talk about housing price. Here are my suggestions on the solution to the problem.First, the government should build more houses and rent them to the poor people at low rates. Second, the government should make some policies to limit the investment in housing industry. Investment is the basic reason of housing problem in our country. Besides, I think that if young people don’t have the ability to buy a house in big cities, they can move to small cities. They will have less pressure there.As our country becomes more developed, I am sure in the future, people will not rush to big cities any more, and the housing price will be lower.4.Among the various careers we may choose from, I think becoming a doctor is my ideal job in the future. There are mainly two reasons why I choose to be a doctor.For one thing, if I become a doctor, I can work to relieve the pain of the patients and save the lives of the sick. I have a dream that someday I can develop a new medicine to cure cancer. For another, doctors are always respected in our country. The whiteuniforms of doctors are considered pure and holy.To be a doctor, I will have to work hard in medical courses. Besides, I have to learn English because I want to know about the medicine of western countries.5.Nowadays, more and more people are buying private cars. As a result, traffic problems are becoming very serious in Chinese cities. Therefore, many experts suggest people to take public transportation.Public transportation can help to solve the traffic problems. It’s much cheaper to go out by bus or by subway than by cars. Besides, public transportation causes less pollution to the environment. However, the public transportation in big cities is not good enough to solve the traffic problems. During rush hours, the bus and subway will be so crowded that you can not easily get on.To solve such problems, on the one hand, we can advocate people to take public transportation. On the other hand, the government should work to improve subways or bus lines.6.Nowadays, the learning of foreign language is very popular in our country. Different people have different reasons. Some learn to take exams, some want to prepare for their future job, and some are just interested in it. If you want to learn English well, I have the following suggestions:First of all, once you decide to learn it, you should stick to it. If you want to learn a language, you should learn it every day.Second, you must try to find opportunities to use the language you have recently learned.Besides, vocabulary is the most basic thing of a language. If you don’t know how to start, just memorize some words.7.In our country, more and more young people choose to start their career in big cities because they think that there are more opportunities in big cities. But in my opinion, such a choice is not surely correct. When we live in big cities, we do have more opportunity in work, but there is also more stress, because too many people compete for one position. Big cities have better hospitals, but there are always too many patients waiting to be cured. I have a teacher who works in Shanghai. He is too busy to enjoy life. He even doesn’t have time to marry.So if I were to make a choice, I would prefer small cities.8.Education is the most important thing for a country. But in our country, the education, especially higher education, there are a lot of problems. The most important one is that our education can not meet the practical use of the new century.In our education, students learn to take exams, because we put too much emphasis on scores. Therefore, we must promote the reform of our education and really carry out quality-education. To do this, educators must first know what kind of people the labormarket needs, and then adjust their teaching materials and methods.9Nov. 27, 2011Dear Chairman,I am foreign student of our college. I am writing the letter to apply for joining in the student union to enrich my college life. Now I would like to introduce myself to you.I am from America. My name is Mike. I am very interested in playing table tennis, and I have been playing it for more than 5 years. Chinese people are known to the world for table tennis, so I think your club must be of a very high level. I hope that I will have the opportunity to play with you. Would you please give me some information about your club and activities?I am looking forward to your early reply.Thanks a lot.SincerelyMike 10.Everyone wants to succeed. But everyone has different definition to success. In my opinion, there are mainly two factors for success.First, if you love what you do, stick to it, and enjoy the benefits it brings, you are successful.Second, in any career, there are setbacks and hardships. If you are not defeated and overcome the difficulties, you are also successful.To be a really successful person, you don’t need to be very rich, and a very rich person is not surely successful. Success is how you look at life. If you have a correct attitude toward failure and success, you are already very successful.。

2013年管理类联考写作绝密资料下文摘录于“奥林匹克食品集团”给它的股东的一份年度报告。

“奥林匹克食品集团”经营食品加工。

“加工业的成本会随着它经营时间的增加而逐渐下降，这是因为企业能运用不断积累的经验来改进工艺、提高效率。

以彩照冲印为例，1990年冲印一张普通彩照成本为1元，到2000年下降为0、2元。

食品加工的情况也一样。

我们奥林匹克食品公司马上要迎来25周年庆典，这么长的从业经历，无疑可以使我们建立信心：本公司可以实现成本最小化和利润最大化。

”(提示：论证有效性分析的一般要求是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，该论证的论据是否支持结论，论据成立的条件是否充分等。

还要注意逻辑结构和语言运用。

)一、写作步骤和方法1、如何发现写作的分论点(1)识别：提出批判性问题。

1)原文的结论是什么——奥林匹克食品公司有信心实现成本最小化和利润最大化。

2)原论证的主要论据(支持结论的主要根据)是什么——经营经验的积累(彩照冲印仅10年，本公司近25年)。

(2)分析：提出批判性问题。

1)结论中的主要概念是什么——成本最小化和利润最大化(核心概念)。

2)论据的支持力度如何——首先，经营经验不足以保证实现成本最小化的目标。

其次，经营经验即使能保证实现成本最小化的目标，它仍然不足以保证该公司实现利润最大化的目标，因为成本最小化只是实现利润最大化的有利条件之一。

(3)评估：概念、根据和论证方法有何缺陷?1)错误类比。

2)假设不成立(除非假设经营经验是影响成本最小化和利润最大化的唯一因素，否则，论证不能成立)。

3)混淆成本最小化和利润最大化这两个概念的关系，或者，将实现利润最大化的必要条件——成本最小化，视为充分条件。

2、如何对分论点进行论证(1)反例削弱方法：寻找反面证据(不利于得出原文结论的证据)。

1)为什么经营经验不足以保证实现成本最小化——挖掘影响成本最小化的其他因素，寻找反例。