外文文献翻译——太阳能在城市生活中的使用

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：太阳能在城市使用的规划文献、资料英文题目：Solar Urban Planning and Design 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Solar Urban Planning and Design 文献、资料来源：期刊外文文献：Solar Urban Planning and DesignAbstract:In recent decades, urban population growth, the acceleration of energy consumption and energy price, the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the demolition of nonrenewable energies, have adverted the attention of different groups to the use of sustainable, available and clean solar energy as a sustainable energy.Specialists like architects and engineers have considered solar energy in designing systems, buildings and equipments. Straggle success achieved in the case, cause the progress of replacing solar systems in buildings and equipments instead of systems consuming unsustainable resources like fossil fuel to be accelerated. But they have not applied coherently yet. In other words, before the enforcement of solar projects in cities, it is necessary to note all the dimensions related to their execution in order to reach their optimum efficiency. The goal that could be attained by long-time and multi dimensional planning.This paper guides the focus of urban and town planning and design on the application of solar energy. That urban planners should consider three aspects of environment, economy and society in three related elements of cities consisting buildings and urban spaces, urban infrastructures and urban land uses to achieve sustainable goals is discussed in this paper. So, after the review of few experiences, the issues and guidelines whose consideration lead to the more efficient solar urban planning and design are outlined.Key words:Solar Urban Planning- Solar Potential- Sustainable City- Solar Master Plan- Smart Infrastructure1. Introduction: the increase of attention to solar energyThe increase of urban population, activities and technologies using fossil fuels, energy price, energy consumption and the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the destroy of non-renewable energy resources, are causing different experts including specialists related to building and construction to look for alternative ways of energy provision. Building professionals have not considered the aim of good design aesthetically more and try to design the。

环保资源—太阳能随着城市人口的增加，城市面积的不断扩大，红绿灯安装在各个道口上，已经成为疏导交通车辆最常见和最有效的手段。

但这一技术在19世纪就已出现了。

1858年，在英国伦敦主要街头安装了以燃煤气为光源的红，蓝两色的机械扳手式信号灯，用以指挥马车通行。

这是世界上最早的交通信号灯。

1868年，英国机械工程师纳伊特在伦敦威斯敏斯特区的议会大厦前的广场上，安装了世界上最早的煤气红绿灯。

它由红绿两以旋转式方形玻璃提灯组成，红色表示“停止”，绿色表示“注意”。

1869年1月2日，煤气灯爆炸，使警察受伤，遂被取消。

1914年，电气启动的红绿灯出现在美国。

这种红绿灯由红绿黄三色圆形的投光器组成，安装在纽约市5号大街的一座高塔上。

红灯亮表示“停止”，绿灯亮表示“通行”。

1918年，又出现了带控制的红绿灯和红外线红绿灯。

带控制的红绿灯，一种是把压力探测器安在地下，车辆一接近红灯便变为绿灯；另一种是用扩音器来启动红绿灯，司机遇红灯时按一下嗽叭，就使红灯变为绿灯。

红外线红绿灯当行人踏上对压力敏感的路面时，它就能察觉到有人要过马路。

红外光束能把信号灯的红灯延长一段时间，推迟汽车放行，以免发生交通事故。

总之，信号灯的出现，使交通得以有效管制，对于疏导交通流量、提高道路通行能力，减少交通事故有明显效果。

但是，目前随着世界各国石油、煤炭等自然资源的匮乏，全国大部分地区为了对付缺电，实行了分地区分时段的拉闸限电措施，而交通灯作为重要的指挥工具也由于市电的断电而不能工作，造成了交通安全隐患。

随着全球能源危机和环境恶化，太阳能以其无污染、无噪声、拆装移动简易、不会破坏市容环境、不受地理位置限制等特有的优势，将代替传统的不可再生能源，成为人类社会取之不尽、用之不竭的低成本环保清洁能源，太阳能发电将走入普通老百姓的日常生活，节约电费和能源，保护环境，造福人类。

因此，利用太阳能对交通灯进行供电，通过带有蓄电池的太阳能电池板跟普通交通灯相连，来实现利用太阳能给交通灯供电，不仅能够节约资源，而且使其在市电断电情况下也能正常工作。

太阳能的应用和发展英语作文The Application and Development of Solar Energy.Solar energy, a renewable and sustainable source of power, has been gaining increasing attention in recent years. Its potential to provide clean, efficient, and cost-effective energy solutions has made it a热门话题 of discussion among experts and the general public alike. In this article, we delve into the applications of solar energy, its current status, and the future prospects forits development.Applications of Solar Energy.Solar energy finds applications in various sectors, ranging from residential to commercial and industrial uses. One of the most common applications is in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. These systems convert sunlight into electricity, which can then be used to power household appliances, street lights, and even entire communities.Solar PV systems are becoming increasingly popular as they are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run.Solar thermal systems are another important application of solar energy. These systems use the heat from the sun to generate hot water or heat for spaces. Solar thermal systems are commonly used in residential settings for water heating and space heating, and in larger-scale applications, such as industrial processes and concentrated solar power plants.Solar energy also finds use in transportation. Solar-powered vehicles, such as cars, buses, and even aircraft, are being developed to reduce fossil fuel dependency and emissions. While these technologies are still in theirearly stages, they present a promising future for sustainable transportation.Current Status of Solar Energy.The current status of solar energy is encouraging.Global investments in solar energy have been on a steady rise, driven by the need to transition to clean energy sources and reduce carbon emissions. Governments worldwide are offering incentives and subsidies to encourage the adoption of solar energy, and the industry is responding positively.Solar technology has also been improving rapidly. The efficiency of solar panels has increased significantly, making them more cost-effective and easier to integrateinto existing energy systems. Innovations in solar PV cells, storage systems, and smart grid technologies are further boosting the adoption of solar energy.Future Prospects for Solar Energy Development.The future prospects for solar energy development are bright. With the increasing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions, solar energy is poised to play a crucial role in meeting global energy demands.One of the key drivers for solar energy development is the decreasing cost of solar panels. As manufacturing technologies improve and scale up, the cost of solar panels is expected to continue to decline, making solar energy even more competitive with traditional energy sources.Another factor driving solar energy development is the improvement in storage technologies. Solar energy is intermittent, and reliable storage systems are crucial to ensure continuous power supply. Innovations in battery technology, such as lithium-ion batteries and flow batteries, are making solar energy storage more efficient and cost-effective.Moreover, the integration of solar energy into smart grids will further enhance its utility. Smart grids allow for the efficient management and distribution of energy, integrating renewable energy sources like solar PV systems with traditional power plants. This integration will help balance supply and demand, improve energy efficiency, and reduce waste.In conclusion, solar energy presents a promising future for sustainable energy solutions. Its applications are diverse and widespread, and the industry is responding positively to the growing demand for clean energy. With continued innovation and investment, solar energy is poised to play a crucial role in meeting global energy demands while protecting our planet for future generations.。

太阳能英语作文英文回答：Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is derived from the sun's radiation. It is a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. Solar energy can be used to generate electricity, heat water, and power homes and businesses.Solar energy is harnessed using photovoltaic (PV) panels, which are made up of semiconductor cells that convert sunlight into electricity. These panels can be installed on rooftops, in fields, or on other surfaces that receive sunlight. The electricity generated by solar panels can be used to power homes and businesses, or it can besold back to the grid.Solar energy is a rapidly growing industry. In 2020,the global solar PV market was valued at $132.4 billion,and it is expected to grow to $262.1 billion by 2025. Thisgrowth is being driven by a number of factors, including the falling cost of solar panels, the increasing demand for clean energy, and the growing awareness of the environmental benefits of solar energy.Solar energy has a number of benefits over other forms of energy. It is a renewable resource, which means that it will never run out. It is also a clean source of energy, as it does not produce any emissions that contribute to climate change. Additionally, solar energy is a cost-effective source of energy, as the cost of solar panels has fallen significantly in recent years.However, solar energy also has some limitations. It is an intermittent source of energy, which means that it is not always available when it is needed. Solar panels can only generate electricity when the sun is shining, so they are not a reliable source of energy for areas that experience frequent cloud cover. Additionally, solar panels require a lot of space, which can be a challenge in densely populated areas.Despite these limitations, solar energy is a promising source of renewable energy. It is a clean, sustainable, and cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. As the cost of solar panels continues to fall and the demand for clean energy increases, solar energy is likely to play an increasingly important role in the world's energy mix.中文回答：太阳能是一种可再生能源，它源自太阳辐射。

太阳能发电外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design of a Lead-Acid Battery Charging and Protecting IC in Photovoltaic SystemZENG De-you,LING Chao-dong,LI Guo-gang1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also been put into use in many cities in China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free, low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stable and no maintenance, the need for uninterrupted for the various typesof has wide application in power electronic equipment, and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use (to prevent over-discharge, overcharge, over-current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 ~ 16 years float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the charge has a major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separation of the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market has not yet real, charged with the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.System design and considerationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion, It can ensure that the external power supply to the battery-powered, but also in the battery overcharge, over-current and an external power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic power generation system, but also the source of this design.Figure1 Photovoltaic circuit system block diagramMaintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturers said that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achieved even more than 2C (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 ~ C/3. Battery voltage and temperature, the temperature is increased by 1 °C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV , negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / ° C means that the battery float voltage. Ordinary charger for the best working condition at 25 °C; charge less than the ambient temperature of 0 °C; at 45 °C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain solar battery array Charge controllercontroller Dischargecontroller DC load accumulatorunderstanding and analysis of the working status of the battery, in order to achieve the purpose of protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states: normal state, over-current state over the state of charge, over discharge state. However, due to the impact of the different discharge current over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the battery over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the state a long time, would severely reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life. When the battery is the time of discharge status exceeds the allotted time, the battery, the battery voltage is too low may not be able to recharge, making the battery life is lower. Based on the above, the charge on the life of maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working condition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation, in order to achieve the protection of the battery.3.Units modular design3.1The charging moduleChip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes current limiting, current sensing comparator, reference voltage source, under-voltage detection circuit, voltage sampling circuit and logic control circuit.Figure2 Charging module block diagramdriverV oltage amplifierV oltage sampling comparatorStart amplifierState level control Charging indicator Logicalmodule Undervoltage detection circuitR- powerCurrent sampling comparator Limitingamplifier Power indicatorThe module contains a stand-alone limiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 ~30 mA, provided by the drive output current can directly drive an external series of adjustment tube, so as to adjust the charger output voltage and current . V oltage and current detection comparator detects the battery charge status, and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge to start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse, the charger can only charge a small current, to avoid damage to the battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state. The charging process from the constant current charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage across the battery pack, the battery power has been restored to 70% to 90% of the released capacity when the battery voltage reaches the switching voltage to charge conversion voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge. In this state, the charger output voltage is increased to overcharge pressure V oc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to charge and suspend the current Ioct, the battery capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltage VF.3.2 Protection ModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-discharge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load short-circuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and reference circuit (BGR).Figure3 Block diagram of battery protectionThis module constitutes a protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and discharge control of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery discharge current will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge, then the charge to control the end of CO is high, the discharge control side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode, general in order to play on the battery safer and more reasonable protection, the chip will battery over-discharge current to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the shorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcharge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then discharge control end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, the chip is in charging mode. When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischarge detection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischarge delay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is high, while the discharge control terminal DO is low, the chip is in discharge mode. Sampling circuitOver discharge detection comparatorControl logic circuit Level conversion circuit Overcharge detection comparator Over-current detection comparator2 Over-current detection comparator1Over-current detection circuitLoad short detection circuitFigure4 Protection circuit application schematic diagram4.Circuit DesignTwo charge protection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, the reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overcharge detection /overdischarge detection comparator, over-current detection and load short-circuit detection circuit) and the logic control part.This paper describes the under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap reference circuit (Figure 6).Figure5 Under-voltage detection circuitProtectionmoduleBiasing circuit Reference circuit Bleeder circuit difference amplifier Output circuitAmplifierAmplifierFigure6 A reference power supply circuit diagramBattery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit design should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process, the undervoltage protection circuit, this simple circuit structure, process and easy to implement and can be used as high-voltage power integrated circuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in Figure 5, a total of five components: the bias circuit, reference voltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, R0 is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stage circuit, the resistance, Ro, determine the circuit's operating point, the M0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedback loop of the undervoltage signal; the rest of the M3, M4 and M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, composed of four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a reference voltage, the comparator input with the inverting input is fixed (V+), partial pressure of the resistance R1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator, when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparator is greater than V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedback circuit does not work; undervoltage occurs, the voltage divider of R1, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input voltage is less than V when the resistor divider, the comparator the output voltage is high, this signal will be M14 open, the voltage across R into M at both ends of the saturation voltage close to 0V, thereby further driving down the R1> R2, the partial pressure of the output voltage, the formation of the undervoltage positive feedback. Output, undervoltage lockout, and plays a protective role.5. Simulation results and analysisThe design of the circuit in CSMC 0.6 μm in digital CMOS process simulation and analysis of the circuit. In the overall simulation of the circuit, the main observation is that the protection module on the battery charge and discharge process by monitoring Vdd potential and Vm potential leaving chip CO side and DO-side changes accordingly. The simulation waveform diagram shown in Figure 7, the overall protection module with the battery voltage changes from the usual mode conversion into overcharge mode, and then return to normal working mode, and then into the discharge mode, and finally back to normal working mode. As the design in the early stages of the various parameters to be optimized, but to provide a preliminary simulation results.Figure7 Overvoltage and under-voltage protection circuit simulation waveform6.ConclusionDesigned a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC. This design not only can reduce the product, they can reduce the peripheral circuit components. The circuit uses the low-power design. This project is underway to design optimization stage, a complete simulation can not meet the requirements, but also need to optimize the design of each module circuit.光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计曾德友，凌朝东，李国刚1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。

太阳能的应用和发展英语作文English Response:Solar Energy: Application and Development.Solar energy, in its essence, is a boundless source of power derived from the sun. Its applications and development have gained significant traction in recentyears due to increasing concerns about climate change and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Let's delve into the various aspects of solar energy utilization and its promising future.Applications:One of the most common applications of solar energy isin generating electricity through photovoltaic (PV) systems. These systems consist of solar panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity. They can be installed onrooftops of residential buildings, commercialestablishments, and even in large solar farms. For instance, my friend Sarah recently had solar panels installed on her roof. Now, she not only saves money on her electricitybills but also contributes to reducing carbon emissions.Solar energy is also widely used for heating purposes, especially in solar water heaters. These systems usesunlight to heat water for domestic, commercial, orindustrial use. I remember visiting a resort last summer where they had solar water heaters installed in their swimming pools. It was fascinating to learn how theyutilized solar energy to maintain the perfect temperaturefor their guests' comfort.Furthermore, solar energy plays a crucial role in providing lighting solutions in remote or off-grid areas through solar-powered LED lights. For example, in rural villages where access to electricity is limited, solarstreet lights have been installed to illuminate pathwaysand enhance safety during the night. My cousin volunteersfor a non-profit organization that installs such lights in underserved communities, making a tangible difference inpeople's lives.Development:The development of solar energy technology has been remarkable, with ongoing advancements aimed at improving efficiency and reducing costs. Innovations like thin-film solar cells, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, and solar tracking mechanisms have enhanced the effectiveness of harnessing solar energy. Additionally, research in materials science and nanotechnology holds promise for further enhancing solar cell performance.Moreover, policy support and incentives have played a pivotal role in driving the growth of solar energy. Many governments offer tax credits, rebates, and feed-in tariffs to encourage the adoption of solar power systems. In my country, the government recently announced a subsidy program for homeowners who install solar panels, making it more affordable for ordinary citizens to embrace clean energy solutions.Future Prospects:Looking ahead, the future of solar energy appears exceedingly bright. As technology continues to advance and economies of scale are realized, solar power is expected to become even more competitive with conventional energy sources. With increasing public awareness and commitment to sustainability, the demand for solar energy is likely to soar.Furthermore, integration with energy storage systems such as batteries is poised to revolutionize the solar energy landscape. This would enable greater gridflexibility and reliability, allowing solar power to meet demand even when the sun isn't shining. Imagine a future where households rely predominantly on solar energy for their electricity needs, with excess power stored for use during cloudy days or at night.In conclusion, solar energy's applications are diverse and its development is rapidly evolving. Through technological innovation, supportive policies, and growingpublic acceptance, solar power is positioned to play a pivotal role in shaping a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.中文回答：太阳能，应用与发展。

使用太阳能环保的英语作文Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable source of power that has gained significant attention in recent years due to its numerous environmental benefits. As the world continues to grapple with the consequences of climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels, solar energy has emerged as a viable and eco-friendly alternative. This essay will explore the various ways in which solar energy promotes environmental protection and discuss its potential for widespread adoption.One of the most significant advantages of solar energy is its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike traditional energy sources such as coal and natural gas, solar power does not produce carbon dioxide or other harmful pollutants during its operation. This is crucial in combating climate change as carbon dioxide emissions are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. By harnessing the power of the sun, solar energy systems can generate electricity without releasing any greenhouse gases, therebyhelping to mitigate global warming.Furthermore, solar energy helps to conserve water resources, which are becoming increasingly scarce in many parts of the world. Traditional power plants, particularly those fueled by coal or natural gas, require vast amounts of water for cooling purposes. This puts a strain on local water supplies and can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. In contrast, solar energy systems do not require water for their operation, making them an environmentally-friendly choice. By transitioning to solar power, we can alleviate the pressure on water resources and ensure their sustainable use for future generations.Another environmental benefit of solar energy is its potential to reduce air pollution. Conventional power plants emit pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which have detrimental effects on human health and the environment. These pollutants contribute to the formation of smog, acid rain, and respiratory diseases. Solar energy, on the other hand, produces clean electricity without any harmful emissions,thus improving air quality and reducing the negative impacts on public health.Solar energy also offers a solution to the problem of land degradation caused by mining activities for fossil fuels. Extracting coal, oil, and gas often involves destructive practices that lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat destruction. In contrast, solar panels can be installed on various surfaces, including rooftops, deserts, and even water bodies, without causing significant environmental damage. By utilizing available spaces for solar installations, we can minimize the need for land conversion and preserve natural habitats.Moreover, solar energy contributes to energy independence and reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels. Many countries heavily depend on foreign oil and gas supplies, which can lead to political instability and economic vulnerability. By embracing solar power, nations can decrease their reliance on fossil fuel imports and achieve greater energy security. Solar energy is abundant and widely available, making it a reliable and sustainablesource of power that can be harnessed domestically.In addition to its environmental benefits, solar energy also offers economic advantages. The solar industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, creating numerous job opportunities and driving economic development. According to a report by the International Renewable Energy Agency, the number of jobs in the solar sector has doubledin the past five years, reaching 3.7 million worldwide in 2019. This growth is expected to continue as solar energy becomes more affordable and accessible. Additionally, investing in solar power can reduce electricity costs for households and businesses in the long run, providing financial savings and promoting economic stability.Despite its many advantages, the widespread adoption of solar energy still faces certain challenges. One of themain barriers is the initial cost of installing solar panels. While the prices of solar systems havesignificantly decreased in recent years, the upfront investment can still be a deterrent for some individualsand businesses. However, it is important to consider thelong-term benefits and potential savings that solar energy offers. Governments and organizations can play a crucial role in promoting solar energy by providing incentives, subsidies, and financing options to make it more accessible and affordable for all.In conclusion, solar energy is an environmentally-friendly and sustainable solution to our energy needs. By harnessing the power of the sun, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve water resources, improve air quality, and protect natural habitats. Solar energy also offers economic benefits, creating jobs and reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. While challenges remain, the potential of solar power to transform our energy systems and promote environmental protection is undeniable. It is crucial that we continue to invest in solar energy research, development, and infrastructure to unlock its full potential and secure a greener and more sustainable future.。

The Application of Solar Energy in Buildings ForewordWith swift economic growth, the construction has made great achievements, but also paid a huge price for the resources and the environment. The contradiction between economic development and environment has become increasingly acute, and people reacted strongly to the environmental pollution problems. At the same time, greenhouse gas emissions cause global warming, which attract widespread concern in the international community. Strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction is an urgent need to cope with global climate change, which is the responsibility we should take.Solar energy is a kind of sustainable and clean energy. In the process of seeking sustainable development of human society, the utilization of solar energy is paid more and more attention all over the world. Practice of half a century has proved that low-temperature solar thermal conversion technology has been successful for buildings to provide domestic hot water and heating. In recent years, energy saving photovoltaic industry in some developed countries began to use solar cells as the roof panel, which can fully explain the load and solar energy resources has good matching with the buildings. It is foreseeable that solar energy in buildings energy saving will have a broad application and occupies an important position in the near future. Improving the application of renewable and clean energy, solar energy, in buildings and reducing building energy consumption is a key to solve energy and environment problems.1.The introduction of solar energyFrom thesis [1], we can know that among the solutions to the global energy crisis, the exploitation of solar energy is certainly one of the most promising ecological avenues. According to a recent report [2], solar energy has the theoretical potential to meet the global energy demand by about 2850 times. A transition to renewables-based energy systems is looking increasingly likely as their costs decline while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate. In the past 30 years solar and wind power systems have experienced rapid sales growth, declining capital costs and costs of electricity generated, and have continued to improve their performance characteristics.As for the solar energy resources in our country, thesis [3] mention that the distribution of China solar energy resources have the following characteristics: the districts with the highest and lowest solar radiation are all in latitude22 degrees to 35 degrees——the Tibetan Plateau has the highest solar radiation, while the Sichuan basin has the lowest solar radiation. Western radiation amount is higher than the eastern part, and in addition to Tibet and Xinjiang Province, the north is higher than the South for the reason that the south areas have more cloudy and rainy days. In latitude 30 degrees to 40 degrees, solar radiation increases with increasing latitude. The annual solar radiation amounts from 3350 to 8370MJ/ (m2. A), and the average ofannual solar radiation is 5860MJ/ (m2. A).Although the distribution of solar energy resources has obvious regional characteristics for the solar energy resources are restricted by the climate and environmental conditions, but thesis [4] shows that most areas in China still have great solar energy availability.2.The applicationways of solar energy in buildingsSolar energy conversion into heat energy is the basic way of solar energy utilization. At present, solar energy water heater, solar house and solar radiant floor heating are the main solar energy applications.2.1Solar water heaterThe solar water heater is a device converting solar energy into thermal energy for heating water, which has the advantages of simple structure and low cost. Solar water heaters have also been widely used in China. Thesis [5] shows that from 2000 to 2010 solar water heaterssaves 112 million 950 thousand tons coal in China and reduce the emission of 3 million651 thousand and 900 tons SO2, 1 million 641 thousand and 500 tonsNO2, 2 million 823 thousand and 600 tons smoke and 242 million 466 thousand tons CO2. The ratio of house use solar water heaters in China is about 8.7%, which is lower than Japan's 20% and Israel's 90%.It is obvious that the market of solar water heater still needs to be vigorously developed.2.2Solar houseSolar house is a house that is heated and cooled by solar energy. The solar house can be either heated or cooled. The simplest solar house is called passive solar house which is easy to build without the need to install special power equipment. Another kind of solar house which is complex and comfortable is called active solar house.According to thesis [6] ~ [9], Solar house can save 75% ~ 90% energy consumption, and has great environmental and economic benefits. Europe is leading the world in solar cell technology and applications, especially in glass coatings, window technologies, and transparent insulation materials. In our country, solar energy heating, cooling and lighting systems are becoming more and more popular, but most of them are active solar houses. At present, solar energy application in refrigeration and air conditioning are still in the demonstration phase due to the high cost. But for the power shortage areas, there is still a great market potential the market still has potential considering the combination with buildings.2.3 Solar photovoltaic power generationIn addition to the direct conversion to thermal energy, we can also convert solar energy into electric energy which is more useful for most buildings. As we all known, solar photovoltaic power generation is the use of solar cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Since 2007, Chinese photovoltaic industry developrapidly. In 2008, solar cell production accounted for 31% of the world wide production, ranking first in the world.According thesis [10] and [11], Chinese scholars have compared several solar photovoltaic power generation schemes, and studied the fault characteristics of photovoltaic power generation system in islanding operation. The US national renewable energy laboratory research shows that solar cells using solar energy paint technology can convert 18% of solar energy into electricity. Researchers at the Southampton University in the UK have been able to convert light energy into electricity more efficiently by simulating the photosynthesis of plants. In addition, GreenSun Energy Technology Company has also invented a variety of solar panels which can collect solar energy without direct sunlight.3.Development and utilization of solar energy at home and abroad3.1The application of solar energy in ChinaChina attaches great importance to the development of renewable energy. There are 77 solar cell production lines have been introduced from the United States, Canada and other countries in 1983~1987.A series of policies has formulated to support the development of renewable energy industry. China's photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly under the strong pulling of national projects such as "bright project" and "sending electricity to the countryside" project and the world photovoltaic market. Solar cells are mainly used in remote areas with no electricity, and the annual power output is about 1. 1MW. Household photovoltaic power supply is widely used in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet and other areas. The industrialization system of solar water heater in China has been complete. In 2009, "solar water heater going to the countryside" marks the national recognition of this technology. In 2010, the domestic solar water heater produced an annual output of 49 million m2, accounting for 80% of the world's annual output. These data and information above come from thesis [12] and the Internet.And we can see from thesis [13] and [14] that China also attaches importance to the development of solar buildings. The first passive solar house in China was built in 1977 in a county of Gansu Province, which is composed of two forms: direct benefit window and heat collecting wall. China's first all solar building has been built in Beijing, covering 8000m2, and all the energy from bath, heating and power supply in the main building come from solar energy. In March 2011, the Ministry of housing and the Ministry of Finance issued the "notice on further promoting the application of renewable energy buildings" clearly pointed out that by 2020, the proportion of renewable energy consumption in the construction sector accounted for more than 15% of the building energy consumption. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the solar energy action plan with solar energy as an important energy target in 2050. Therefore, China's solar energy technology and application will be rapid development.3.2The application of solar energy in the United StatesDespite the recession of economy, solar energy technology is still developing rapidly in the United states. By the end of 2010, the installed capacity of PV power generation in the United States is 2 million 528 thousand kW, and EPIA predicts that it willreach 2200~3150 kW in 2015. The American building energy consumption accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption of the country, which has a restrictive effect on the economic development. In order to reduce energy consumption, reduce pollution, adjusting energy structure and realize the sustainable development of environment, the United States has made positive explorations on the use and application of solar energy technology including the "million solar roofs plan" which is a long-term plan advocated and promoted by the government. Recently, scientists in the United States focused on the space. They envisaged launch a satellite with energy harvesting device into space, solar panels installed on the satellite can collect energy in space, then convert it to a microwave back to earth, and last use the microwave to generate electricityfor people to use. Thus providing new energy that is clean, cheap, safe, reliable sustainable. At the same time, the desalination of seawater by solar energy has also been studied in the United States. These new progress is from thesis [15] to [17].4.The development trend of solar energyGiven these facts and considerations above, it is surprising to find that solar energy systems are not more widely spread into the general building practice. Traditionally, the economical issue has been dominant in this debate. However, as renewables-based energy systems costs decline while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate, the economical issue is slowly losing its rationale. So why the application of solar energy in buildings has not been widely promoted?From thesis [18] we can see that some other factors seem to deserve consideration, for instance a general lack of awareness and knowledge of the different technologies among building professionals, a general reluctance to use ―new‖ technologies and finally, last but not least, limitations stemming from architectural and aesthetic considerations in relation to the integration of solar systems.On the other hand, thesis [19] shows that the main problem of using solar energy in Russia relies not in technology, but in the legislative field. The use of a vacuum manifold in Russia will be widely implemented in areas with a cold climate and in the modern houses after solving the issues of legislative support from the state and municipal authorities.Therefore, we should pay attention to the following aspects for the development direction of solar energy applications in buildings:(1) The research of solar collector extends from low temperature to middle or high field, and improves the efficiency of heat collector.(2) Research on solar district heating technology and seasonal heat storage technology, improve solar heating for buildings’ guarantee rate [20].(3) Promote and encourage the application of solar energy in buildings and the development of solar energy technology by a series of policies and laws.(4) Cultivate talents in related fields. And improve the management system of solar building to form a mature engineering management system like water supply, heat supply and electricity.References[1]Wall, M.& M.C.M. Probst. Achieving solar energy in architecture - IEA SHC Task 41 [J]. Energy Procedia,2012,(30): 1250 – 1260.[2] European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). Rethinking 2050: A 100% Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union. Brussels, Belgium; 2010.[3] Li Ke, He Fanneng. Analysis on mainland Chin a’s solar energy distribution and potential to utilize solar energy as an alternative energy source [J]. Progress in Geography,2009,29(9): 1049—1054.[4] Wang Bingzhong. Solar energy resource division in China [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1983,4(3) : 221-228.[5] Yan Yunfei, Zhang Zhien, Zhang Li, Dai Changlin. Solar energy utilization technology and its application [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2012,33 : 47-56.[6] Vidal H, Colle S. Simulation and economic optimization of a solar assisted combined ejector-vapor compression cycle for cooling applications[J].AppliedThermal Engineering,2010,30(5) :478—486.[7] Abdel D A M. Experimental and numerical performance of a multi-effect condensationvaporation solar water distillation system [J]．Energy,2006,31(14): 2710—2727.[8] Tyagi V V，Buddhi D. PCM. Thermal storage in buildings[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2007,11(6) :1146—1166.[9] Pollerberg C，Heinzel A，Weidner A. Model of a solar driven steam jet ejector chiller andinvestigation of its dynamic operational behavior[J]. Solar Energy,2009,83(5):732—742.[10] Chen Zeshao, Mo Songping, Hu Peng, et al. Thermal dynamic analysis and comparison of several solar photovoltaic power generation schemes[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2009,30(5):25—30.[11] Li Shengwei, Li Yongli, Sun Jingjiao, et al. Fault characteristic analysis of photovoltaic power system islanding operation[J]. Journal of Tianjin University,2011,44(5):401—405.[12] Lu Weide, Luo Zhentao. Progress of solar thermal utilization in China[J]. Solar Energy,2002,(1):3—4.[13] Ouyang Li,Liu Wei. Optimal design of the solar heating system with porous heatstorage wall[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2010,31(8):1367—1370.[14] Ji Jie, Luo Chenglong, Sun Wei, et al. Experimental study on a dualfunctional solar collector integrated with building[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2011,32(2):149—153.[15] Gude V G, Khandan N N. Sustainable desalination using solar energy[J]. Energy Convers Manage,2010,51(11):2245—2251.[16] Gude V G, Khandan N N, Deng S. Desalination using solar energy: Towards sustainability[J]. Energy,2011, 36(1):78—85.[17] Gude V G, Khandan N N, Deng S, et al. Low temperature desalination using solar collectors augmented by thermal energy storage[J]. Applied Energy,2012,91(1):466—474.[18] Wall, M, Windeleff, J, Lien, AG. Solar Energy and Architecture, Annex Plan. The IEA SHC Programme Task 41; 2008.[19]V Velkin, S Shcheklein and V Danilov. The use of solar energy for residential buildings in the capital city [J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2017,72(1): 12 – 28.[20] Lu Bin, Zheng Ruitao, Li Zhong, He Tao, Zhang Xinyu, Wang Min. Research Status and Prospect of Solar Energy Application Technology in Buildings [J].Building science,2013,29(10):20-25.。

太阳能英语作文翻译初一Solar energy is a fascinating and increasingly importanttopic for students to understand, especially in today's world where environmental conservation and sustainable energy sources are of paramount concern. As a junior high school student, learning about solar energy not only expands your knowledge but also equips you with the understanding of a technology that could shape our future.IntroductionSolar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using various technologies such as solar panels. It's a clean, renewable source of energy that has the potential to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.The Basics of Solar EnergySolar energy works by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, which was first discoveredin the 19th century. When sunlight hits a solar panel, it knocks electrons free from atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to create an electric current.Benefits of Solar Energy1. Renewable: Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite, the sunis a continuous source of energy that won't run out for another 5 billion years.2. Clean: Solar energy produces no harmful emissions or pollutants, making it a clean alternative to traditional energy sources.3. Reduces Electricity Bills: By generating your own electricity, you can significantly reduce your monthly energy bills.4. Low Maintenance: Solar panels are durable and requirelittle maintenance over their 25-30 year lifespan.How Solar Energy is UsedSolar energy can be used in various ways:- Homes: Residential solar panels can power homes and appliances.- Businesses: Commercial solar installations can provide energy for businesses and reduce operational costs.- Farming: Solar-powered irrigation systems can help farmers in areas with unreliable electricity.- Space: Solar panels are even used by satellites and space probes to power their systems.Challenges of Solar EnergyDespite its benefits, solar energy faces challenges such as: - Intermittency: The sun doesn't shine at night or on cloudy days, which can limit the availability of solar power.- Cost: Although prices have dropped, the initial cost of solar panels and installation can still be high for some.- Space Requirements: Large arrays of solar panels are neededto generate significant amounts of power, which requires substantial space.The Future of Solar EnergyAs technology advances, the efficiency and affordability of solar panels are expected to improve. Innovations such as solar-powered cars, buildings with integrated solar cells, and better energy storage solutions are on the horizon.ConclusionUnderstanding solar energy is crucial for junior high school students as it is not only a topic in science but also a part of our everyday lives. Embracing solar energy is a step towards a sustainable future where we can meet our energy needs without compromising the environment for future generations.Vocabulary- Photovoltaic effect: The phenomenon that allows sunlight to be converted into electricity.- Renewable energy: Energy that comes from resources thatwill not run out, like the sun.- Fossil fuels: Fuels formed by the decomposition of ancient plants and animals, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.- Greenhouse gas emissions: Gases that trap heat in theEarth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming.- Intermittent: Not continuous or regular in occurrence.By studying this essay, you not only learn about solar energy in English but also gain insights into the potential and challenges of this exciting technology.。

Solar Tracker for Solar Water HeaterAbstractThe Solar Tracker team was formed in the fall of 2005 from five students in an ME design team, and a Smart House liaison. We continued the work of a previous solar tracker group. The task was to design a prototype tracking device to align solar panels optimally to the sun as it moves over the course of the day. The implementation of such a system dramatically increases the efficiency of solar panels used to power the Smart House. This report examines the process of designing and constructing the prototype, the experiences and problems encountered, and suggestions for continuing the project.1.IntroductionSolar tracking is the process of varying the angle of solar panels and collectors to take advantage o f the full amount of the sun’s energy. This is done by rotating panels to be perpendicular to the sun’s angle of incidence. Initial tests in industry suggest that this process can increase the efficiency of a solar power system by up to 50%. Given those gains, it is an attractive way to enhance an existing solar power system. The goal is to build a rig that will accomplish the solar tracking and realize the maximum increase in efficiency. The ultimate goal is that the project will be cost effective – that is, the gains received by increased efficiency will more than offset the one time cost of developing the rig over time. In addition to the functional goals, the Smart House set forth the other following goals for our project: it must not draw external power (self-sustaining), it must be aesthetically pleasing, and it must be weatherproof.The design of our solar tracker consists of three components: the frame, the sensor, and the drive system. Each was carefully reviewed and tested, instituting changes and improvements along the design process. The frame for the tracker is an aluminum prismatic frame supplied by the previous solar tracking group. It utilizes an ‘A-frame’ design with the rotating axle in the middle. Attached to the bottom of this square channel axle is the platform which will house the main solarcollecting panels. The frame itself is at an angle to direct the panels toward the sun (along with the inclination of the roof). Its rotation tracks the sun from east to west during the day.The sensor design for the system uses two small solar panels that lie on the same plane as the collecting panels. These sensor panels have mirrors vertically attached between them so that, unless the mirror faces do not receive any sun, they are shading one of the panels, while the other is receiving full sunlight. Our sensor relies on this difference in light, which results in a large impedance difference across the panels, to drive the motor in the proper direction until again, the mirrors are not seeing any sunlight, at which point both solar panels on the sensor receive equal sunlight and no power difference is seen.After evaluation of the previous direct drive system for the tracker, we designed a belt system that would be easier to maintain in the case of a failure. On one end of the frame is a motor that has the drive pulley attached to its output shaft. The motor rotates the drive belt which then rotates the pulley on the axle. This system is simple and easily disassembled. It is easy to interchange motors as needed for further testing and also allows for optimization of the final gear ratio for response of the tracker.As with any design process there were several setbacks to our progress. The first and foremost was inclement weather which denied us of valuable testing time. Despite the setbacks, we believe this design and prototype to be a very valuable proof-of-principle. During our testing we have eliminated many of the repetitive problems with the motor and wiring so that future work on the project will go more smoothly. We also have achieved our goal of tracking the sun in a ‘hands-off’ demo. We were able to have the tracker rotate under its own power to the angle of the sun and stop without any assistance. This was the main goal set forth to us by the Smart House so we believe our sensed motion prototype for solar tracking will be the foundation as they move forward in the future development and implementation of this technology to the house.2. Defining the ProblemThe project was to complete the “REV 2” design phase of the solar tracker to be used on the Smart House. While the team was comprised of members from the ME160 senior design course, the customer for this project was to be the Smart House organization. Jeff Schwane, a representative from the Smart House, was our liaison and communicated to our group the direction Smart House leadership wished us to proceed.At our first meeting with Jeff and Tom Rose, the following needs were identified:1.Track the sun during the daye no external power source3.Weather proof4.Cost effective power gain5.Must look good6.Solar panel versatile i.e. can fit different types of panelsWith these needs in hand, we constructed a Quality Function Deployment chart. This chart can be found in Appendix A. The QFD showed the major areas of concern might have been: number of panels/size of panels, internal power requirements, motor torque required.At our first meeting we were also able to set up our goals for the semester. Having a working prototype capable of tracking the sun was to be the main goal for the end of the semester, but we soon found that in order to accomplish this, we would be forced to omit portions of the design criteria in hopes they would be worked out later. This would result in the optimization of platform space on the roof to be irrelevant, with our goal being to have one platform track. It also led to the assumption that our base would not need to be tested for stability or required to be fastened to the roof. With an idea of where we were to begin, from scratch with the possibility of using the frame from the “REV 1” design, and an idea of where we were to finish, with a moving prototype, we constructed the Gantt chart that can be found in Appendix B. Our group planned to meet with Jeff once a week to make sure we were on track with the needs of the Smart House. Jeff would also meet with Tom Rose, the director of Smart House, at least once a week in order to keep everyone on the same page. With our goals in mind weembarked on the process of idea generation.3. Concepts and Research3.1 Tracking TypeOur group used a brainstorming approach to concept generation. We thought of ideas for different solar tracking devices, which proved difficult at times due to the existing frame and concept presented to us by Smart House. Other concepts were generated through research of pre-existing solar tracking devices. Originally our concept generation was geared towards creating a completely new solar tracker outside of the constraints of the previous structure given to us by Smart House. This initial brainstorming generated many concepts. The first one was a uni-axial tracking system that would track the sun east to west across the sky during the course of a day and return at the end of the day. This concept presented the advantage of simplicity and presented us with the option to use materials from the previous structure (which was also intended to be a uni-axial tracker) in construction. Another more complex concept was to track the sun bi-axially which would involve tracking the sun both east to west and throughout the seasons. The advantage of this concept was a more efficient harvesting of solar energy. The third concept was to only track throughout the seasons. This would provide small efficiency gains but nowhere near the gain provided by tracking east to west.The different structures we came up with to accomplish tracking motion included a rotating center axle with attached panels, hydraulic or motorized lifts which would move the main panel in the direction of the sun, and a robotic arm which would turn to face the sun. The clear efficiency gains coupled with the simplicity of design of the uni-axial tracking system and the existence of usable parts (i.e. motor and axle) for the rotating center axle structure, led us to the choice of the East to West tracking, rotating center axle concept.3.2 StructureOnce the method of motion was chosen, it was necessary to generate concepts for the structural support of the axle. Support could be provided by the triangular prismatic structure which was attempted by the previousSmart House solar tracker group or through the use of columns which would support the axis on either side. While the prismatic structure presented the advantage of mobility and an existing frame, the columns would have provided us with ease of construction, simple geometric considerations, and ease of prospective mounting on the roof. Due to the heightened intensity of time considerations, the previous financial commitment to the prismatic structure by Smart House, and our limited budget, the presence of the pre-existing frame proved to be the most important factor in deciding on a structure. Due to these factors we decided to work within the frame which was provided to us from the previous Solar Tracker group.3.2 Tracking MotionOnce the structural support was finalized we needed to decide on a means to actualize this motion. We decided between sensed motion, which would sense the sun’s position and move to follow it, and continuous clock type motion, which would track the sun based on its pre-determined position in the sky. We chose the concept of continuous motion based on its perceived accuracy and the existence of known timing technology. During the evaluation stage, however, we realized that continuous motion would prove difficult. One reason was the inability to draw constant voltage and current from the solar panels necessary to sustain consistent motion, resulting in the necessity for sensing the rotation position to compensate. Continuous motion also required nearly constant power throughout the day, which would require a mechanism to store power. Aside from these considerations, the implementation of a timing circuit and location sensing device seemed daunting. After consulting Dr. Rhett George, we decided on a device using two panels and shading for sensed motion.4. Analysis and Embodiment4.1 Structure GeometryThe geometry of the frame was created in order to allow the solar panels to absorb light efficiently. This was done by allowing rotation in the east-west direction for tracking the sun daily and a 36°inclination (Durham’s latitude) towards the south. Because this frame was designedto be placed on a roof with a slope of 25°, the actual incline of the frame was made to be 11°.The geometry of the existing platform structure was modified. This was done in order to incorporate the results from the Clear Day Model supplied to us by Dr. Knight. This model led to the conclusion that the platform should track to up to 60° in both directions of horizontal. Thus, the angle range of the frame had to be increased. The sides of the frame were brought in to increase the allowable angle of rotation, and they were brought in proportionally to maintain the inclination angle of 11°. Also, crosspieces were moved to the inside of the frame to allow greater rotation of the platform before it came into contact with the support structure.The panels used for sensing and powering rotation were placed on the plane of the platform. Mirrors were placed perpendicular to and in between the panels to shade one and amplify the other in order to produce a difference to power the motor. The sensing panels were placed outside the platform area to maintain the largest area possible for collecting panels. A third sensing panel was mounted nearly vertical and facing east to aid rotation back towards the sun in the morning. This panel was attached to the frame under the platform, so that during most of the day, it’s shaded with minimal effec ts on sensed rotation.Minimizing the torques on the motor was a main concern in order to minimize the motor power needed. The platform designed for the placement of the collecting solar panels was placed under the rotational shaft so that the panels would be aligned with it the rotational axis. Since the main panels comprise the majority of the weight putting these in the plane of the rotational axis reduces torque on the shaft. The sensing panels were placed symmetrically about the axis of rotation in order to prevent additional torque on the motor. The third panel was attached to the frame instead of the platform or rotational shaft so as to also avoid any torque.4.2 MaterialsMaterials selection for most of the frame was simple because it had already been constructed. The mirrors used for the amplification andshading of the sensing panels were also already purchased and available for use. Additional parts for attachment of the panels and mirrors to the frame were taken from the scrap pieces available in the machine shop. In our selection of sensing panels, size and power needed to be balanced effectively. The panels were to be as small as possible in order to add minimal stress and weight to the frame but also needed to be powerful enough to power the rotation of the platform. Therefore, the most powerful of the intermediate sized panels available were selected. The panels purchased also appeared to be the most reliable of our options. 4.3 Drive MechanismAfter designing a prototype and testing it, the motor purchased and used by the previous solar tracker group was slipping. It was removed, and the installation of a gear system with another simple motor was suggested and attempted. Professor Knight supplied some gears as well as some belts and pulleys. One end of the shaft was lathed so that one of the pulleys could be set on it, and spacers were bought so that a 6V motor we had available could power another pulley. These pulleys were to be connected by a belt. This motor demonstrated insufficient strength to turn the rotational shaft. The original motor, once detached, was taken apart and examined. Itappeared to be working again so a new pulley was purchased to fit it and was attached in the place of the 6V motor.5. Detailed Design5.1 FrameThe frame was designed from one inch square aluminum tubing, and a five foot long, two inch square tube for the axle. It is constructed with a rigid base and triangular prismatic frame with side supporting bars that provide stability. The end of the axle is attached to a system of pulleys which are driven by the motor. It is easily transported by removing the sides of the base and folding the structure.5.2 SensorOur sensing panels are bolted to the bottom of the main solar panel frame and braced underneath with half inch L-brackets. The mirrors are attached to the inside of the sensing panels and braced by L-brackets as well. The whole structure attaches easily to the main panel frame which isattached to the main axle using four 2-inch U-bolts. A third panel is bolted to the structure to return the main panels direction towards the horizon of sunrise.5.3 How the Sensor WorksOur sensor creates movement of the motor by shading one of the panels and amplifying the other when the system is not directly facing the sun. The two sensing panels are mounted parallel to the main panels symmetrically about the center axle with two mirrors in between them. The shading on one of the panels creates high impedance, while the amplified panel powers the motor. This happens until the panels receive the same amount of sunlight and balance each other out (i.e. when the sensing panels and main panels are facing the sun.). We initially attempted using a series configuration to take advantage of the voltage difference when one of the panels was shaded (Appendix C). This difference, however, was not large enough to drive the motor. We subsequently attempted a parallel configuration which would take advantage of the impedance of the shaded panel (Appendix C) and provide the current needed to drive the motor. Once the sensing mechanism has rotated from sunrise to sunset, the third panel, which is usually shaded, uses sunlight from the sunrise of the next day to power the motor to return the panels towards the direction of the sun.6. Prototype TestingInitial testing was done using just the sensing component and a 6V motor. The panels were tilted by hand to create shading and amplification.A series configuration of the sensing panels was initially tested and proved ineffective. Data acquisition showed a maximum of a 2V difference across the motor, which was insufficient to power it. Upon testing the panels individually, it was discovered that the open voltage across each individual panel would only vary between 21.5V and 19.5V when fully amplified and fully shaded, respectively. The current running through each panel, however, was seen to fluctuate between nearly 0 amps when shaded, up to 0.65 amps when fully amplified. Therefore, in order to take advantage of the increase in impedance of the solar panels due to shading, we chose to put our sensing panels in parallel with eachother and the motor. Tests with this configuration turned the motor in one direction, stopped when the sensing panels were nearly perpendicular to the sun, and reversed direction as the panels rotated past perpendicular. We found the angle range necessary to stop the motor to be very small. It was also observed that the panels rotated to slightly past perpendicular when they ceased motion. This error may be due to a difference in the innate resistance in each individual sensing panel. When tested it was found that one panel had a resistance of 52 kΩ, and the other panel resistance was 53 kΩ. Other testing found the voltage and current provided by the sensing solar panels to the motor to be consistent at all points, excluding when the solar panels are directly facing the sun. Through testing it was concluded that resistance may need to be added to one of the panels to compensate for the differences in the internal resistances of the individual panels, and a voltage regulator needs to be added to decrease the voltage seen across the motor. The original motor was prone to failure as its slippage caused the breakdown of our initial prototype after testing. This led to the institution of the pulley and belt driven system which would allow for easier maintenance given motor failure or slippage. The success of our initial testing and prototype proved to us the efficacy of our solar tracker design.7. ConclusionThroughout this project we enlisted the support of multiple resources (i.e. ME and EE professors, previous Smart House teams). We learned early on that a clear problem definition was essential to efficient design and progress. We struggled initially as we tried to design a tracking device that was diffe rent from the previous solar tracker group’s attempt, without fully weighing the size of their investment and the advantages of using the existing frame for our purposes. As we worked with the fixed frame construction from the previous group we learned that variability of design is key, especially when in the initial phases of prototyping. After many setbacks in testing of the solar panels, we learned that when working with solar panels, much time needs to be set aside for testing due to the unpredictability of the weather.The actual implementation of using the prototype in its intendedlocation on the Smart House roof requires weather-proofing to protect the wiring and electrical connections from the elements, housing for the motor, a bracing system to attach the structure to the roof, and possible redesign to eliminate excess height and simplify overall geometry. The efficiency of the sensor system could be improved by widening the mirrors or by placing blinders along the sides of the panels to decrease the effects of reflected and refracted light incident on the shaded sensing panel.适用于太阳能热水器的太阳能跟踪器摘要太阳能跟踪器设计团队成立于2005年秋季，设计团队由五名队员组成，我们还负责与智能家居的联络工作。