政治英语

political science 政治学parative politics 比较政治学low politics 低级政治high politics 高级政治politics of scale 规模政治Realpolitik 现实政治bureaucratic politics 官僚政治political geography 政治地理politicization 政治化political psychophysiology 政治精神心理学ecopolitics 生态政治学political elite 政治精英zero-sum game 零和游戏nonzero-sum game 非零和游戏game theory 博弈论two-level game or two-tier game 双层博弈paradigm 范式localization 本土化irreversibility 不可逆转性convention 常规deconstruction 解构absolute gain 绝对收益balance of power 均势association agreement 联系协定exclusivity 排他性critique theories 批判理论equilibrium 平衡globalization 全球化identity 认同或特性spill-over 外溢relative gain 相对收益interdependence 相互依赖loyalty-transferring 效忠转移marginal cost 边际成本public domain 公共领域public choice theory 公共选择理论interstate transaction cost 国家间交易成本transaction benefit 交易收益interests group 利益集团prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境transferring rights 权利让渡anarchy 无政府状态constitutionalism 宪政asymmetric information 信息不对称quantitative analysis 定量分析qualitative analysis 定性分析transactionism 交流理论plex interdependence 复合相互依赖case study 个案研究theoretical framework 理论体系dialectical method 辩证法world system theory 世界体系理论alienation 异化natural selection 物竞天择pagan 异教徒falsification 证伪appeasement 绥靖asymmetrical strategy 不对称战略representative forms of government 代议制政府dependency theory 依附理论telemunications revolution 电讯革命containment policy 遏制政策counterculture 反主流文化dewesternization 非西方化nonlinearity 非线性utilitarian philosophy 功利主义哲学supply-side economics 供应学派经济学rational actor model 理性行为体模型classical liberal school 古典自由主义学派decentralization 分散化utopian theory 乌托邦理论normative theory 规范理论value judgment 价值判断class struggle 阶级斗争mirror image 镜像parative study 比较研究cybernetic theory; cybernetics 控制论predictability 可预测性cross-cultural parative analysis 跨文化比较分析marginalization 边缘化assured destruction 确保摧毁intellectual property 知识产权homogeneous civilization 同质文明homogenization 同质化futurology 未来学clash of civilizations 文明的冲突theoretical foundation 理论基础grand theory 大理论information revolution 信息革命ideological conflict 意识形态冲突barbarism 野蛮状态lobbying 游说nonwhite people 有色人种metaphysics 形而上学long-circle theory长周期理论resource theory 资源理论autonomous 自治case study 案例研究cyclical theory 周期理论shared ideas 共同观念global governance 全球治理the nature of man 人性cognitive psychology 认知心理学civil society 市民社会ideology 意识形态brain trust 智囊团bandwagon 搭便车autarky 自给自足, 闭关自守atrocity 暴行democratization 民主化constitutional democracy 宪政民主current history approach 当代史方法end of history 历史终结socialization 社会化self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现的预言structural violence 结构性暴力survival of the fittest 适者生存xenophobia 仇外, 排外ontology 本体论Copenhagen School 哥本哈根学派duality of structure 结构二重性internalization 内化institutionalization 制度化secularization 世俗化think tank 思想库public goods 公共物品non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒informal agreement 非正式协议tariffs reduction 关税减让Tariffs Union 关税同盟reciprocity 互惠Great Depression 大萧条Industrial Revolution 工业革命Industrial Age 工业时代antitrust law 反托拉斯法industrialization 工业化stock market clash 股票市场崩溃floating exchange rate 浮动汇率fixed exchange rate 固定汇率currency exchange rate 外汇汇率gold standard 金本位financial institution 金融机构economic determinism 经济决定论economic globalization 经济全球化economic sanction 经济制裁economic circle 经济周期transnational corporation, multinational corporation 跨国公司money laundering 洗钱energy crisis 能源危机Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合surplus value 剩余价值interest rate 利率balance of trade 贸易平衡trade deficit 贸易赤字treasury bond 公债central bank 中央银行free market system 自由市场体系urbanization 城市化economic growth 经济增长sustainable development 可持续发展customs union 关税同盟emerging market 新兴市场stagflation 滞胀nondiscrimination 非歧视原则nontariff barriers (NTBs) 非关税壁垒package deal 一揽子交易market failure 市场失灵bourgeoisie 资产阶级national self-determination 民族自决national liberation 民族解放racial issue 种族问题ethnic identity 民族身份ethnic conflict 种族冲突buffer state 缓冲国statecraft 治国术prehensive power 综合国力dual nationality 双重国籍host country 东道国vassal state 附庸国protectorate 保护国geopolitics地缘政治sea power 海权land power 陆权air power 空权Balkan 巴尔干Age of Exploration 地理大发现时代Geoeconomics 地缘经济学Indochina 印度支那Formosa 福摩萨Pacific Rim 环太平洋地区heartland 大陆心脏Latin American 拉丁美洲Strait ofMalacca 马六甲海峡continental country 大陆国家Kashmir 克什米尔geographic location 地理位置Serbia 塞尔维亚shatterbelt 破碎地带Netherlands 尼德兰Eurasia 欧亚大陆satellite state 卫星国lebensraum 生存空间core-periphery model 中心-边缘模式Global North 北方世界Global South 南方世界Karl W. Deutsch 卡尔·多伊奇Francis Fukuyama 弗朗西斯·福山Hans J. Morgenthau 汉斯·摩根索Jean Monnet 让·莫内Joseph S. Nye 约瑟夫·奈Kenneth N. Waltz 肯尼思·沃尔兹Hugo Grotius 雨果·格劳秀斯Jean Bodin 让·博丹William Olson 威廉·奥尔森John Ikenberry 约翰·伊肯伯里Harold Nicolson 哈罗德·尼科尔森《外交学》Francesco Guicciardini 弗朗切斯科·圭恰迪尼《意大利史》Thomas Hobbes 托马斯·霍布斯Henry Kissinger 亨利·基辛格Robert Gilpin 罗伯特·吉尔平Arnord Wolfers 阿诺德·沃尔弗斯Edward Karl 爱德华·卡尔Peter Katzenstein 彼得·卡赞斯坦George Kennan 乔治·凯南Stephen Krasner 史蒂芬·克拉斯纳Paul Kennedy 保罗·肯尼迪John Ruggie 约翰·鲁杰Niccol Machiavelli 马基雅维利John Mearsheirmer 约翰·米尔斯海默Adam Smith 亚当·斯密David A. Baldwin 大卫·鲍德温Thucydides 修昔底德Raymond Aron 雷蒙·阿隆Stephen Walt 斯蒂芬·沃尔特Martin Wight 马丁·怀特Max Weber 马克斯·韦伯(德国社会学家)Alexander Wendt 亚历山大·温特Brace Russett 布鲁斯·拉西特Immanuel Wallerstein 伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦Jean-Jaques Rousseau 让·雅克·卢梭Sir Ernest Satow 欧内斯特·萨道义爵士《外交实践指南》John Locke 约翰·洛克Jeremy Bentham 杰里米·边沁France Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根Hedley Bull 赫德利·布尔Herbert Butterfield 赫伯特·巴特菲尔德George Canning 乔治·坎宁Socrates 苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图Benedict de Spinoza 本尼迪克特·德·斯宾诺莎Dante 但丁Lassa Oppenheim 拉萨·奥本海Joseph A. Schumpeter 约瑟夫·A·熊彼特Hans Kelsen 汉斯·凯尔森Voltaire 伏尔泰Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠John Courtney Murray 约翰·考特尼·默里Reinhold Niebuhr 莱因霍尔德·尼布尔John Dowey 约翰·杜威Denis Diderot 丹尼斯·狄德罗Erasmus 伊拉斯谟Ludwig Feuerbach 路德维希·费尔巴哈Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林Homer 荷马Graham T. Allison 格雷汉姆·艾利森Tommaso Campanella 托马索·康帕内拉David Hume 大卫·休谟Jack S. Levy 杰克·列维Walter Lippmann 沃尔特·李普曼Quincy Wright 昆西·赖特Susan Strange 苏珊·斯特兰奇Richard Ashley 理查德·阿什利David Mitrany 戴维·米特兰尼Charles de Visscher 查理·德维舍Michael W. Doyle 迈克尔·多伊尔John Hertz 约翰·赫茨Fredric Latzel 弗里德里希·拉采尔Rudolf Kjellen 鲁道夫·契伦Karl Haushofer卡尔·豪斯霍夫Nicolas Spykman 尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼Sir Halford Mackinder 麦金德Douhet 杜黑Alfred Thayer Mahan 艾尔弗雷德·马汉David Mitrany 戴维·米特兰尼Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大·汉密尔顿Stanley Hoffmann 斯坦利·霍夫曼Kenneth W. Thompson 肯尼思·汤普逊Robert O. Keohane 罗伯特·基欧汉Robert Cox 罗伯特·考克斯Friedrich von Hayek 弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克John W. Burton 约翰·伯顿Morton Kaplan 莫顿·卡普兰John Ikenberry 约翰·埃肯伯里Arnold Toynbee 阿诺德·汤因比Francois de Callieres 弗朗索瓦·德·卡利埃《外交的艺术》Abraham de Wicquefort 亚伯拉罕·德·威克福 ,《大使及其职能》Robbery Jervis 罗伯特·杰维斯Barry Buzan 巴里·布赞Joseph Grieco 约瑟夫·格里科Sigmund Freud 西蒙·弗洛伊德Jurgen Habermas 尤尔根·哈贝马斯George W. F. Hegal 黑格尔Immanuel Kant 伊曼纽尔·康德Walter Lippmann 沃尔特·李普曼Thomas Aquinas 托马斯·阿奎那Fernand Braudel 费尔南·布罗代尔Karl von Clausewitz 凯尔·冯·克劳塞维茨Christopher Columbus 克里斯托弗·哥伦布Auguste te 奥古斯特·孔德Herodotus 希罗多德Martin Luther 马丁·路德Richelieu 黎塞留John L. Gaddis 约翰·加迪斯Herbert Spencer 赫伯特·斯宾塞(英国社会学家)Oswald Spengler 奥斯瓦尔德·施宾格勒(德国历史哲学家)Talleyrand 塔列朗Caliphate 哈里发Joseph Stalin 斯大林Dwight D. Eisenhower 德怀特·艾森豪威尔Eisenhower Doctrine 艾森豪威尔主义Harry Truman 哈里·杜鲁门Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义Jimmy Carter 吉米·卡特Ronald Reagan 罗纳德·里根Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰斐逊Coolidge 柯立芝Monroe Doctrine 门罗主义Richard Nixon 理查德·尼克松Nixon Doctrine 尼克松主义Winston Churchill 温斯顿·丘吉尔Woodrow Wilson 伍德罗·威尔逊Wilsonianism 威尔逊主义Neville Chamberlain 内维尔·张伯伦Adolf Hitler 阿道夫·希特勒Otto von Bismarch 奥托·冯·俾斯麦Napoleon Bonaparte 拿破仑·波拿巴Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝Aristotle 亚里士多德Augustine 奥古斯丁Frederick the Great 腓特烈大帝Prince Metternich 梅特涅亲王Charles de Gaulle 戴高乐Yassir Arafat 阿拉法特Julius Caesar 凯撒Brezhnev Doctrine 勃列日涅夫主义Abbas I 阿拔斯一世Constantine (Byzantine emperor) 君士坦丁(拜占庭皇帝)Hideyoshi 丰臣秀吉Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗·克伦威尔Ivan the Terrible (Tsar) 伊凡雷帝Justinian 查士丁尼Genghis Khan 成吉思汗Mahomet 穆罕默德Peter the Great 彼得大帝William I (Duke of Normandy, the Conqueror, King of England) 威廉一世Yoshida Doctrine 吉田主义Robespierre 罗伯斯庇尔Catherine the Great 叶卡捷琳娜大帝Charlemagne 查理曼大帝Sun Yat-sen 孙中山Khrushchev 赫鲁晓夫military base 军事基地military coup 军事政变military expenditures 军费开支military assistance 军事援助military integration 军事一体化military intervention 军事干预military provocation 军事挑衅military-technical revolution 军事技术革命mutual deterrence 相互威慑demilitarization of outer space 外层空间的非军事化armed force 军队, 武装力量massive retaliation 大规模报复WMD, Weapons of mass destruction 大规模杀伤性武器preemption 先发制人cruise missile 巡航导弹ballistic missile defense 弹道导弹防御intercontinental ballistic missile 洲际弹道导弹intermediate-range ballistic missile 中程弹道导弹theater missile defense (TMD) (战区)导弹防御系统low-intensity conflict 低烈度冲突first-strike strategy 第一次打击战略second-strike capacity 第二次打击能力atomic bomb 原*子DANstrategic weapon 战略武器tactical weapon 战术武器naval blockade 海上封锁naval force 海军air force 空军land force 陆军arms race 军备竞赛arms control 军备控制naval capability 海军实力Pentagon 五角大楼peace keeping operation 维和行动defense policy 防务政策guerilla war 游击战information warfare (IW), infowar 信息战mercenary 雇佣军open sea 公海outer space 外层空间territorial integrity 领土完整territorial jurisdiction 领土管辖权territorial water 领水territorial air 领空territorial sea 领海limits of territorial sea 领海范围limits-to-growth proposition 增长极限论neutrality stated, neutral country 中立国neutralized stated 永久中立国Persian Gulf War 海湾战争Indo-Pakistani War 印巴战争Vietnam War 越南战争conventional war 常规战争war by proxy 代理人战争Indo-Chinese War 中印战争just war 正义战争limited nuclear war 有限核战争preventive war 预防性战争postmodern war 后现代战争total war 总体战争Korean War 朝鲜战争preemptive war 先发制人的战争Crimean War 克里米亚战争Falklands War 马岛战争Franco-Prussian 普法战争Russo-Japanese War 日俄战争Opium War 鸦片战争Great Northern War 北方战争War of Pacific 太平洋战争Thirty Years War 三十年战争the Peloponnesian War 伯罗奔尼撒战争Boer War 布尔战争nuclear weapons 核武器nuclear free zone 无核区non-first use 不首先使用(核武器)nonlethal weapon 非致使武器Chernobyl nuclear accident 切尔诺贝利核事故verification 核查antinuclear movements 反核运动nuclear deterrence 核威慑nuclear winter 核冬天nuclear technology 核技术nuclear age 核时代CTB, prehensive test ban 全面禁止核试验prehensive Test Ban Treaty 全面禁止核试验条约peaceful settlement of disputes 和平解决争端peace dividend 和平红利peaceful coexistence 和平共处democratic peace 民主和平论institutional peace theory 制度和平论partnership of peace 和平伙伴关系genocide 种族屠杀apartheid 种族隔离racial discrimination 种族歧视ethnic cleansing 种族清洗ethnocentrism 种族优越感The Andean Pact安第斯条约集团NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定the Council of Ministers 部长理事会the COREPER, mittee of Permanent Representatives 常驻代表委员会the Dayton Peace Accords 代顿协议ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian nations 东南亚国家联盟munity sense 共同体意识economic integration 经济一体化EMU, Economic and Monetary Union 经济与货币联盟ECJ, the European Court of Justice 欧洲法院EC, European munity 欧洲共同体the European Council 欧洲理事会EMS, European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EU, European Union 欧洲联盟the European mission 欧洲委员会the European ParliamentNATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织Warsaw Treaty Organization 华沙条约组织Bretton Woods Agreement 布雷顿森林协定Bretton Woods system 布雷顿森林体系Brussels Treaty 布鲁塞尔条约Atlantic Alliance 大西洋联盟IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定Transparency International 透明国际OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织WTO, World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织WHO, World Health Organization 世界卫生组织World Bank 世界银行Congress of Westphalia 威斯特伐利亚会议Treaty of Westphalia 威斯特伐利亚和约London International Institute for Strategic Studies 伦敦国际战略研究所Concert of Europe 欧洲协调Congress of Vienna 维也纳会议Paris Peace Conference 巴黎和会European mon Market 欧洲共同市场Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所Concert of Powers 大国协调General Assembly 联合国大会Eastern bloc 东方阵营monwealth of Independent States 独联体International Telemunications Union 国际电讯联盟Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 核不扩散条约Bandung conference 万隆会议organizational behavior 组织行为interest group 利益集团CN* 美国有线新闻网OSA, Organization of American States 美洲国家组织OSC, Organization for Security and Cooperation 欧洲安全与合作组织 (欧安组织) Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局Coordinating mittee for Multilateral Export Control 巴黎统筹委员会Amnesty International 大赦国际The Nuclear Supplier Group 核供应国集团nonaligned movement (NAM) 不结盟运动nonaligned state 不结盟国家signatory state of the treaty (convention) 缔约国Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) 生物武器公约 (1972)Chemical Weapons Convention 化学武器公约Inter-Parliament Union 各国议会联盟Axis Powers 轴心国nongovernmental organization 非政府组织autocratic rule 独*统治authoritarian regime 威权主义政权authoritarianism 独*主义totalitarian regime 极权主义政权sovereignty 主权sovereignty costs主权成本negative sovereignty 消极主权positive sovereignty 积极主权state sovereignty 国家主权sovereignty doctrine 主权原则internal sovereignty 对内主权external sovereignty 对外主权sovereign actor 主权行为体sovereign equality 主权平等suzerainty 宗主权checks and balances 三权分立, 权力制衡soft power 软权力hard power 硬权力distribution of power 权力分配power-cycle theory 权力周期理论power-transition theory 权力转移理论power politics 权力政治potential power 潜在权力unipolarity 单极multipolarity 多极(格局)bipolarity 两极bipolar hegemony 两极霸权结构bipolar distribution of power 两极权力分布bipolarization 两极化polarity theory 极理论polarization 极化tripolar system 三极体系Hegemonic stability theory 霸权稳定论hegemonic state 霸权国hegemonic status 霸权国地位hegemonic structure 霸权结构theory of hegemony 霸权理论hegemonic governance 霸权统治hegemonic war 霸权战争American hegemony 美利坚霸权international hegemony 国际霸权Pax Americana 美国治下的和平Pax Roman 罗马治下的和平Pax Britannic 英国治下的和平Pax Democratica 民主治下的和平Pax atomica 原子治下的和平dependent variable 因变量independent variable 自变量intervening variable 干预变量interference 干预nonintervention 不干涉interventionism 干涉主义neo-interventionism 新干涉主义humanitarian intervention 人道主义干涉unilateralism 单边主义bilateralism 双边主义bilateral conflict 双边冲突bilateral agreement 双边协议bilateral aid 双边援助multilateralism 多边主义multilateral agreement 多边协定multilateral aid 多边援助regional security plex 区域安全复合体regionalization 区域化regional identity 区域认同regional awareness 区域意识regional integration 区域一体化regionalism 区域主义status quo 现状status-quo state 维持现状国家national interests 国家利益homogeneity of states 国家同质性domestic society 国内社会nationalization 国有化nation-state 民族国家supranational governance超国家治理sub-national unit 次国家单位SNA, sub-national authority 次国家权威Low Countries 低地国家national attribute 国家(民族)特性stateness 国家特性country in transition 转型国家middle-range power 中等国家jackal state 走狗国家failed state 失败国家nonstate actor 非国家行为体national goal 国家目标national strategy 国家战略coherent state 单一民族国家multinational stated 多民族国家newly industrializing country 新兴工业化国家modern state system 现代国家体系rogue state 无赖国家less developed country 欠发达国家state morality 国家道德interstate relations 国家间关系national identity 民族国家认同national power 国家权力system of states 国家体系confederation 邦联Federalist 联邦党人domestic disturbance 国内动乱welfare state 福利国家nonstate entity 非国家实体advanced industrial nations 发达工业国家external relations system 对外关系体系multi-centric system 多中心体系Eurocentric system 欧洲中心体系self-help system 自助体系system analysis 系统分析subsystem 子系统regional subsystem 地区子系统personality system 个人系统state-centric system国家中心体系levels of analysis 层次分析法system level 系统层次individual level 个人层次state level 国家层次systems at the international level 国际层次的系统functionalism 功能主义supranationalism 超国家主义constructivism 建构主义constructivist approach 建构主义方法internationalism 国际主义state-centrism 国家中心主义nationalism 国家主义Samuel P. Huntington 塞缪尔·亨廷顿post-modernism 后现代主义romanticism 浪漫主义structural realism 结构现实主义structuralist paradigm 结构主义范式transnationalism 跨国主义historical institutionalism 历史制度主义idealism 理想主义rational choice institutionalism 理性选择制度主义federalism 联邦主义nationalism 民族主义globalism 全球主义cognitivism 认知主义realism 现实主义neo-functionalism 新功能主义isolationism 孤立主义opportunism 机会主义rationalism 理性主义colonialism 殖民主义anarchism 无政府主义Fascism 法西斯主义terrorism 恐怖主义pragmatism 实用主义pluralism 多元主义anti-semitism 反犹太主义separatism 分离主义cosmopolitanism 世界主义nationalism 民族主义mercantilism 重商主义statism 国家主义pacifism 和平主义anarchist 无政府主义者radicalism 激进主义totalitarianism 极权主义empiricism 经验主义militarism 军国主义altruism 利他主义egoism 利己主义feminist theory 女性主义理论humanitarianism 人道主义Islamic radicalism 伊斯兰激进主义Islamicfundamentalism 伊斯兰原教旨主义Chauvinism 沙文主义social constructivism 社会建构主义positivism 实证主义post-positivism 后实证主义materialism 唯物主义mentalism 唯心主义pluralism 多元主义antecedents of realist theory 现实主义理论渊源scientific behaviouralism 科学行为主义behavioralism 行为主义behavioral revolution 行为主义革命revisionism 修正主义liberalism 自由主义classical realism 古典现实主义neoclassical realism 新古典现实主义post-classical realist 后古典现实主义neo-liberalism 新自由主义neo-realism 新现实主义neo-liberal institutionalism 新自由制度主义reflectivism 反思主义defensive realism 防御现实主义offensive realism 进攻性现实主义scientism 科学主义world federalism 世界联邦主义cultural imperialism 文化帝国主义dualism 二元主义fascism 法西斯主义protectionism (贸易)保护主义state-sponsored terrorism 国家支持的恐怖主义state terrorism 国家恐怖主义Satyagraha 非暴力不合作主义Darwinism 达尔文主义traditionalism 传统主义neorealist-neoliberal debate 新现实主义和新自由主义的论战CFSP, mon foreign and Security Policy 共同外交与安全政策spheres of security 安全范围concept of security 安全概念security relationship 安全关系perspectives of security 安全观security interest 安全利益security regime 安全体制security study 安全研究security strategy 安全战略cooperative security 合作安全economic security 经济安全ecological security 生态安全new views of security; new security idea 新安全观prehensive security 综合安全safety valve 安全阀national military security 国家军事安全security dilemma 安全困境collective security 集体安全national security 国家安全national security policy 国家安全政策national security in its broad sense 广义国家安全national security in its narrow sense 狭义国家安全pluralistic security munity 多元安全共同体security munity 安全共同体nontraditional security 非传统安全diplomatic immunity 外交豁免diplomatic precedence 外交位次diplomatic relations 外交关系diplomatic theory 外交理论。

The whole Party全党社会主义初级阶段primary stage of socialism; 社会主义大家庭论the theory of socialist community; 社会主义道德socialist ethics; 社会主义道路socialist road; 社会主义法律体系system of socialist laws; 社会主义法制socialist legal system; socialist legality; 社会主义公有制socialist public ownership; 社会主义公有制基础上的计划商品经济planned commodity economy based on socialist public ownership; 社会主义工业化socialist industrialization; “社会主义国际分工” “ socialist international division of labour”;社会主义国家socialist state; 社会主义国营经济socialist state owned economy; 社会主义国营企业socialist state owned enterprise; 社会主义国有化socialist nationalization; 社会主义基本经济规律basic economic law of socialism; 社会主义积极性enthusiasm for socialism; 社会主义集体所有制socialist ownership by the collective; 社会主义计划经济socialist planned economy; 社会主义建设socialist construction; 社会主义教育运动(1963-1966) socialist education campaign to overhaul political, economic, organizational and ideological matters; socialist education movement to clean things up in the fields of politics, ideology, organization and economy; 社会主义经济基础socialist economic base; 社会主义经济总目标general objective of a socialist economy; 社会主义精神文明socialist culture and ethics; socialist culture and ideology; socialist spiritual civilization; socialist ethics; 社会主义精神文明建设build a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology; 社会主义竞赛奖金socialist emulation bonus; 社会主义竞争socialist competition; 社会主义觉悟socialist consciousness; 社会主义劳动竞赛socialist labour emulation; campaign [drive]; 社会主义民主socialist democracy; 社会主义民主和法制socialist democracy and a socialist legal system; 社会主义民主制度化、法律化institutionalize and legalize socialist democracy; 社会主义模式models for socialism; 社会主义企业集团socialist conglomerate; 社会主义全民所有制socialist ownership by the whole people; 社会主义全民所有制经济sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; 社会主义商品经济socialist commodity economy; 社会主义社会socialist society; 社会主义生产关系socialist relations of production; 社会主义市场体系socialist market system; 社会主义体制改革socialist structural reform; 社会主义文明socialist civilization; 社会主义物质文明建设和精神文明建设building of a socialist society that is advanced both materially, culturally and ideologically; 社会主义物资协作socialist material cooperation; 社会主义现代化(建设) socialistmodernization (drive); 社会主义现实主义socialist realism; 社会主义“异化” socialist “alienation”; 社会主义政治经济学socialist political economy; 社会主义制度socialist system1. (落在后面) fall behind; lag behind: 落后于时代behind thetimes; 谦虚谨慎, 永不落后! Be modest and prudent, never lag behind! 我的思想老落后于现实。

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(第一课) 讀中文做口譯中国政体与国策I. 中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 中国共产党中央委员会总书记General secretary of the Central Party Committee中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CP 中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Party Committee中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC （总后勤部 the General Logistics Department） (第二炮兵司令部 the Headquarters of the 2nd Artillery Corps) （中国人民警察the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force) (国民自卫队 the Militia）中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC 中央宣传部Publicity Department， CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department， CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs， CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPCII。

开口说英语─政治篇全民公投plebiscite / referendum●plebiscite是「超越宪法但不受宪法约束的人民自决主权公投」●referendum 则是「有宪法约束力但必须透过法律程序来执行的【全民公投】」两种「全民公投」的英文说法，那就是"plebiscite"和"referendum"，这两个字的中文定义都是「全民公投」。

但是，虽然这两个字的中文定义是一样的，在英文用法上却不能互相替用；因为虽然“plebiscite”和”referendum”确实在性质上有类似的地方，但是在宪法约束力上却是有很大的差别。

在大部分的中文或英汉字典里，”plebiscite”和”referendum”多半都是以很简单的「全民公投」来做解释，但是两者其实是不一样的；”plebiscite”是纯粹的一种全民投票，是国家或小区的民众用来表达自决或自主权的最根本工具，但它也只限于是一种表达民众意见的工具”plebiscite”的结果，在宪法上是没有约束力的，不过，”referendum”在宪法上则是有约束力，”referendum”是用来再次「确认」或「否定」某个政策的合法性或妥当性的工具，而”referendum”的公投过程必须透过法律程序来执行，所以”referendum”比较准确的中文定义应该说是「宪法或法案复决」的「全民公投」，现在我们终于把”plebiscite”和”referendum”的差别搞清楚了。

Let's try to use them in a sentence.例1) The favorable outcome of the plebiscite led to the set up of a referendum.(获得老百姓支持的主权公投，促使法定公投案的成立。

)解释：”favorable”就是「赞同的」，”outcome”是「结果；结局」，而”set up”就是「成立的」的意思，因为”set”有「放置；安装；竖立」的涵义。

1. 日益昌盛become increasingly prosperous2. 快速发展develop rapidly3. 隆重集会gather ceremoniously4. 热爱和平love peace5. 追求进步pursue progress6. 履行权利和义务perform the responsibilities and obligations7. 回顾奋斗历程review the course of struggle8. 展望伟大征程look into the great journey9. 充满信心和力量be filled with confidence and strength10. 必胜be bound to win11. 主张各国政府采取行动urge governments of all countries to take action12. 和平共处coexist peacefully13. 对内开放和对外开放open up both externally and internally14. 经历两个不同时期experience two different periods15. 战胜无数的困难overcome numerous difficulties16. 赢得一个又一个胜利win one victory after another17. 完全意识到be fully aware that18. 迈出重要的一步make an important step19. 采取各种措施adopt various measures20. 得出结论,告一段落draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion21. 实现民族独立realize national independence22. 追求真理seek the truth23. 建立社会主义制度establish a socialist system24. 根除(防止,消除)腐败root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption25. 响应号召respond to the call26. 进入新时期enter a new period27. 实行新政策practice new policies28. 展现生机和活力display one’s vigor and vitality29. 增强综合国力enhance comprehensive(overall) national strength and和国际竟争力international competitiveness30. 进入世界先进行列edge into the advanced ranks in the world31. 解决温饱问题solve the problem of food and clothing32. 吸收各国文明的先进成果absorb what is advanced in other civilizations33. 与日俱增increase every day34. 实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes35. 必将实现be bound to come true36. 锻造一支人民军队forge a people’s army37. 建立巩固的国防build a strong national defense38. 进行和谈hold peace talks39. 修改法律amend the laws40. 在．．．中起（至关）play a major的(crucial, an important ) role in重要作用41. 对．．．做出重要(巨大)贡献make important (great, major )contributions to42. 遵循规则follow the principles43. 把理论和实际结合起来integrate theory with practice …44. 把．．．作为指导take… as the guide45. 缓和紧张状况ease the tension46. 高举伟大旗帜hold high the great banner47. 解决新问题resolve new problems48. 观察当今世界observe the present-day world49. 开拓前进open up new ways forward50. 增强凝聚力enhance the rally power51. 结束暴力，开始和平谈判end the violence and resume peace talks52. 进行战略性调整make strategic readjustment53. 开始生效go into effect / enter into force54. 就．．．接受妥协accept a compromise on55. 接受．．．的采访be interviewed by56. 把……看成社会公敌look upon … as a threat to society57. 把……捐给慈善机构donate …to charities58. 维护世界和平maintain world peace59. 摆脱贫穷落后get rid of poverty and backwardness60. 实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity61. 反对各种形式的恐怖主义be opposed to all forms of terrorism62. 宣布。

第十章政治英语词汇“Agriculture, Countryside and Farmer” issues三农问题"bringing in" and "going out" “引进来”和“走出去”政策"eight do's" and "eight don'ts" “八个坚持、八个反对”Four Cardinal Principles 四项基本原则Four modernizations 四个现代化（农、工、国防、科技）"one china, one Taiwan" “一中一台”“one country, two systems”“一国两制”“south -south cooperation”“南南合作”"Taiwan independence" “台湾独立”"two Chinas" “两个中国”“Three Represents”“三个代表”three direct links (mail, air and shipping services and trad e) （两岸）直接三通the eight-point proposal 八项主张the five principles of peaceful coexistence 和平共处五项原则the fourth plenary session 四中全会the ninth five-year plan (1996-2000) “九五”计划the tenth five-year plan (2001-2005) “十五”计划the third plenary session of the eleventh central committee 十一届三中全会the three major historical tasks 三大历史任务the three Sino-Us joint communiqués《中美三个联合公报》three favorables 三个有利于16th party congress 十六大23 million Taiwan compatriots 两千三百万台湾同胞a well-off standard 小康水平a well-off society 小康社会advance the development of the western region 推进西部大开发advances with the times 与时代发展同步伐at the proper time and to an appropriate degree 适时适度attempts to split the country 各种分裂图谋blazing new trails in a pioneering spirit 开拓创新build a well-off society in an all-round way 全面建设小康社会building a moderately prosperous society in all respects 全面建设小康社会build a clean and honest government 廉政建设build a conservation-minded society 建设(资源)节约型社会china's cross-century development 我国的跨世纪发展china's international standing 我国的国际地位china's overall national strength 我国综合国力citizens' participation in political affairs 公民政治参与civic duty 公民职责civil rights / civil liberties 公民权利、自由civil servants 公务员creativity, cohesion and fighting capacity 创造力、凝聚力和战斗力cross-straits negotiations 两岸谈判cross-straits relations 两岸关系crucial historical juncture 重大历史关头democratic decision-making 民主决策democratic elections 民主选举democratic management 民主管理Democratic Progressive Party 民进党democratic supervision 民主监督Deng Xiaoping theory 邓小平理论deputy to the National People's Congress 全国人大代表extensive and profound 博大精深extravagance and waste 铺张浪费falsification 弄虚作假family planning 计划生育federations of industry 工商联fetters of subjectivism and metaphysics 主观主义和形而上学的桎梏fight against "Taiwan Independence"反对“台独”good-neighborly relationship 睦邻友好government functions 政府职能government institutions 政府机构government intervention 政府干预government organs 政府机构(have) a good government and a united people 政通人和historic breakthrough 历史性突破hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping theory 高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜honesty 诚实守信honesty and high efficiency 廉洁高效Hong Kong And Macao special administrative regions 香港、澳门特别行政区ideological and moral education 思想道德建设intellectuals 知识分子intensify functions 强化功能international organizations 国际性组织international situation 国际形势iron out differences 化解歧见keep pace with the times 与时俱进kingpin 支撑long-term peace and order 长治久安long-term social stability and solidarity 长期社会安定团结Macao 澳门Mao Zedong thought 毛泽东思想Marxism Leninism 马克思列宁主义mass organizations 人民团体masters of the country 当家作主material and cultural needs of the people 人民的物质文化需要material and spiritual civilization 物质文明和精神文明media and publicity work 宣传舆论工作moral kingpin 精神支撑morality, intelligence, physique and art 德智体美national rejuvenation through science and education 科教兴国national reunification 祖国统一national spirit 民族精神negotiations on peaceful reunification 和平统一谈判neighborhood committee 居委会NPC member 人大代表our compatriots in Taiwan 台湾同胞our compatriots in the Hong Kong SAR 香港特别行政区同胞our compatriots in the Macao SAR 澳门特别行政区同胞patriots from all walks of life 各界爱国人士patriotic democratic personages 爱国民主人士patriotic united front 爱国统一战线peace and development 和平与发展（副）总统, (vice-)president（副）主席, (vice-)chairman/chairperson总书记, General secretary（副）委员长, (vice)chairman（副）总理, (vice)premier（副）部长, (vice)minister（副）主任, (deputy)director（副）局长, (vice)bureau-director（副）省长, (vice)provincial governor（副）市长, (vice)mayor/mayoress（副）县长, (vice)head of a county（副）处长, (deputy) division chief（副）科长, (deputy)section chief政治思想教育, Political and ideological education思想政治工作, Political and ideological work共产主义道德品质, Communist ethics中共中央, The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China西部开发, The development of China’s west国务院开发研究中心, The Development Research Center of the State Coun cil发展是硬道理, Development is the absolute/cardinal truth.“三个代表”思想, The “Three Represents” theory党的基本路线, The Party’s basic line自觉与党中央保持一致, To conscientiously be in line with the Party ce nter跨世纪领导干部, Cross-century leadership领导干部要讲政治, Leading cadres should be politically minded领导干部要讲学习, Leading cadres should highlight the importance of l earning领导干部要讲正气, Leading cadres should adhere to moral integrity官僚主义工作作风, Working styles of bureaucracy相互包庇, Cover each other’s demerits改革的步子更大些, Take bolder and wider steps in reform政治体制改革, The reform in the political system政治民主化, Political democratization居委会, Neighborhood committee民政部门, The ministry of civil affairs实事求是, Call a spade a spade (to seek truth on the basis of facts)解放思想, Emancipate the mind转变观念, Transform the old mindset在官方的监督下, Under official surveillance地方保护主义, Regional protectionism拜金主义, Money worship/mammonism形式主义, Formalism行贿, Practice bribery索贿, Demand briberies from受礼, Receive gifts反对贪污受贿, To fight against corruption and bribery走过场, Make it a mere ceremony/formality居功自傲, To pride oneself on past achievements/become conceited due to one’s merits唯利是图, Profit-motivated/profit seeking血洗耻辱, To wipe out the disgrace德才兼备, With/showing both professional ability and political integr ity道德准则, Ethical code抓住时机, Seize the right/current opportunity蔚然成风, To become a common practice合法权益, Lawful rights and interests廉洁自律, To perform one’s duty honestly and faithfully反腐倡廉, To combat corruption and build up a clean and honest govern ment廉政建设, To build up a clean government贪污腐败, Corruption惩治腐败, To combat corruption政治腐败, Political corrosion/degeneration腐化堕落, Morally degenerate生活腐化, Lead a lavish and dissolute/dissipated life推卸责任, The shift responsibilities to others豪华住宅, A luxurious residence扫黄运动, An anti-pornography campaign以权谋私, To abuse one’s power for personal interests权钱交易, To trade power for money违法乱纪, Violate laws and disciplines侵吞公款, Embezzlement of public funds公款吃喝, To enjoy banquets on public expense公款出国旅游, Sightseeing tours abroad on public funds不得人心, To lose popularity among the people引起公愤, To provoke popular indignation和稀泥, To blur the line between right and wrong扯皮, Dispute over trifles拉山头, To form a faction穿小鞋, Give sb. a pair of light shoes to wear/make things hard for s b. by abusing one’s power挨整（成为众矢之的）, To become the target of attack/be under fire请客送礼, To invite guests to dinner and give tem gifts拉关系, Try to establish a rapport with sb.走后门, To get in by the back door托人情, Ask an influential figure to help arrange sth.找后台, Seek back stage boss嫉贤妒能, To be jealous and envious of capable persons拖拉的工作作风, Tardy and dilatory working style提高…意识, To heighte n one’s awareness of暂行条例, Interim regulations留党察看, To remain on probation within the party免除党内职务, Removal from posts in the party严重警告, Serious warning对外开放, Open up to the out-side world长治久安, To maintain long-term/lasting stability and security有紧迫感, To have a sense of urgency维持现状, To maintain the status quo跟上时代的步伐, To keep pace of the times/to keep abreast with the ti mes和平演变, Peaceful evolution主权, Sovereignty举动/举措, Move基本法, Basic law香港总督, Governor of Hong Kong行政长官, Chief executive台湾问题, The Taiwan issue各界人士, Public figures from all circles各界代表, Representative personages of various circles一贯立场, Consistent stand和平统一, Peaceful reunification和平建设, Peaceful construction基本出发点, The ultimate aim of …台湾当局, The Taiwan authorities购买军火, To purchase/order ammunitions扩军备战, Arms race军事挑衅, Military provocation历史遗留问题, Questions left over from past history保证顺利回归, To guarantee/ensure the smooth return of完成中华民族统一大业, To achieve the peaceful reunification of the Ch inese nation坚持一个中国立场, To adhere to one-China position反对“两个中国”, To be opposed to “two Chinas”我们神圣的领土台湾回归祖国的怀抱, The return of our sacred territory, Taiwan to the embrace of the motherland与国际接轨, To integrate … with the international standards/norms an d practices/to conform to international norms and practices欧洲议会, European Parliament欧盟, European Union欧洲政治联盟, European Political Union政府机构, Government institutions机构臃肿, Overstaffed government organization人浮于事, Have more hands than needed任人唯贤, To appoint people on their merits国家机关, State agency常务委员会, The standing committee劳动局, Labor bureau劳动部, The ministry of labor人事处, The personnel division少数民族, Ethnic groups民主改革, Democratic reform中国专家, Chinese expert中国问题专家, China expert加强行政管理, Strengthen administrative management办理审批程序, To go through all the procedures of approval简化审批手续, Simplify/streamline the procedures of approval全国大会, National Congress全体会议, A plenary session人民大会堂, The Great Hall of the People全国人民代表大会, The National People’s Congress中国人民政治协商会议, Chinese People’s Political Cons ultative Confer ence国务院主管部门, The competent/incumbent department of the State Counc il中华全国总工会, All-China Federation of Trade Unions世界知识产权组织, World Intellectual Property Organization 中华全国青年联合会, All-China Federation of Youth国家海洋局, The State Oceanographic Administration国家海洋公园, National marine park交通部, The Ministry of Transportation。

政治英语request the consent of ...征求…的同意Information service新闻处diplomat外交官diplomatic rank外交官衔diplomatic representative外交代表ambassador大使ambassador-at-large巡回大使special envoy特使counselor参赞consul-general总领事consul领事charge d'affaires代办attache随员commercial attache商务专员cultural attache文化专员military attache武官foreign affairs外交事务diplomatic practice外交惯例diplomatic immunities外交豁免diplomatic privileges外交特权diplomatic channels外交途径diplomatic courier外交信使diplomatic bag外交邮袋diplomatic pouch外交邮袋letter of credence/credentials国书communique公报announcement公告announcement通告letter of introduction介绍书National People's Congress全国人民代表大会Fifteenth National Congress第十五次全国代表大会Standing committee常务委员会National Committee全国委员会Chairman委员长Vice Chairpersons副委员长State Council国务院Premier总理Vice Premier副总理State Councillors国务委员Central Committee中央委员会State President国家主席Chairman主席Vice Chairman副主席General Secretary总书记Central Military Committee中央军事委员会Supreme People's Court最高人民法院Ministry of Finance财政部Ministry of Public Security公安部Ministry of Supervision监察部Ministry of Communications交通部Ministry of Education教育部Ministry of Personnel人事部memorandum/aide-memoire备忘录statement声明mutual recognition互相承认de jure recognition法律承认de facto recognition事实上承认identification card身份证Ministry of Justice司法部Propaganda Department宣传部People's organization人民团体Ministry of Foreign Affairs外交部Consulate-general总领事馆Consulate领事馆Liaison office联络处Military attache's office武官处certificate of appointment委任证书exequatur许可证书proceed to take up one's post赴任express regret表示遗憾object to提出异议take up a matter with向…交涉lodge a protest with向…提出抗议verbal note普通照会circular note通知照会normalization正常化present one's credentials递交国书exchange ambassadors互派大使persona grata受欢迎的人during one's absence离任期间declaration/manifesto宣言letter of recall召回公文note(外交)照会formal note正式照会establish consular relations建立领事关系assume one's post就任。

政治考研英语试题及答案一、单项选择题（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1. The concept of "sovereignty" in international relations refers to:A. The highest authority within a countryB. The supreme power of a country in international affairsC. The right to self-determination of a countryD. The right to make decisions independently within a country 答案：B2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sovereign state?A. Fixed territoryB. Permanent populationC. Central governmentD. Common language答案：D3. The principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries is primarily based on:A. The principle of equality among nationsB. The principle of sovereign equality of statesC. The principle of non-use of forceD. The principle of peaceful coexistence答案：B4. The United Nations is an international organization that:A. Promotes cooperation among nationsB. Encourages economic developmentC. Maintains international peace and securityD. All of the above答案：D5. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were first proposed by:A. The United StatesB. The Soviet UnionC. ChinaD. India答案：C6. Which of the following is not a fundamental human right?A. The right to lifeB. The right to educationC. The right to voteD. The right to own property答案：D7. The term "globalization" refers to:A. The process of increasing global interconnectednessB. The process of economic integrationC. The process of cultural homogenizationD. The process of technological advancement答案：A8. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is responsible for:A. Regulating international tradeB. Regulating international financeC. Regulating international labor standardsD. Regulating international environmental standards答案：A9. The European Union (EU) is an example of:A. A political unionB. An economic unionC. A military allianceD. A cultural organization答案：B10. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established to:A. Promote economic cooperationB. Promote cultural exchangeC. Provide collective defenseD. Promote disarmament答案：C二、阅读理解题（共2篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共20分）Passage 1:[Text omitted for brevity]1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education in politicsB. The role of media in political campaignsC. The impact of technology on political processesD. The evolution of political ideologies答案：C2. According to the passage, which of the following is a benefit of technological advancements in politics?A. Increased voter turnoutB. Enhanced transparencyC. Reduced campaign costsD. Greater political stability答案：B3. What does the passage suggest about the future of politics?A. It will be more inclusiveB. It will be more centralizedC. It will be more secretiveD. It will be more divisive答案：A4. Which of the following is an example of political technology mentioned in the passage?A. Online voting systemsB. Social media campaignsC. Satellite-based pollingD. Virtual reality debates答案：B5. What is the author's view on the influence of technology on politics?A. It is overwhelmingly positiveB. It is mostly negativeC. It is a mixed bagD. It is insignificant答案：CPassage 2:[Text omitted for brevity]1. What does the passage primarily discuss?A. The challenges of international diplomacyB. The principles of international lawC. The role of international organizationsD. The history of international relations答案：A2. According to the passage, what is a key challenge in international diplomacy?A. Language barriersB. Cultural differencesC. Economic disparitiesD. Technological limitations答案：B3. Which of the following is not a strategy to overcome challenges in international diplomacy?A. Building trust through dialogueB. Establishing common goalsC. Imposing one's own valuesD. Fostering mutual understanding答案：C4. The passage suggests that successful diplomacy requires:A. Strong military powerB. Economic sanctionsC. Diplomatic skillsD. Technological superiority答案：C5. What is the author's opinion on the role of international organizations in diplomacy?A. They are essential for conflict resolutionB. They are ineffective in resolving disputesC. They are biased towards certain nationsD. They are redundant in the current political climate答案：A。

我最喜欢的科目政治英语作文One of my favorite subjects is politics. I find it incredibly fascinating to study the different systems of government, political ideologies, and the impact ofpolitical decisions on societies around the world.In my opinion, politics is a subject that is constantly evolving and has a direct impact on our daily lives. By studying politics, we can gain a better understanding of the power structures that govern our societies, as well as the policies and laws that affect us as citizens. It also helps us to become more informed and engaged in thepolitical process, which is crucial for a functioning democracy.Furthermore, I enjoy studying politics because it allows me to explore and analyze different perspectives and viewpoints. It encourages critical thinking and debate, as well as the ability to consider and understand various opinions and arguments. This skill is not only valuable in the study of politics, but also in many other aspects of life.In addition, I am also passionate about politics because it provides a platform for advocating for change and addressing social issues. By understanding the political landscape, we can work towards creating a more just and equitable society for all. It also inspires me to become more actively involved in civic engagement and to use my voice to make a positive impact in the world.Overall, studying politics has broadened my knowledgeand understanding of the world around me, and has empowered me to become a more informed and engaged citizen.我最喜欢的科目之一是政治。

英语政治知识点总结Politics is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group. It refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance—organized control over a human community, particularly a state. In modern nation-states, people have formed political parties to represent their ideas and interests. Political knowledge has become increasingly important as the world continues to face complex challenges, and citizens need to be informed to make effective decisions in their countries.There are several core political knowledge points that are essential for understanding the political landscape of the modern world. These include political systems, political ideologies, voting systems, and political movements. In this summary, we will explore these key areas of political knowledge in depth.Political SystemsPolitical systems are the processes through which a government is organized and operates. There are several types of political systems, including democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism.Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through their elected representatives. There are two main types of democracy: direct democracy and representative democracy. Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide policy initiatives directly, while representative democracy is a type of democracy in which the people the people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.Monarchy is a form of government in which a single person holds all the power. There are several types of monarchy, including constitutional monarchy and absolute monarchy. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch’s power is limited by a constitution, while an absolute monarchy gives the monarch complete control over the government and the people.Dictatorship is a form of government in which one individual holds all the power and often rules by force. The leader of a dictatorship is not bound by laws or constitutions and can make decisions without the input of the people.Communism is a socio-economic system in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.Political IdeologiesPolitical ideologies are sets of ethical, political, and economic beliefs and principles that explain how society should operate. There are several political ideologies, including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and communism.Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law. It advocates for limited government intervention in the economy and individual freedom.Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions. It is often associated with support for free market capitalism and a strong national defense.Socialism is a political and economic theory that advocates for public ownership or control of means of production and distribution of goods and services. It aims to create an equal society by redistributing wealth and power.Communism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole.Voting SystemsVoting systems are methods used to determine the outcome of an election or decision. There are several types of voting systems, including first-past-the-post, proportional representation, ranked choice voting, and mixed-member proportional representation.First-past-the-post is a simple plurality voting system in which voters indicate their choice and the candidate with the most votes wins the election. It is used in several countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.Proportional representation is a voting system in which the number of seats won by a political party or group is in proportion to the number of votes received. It is used in several countries, including Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands.Ranked choice voting is a voting system in which voters rank candidates in order of preference. If no candidate receives a majority of first-choice votes, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed based on the voters’ second choice.Mixed-member proportional representation is a voting system that combines a proportional representation system with a first-past-the-post system. Voters cast two votes: one for a candidate in their local constituency and one for a political party.Political MovementsPolitical movements are collective, organized, and sustained efforts to bring about changes in society. There are several types of political movements, including social movements, protest movements, and resistance movements.Social movements are groups of individuals who are united by a common interest or ideology and work together to achieve specific social or political goals.Protest movements are organized efforts to voice grievances or show opposition to specific issues or policies. They can take the form of rallies, demonstrations, or strikes.Resistance movements are collective efforts to oppose a ruling government or occupying power. They often involve acts of defiance, sabotage, and guerrilla warfare.In conclusion, political knowledge is essential for understanding the complex dynamics of the modern world. By understanding political systems, ideologies, voting systems, and political movements, individuals can become informed citizens and make effective decisions in their countries. It is important to continue learning about political issues and staying engaged in the political process to shape the future of society.。

Politics is a complex and multifaceted subject that can be approached from various angles in an English essay.Here are some key points and ideas you might consider when writing an essay on politics:1.Definition of Politics:Begin by defining what politics means,which can be the activities associated with the governance of a country or area,especially the debate between parties having power.2.Historical Context:Discuss the evolution of political systems from ancient civilizations to modern democracies,authoritarian regimes,and everything in between.3.Types of Political Systems:Explore different political systems such as democracy, socialism,communism,monarchy,and theocracy.Explain the principles behind each and how they function.4.Political Ideologies:Delve into various political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism,socialism,and fascism.Discuss their core beliefs,historical development, and impact on societies.5.The Role of Political Parties:Examine the importance of political parties in representing different interests within a society and how they contribute to the political process.6.Citizen Participation:Discuss the importance of citizen participation in politics, including voting,campaigning,and civic engagement.7.Political Leadership:Analyze the qualities of effective political leaders,the challenges they face,and the impact of their decisions on a nation.8.Elections and Voting Systems:Explore different voting systems such as firstpastthepost,proportional representation,and rankedchoice voting.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.9.Political Corruption and Accountability:Address the issue of corruption within political systems and the mechanisms in place to ensure accountability and transparency.10.International Relations and Diplomacy:Discuss how politics plays a role in international relations,including diplomacy,trade agreements,and conflicts.11.The Influence of Media in Politics:Analyze the role of media in shaping publicopinion,reporting on political events,and scrutinizing political figures.12.Challenges in Modern Politics:Discuss current challenges faced by political systems worldwide,such as climate change,economic inequality,and the rise of populism.13.The Future of Politics:Contemplate potential future developments in politics, including the impact of technology on elections,the potential for increased global cooperation,and the challenges of maintaining democratic values in an increasingly interconnected world.14.Case Studies:Use specific countries or political events as case studies to illustrate your points.This can provide concrete examples and make your essay more engaging.15.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and provide your perspective on the importance of understanding politics in todays world.Remember to support your arguments with evidence,cite reliable sources,and maintain a clear and logical structure throughout your essay.Writing about politics can be engaging and thoughtprovoking,allowing you to explore the dynamics that shape our societies and the world at large.。

政治考研如何学好英语政治考研英语，是考生考取政治硕士研究生学位的必备科目。

随着我国对外开放程度的提高，英语作为一种国际通用语言，不仅在学术研究领域有着广泛的应用，更是政治学研究的必备工具。

因此，政治考研英语的学习至关重要。

如何学好政治考研英语，很多考生感到困惑。

本文将针对政治考研英语学习中的难点和重点，为考生提供一些建议。

一、政治考研英语的重要性政治考研英语的重要性不言而喻。

政治学研究是一个国际性学科，研究领域广泛，研究方法多样，前沿动态频繁。

政治考研英语将帮助考生扩大学术视野，掌握国际政治研究的最新进展和最前沿理论，提高学术研究水平。

政治考研英语还是政治学硕士研究生论文写作的必备工具。

论文写作是政治考研的重中之重，研究生毕业论文是考核研究生学术能力和研究水平的重要依据。

政治考研英语的学习将帮助考生提高论文写作的能力，为将来的学术研究打下坚实的基础。

政治考研英语还是国家二级教育考试的一项必考科目。

政治考研英语成绩直接关系到考生是否能够顺利通过考试，取得政治硕士研究生学位。

因此，政治考研英语的学习对考生至关重要。

二、政治考研英语的学习难点政治考研英语的学习难点主要包括以下几个方面：1. 词汇量大。

政治考研英语涉及到政治学研究领域的专业术语和概念，考生需要掌握大量的政治学英语词汇，才能够理解和掌握政治学研究的基本理论和研究方法。

2. 阅读难度高。

政治考研英语试卷中的阅读材料大都是政治学研究领域的经典文献或者最新研究成果，文笔晦涩，逻辑严密，考生需要具备一定的逻辑思维和阅读能力才能够理解和分析这些文献。

3. 写作要求高。

政治考研英语作文考查考生的写作能力和思辨能力，要求考生在有限的时间内，准确、明确地表达自己的观点和立场，展示自己的学术素养和研究能力。

4. 口语交流困难。

政治考研英语口语考试是考生与考官面对面进行交流和互动的环节，考查考生的口语表达能力和交际能力，但是由于平时缺乏口语训练，很多考生对口语交流还存在一定的障碍。

政治类英语词汇politics 政治constitution 宪法legislation 立法Democrats 民主党Republicans 共和党Amendment 修正案Congress 美国国会Senate 参议院House of Representatives 众议院monarchy 君主制anarchism 无政府主义federal system 联邦制presidential system 总统制municipal 市的，市政的metropolitan 大都市的centralized 中央集权的ideology 意识形态tariff 关税immigrant 移民institutionalize 机构化election 选举vote 投票poll 投票，投票数，民意测验office holding 任职veto 否决American Revolution 美国革命/独立战争Independence War 美国独立战争American Civil War 美国内战radical 激进的,根本的overturning 颠覆性的independent 独立的breathtaking 激动人心的military 军事的colonize 拓殖，殖民per capita 人均treason 叛国conspiracy 阴谋imprisonment 监禁release 释放pardon 特赦accusation 谴责，指控welfare 福利patronage 资助，赞助unionization 联合，结合列举一些常见诸报端的外来语：attache [法语] 随行人员glasnost [俄语] 公开性；开放jujitsu [日语] 柔术karate [日语] 空手道laissez-faire [法语] 自由主义Lebensraum [德语] 生存空间per annum [拉丁语] 每年rapport [法语] 和睦；友好rendezvous [法语] 约会(地点) sumo [日语相扑karaoke; judo; per capita; tai chi chuan; tsunami英语报刊中经常借用的人名、物名、建筑物名称乃至别名等专有名词多属习常见惯的。

一院制 Unicameral一党制国家 One—party States人权 Human rights人权宣言Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen工会 Trade unions下议院 House of Commons上议院 House of Lords个人主义 Individualism女权主义 Feminism马列主义Marxism—Leninism马克思主义 Marxism马基雅维里主义 Machiavelli王权 Crown无产阶级Proletariat无产阶专政 Dictatorship of the proletariat无政府主义 Anarchism专制Despotism专制政府/绝对专制主义 Absolute government/absolutism中央与地方的关系Central/Local relations分权 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration公民权利 Civil rights公民自由 Civil liberties正义Justice可审判性Justiciability平等Equality奴隶制Slavery占统治地位的党Dominant party代表Delegate代议员Representative 代议制政府Representative government代表制Representation主权Sovereignty市民社会Civil society市（镇）长Major立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体Constitutional government立法机关Legislatures立法否决Legislative veto立法委员会Legislative committees立法起草Legislative drafting半总统制Semi-presidential systems议长Speaker议会制度Parliamentary system司法机构Judiciary司法行政官Magistrate司法审查Judicial review民主Democracy民主党Democratic Party民主集中制Democratic centralism民意测验Opinion polls共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic机构/制度Institution权力Power权利Rights权利法案Bill of rights权威Authority妇女选举权Women’s suffrage地方长官Prefect地方政府Local government地方政府财政Local government finance地方政治Local politics同意Consent同意投票Approvalvoting 团体理论Group theory邦联Confederation邦联条例Articles of Confederation自由Freedom自由党Liberal parties自由裁量权Discretion 自决Self-determination自治Self-government自治领Dominion行为主义Behaviouralism行政Administration行政机关Executives政委员Administrative board行政法庭Administrative tribunal 行政法院Administrative court州长Governor多元主义Pluralism多元社会Plural society多头制Polyarchy多数派政府Majority government多数统治Majority rule决策Decision making决策理论Decision theory农奴制Serfdom阶层/阶级Class麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James苏格拉底Socrates极权主义Totalitarianism否决权Veto投票Voting投票率Turnout护宪Entrenchment财产权Property利益Interests利益表达与聚合Interest articulation and aggregation利益集团Interest group 言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press社区/共同体Community社团主义Corporatism社会主义Socialism社会民主主义Social democracy社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy责任Responsibility责任政府Responsible government直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas欧洲议会European Parliament欧洲共同体European Community歧视Discrimination国际法International Law国家State国家元首Head of state国家消亡Withering away of the state国家财政危机Fiscal crisis of the state非暴力反抗Civil disobedience非暴力行为Non-violent action制定法Statute Law制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage委员会Commission质询Interpellation法Law法令Act法官Judge法治Rule of law法律的正当程序Due process of law法案，议案Bill宗教自由Freedom of religion 审判Adjudication审查制度Censorship官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy实证主义Positivism封建主义Feudalism革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution政体Polity政纲platform政变Coup D’etat政府Government政府组成过程Government formation process政府首脑Head of government政府调查Public inquiry政治Politics政治义务Political obligation政治文化Political culture政治中的种族问题Race in politics 政治心理学Political psychology政治发展Political development政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee政治行为研究Political behaviour政治地理学Political geography政治权力Political power政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治沟通Political communication政治体系/政治系统Political system政治参与Political participation政治财政Political finance政治科学Political science政治社会化Political socialization政治社会学Political sociology政治学的定量方法Quantitative methods in politics政治态度Political attitudes政治腐败Political corruption政治继承Political succession政治理论Political theory政治暴力Political violence政治影响Political influence政治整合/政治一体化Political integratio政党分赃制Spoils system政党认同Party identification政党代表大会Party convention政党功能Parties,political:functions of 政党组织Party organization政党核心集团Machine政党秘密会议Caucus政策分析Policy analysis政策实施Implementation政策输出研究Policy output studies城市政府City government城邦国家City state贵族/贵族制Aristocracy思想库Think tank看守政府Caretaker government选区Constituency选民登记Registration of electors选择投票Ticket-splitting选择领导Leadership selection选举Elections选举团Electoral college选举纲领Election program选举制度Electoral system选票Ballot重农主义Physiocracy重划选区Redistribution重商主义Mercantilism种族灭绝Genocide种族主义Racism种族隔离Apartheid 顺从Deference保守主义Conservatism保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism修正主义Revisionism独立机构Independent agency独立宣言Declaration of Independence独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism独裁制Autocracy帝国Empire帝国主义Imperialism美国革命American Revolution美国国会Congress美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府Prime minister/Primeministerial government总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike总督Governor-General派别Faction咨询和同意Advice and consent宣传Propaganda宪法Constitutional law宪法规约Convention of the constitution宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism神权政治Theocracy神授王权Divine right of kings费边主义Fabianism绝对专制主义Absolutism统治阶级Ruling class统治能力Governability恐怖Terror恐怖主义Terrorism格劳修斯Grotius监护Tutelage监察专员Ombudsman党派首领Boss罢免Recall恩格斯Engels缺席投票Absence voting特权Prerogative特许状Charter秘密警察Secret police倒台与政权更迭Breakdown and regime change候选人选择candidate selection爱国主义Patriotism被保护国Protectorate竞争性政党制度Competitive party system竞选运动Election campaign部门Department部长，部Minister/Ministry部长会议Council of Ministers准司法Quasi-judicial准--非政府组织Quango资历制Seniority资产阶级Bourgeoisie资本主义Capitalism浮动投票人Floating vote浪漫主义Romanticism宽容Toleration家长型控制Paternalism调查委员会Select committee预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting陪审团Jury理性Rationality理性选择方法Rational choice教权主义Clericalism教会与国家Church and State基本权利Fundamental right基层党组织Primary party organization职能代表Functional representation授权立法Delegated legislation授权学说Mandate theory常设委员会Standing committee累计投票Cumulative vote唯心主义Idealism领导Leadership第二院，上议院Second chambers康德Kant混合政府Mixed government弹劾Impeachment隐私Privacy殖民统治Colonial government联合，联合政府Coalition/Coalition government联合民主Consociational democracy联合国United Nations联邦制Federalism联邦党人文集Federalist Papers联盟，联合League超载Overload超国家政府Supranational government 博爱Fraternity斯大林Stalin斯宾诺莎Spinoza斯密，亚当Smith,Adam最低下限Droop quota最高行政法院Conseil d’AEtat最高法院Supreme court黑格尔Hegal辉格党与托利党Whigs and Tories等级Estates集体主义Collectivism集体行动Collective action集体领导Collective leadership集合理论Coalition theory街区选举，集团投票Block vote普通法Common law游说Lobbying雇主组织Employer’s organization强制性投票Compulsory voting鼓励性行动Affirmative action路德，马丁Luther,Martin解散议会Dissolution of parliament意识形态Ideology新左派New Left新右派New Right新政New deal新教政党Protestant parties福利国家Welfare state群众性政党Mass membership party僭主制/暴政Tyranny寡头制Oligarchy寡头政治铁律Iron law of oligarchy精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism精英理论Doctrine of elites腐败选区Rotten borough弊政Maladministration熊彼特Schumpeter影子内阁Shadow cabinet暴力Violence潘恩Paine霍布斯Hobbes穆勒Mill激进主义Radicalism激进政党Radical parties整体主义Holism辩证法Dialectic辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism警察Police警察国家Police state中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress 秘书长 Secretary-General主任委员 Chairman委员 Member（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress政府机构 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION国务院总理 Premier, State Council国务委员 State Councilor秘书长 Secretary-General（国务院各委员会）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for（国务院各部）部长 Minister部长助理 Assistant Minister司长 Director局长 Director省长 Governor常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor区长 Chief Executive, District Government县长 Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长 Secretary-General办公厅主任 Director, General Office（部委办）主任 Director处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长 Section Chief科员 Clerk/Officer发言人 Spokesman顾问 Adviser参事 Counselor巡视员 Inspector/Monitor特派员 Commissioner外交官衔 DIPLOMATIC RANK特命全权大使 Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary 公使 Minister代办 Charge d’Affaires临时代办 Charge d’Affaires ad Interim参赞 Counselor政务参赞 Political Counselor商务参赞 Commercial Counselor经济参赞 Economic Counselor新闻文化参赞 Press and Cultural Counselor公使衔参赞 Minister-Counselor商务专员 Commercial Attaché经济专员 Economic Attaché文化专员 Cultural Attaché商务代表 Trade Representative一等秘书 First Secretary武官 Military Attaché档案秘书 Secretary-Archivist专员/随员 Attaché总领事 Consul General领事 Consul司法、公证、公安 JUDICIARY,NOTARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY 人民法院院长 President, People’s Courts人民法庭庭长 Chief Judge, People’s Tribunals审判长 Chief Judge审判员 Judge书记 Clerk of the Court法医 Legal Medical Expert法警 Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长 Procurator-General, People’s procuratorates监狱长 Warden律师 Lawyer公证员 Notary Public总警监 Commissioner General警监 Commissioner警督 Supervisor警司 Superintendent警员 Constable政党 POLITICAL PARTY中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员 Member, Central Committee候补委员 Alternate Member…省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group社会团体 NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION会长 President主席 Chairman名誉顾问 Honorary Adviser理事长 President理事 Trustee/Council Member总干事 Director-GeneralGeneral Secretary总书记Secretary General秘书长Chairman主席，委员长Head of state国家元首The Party Central Committee党中央The National People’s Congress全国人民代表大会Standing Committee of National People’s Congress全国人民代表大会常务委员会The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference全国人民政治协商会议Standing Committee of the Political Bureau政治局常务委员会State Council国务院Ministry of Foreign Affairs外交部Ministry of Public Security公安部Ministry of Civil Affairs民政部Ministry of Justice司法部Ministry of Labor and Social Security劳动和社户保障部Ministry of Land and Resources国土资源部Ministry of Inｆｒｏｍation Industry信息产业部Ministry of Water Resources水利部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Health卫生部State Planning Commission国家发展计划委员会State Family Planning Commission国家计划生育委员会General Office of the State Council国务院办公厅Central Military Commission of the PRC中央军委Supreme People’s Procuratorate最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Court最高人民法院General Ministration of Customs海关总署All-China Federation of Trade Unions中华全国总工会All0China Women’s Federation中华全国妇女联合会Communist Youth League of China中国共产主义青年团All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国工商联合会Red Cross Society of China中国红十字会China Welfare Foundation for the Disabled中国残疾人福利基金会Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国人民对外友好协会China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中国归国华侨联合会China Council for the Promotion of International Trade中国国际贸易促进委员会Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits海峡两岸关系协会Straits Exchange Foundation海峡两岸交流基金会President of the Supreme People’s Court最高人民法院院长Chief Procurator of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate最高人民检察院检察长中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC 中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》The Chinese People’s Political Consultativ e Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国政党Chinese Parties》中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League。

政治、英语、专业基础、专业综合教育学门类考研科目为3门，其中应用心理学考研科目为政治、英语、专业基础、专业综合，满分分别为100分、100分、300分，具体可以在学校当年公布的招生专业目录查看。

考研科目介绍：
1、政治：全称为思想政治理论，为全国统考科目，代码为101。

2、英语：也是全国统考科目，通常学硕考英语（一），专硕考英语（二），代码分别为201和204，另外要求较高的院校，专硕也会考英语（一）。

3、专业基础综合：通常为统考312心理学专业基础，不过也有部分院校是学校自主命题。

全国人民代表大会 National People's Congress (NPC)主席团 Presidium常务委员会 Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财政经济委员会Finance and Economy Committee外事委员会Foreign Affairs Committee教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制工作委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题调查委员会Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution2、中华人民共和国主席 President of the People's Republic of China3、中央军事委员会 Central Military Commission4、最高人民法院 Supreme People's Court5、最高人民检察院 Supreme People's Procuratorate6、国务院State Council(1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展和改革委员会National Development and Reform Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National De-fence国家民族事物委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁道部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People's Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构Offices under the State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council侨务办公室Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs港澳台办公室Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾事物办公室Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公室Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制改革办公室Office for Economic Restructuring国务院研究室Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室Information Office10、新闻出版 News media总编辑 Editor-in-chief高级编辑 Full Senior Editor主任编辑 Associate Senior Editor编辑 Editor助理编辑 Assistant Editor高级记者 Full Senior Reporter主任记者 Associate Senior Reporter记者 Reporter助理记者 Assistant Reporter编审 Professor of Editorship编辑 Editor助理编辑 Assistant Editor技术编辑 Technical Editor技术设计员 Technical Designer校对 Proofreader11、翻译 Translation译审 Professor of Translation翻译 Translator/Interpreter助理翻译 Assistant Translator/Interpreter 电台/电视台台长 Radio/TV Station Controller 播音指导 Director of Announcing主任播音员 Chief Announcer播音员 Announcer电视主持人 TV Presenter电台节目主持人 Disk Jockey12、工艺、美术、电影 Arts,crafts and movies导演 Director演员 Actor画师 Painter指挥 Conductor编导 Scenarist录音师 Sound Engineer舞蹈编剧 Choreographer美术师 Artist制片人 Producer剪辑导演 Montage Director配音演员 Dabber摄影师 Cameraman化装师 Make-up Artist。