Generation of high bandwidth network traffic traces

第44卷第1期2021年1月Vol.44Ao.1Jan.2021计算机学报CHINESE JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS神威E级原型机互连网络和消息机制高剑刚卢宏生何王全任秀江陈淑平斯添浩周舟胡舒凯于康魏迪（家并行计算机工程技术研究中心北京100190）摘要本文描述了神威E级原型机的互连网络和消息机制.神威E级原型机是继神威蓝光、神威•太湖之光之后神威家族的第三代计算机•该计算机作为一台E级计算机的原型机，峰值性能3.期PUops,其最大的特色之一就是采用28Gbps传输技术，设计开发了新一代的神威高阶路由器和神威高性能网络接口两款芯片，在传统胖树的基础上，设计了双轨泛树拓扑结构，定义实现了新颖的神威消息原语和消息库，实现了一种基于包级粒度动态切换的双轨乱序消息机制，通信性能比神威•太湖之光互连网络提升了4倍,为神威ER计算机互连网络的研制奠定了基础1关键词多轨网络；泛树；高阶路由器;路由算法；网络接口；消息引擎；消息库中图法分类号TP302DOI号期该期7/SP该神16.2020.00222The Interconnection Network and Message Machinasim ofSunway Exascate Prototype SystemGAL Jian-Gang LU Hong-Sheng HR Wang-Quan RSA Xiu-Jiang CHRA Shu-Ping PI Tian-HapZHOU Zhou HR Shu-Gai YU Kang WAI Di（NaUonal Research.CenLer of Parallel Computer Engineering and Technology,Beijing100190）Abstraci TUn high-performancn interconnectiog network is onn ol the maig components ol the high-performancn computing system.N is responsible toc the comection ol computing nodm, storage nodm,and I/O devicer in the high-performancc computing system,and is responsible foe the communicatiog of all nodes in the high-performance computing system.There are n large numbee of parallel applications in high-performancc computing systerns thai need to exchangr datn Ptween different nodes（Ntween computin-nodes,Ptween computin-nodet and IN nodet,between computin-nodes and storage nodes）.High requirements arc put forward foe thc communication delay a_nd bandwidth of high-performance interconnection networks.H larhs numbee of high-performancs computinh systerns havs a_dopted customizen interconnection netwoms to meeh application requirements.Ths customizen interconnection networf can well meet ths design requirementr of high performancs computinh system,and can optimizs ths design of network performance such vs communication delay and communication bandwidth to bettee meeh the variour communication requirementr op high-performance computinh systems and improve communication performance,thereby improving the actual operating performance of parallel applications in high-performance computing systems.Interconnection networf design ic an important mea_ns to improve networf communication performance.At the same time,the收稿日期=2020-05-15；在线发布日期:2020-08-25.本课题得到国家重点研发计划项目N16YFB220）资助.高剑刚，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、高性能互连网络.Arnail：137****2205@.卢宏生（通信作者），硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、高性能互连网络.Arnail：lu_hongsheng@.何王全，博士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、并行语言设计•任秀江，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、高性能互连网络.陈淑平，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、互连网络软件•斯添浩，硕士，工程师，主主研究方向为计算机体系结构、高性能互连网络•周舟，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、高性能互连网络•胡舒凯，硕士，工程师，主要研究方向为计算机体系结构、高性能互连网络.于康，博士，工程师，主主研究方向为计算机体系结构•魏迪，硕士，工程师,主主研究方向为计算机体系结构.1期高剑刚等：神威E级原型机互连网络和消息机制223message mechanism has a huge influence on communication performance.Even under the same topology ane routet conditions,different messaer mechanisma will still cause huge differences in communicatiou performance.TUs customizeh features ol customizeh networks arc largely reflecteh in the ability W customizr varioue messayr mechanisms.Each customized network hat its own messayr and definea its own messayr protocot to meeO its own speciat communication dems.Ths high-performancs interconnection network ant messays mechanism are studied on the purpose of independent control.Theperformance musi ma_tch the fast developiny computiny capability on the roan to exascals systeim Ths worldwite top supercomputera mainly seleci Mellanox InfiniBand,Cray Aries,Intel Onmi-patO,and employ the 25Gbps transmissiod technique to implemedt their interconnectiod networe.The11600X5of thc top domestie supercomputer,such us“Strnway Taihu LighW and“Tia_nhe2",arc constructed based on11Gbps transmission.The interconnection w W o W and m^saye mechanism of the Sunwao exascals prototype systern arc introduceh in this papec.Strnway exascals prototyps system is the third-generation supercomputec ot Sunwap supercomputec family,aftec Sunwap Blus Light and Strnway Taihu Light.As a pre-research project for the exascals systern,ths pean performance ot this system is up to3.13PFlope.The interconnection networe ot this system is constructeh bsed on two innovativs Sunway chips:ths Sunway high-radix routee chip and Sunway high-performance networC interface chip,dependine on ths28Gbpe transmission technique.Moreover,y generalizeh fat-tree networC topology is developeS；an out-of-ordec messaes mechanism with dynamie pacOet-interleaveh transmission in two raile is implementeS；ths efficient Strnway messaes verbs a_nd library arc designey.Ths communication performance ot the prototype system improvee4timee compared with Strnway Taihn Light,a_nd it therefore makee the solid technology foundation for Strnway exascalc systern.Strnway exascalc prototype system makee the break-through on the key technologiee ot2G Gbpe transmission,high-radix router,high-performance networC interface,high-efficient nd reliable networC architecture.Furthermore,Strnway networC chipseW ot new generation is designed,nd ths networC ot Strnwas ^xascale prototype system is constructey.They all contribute W the design ot the domestie exascals supercomputec.The research achievee ths goal ot innovative design ot ths exascals system bp constructine the large-scale verification system,masterine the techniques ot new interconnection networC architecture,and tmWg Used on domestic componente and parts.Keywords multi-rail network；generalizeh fat-tree topology；high-ra_dix routee chip；routinearithmetic；networC interface；messaes engine；1引言虽然目前TOP500排名第一的“富岳”超级计算机性能已经达到513PFlops①,但鉴于超级计算机在科学研究、经济与社会方面的巨大作用，人类对计算能力的追求永无止境，世界各国都在加紧E级计算机的研制开发.根据报道，美国预计2021年到2023年将提供Aurora、FRONTIER、EI-CAPITAN三台E级计算机，但tel、Cray、经M、AND、NVIDIA和HPR六大messaes librarp超算巨头全部参与，其中Aurrora计算机2021年完成研制，峰值性能lEFlops,计划成为美国第一台E级计算机.三台计算机的共同之处是都将使用Cray公司最新的Shasta架构，其核心是Cray公司的Slingshot互连技术其ray公司研制了Rosetta高阶路由器芯片，该芯片具有64个端口，每个端口配置4个通道，采用56Gbpe PAN4传输技术,单端口传输速率达到524Gbps.Slingshot互连采用了Cray 独创的HPC(High Performance Computing)以太①Supercomputec RUGAKU.Tttps：//wv//system/179807/224计算体学报2026年网协议，在具备标准以太网优点的同时，也可以获得HPC网络的技术优势①.日本Fugai计算机系统，继承了“京K”计算与网络紧耦合的6D T i-ouc结构，采用富士通自主研发的处理器A64FX构建，该处理器包含卷个ARN架构的专用计算核心高个辅助核心等部件，以及6个TAT模块和1个02端口片上Switch模块.Fugaku计算机的ToFuD网络采用了28Gbps 传输技术，实现了对afd网络的全面升级②.作为HPC网络领域技术领导者之一的Mellanox 公司，其InfinCancl互连网络在2010年11月的TOP502中占比26.8%,目前TOP502中排名第一的Summit计算机就使用了Mellanox公司InfinCand EDR产品，还有另外2台使用了其最新的HDR互连，传输速率达到50Gbps.Mellanoc公司的ConnectX-6芯片，采用50Gbps PAM4技术，可配置成卷个端口，每个端口200Gbps,也可以配置成-0个端口，每个端口期OGpU③.法国a公司在高性能计算领域拥有强大的实力，其开发的BXT eXascale Interconnect采用了自行研发的卷端口Switch芯片，每个端口性能达到期OGbps,支持胖树、扁平蝴蝶工、蜻蜓等多种结构，支持最大64K节点2为了实现从C级到S级的跨越,探索应对访存墙、通信墙、可靠性墙、能耗墙、可扩展性墙等挑战④的有效技术和策略，中国研制了3台E级原型机，分别是曙光E级原型机、天河E级原型机和神威E级原型机•其中神威E级原型机由1024个申威台中0+众核处理器（简称SW26012+）组成，每个处理器包含4个运算控制核心和256个运算核心.2个处理器通过PCN0.0连接到同一片网络接口芯片，构成一个运算节点，每个运算节点峰值运算能力6.期TFlops. 512个运算节点通过神威互连网络相连，组成神威E级原型机.该原型机峰值性能达到0.期PFlopt 位居神威•太湖之光、天河2号、天河1号之后，在20期年中国超算TOP102中排名第4⑤，已安装在国家济南超算中心.神威互连网络是神威E级原型机的重要组成部分，由网络硬件和网络软件组成•如图1所示，网络硬件主要由新一代神威路由器芯片和网络接口芯片构建而成.网络软件包括网络驱动、消息库、网络虚拟化、可U并CP/模和网络管理软件等.本文将描述神威E级原型系统的互连网络，具体安排如下：第4节描述互连网络系统硬件，主要包括网络组成和拓扑结构、神威高阶路由器芯片及其关键技术、神威双端口网络接口芯片及其关键技术；第0节描述互连网络软件，重点描述消息库和网络虚拟化支持;第4节介绍神威互连网络的可靠性体系；第4节介绍原型机的基础性能；第6节对神威互连网络的特点进行总结.图0神威互连网络系统网络软件MPI TCP/IP网络管理消息库网络驱动+1/0虚拟化网络硬件神威高性能网络接口芯片神威高阶路由器芯片2互连网络硬件神威E级原型机互连网络由0台5节端口交换机组成，每个运算节点通过一片网络接口芯片的2个端口分别连接到2台交换机.交换机采用了leaf-spine 结构7其中第一层采用了30片神威路由器芯片（后文统一简称SWHRC：Sunway High-radix Noutec Chip）,第二层采用了期片SWHNC芯片，每片SWHNC芯片个个端口，其中第一层芯片的期个端口用于连接光纤，设个端口用于连接第二层的期片SWHNCt具体如图2所示.图2神威E级原型机互连网络结构①Inside Rc传tw：The Engine Behind Cray's Slingshot Exascal e-Erv Interconnects https：//fuse.wikichip4org/news/3290/inside-rosetta-the-engine-behind-crays-slingshot-exascal e-era-interconnecE②Yuichiro Ajinm.https：//www.Ajitsn^com/global/Images/the-tob-Interconnect-p-for-supee computer-fugaUn4pdf③ComectX.-0Single/Oual-Poet Adaptec supporEg200Gb/swith VPI.http：//www.mellanoc4com/products/infini-band-adapters/connectx-0④Steinmacher-Burow X,Garc A.Some chai1e ng cs on road frompetascalc to exascale4http：//www.physik.uniregensburo^hefforschun//wetti//w orkshops/APQ_April2010/talks/2010044%20IQCR%20RegensburgStemmacher-Burowv0/•pdf12.年90/nsr/nwu000•11X1⑤所期年中国高性能计算机性能TOP102排行榜.httpTfwww.hpclOO.本/top期0/071期高剑刚等：神威E级原型机互连网络和消息机制225相比较神威•太湖之光实现1024个处理器互连使用了4层树网，神威E级原型机互连1024个处理器只使用了2层树网，网络直径减少了4步.这主要得益于我们开发的新-代双端口网络接口芯片和双轨网络技术.2.1双轨泛树结构胖树网络由于对各种通信模式都具有很好的适应性，同时又比多维环网有更短的网络直径，因此被很多高性能计算系统所采用.但胖树网络存在一个众所周知的问题.尽管胖树网络中的任意两点，比如A和B,存在多条路径，但从A到B的上行路径一旦确定，则其下行路径就是唯一的，一旦该下行路径上出现故障但到B就无法正常通信.为了克服胖树的这一缺点，提高胖树网络路径故障后的可达性，我们对标准胖树网络进行了改进.定义R⑺表示交换机第一层的第2号路由器存［0存.根据前面的描述存口表经使用了36个端口，还剩余4个空余端口，将_R［2层和犚［2层+1］剩余的4个端口互连（其中+是i/2取整），将2+］和_R［2++1］互称为“兄弟”.相对于标准胖树结构，我们称这种改进后的胖树为泛树，这对于提高超大规模系统网络的可靠性具有重要的意义.如图3所示，在泛树结构中，当A到B的下行路径故障后，数据包下行时仍然可以通过先到达B 所连接的开关的兄弟开关，再到B所连接的开关而顺利到达B.极限的情况下即使B所连接路由器的18个上行端口全部故障，其他节点仍然可以通过B 所连接路由器的兄弟到达B.由于在网络中，两个互为兄弟的路由器芯片安装在同一块印制板上，因此实现兄弟路由器间的互连并未增加额外的开销.事实上，泛树结构可以定义为在标准树网上增加同层路由器间互连的一种结构，该结构比标准树结构有更好的故障容错特性.2.2SWHRC高阶路由器芯片SWHRC芯片是构建神威互连网络的核心器件，实现了网络中物理层、链路层和网络层的功能.如图4所示,SWHRC芯片集成了160个速率28GbpsSHCWHS SQON3S SHCWHS SQCM3S SHCWHS SHoaas SHOHHS SHCMHS SHCR1HSSalmasTILE-03TILE-04TILE-05TILE-06,TILE-0?RCU冷g lAIMMM uRCM nTILE-10 RCU冷I ai—I uTILE-RCU冷■lAlUBMI UTILE-12RCU團I a i w l uTILE-13RMTILE-20O RCUI a i iruTILE-21ORCUI a i iruTILE-22OTILE-23ORCUIAI IRUTILE-24TILE-25TILE-26TILE-27RCU gI a i iru uTILE-44TILE-45_TILE-46TILE-47图4SWHCC路由器芯片结构图|RCUbIRU226计算机学报2027年的SerDee,芯片总吞吐率为9A/s.芯片包含个个端口和个个交换子模块，每个交换子模块主要包含IRU(Input and Routee Unit)、RCU(Row Buffee and Crossbae Unit)、OBMU(Output Buffee Danagee Unit)等部件但0个交换子模块采用0X5阵列式排布.⑴缓冲管理每个端口包含四个虚通道.输入缓冲采用动态共享机制，支持可配置的私有信用和共享信用,提高输入缓冲的利用率.每个交换子模块内还包含0个行缓冲和5个列缓冲，分别用于接收同一行和同一列的数据.这种缓冲管理机制和缓冲数量的设置既降低了芯片设计开销和实现难度，同时也降低了头阻塞效应,提升了数据吞吐率.⑴流量控制SWHRC芯片采用VCT(Virtual Cut Through)流控机制，为了避免故障包对网络带宽的浪费，增加对链路带宽变化的适应性，数据链路层支持VCT 与SAFRave And Forward)两种机制的动态切换. swhrc芯片采用基于信用的流控，可以控制数据流按照信用多少提前发送消息包，提升数据的传输效率，降低延迟.信用以数据块为单位，每个数据块包含0个数据切片，每个数据切片大小为16G.拥塞预感知装置依据下游信用释放的速率回馈上游，从而使上游能更早感受到下游的拥塞情况，避免过度拥塞情况的出现.⑴路由策略为了保持消息的路径灵活度，并满足不同消息对路径选择的不同需求，SWHRC芯片的路由策略支持源路由和分布式查表路由.每个消息包携带路由策略选择标识，路由器根据消息包标识决定选择何种路由方式进行路径选择.分布式查表路由支持确定性路由策略与自适应路由策略.神威超级计算机包括神威蓝光、神威•太湖之光、神威E级原型机均特别重视应用的局部性特征和分区概念，在体系结构的设计中一直强调并坚持超节点的设计思想.每个系统都可以认为是由一组超节点通过高性能骨干网互连构成.基于上述两级网络结构，SWHRC芯片实现了一种两级结构的路由表.超节点内路由表和超节点外路由表.每个接入神威互连网络的端口和每片SWHRC芯片都有一个唯一的GUIDROal Units ID)编号.GUID包含超节点号和超节点内编号.当目标GUID的超节点号和本SWHRC的超节点号相同时，就使用超节点内路由表路由，否则就使用超节点外路由表路由.在实际的设计中两个表采用一个片上RAN实现，大小可配置.SWHRC芯片每个端口均配置了一个两级结构路由表，支持系统最大节点规模为256G,相比一级结构路由表存储器容量节省约99.5%.SWHRC每个路由表项包含若干个目标端口，自适应路由决策模块根据下-级缓冲信用选择-个相对最空闲的端口做为输出；而确定性路由则根据条目内容顺序选择第一个可用的端口，结合拓扑特性，在部分链路故障时在修改路由表之前仍可以保证消息正确传输.SWHRC路由器支持点到点路由的同时，每个端口都有独立的32条多播路由表，支持1到个个端口的多播路由.⑷维护管理在维护管理方面，SWHRC芯片同时实现了带外低速通路和带内高速通路的访问寄存器接口，带外管理通路基于标准JTAG协议；带内管理通路复用高速链路，实现自定义高速管理协议.管理部件能同时处理带外和带内寄存器访问.每个端口都有大量可配置寄存器和状态寄存器,包括高速链路配置和核心交换部件的配置、端口各虚通道接收/发送的包o数量、缓冲占用、链路繁忙程度等.针对阵列式交换架构该们提出了-种片上两级并行管理架构该((Router ControO and Mana架system)可同时作用五个RD(Row Manage unit),每个RD可同时管理一行上的八个管理代理MA(Hanager Agent),实现一条管理命令同时作用于多个端口，极大地加快路由芯片的初始化速度与性能管理.2.3高性能网络接口芯片神威高性能网络接口芯片⑴下简称SWHND Sunway High-performance NetworC Interface chip)是负责处理器间高速通信的核心器件，采用硬件方式实现了网络传输层功能，通过提供丰富的消息类型、灵活鲁棒的消息调度机制为处理器提供了高带宽、低延迟的数据传输能力.SWHDI芯片提供了两个PCT接口和两个网络端口.SCU接口支持PCD3.1标准，每个PCU接口包含年个通道，每个通道链路速率8Gbpe.每个网络端口包含4个通道,每个通道链路速率28Gbpe.SWHNI芯片最大数据吞吐率为4个Gbps.DESDP结构SWHNI芯片设计了一种双引擎共享双端口的1期高剑刚等：神威ER原型机互连网络和消息机制227结构⑴下简称DESDP：Double Engine Share Double Por数如图6所示，SWHNI主要包括两个消息引擎和两个网络端口.消息引擎是消息机制的核心部件，负责消息的发送、接收，由SU(Send Unit)AG (Receive Unit)、PIU(PCU InterAcs Unit)组成. NPU(NetwoW Port Unit)部件实现网络的物理层和链路层功能.两个消息引擎通过内部交叉开关可以共享两个网络端口.DESDC架构使SWHNA具备以下三个优势：(1)实现swhna高效支持两种节点连网模式.如图个a)所示，SWH N支持一个处理器通过2个PCU接口和一片SWHNI相连，通过构建双轨图4SWH1连接模式6⑴通过共享网络端口模式提高了数据吞吐率和通信可靠性.对于两个网络端口的管理，SWHNI 芯片实现了-种基于细粒度包级动态网络端口选择机制，每个数据包可以根据当时端口的链路好坏、忙闲情况动态地选择最终的上网端口，这种选择策略是基于神威互连网络实现的一种高效乱序的消息机制，在提升网络端口利用率的同时提高了通信可靠性.乱序消息引擎SWHNI消息引擎是消息处理的核心部件世要由发送部件SU、接收部件RURCU接口部件PIU 组成,具有如下技术特色：⑴支持多处理器多播程SWHNI消息引擎支持多处理器多进程资源共享，最多支持年8个虚拟接模每个虚拟接口以队列方式提供软件使用.各队列由软硬件协同管理，允许多多程独立或共享使用.发送队列作为消息发起的接口，支持多进程并行投递消息描述符，各队列采用均匀轮转方式仲裁，仲裁上的消息由消息引擎轮转调度执行，消息引擎根据消息长度和快速标记按优先级调度消息的执行.同一时刻一个引擎最多飞行的消息数为256个.多队列并行消息机制实现了多进程共享硬件资源，同时也有利于控制网络拥塞.⑴支持旁路操作系统零拷贝SWHNI芯片通过地址映射的方式，支持软件直接通过用户层访问使用.SWHNI芯片实现了远程RDMA功能，消息空间支持物理地址、页式虚地址和段式虚地址访问，其中页式虚地址支持最小4KB、228计算机学报2021年最大8MB等多种页粒度.SWHNI内置所中条目的TLB,支持页表的预取.SWHAQ芯片实现片上地址代换和DMA(Direct Memory Access)功能，消息数据的读写不需要处理器干预,允许用户直接访问消息空间数据，实现了旁路操作系统零拷贝数据传输.通)支持消息双轨网络乱序执行SWHAQ芯片集成两个网络端口，实现消息引擎的双轨网络连接，消息引擎通过交叉开关与网络端口连接，共享两个网络端分消息引擎采用乱序提交的消息执行策略，即处理相同和不同发送队列的消息时，可以不控制消息间的执行顺序，尽可能地发挥硬件性能，实现消息间的快速调度；采用数据流驱动机制，实现基于乱序的数据流水传输.消息包支持两种上网方式：指定上网端口和自适应上网端口，第一种方式允许用户在描述符中指定消息包的上网端口号，所有消息包从指定端口上网；第二种方式由硬件自动根据端口忙闲情况，动态分配空闲的端口上网，并且支持同一消息的不同消息包从不同端口上网，以达到双轨网络的流量均衡和通信带宽的最大化.通)支持软件定义的硬件集合通信SWH NIN息引擎实现了硬件集合通信机制，采用软件定义逻辑树与硬件链表融合的模式，实现了高效灵活的同步(Darrier)、多播(Beast)、归约(Deduce)等集合消息，其中归约操作的数据类型支持单/双精度浮点数,32bit/64Pit定点数，计算类型包括累加、求最大/小值、按位与/或/异或等.软件将集合通信拓扑结构定义写入到集合描述符中，硬件按照描述符中定义完成具体操作.归约计算中对顺序有要求的浮点累加操作可以通过定义特殊树结构来控制数据计算过程.所有集合消息执行流程统一为归集和广播两个过程，具体分为归集请求发送、逐层数据计算(归约操作)和广播结果处理.其中归集过程由SWHAQ芯片通过定制的可靠消息完成，保证归集通信可靠；计算过程在SWHNI上完全由硬件实现；广播则由根节点SWHAI芯片在完成全部叶子操作后自动发起，由SWHNC芯片按照预先配置的多播链完成数据复制和传输.多播链由软件根据作业管理策略配置，支持粗粒度模式匹配.即使目标节点接收到不属于自身的多播也会被目标方SWHNI根据进程信息丢弃.该集合通信机制突破网络拓扑结构限制，增强了在不同网络拓扑下的适应性，并在简化硬件设计和软件使用模式的同时，解决了受限的集合树硬件资源和巨大的软件需求间的矛盾，消除了动态修改链表开销，大幅提高了集合通信的处理能力、可扩展性和实用性.通)支持快速作业退出SWHAQ芯片的消息引擎实现了高效的用户作业退出机制，作业退出时，用户只需要注销作业相关的片上资源即可.资源注销后片上残留消息和网上残留包由消息引擎自动处理，不需要用户干预.残留消息的处理不影响其它用户作业和后续提交作业的正常运行，系统保证主存和片上空间数据不被污染.该机制可实现残留消息的快速清理和片上资源的快速注销回收.神威消息原语swhaq芯片通过消息原语的方式实现高效的数据通信.消息原语主要包括点到点消息、集合通信和快速短消息FSA(Fast Shoet Aessage)三大类型.通)点对点消息实现了RD A A(Remote Direct Aemory Access)、异步队列、管理等多种点对点通信类型，满足不同条件下、不同通信模式的需求.RDAA通信操作.与很多主流网络4类似，SWHNI芯片硬件实现了RDAA,包括RDAAW (Remote Direct Memory Accesc Write)和RDAAW (Remote Direct Memory Accesc Read).RDAAW 将本地存储空间的数据写入到远程节点的存储空间.rdaaa将远程存储空间的数据读到本地存储空间，采用把RDAAR在目标方转化成R2W(Read message to Writs message)的实现策略.神威网络支持两种类型的RDAAW，—种是通过消息事件通知数据传输完成，另一种是通过对远程回答字原子加1来通知数据传输完成，如图0所示，这种单边put:调用m_msg_put()显式参与)进劭单^et：调用m jtnsg_get()图7使用远程回答字的单边PS和单边get消息1期高剑刚等：神威E级原型机互连网络和消息机制229消息特别适合上层语言实现精简的单边消息机制，与前一种方式相比，消息被动方判断消息是否完成，只需要读一下回答字的内容是否更新，开销更小，使用也非常方便，这是神威消息协议的一个特色.异步队列消息，消息数据直接写入指定的接收队列环，不需要源方指定目标地址，异步队列消息支持可靠和不可靠两种类型，以适应不同的应用场景.管理消息支持源路由和目标路由两种方式，源路由管理消息用于拓扑探查、网络的初始化和更新路由表，目标路由管理消息可用于性能管理等.设计了两级管理命令映射配置机制，为软件提供可配置的管理命令机制，方便灵活定制网络管理命令.其)集合消息集合消息(Collective Communication):包含同步、多播、归约等消息类型该合消息的流程为，请求发送、逐层计算(归约操作)和结果处理该合消息由软件构建集合树结构并投递集合描述符，其余过程由消息引擎独立完成，软件干预程度低，相比点对点消息实现的集合操作延时更低.(3)FSW消息快速短消息FSW：消息的描述符和数据通过PI0直接写到片上储存体，消息引擎收到门铃后直接从片上读取消息描述符并解析执行，组包时直接从片上读取消息数据，从而减少了2次跨PC芯的访存开销，极大地降低了消息延迟.FSW消息支持对远程节点主存空间和片上10空间的读、写操作，具有较高的使用灵活性.3消息软件神威E级原型机网络软件由SWHNI驱动、神威消息库及网络管理软件组成，如图8所示.SWHNI 驱动位于内核层，负责初始化链配、管理网络接口芯片中的各类通信资源，并提供虚拟化、兼容TCP/IP 支持等.神威消息库位于驱动层之上，为MPI等上层用户提供高带宽、低延迟的消息通信编程接口.网络管理软件位于最高层，用于实现网络系统的初始化与配置、网络事件处理、网络故障诊断等功能.本节重点介绍消息软件的核心部分消息库和虚拟化支撑.用户访问接口模块|核心层消薛网络管理MPI TCP/IP应用用户层消息库Sockets用户层’内核层TCP/IP栈IPoSW驱动消息芯片驱动及虚拟化支持I互连网络软件O Linux栈O应用软件图8神威网络软件组成3.1神威消息库神威消息库基于神威消息原语开发具要负责向上层并行语言、文件系统等提供通信编程接口，包括为上层应用提供资源分配及管理接口、消息收发接口，为其提供高效可靠的数据传输能力，提供透明的容错机制,处理各类异常.我们自主定义了SWverPs 编程接口，包括设备操作API、内存句柄注册ACP 队列操作ACI、工作请求API、完成及事件通知ACI 等类别，共30余个API.SWverPs在支持一些常见功能的同时，充分体现了对神威网络提供的双轨机制、RDMA.FSW消息等新机制的支持具要功能和技术特色如下：其)支持异步队列消息、RDMA Write、RDM A Re的等传统的消息类型，提供对发送队列SQCend Queue)、接收队列RQ(Receive Queue)、完成队列Cp(Completr Queue)等通信资源的管理，支持为用户空间内存注册句柄，提供发送及接收请求的异步查询方式以支持计算与通信并行，支持完成事件通知等.其)支持硬件广播、归约等集合操作类型，相比软件方式实现的广播完约操作，有了明显的性能提升.其)针对高性能计算领域的典型通信模式，提出了多种新消息类型，包括带回答字的RDMAW消息、带通知的QMA消息、FSM快速短消息.传统的RDMAA消息是单边消息，发送方发起RDMAA操作后，不需要消息接收方的参与，消息完成后接收方不会收到任何通知.因此发送方在发起RDMAW 后，需要再发送一个异步队列消息到被动方，以通知RDMAW消息的完成，这会产生不小的性能开销,对延迟敏感型应用会产生较大影响.神威消息库对此进行了改进，提供了2种新的RDMA通信操作：。

Industry-Leading Performance and Control at the Network CoreEnterasys Networks’ award-winning X-Pedition family represents a new generation of switch routing solutions engineered to support today’s rapidly expanding enterprises. Built particularly for the backbone, the 16-slot X-Pedition 8600 switch router combines wire-speed performance at gigabit rates, pinpoint control of application flows, and superior routing capacity to ensure high availability of internal and external networks including business-critical web content, ERP applications, voice/video/data, e-commerce and more. The high-capacity X-Pedition 8600 delivers full-function, wire-speed IP/IPX routing—both unicast (IP:RIP ,OSPF , BGP , IPX:RIP) and multicast (IGMP , DVMRP , PIM-DM, PIM-SM). Powered by a non-blocking 32 Gigabit per second switching fabric, the X-Pedition 8600’s throughput exceeds 30 million packets per second and can be configured with up to 240 10/100 ports or 60 Gigabit Ethernet ports.Enterprise backbone requirements are met through massive table capacity and redundancy. The X-Pedition is also the industry’s first Gigabit switching router with WAN capabilities. The WAN interfaces extend the benefits of the X-Pedition to remote locations, providing network administrators application-level control from the desktop to the WAN edge, all at wire speed.The unique X-Pedition architecture enables you to route or switch packets based on the information in Layer 4 or on the traditional source-destination information in Layer 3. This application-level control allows the X-Pedition to guarantee security and end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) while maintaining wire-speed throughput. QoS policies may encompass all the applications in the network, groups of users, or relate specifically to a single host-to-host application flow.•High-capacity, multilayer switch router for enterprise backbones—Full-function IP/IPX routing for unicast and multicast traffic—32 Gbps non-blocking switching fabric; 30 Mpps routing throughput —Up to 60 Gigabit Ethernet ports; up to 240 10/100 ports—Built-in support for 10 Gig, optical networks and emerging technologies •Full application support from the desktop to the WAN—Wire-speed Layer 4 application flow switching—Maintains wire-speed performance with all other features enabled —Supports HSSI, FDDI, ATM and serial WAN interfaces —Ready now for multicast voice and video applications•Pinpoint control to prioritize applications, improve e-business operation—Wire-speed, application-level QoS for end-to-end reliability —Application load balancing and content verification—Supports DiffServ, Weighted Fair Queuing and Rate Limiting (CAR)•Superior fault tolerance to ensure 24x7 network availability—Redundant power supplies and CPUs to protect from failures —Load sharing to enhance performance through redundant links•Advanced security features for greater peace of mind—Secure Harbour™ framework protects against internal and external abuse —Wire-speed Layer 2/3/4 security filters•Standards-based, intuitive management for fast, easy troubleshooting—Full support for RMON and RMON 2—Comprehensive SNMP-based management via NetSight™ AtlasThe X-Pedition 8600 is easily configured and managed through NetSight Atlas network management software,which includes plug-in applications for ACL, inventory and policy management. The X-Pedition Switch Router is fully standards-based and completely interoperable with existing networking equipment.Guaranteeing Quality of ServiceWith global enterprise more dependent than ever on the applications that support their business—from e-commerce and SAP to emerging multicast video applications—quality of service (QoS) becomes a top priority.QoS refers to a set of mechanisms for guaranteeing levels of bandwidth, maximum latency limits, and controlled interpacket timing. Enterasys’ X-Pedition 8600 delivers true standards-based QoS by integrating wire-speed Layer 4 switching with policy-based traffic classification and prioritization. Because Enterasys’ custom ASICs can read deeper into the packet, all the way to Layer 4, traffic can be identified, classified, and prioritized at the application level.Unmatched Performance with Wire-Speed Routing and SwitchingThe X-Pedition 8600 minimizes network congestion by routing more than 30 million packets per second (pps). The 32 Gbps switching fabric in the X-Pedition delivers full-function unicast and multicast wire-speed IP/IPX routing at gigabit speeds on all ports.The X-Pedition 8600’s custom ASICs switch or route traffic at wire speed based on Layer 2, Layer 3 and Layer 4 information. These ASICs also store QoS policies and security filters, providing wire-speed performance even when QoS and security filters are enabled. As a result, network managers no longer need to make compromises when it comes to performance and functionality; the X-Pedition delivers both.Application-Level QoS and Access Control—at Wire SpeedBased on Layer 2, Layer 3 and Layer 4 information, the X-Pedition allows network managers to identify traffic and set QoS policies, without compromising wire-speed performance.The X-Pedition can guarantee bandwidth on an application-by-application basis, thereby accommodating high-priority traffic even during peak periods of usage. QoS policies can be broad enough to encompass all the applications in the network, or relate specifically to a single host-to-host application flow.Unlike conventional routers, the X-Pedition’s performance does not degrade when security filters are imple-mented. Wire-speed security, obtained through 20,000 filters, enables network managers to benefit from both performance and security. Filters can be set based on Layer 2, Layer 3 or Layer 4 information, enabling network managers to control access based not only on IP addresses, but also on host-to-host application flows.Wire-Speed Multicast to Support Convergence ApplicationsThe X-Pedition’s switching fabric is capable of replicating packets in hardware, eliminating performance bottlenecks caused by conventional software-based routers. By providing the necessary infrastructure, the X-Pedition turns the network into an efficient multicast medium, supporting Protocol Independent Multicasting-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), DVMRP and per-port IGMP .Industry-Leading CapacityLarge networks require large table capacities for storing routes, application flows, QoS rules, VLAN information and security filters. The X-Pedition 8600 provides table capacities that are an order of magnitude greater than most other solutions available today, supporting up to 250,000 routes, 4,000,000 application flows and 800,000 Layer 2 MAC addresses.How the X-Pedition Supports QoS•Wire-Speed Routing on Every Port —Removesrouting as the bottleneck and avoids “switch when you can, route when you must”schemes which are often complicated and proprietary •Massive Non-Blocking Backplane —Prevents overloaded output wires from clogging the switching hardware and isolates points of network congestion so that other traffic flows are unaffected•Large Buffering Capacity —Avoids packet loss during transient bursts that exceed output wire capacity •T raffic Classification and Prioritization —Enables policy-based QoS which guarantees throughput and minimizes latency forimportant traffic during times of congestion•Layer 4 Flow Switching —Provides application-level manageability, enabling the implementation of trueend-to-end QoS (e.g., RSVP)•Intuitive QoS Management Interface —Allows powerful QoS policies to beimplemented and maintained quickly and easily•Detailed NetworkInstrumentation —Facilitates network baselining and troubleshooting, delivering insight into the behavior of network trafficFull-function wire-speed IP/IPX routing enables the X-Pedition to scale seamlessly as the network evolves.The chassis-based X-Pedition can be configured with up to 240 10/100 ports or up to 60 Gigabit Ethernet ports. More than 4,000 VLANs, 20,000 security filters and large per-port buffers provide the capacity to handle peak traffic across even the largest enterprise backbones.Comprehensive Management for Easy Deployment, Changes and T roubleshootingVLAN Management —The X-Pedition can be configured to support VLANs based on ports and work managers can use Layer 2 VLANs with 802.1p prioritization and 802.1Q tagging, and can configure VLANs guided wizards within NetSight Atlas management software.Extensive Performance Monitoring —The X-Pedition paves the way for proactive planning of bandwidth growth and efficient network troubleshooting by providing RMON and RMON2 capabilities per port. Easy-to-Use, Java-Based Management —The X-Pedition’s rich functionality is made easy to use through NetSight Atlas, a command console that provides extensive configuration and monitoring of the X-Pedition as well as your entire Enterasys network. NetSight Atlas allows network managers to use any Java-enabled client station across the enterprise to remotely manage the X-Pedition 8600. NetSight Atlas can run on Solaris and Windows NT/2000/XP environments.Why the X-Pedition is a Better Backbone Router•Best-Selling Modular Layer 3Switch Router•Wire-Speed Performance with All Features Enabled •First to Support WAN Interfaces•Part of an Integrated End-to-End Solution•Pinpoint Application Control from the Desktop to the WAN •Multilayer Security Filters Don’t Sacrifice Performance •Award-Winning, Time-T ested Solution•Highly Manageable, Easily ConfigurableX-Pedition, NetSight and Secure Harbour are trademarks of Enterasys Networks. All other products or services mentioned are identified by the trademarks or servicemarks of their respective companies or organizations. NOTE: Enterasys Networks reserves the right to change specifications without notice. Please contact your representative to confirm current specifications.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSPerformanceWire-speed IP/IPX unicast and multicast routing32 Gbps non-blocking switching fabric30 Million packets per second routing and Layer 4 switchingthroughputCapacity240 Ethernet/Fast Ethernet ports (10/100Base-TX or100Base-FX)60 Gigabit Ethernet ports (1000Base-LX or 1000Base-FX)Up to 25,000 routesUp to 4,000,000 Layer 4 application flowsUp to 800,000 Layer 2 MAC addressesUp to 250,000 Layer 3 routesUp to 20,000 security/access control filters3 MB buffering per Gigabit port1 MB buffering per 10/100 port4,096 VLANsPower System120VAC, 6A MaxRedundant CPU and power supplyHot-swappable media modulesPHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONSDimensions48.9 cm (19.25”) x 43.82 cm (17.25”) x 31.12 cm (12.25”)Weight61.75 lb. (28.0 kg)ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONSOperating T emperature0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F)Relative Humidity5% to 95% noncondensingPROTOCOLS AND STANDARDSIP RoutingRIPv1/v2, OSPF, BGP-4IPX RoutingRIP, SAPMulticast SupportIGMP, DVMRP, PIM-DM, PIM-SMQoSApplication level, RSVPIEEE 802.1pIEEE 802.1QIEEE 802.1d Spanning T reeIEEE 802.3IEEE 802.3uIEEE 802.3xIEEE 802.3zRFC 1213 - MIB-2RFC 1493 - Bridge MIBRFC 1573 - Interfaces MIBRFC 1643 - Ethernet like interface MIBRFC 1163 - A Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)RFC 1267 - BGP-3RFC 1771 - BGP-4RFC 1657 - BGP-4 MIBRFC 1058 - RIP v1RFC 1723 - RIP v2 Carrying Additional InformationRFC 1724 - RIP v2 MIBRFC 1757 - RMONRFC 1583 - OSPF Version 2RFC 1253 - OSPF v2 MIBRFC 2096 - IP Forwarding MIBRFC 1812 - Router RequirementsRFC 1519 - CIDRRFC 1157 - SNMPRFC 2021 - RMON2RFC 2068 - HTTPRFC 1717 - The PPP Multilink ProtocolRFC 1661 - PPP (Point to Point Protocol)RFC 1634 - IPXWANRFC 1662 - PPP in HDLC FramingRFC 1490 - Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame RelayORDERING INFORMATIONSSR-16X-Pedition 8600 switch router 16-slot base system includingchassis, backplane, modular fan, and a single switch fabricmodule (SSR-SF-16). Requires new CM2 Control ModuleSSR-PS-16Power Supply for the X-Pedition switch router 8600SSR-PS-16-DCDC Power Supply Module for the X-Pedition 8600SSR-SF-16Switch fabric module for the X-Pedition 8600. One moduleships with the base system (SSR-16). Order only if second isrequired for redundancy.SSR-PCMCIAX-Pedition 8600 and 8000 8MB PCMCIA card (ships with SSR-RS-ENT, second required for redundant CM configuration)SSR-CM2-64X-Pedition switch router Control Module with 64 MB memorySSR-CM3-128X-Pedition switch router Control Module with 128 MB memorySSR-CM4-256X-Pedition switch router Control Module with 256 MB memorySSR-MEM-128New CM2 memory upgrade kit (For CM2 series only)SSR-RS-ENTX-Pedition Switch Router Services for L2, L3, L4 Switchingand IP (Ripv2, OSPF) IPX (RIP/SAP) Routing. One requiredwith every chassis, shipped on PC card.© 2002 Enterasys Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Lit. #9012476-111/02。

摘要摘要随着新型智能终端的兴起和交通系统高速化、密集化的发展，新一代的移动通信系统不仅要支持高速率数据传输，更要支持高移动性，这给容量受限的新一代无线通信系统设计带来了新的挑战。

为了满足高速移动下的高速率数据可靠传输的需求，新一代通信系统如LTE 系统采用单载波频分复用多址（SC-FDMA ）和正交频分复用多址（OFDMA ）技术，在提升频谱利用率和网络吞吐量，有效降低信息传输过程中的符号间干扰，抵抗无线环境带来的多径时延和多普勒频移等方面较之前技术有了明显提升。

但是，在高速移动环境下，大的多普勒频移使无线信道快速变化呈现出时间选择性衰落特性，导致系统子载波之间的正交性遭到破坏，引入载波间干扰，大幅增加了相关接收机信道估计技术的设计难度。

本文对高速移动环境下SC-FDMA/OFDMA 系统的快时变信道估计问题进行了深入的分析和研究，具体研究成果如下：1. 围绕SC-FDMA 系统的快时变信道估计技术，针对常规插值算法估计精度低，而基于BEM 的信道估计算法估计精度高但计算复杂度也高的问题，提出了两种基于BEM 的低复杂度信道估计算法：1）通过利用信道的时频域特性，简化时域信道矩阵到频域的变换公式，提出一种简化时-频域转换的BEM 信道估计算法；2）通过推导出基系数与频域信道响应的数学关系式，根据该关系式可利用估计出的基系数直接得到频域信道响应，提出一种基系数-频域响应的简化BEM 信道估计算法。

两种算法相比传统BEM 信道估计算法，计算复杂度从()3N ο降到()N ο。

仿真结果表明，在速度为450km/h 的扩展车辆信道模型下，两种算法性能相差无几，同时相比传统BEM 算法在BLER 为10-4时性能损失仅约0.3dB ，而同等条件下，传统插值方法在BLER 为10-1便出现错误平层。

2. 研究OFDM 系统的快时变信道估计技术，考虑到级联一维插值（2⨯1D ）算法在快时变信道中性能恶劣，迭代信道估计算法和基于BEM 的信道估计算法估计精度高同时计算复杂度也高等问题，提出了一种基于简化BEM 的快时变信道估计算法。

5g的发明与应用的英语作文5G, the fifth generation of wireless technology, has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with the world around us. This cutting-edge technology has not only transformed the way we access information but has also paved the way for a more connected and efficient future.The invention of 5G can be traced back to the early 2000s, when researchers and engineers began exploring the potential of higher frequency radio waves to transmit data at faster speeds. The limitations of previous generations of wireless technology, such as 3G and 4G, had become increasingly evident as the demand for high-speed internet, real-time communication, and data-intensive applications continued to grow.One of the key advantages of 5G is its significantly higher data transfer rates, with download speeds that can reach up to 10 Gbps, which is up to 100 times faster than 4G networks. This remarkable speed has enabled a wide range of new applications and services that were previously impossible or impractical. For example, the increased bandwidth and low latency of 5G have made it possible to stream high-quality video in real-time, conduct remote medicalprocedures, and facilitate the development of autonomous vehicles.Another crucial aspect of 5G is its ability to support a much larger number of connected devices simultaneously. This is particularly important in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), where an ever-increasing number of everyday objects, from home appliances to industrial machinery, are connected to the internet. 5G's capacity to handle a vast number of concurrent connections, with minimal interference, has opened up new possibilities for smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, and the integration of various IoT devices.Beyond the technical advancements, 5G has also had a significant impact on various industries and sectors. In the healthcare field, for instance, 5G has enabled the development of remote patient monitoring systems, real-time telemedicine consultations, and the use of advanced medical imaging technologies. This has been particularly crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the need for remote healthcare services has become more pressing than ever.Similarly, the entertainment industry has benefited greatly from the capabilities of 5G. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) experiences, which were previously hampered by bandwidth limitations, can now be delivered with unprecedented quality and responsiveness. This has opened up new avenues for immersivegaming, interactive entertainment, and enhanced content delivery.The impact of 5G extends beyond just entertainment and healthcare; it has also transformed the way we approach manufacturing, logistics, and smart city infrastructure. The low latency and high reliability of5G networks have enabled the deployment of advanced automation and robotics in industrial settings, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and safety. In the realm of smart cities, 5G has facilitated the integration of various systems, such as traffic management, public transportation, and energy grids, allowing for more efficient resource allocation and improved urban planning.However, the widespread adoption of 5G technology has not been without its challenges. Concerns have been raised about the potential health effects of the higher frequency radio waves used in 5G networks, as well as the potential for increased cybersecurity risks due to the interconnectedness of 5G-enabled devices. Governments and regulatory bodies around the world have been working to address these concerns through research, policy development, and the implementation of robust security measures.Despite these challenges, the future of 5G looks promising. As the technology continues to evolve and mature, we can expect to see even more innovative applications and use cases emerge, transforming various aspects of our lives. From remote work andeducation to smart agriculture and disaster response, the potential of 5G to enhance our daily lives is truly remarkable.In conclusion, the invention of 5G has ushered in a new era of connectivity, revolutionizing the way we communicate, access information, and interact with our environment. As we continue to explore the vast potential of this technology, we can look forward to a future where the boundaries between the physical and digital worlds become increasingly blurred, ushering in a new era of unprecedented efficiency, convenience, and innovation.。

5g发展历程英语作文The Evolution of 5G TechnologyThe advent of 5G technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with the digital world. This transformative technology has ushered in a new era of connectivity, speed, and innovation, paving the way for a future where seamless communication and real-time data exchange are the norm. The journey of 5G's development has been a remarkable one, marked by significant advancements and the overcoming of numerous challenges.The origins of 5G can be traced back to the early 2000s when the telecommunications industry recognized the need for a more advanced and efficient wireless network. The existing 4G networks, while groundbreaking at the time, were struggling to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for faster data speeds, lower latency, and more reliable connections. As the world became increasingly reliant on digital technologies, the need for a more robust and versatile network became paramount.The research and development of 5G technology began in earnest inthe late 2000s. Major telecommunications companies and research institutions around the world collaborated to define the technical specifications and standards for this next-generation network. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialized agency of the United Nations, played a crucial role in this process, establishing the framework and guidelines for 5G deployment.One of the key challenges in the early stages of 5G development was the need to increase the available spectrum for wireless communication. The existing spectrum, primarily in the lower frequency bands, was becoming increasingly congested, limiting the potential for higher data rates and broader coverage. To address this issue, the industry turned its attention to the higher frequency bands, known as millimeter waves (mmWave), which offered the potential for significantly greater bandwidth and faster data speeds.The development of 5G technology has been a collaborative effort, involving a diverse range of stakeholders, including network operators, equipment manufacturers, device makers, and government agencies. Each of these players has contributed to the advancement of 5G, bringing their unique expertise and perspectives to the table.As the development of 5G progressed, the industry also had to grapple with the challenge of ensuring seamless interoperabilitybetween different 5G networks and devices. This required the establishment of global standards and protocols, which would enable seamless communication and data exchange across various 5G networks and devices.The rollout of 5G networks has been a gradual and ongoing process, with different countries and regions adopting the technology at varying paces. The initial deployments of 5G networks began in the early 2010s, with countries like South Korea, the United States, and China leading the charge. These early 5G networks offered significant improvements in speed and latency compared to their 4G predecessors, laying the foundation for a new era of digital transformation.As 5G technology has matured, its applications have expanded beyond traditional mobile communication. The low latency and high bandwidth of 5G have enabled the development of innovative use cases in areas such as industrial automation, remote healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. These applications have the potential to revolutionize various industries and transform the way we live and work.The future of 5G technology is promising and exciting. As research and development continue, we can expect to see further advancements in areas such as network slicing, edge computing, andthe integration of 5G with emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. These advancements will enable even more powerful and versatile applications, unlocking new opportunities for businesses and individuals alike.The evolution of 5G technology has been a remarkable journey, marked by collaboration, innovation, and the relentless pursuit of faster, more reliable, and more efficient communication. As we move forward, the continued development and deployment of 5G will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the digital landscape of the future, ushering in a new era of connectivity and transforming the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us.。

*U.S. Patent 7,310,815–A method and apparatus for data stream analysis and blocking.NE T WORK SECURIT YOrganizations of all sizes depend on their networks to access internal and external mission-criticalapplications. As advances in networking continue to provide tremendous benefi t to organizations, they are increasingly challenged by sophisticated and fi nancially-motivated attacks designed to disrupt communication, degrade performance and compromise data. Malicious attacks penetrate outdated stateful packet inspection fi rewalls by exploiting higher network levels. Point products add layers of security, but are costly, diffi cult to manage, limited in controlling network misuse and ineff ective against the latest multipronged attacks. The SonicWALL® Network Security Appliance (NSA) Series revolutionizes network security, utilizing a breakthrough multi-core design and patented Reassembly-Free Deep Packet Inspection™ (RFDPI) technology* off ering complete protection without compromising network performance. This platform was fi rst made available on the SonicWALL E-Class NSA Series, and it is now available for mid-sized organizations.The NSA Series overcomes the limitations of existing security solutions by scanning the entirety of each packet for current internal and external threats in real time. Built on a high-speed multi-core processing platform, the NSA Series enables deep packet inspection without adversely impacting the performance of mission-critical networks and applications.The NSA Series applies next-generation Unifi ed Threat Management (UTM) against a comprehensive array of attacks, combining intrusion prevention, anti-virus and anti-spyware with the application-level control of SonicWALL Application Firewall. Withadvanced routing, stateful high-availability and high-speed VPN technology, the NSA Series adds security, reliability, functionality and productivity to branch offi ces, central sites and distributed mid-enterprise networks, while minimizing cost and complexity.Comprised of the SonicWALL NSA 240, 2400, NSA 3500, NSA 4500 and NSA 5000, the NSA Series off ers a scalable range of solutions designed to meet the network security needs of any organization.The SonicWALL Network Security Appliance SeriesFeatures and BenefitsSonicWALL’s next generation security incorporates a new level of UTM that integrates intrusion prevention, gateway anti-virus and anti-spyware and features the Application Firewall suite of confi gurable tools to prevent data leakage and off er granular application control.Scalable multi-core hardware and reassembly-free deep packet inspection scans and eliminates threats of unlimited fi le sizes, and provides virtually unrestricted concurrent connections with uncompromising speed. The NSA 240 Series can be confi gured using primary or secondary modem or 3G wireless interfaces for future-proofed extensibility.Stateful high availability and load balancing features in SonicOS 5.0 Enhanced maximize total network band-width and maintain seamless network uptime, delivering uninterrupted access to mission-critical resources, and ensuring that VPN tunnels and other network traffi c will not be interrupted in the event of a failover.High performance and lowered TCO are achieved by using the processing power of multiple cores inunison to dramatically increase throughput and provide simultaneous inspection capabilities, while lowering power consumption.Advanced routing services and networking features incorporate advanced networking and securitytechnology including 802.1q VLANs, WAN/WAN failover, zone and object-based management, load balancing, advanced NAT modes and more, providing granular confi guration fl exibility and comprehensive protection at the administrator’s discretion.Standards-based Voice over IP (VoIP) capabilitiesprovide the highest levels of security for every element of the VoIP infrastructure, from communications equipment to VoIP-ready devices such as SIP Proxies, H.323 Gatekeepers and Call Servers.Secure distributed wireless LAN services enable the appliance to function as a secure wireless switch and controller that automatically detects and confi gures SonicPoints,™ SonicWALL wireless access points, for secure remote access in distributed network environments. Onboard Quality of Service (QoS) features use industry standard 802.1p and Diff erentiated Services Code Points (DSCP) Class of Service (CoS) designators to provide powerful and fl exible bandwidth management that is vital for VoIP , multimedia content and business-critical applications.■ SonicWALL’s nextgeneration security■ Scalable multi-coreh ardware and reassembly-free deep packet inspection ■ Stateful high availabilityand load balancing features■ High performanceand lowered TCO■ Advanced routing servicesand networking features■ Standards-based Voiceover IP (VoIP)■ Secure distributed wirelessLAN services■Onboard Quality ofService (QoS)Mobile UsersUTM EngineSuppliersInternetEliminated ThreatsClean TrafficInternalNetworkSonicWALL Clean VPN™The Network Security Appliance Series includes innovative SonicWALL Clean VPN™ technology which decontaminates vulnerabilities and malicious code from remote mobile users and branch offices traffic before it enters the corporate network, and without user intervention.Centralized Policy ManagementThe Network Security Appliance Series can be managed using the SonicWALL Global Management System (GMS), which provides flexible, powerful and intuitive tools tocentrally manage configurations, view real-time monitoring metrics and integrate policy and compliance reporting.Unified Threat Management Load Balancing Single processor designs that include multiple protection technologies are severely limited by a single centralized processor. SonicWALL UTM load balancing integrates a high-speed deep packet inspection and traffic classification engine onto multiple security cores inspecting applications, files and content-based traffic in real time without significantly impacting performance or scalability. This enables the scanning and control of threats for networks that carry bandwidth intensive and latency sensitive applications.Best-in-Class Threat ProtectionSonicWALL deep packet inspection protects against network risks such as viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, phishing attacks, emerging threats and Internet misuse. Application Firewall adds highly-configurable controls to prevent data leakage and manage bandwidth at the application level. The SonicWALL Reaseembly-Free Deep Packet Inspection (RFDPI) technology utilizes SonicWALL’s multi-core architecture to scan packets in real-time without stalling traffic in memory.This functionality allows threats to be identified and eliminated over unlimited file sizes and unrestricted concurrent connections, without interruption. The Network Security Appliance Series provides dynamic network protection through continuous, automated security updates, protecting against emerging and evolving threats, without requiring any administrator intervention.123Traffic InTraffic OutMulti-processor Core with Deep Packet InspectionDeep Packet Inspection ArchitectureUTM Load BalancingProcessorProcessorProcessorProcessorProcessorInspection PerformanceEvery SonicWALL Network Security Appliance solution delivers next generation Unified Threat Management protection, utilizing a breakthrough multi-core hardware design and Reassembly-Free Deep Packet Inspection for internal and external network protection without compromising network performance. Each NSA Series product combines high-speed intrusion prevention, file and content inspection, and powerful Application Firewall controls with an extensive array of advanced networking and flexible configuration features. The NSA Series offers an accessible, affordable platform that is easy to deploy and manage in a wide variety of corporate, branch office and distributed network environments.■ The SonicWALL NSA 5000 sits at the top of the line, and is ideal for the most demanding campus and distributed network environments■ The SonicWALL NSA 4500 is ideal for corporate central-site and large distributed environments requiring high throughput capacity and performance■ The SonicWALL NSA 3500 is ideal for corporate, branch office and distributed environments needing significant throughput capacity and performance■ The SonicWALL NSA 2400 is ideal for small-to-midsize corporate and branch offi ce environments concerned about throughput capacity and performance■ The SonicWALL NSA 240 is ideal for small-to-midsize businesses and branch offi ce sites.deliversersContent Filtering Service enforces protection andproductivity policies by employing aninnovative rating architecture, utilizinga dynamic database to block up to 56categories of objectionable Webcontent.ViewPoint Reporting delivers easy-to-use, Web-basedcapabilities that provide administratorswith instant comprehensive insight intonetwork performance and security.Delivered through a series of historicalreports using dashboards and detailedsummaries, ViewPoint helps organizationsof all sizes track Internet usage, fulfi ll regulatory compliancerequirements and monitor the security status of their network.Dynamic Support Services are available 8x5 or 24x7depending on customer needs. Featuresinclude world-class technical support,crucial fi rmware updates and upgrades,access to extensive electronic tools andtimely hardware replacement to helporganizations get the greatest returnon their SonicWALL investment.Reportingand analysisSonicPointWireless LaptopsServer Anti-Virusand Anti-SpywareServers Anti-ThreatProtectionVPN GlobalVPNClientServiceWeb Site andContentUsage ControlEnforced ClientAnti-Virusand Anti-SpywareClient PCs Anti-ThreatProtectionCorporate Headquarters/Branch OfficeInternetFixedTelecommuterBranch OfficeNSA SeriesFinance VLANMarketing VLANCentralizedManagementServersCorporate DesktopCorporate Desktop Corporate DesktopCorporate DesktopVoIPGMS ServerNetwork Security Appliance 5000 Network Security Appliance 4500 Network Security Appliance 3500 Network Security Appliance 2400。

5g英语阅读理解Title: The Future of 5G Technology5G technology, the next generation of wireless connectivity, promises to revolutionize the way we live, work, and communicate. With faster download and upload speeds, lower latency, and the ability to handle more devices simultaneously, 5G has the potential to change the world as we know it.One of the most significant changes 5G will bring is the Internet of Things (IoT). With 5G's high bandwidth and low latency, we can connect billions of devices to the internet, revolutionizing fields like smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and remote healthcare.Smart cities, for instance, will benefit greatly from 5G. Sensors and cameras embedded in streets, buildings, and public transport can collect data in real-time, providing cities with insights to manage resources more efficiently. Autonomous vehicles, with their need for instantaneous decision-making, require a robust and reliablecommunication system. 5G's low latency and high reliability will enable these vehicles to operate safely and efficiently.Remote healthcare is another area that stands to gain from 5G. Imagine a doctor being able to perform a virtual check-up on a patient hundreds of miles away, or a surgeon operating on a patient from halfway around the world. With 5G's low latency and high throughput, these scenarios are becoming a reality.However, with the promise of 5G comes challenges. One of the main concerns is privacy. As more devices are connected to the internet, there's an increased risk of data breaches. Ensuring the security of IoT devices is crucial to maintaining user trust.Another challenge is infrastructure. Deploying 5G requires a vast network of small cells to handle the increased demand for data. This not only requires investment in new infrastructure but also coordination with local governments and communities to ensure deployment is smooth.In conclusion, 5G technology represents a once-in-a-generation opportunity to transform the way we live. Its potential to connect billions of devices, revolutionize smart cities, autonomous vehicles, remote healthcare, and more is remarkable. However, we must also be mindful of the challenges that come with it, such as privacy and infrastructure issues. By addressing these challenges and seizing the opportunities that 5G offers, we can build a better tomorrow.。

5g给人们生活带来的变化英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Coming of 5G: How the Next Generation of Wireless is Transforming Our LivesAs a student living in the modern age of technology, I can't help but be in awe at the incredible advancements we've seen in wireless communication in recent years. The arrival of 5G, or 5th generation cellular network technology, is poised to revolutionize how we interact with the world around us in unprecedented ways.While previous generations like 4G LTE allowed us to browse the internet, stream video, and use data-intensive apps reasonably well, 5G takes mobile connectivity to a whole new level. With blazing fast download speeds, ultra-low latency, and greater bandwidth, 5G networks are a true game-changer.One of the most obvious benefits of 5G for us students is the ability to access online educational resources and streaming lectures with virtually no lag or buffering issues. Imagine being able to take online classes or virtual reality-based courses withzero delay – that's the power of 5G's low latency. It creates a seamless, real-time experience that feels like being there in person.But the impact of 5G goes far beyond just enhanced mobile internet speeds for things like streaming and downloading files. The incredible bandwidth of 5G means it can support millions of connected devices across entire smart cities. This ubiquitous connectivity opens up vast possibilities for technologies that rely on the Internet of Things (IoT).From self-driving cars that can communicate with traffic signals and other vehicles, to smart home appliances that can be remotely controlled and monitored, to industry 4.0 initiatives with networked machinery - the number of potential 5G applications is staggering. As students, we're going to experience first-hand how 5G enables the mass adoption of these incredible connected technologies.In the healthcare realm, 5G could allow for real-time remote surgery where specialists can operate using robotic systems with haptic feedback. Telemedicine and remote patient monitoring will become seamless realities. On school campuses, 5G could power immersive augmented and virtual reality experiences for more engaging lessons.Another profound way 5G will impact our lives is through its low latency enabling new frontiers in cloud computing. With data being able to be transferred to and from the cloud nearly instantaneously, we could see storage and processing happening predominantly in the cloud rather than on local devices. Our smartphones and laptops may eventually just become thin client interfaces to access super-powered cloud computing.Of course, with such powerful technology comes concerns around security, privacy, and potential health impacts of the higher radio frequency emissions. However, experts assert that 5G operates well within safe limits for radio frequency exposure. Additionally, robust encryption and security protocols are being developed to protect 5G networks and connected devices.As for privacy, it's true that 5G will allow wireless carriers to collect more data than ever by tracking our device locations and usage patterns. But many believe the societal benefits of 5G will outweigh these concerns, especially as data privacy regulations become stronger to protect consumers.From my perspective as a student, I'm incredibly excited about the possibilities 5G will unlock in education and how it will shape my future career opportunities. Learning could become highly immersive through technologies like holographiclecturers and virtual reality field trips. And the jobs of the future will undoubtedly leverage 5G-enabled technologies across every industry.Whether it's smart cities with interconnected infrastructure, automated manufacturing, remote robotic systems, or new modes of media and entertainment – the 5G revolution is coming. As students, we find ourselves at the front lines of this technological transformation that will impact how we live, work, and play for decades to come.While change can certainly be daunting, I truly believe the emergence of 5G will be an overwhelmingly positive force. It will open doors to innovative solutions for addressing many of humanity's greatest challenges around education, healthcare, public services, and more. The key will be ensuring 5G develops in a secure and ethical way that prioritizes privacy while still unlocking its incredible potential.The 5G era is dawning, and I for one am ready to embrace the opportunities it will bring. As a generation of digital natives, we students are uniquely positioned to harness the power of this revolutionary technology and shape an exciting future. Let's dive in head first and use 5G to create a better, more connected world.篇2The advent of 5G: A Paradigm Shift in ConnectivityAs a student in the digital age, I can hardly fathom how drastically communications technology has reshaped our world. The latest breakthrough, the rollout of 5G networks, is poised to revolutionize not just how we interact wit篇3The advent of 5G: A Paradigm Shift in ConnectivityAs a student living in the heart of the digital age, I can attest to the profound impact that the introduction of 5G technology has had on our daily lives. This revolutionary leap in wireless communication has ushered in a new era of unprecedented speed, reliability, and connectivity, reshaping the very fabric of how we interact with the world around us.Blazing-Fast Speeds: The Gateway to Instant GratificationOne of the most tangible benefits of 5G is its blistering data transfer rates, which dwarf those of its predecessor, 4G LTE. With theoretical peak speeds reaching an astonishing 20 Gbps, 5G has effectively eliminated the frustration of buffering and lagging, enabling seamless streaming, downloading, and uploading ofeven the most data-intensive content. As a student, this newfound speed has transformed the way I access and consume information, facilitating real-time collaboration, online learning, and instant access to vast repositories of knowledge.Imagine being able to download an entire high-definition movie in a matter of seconds or participate in a virtual classroom without the slightest hint of lag – these once far-fetched scenarios are now a reality, thanks to the incredible bandwidth provided by 5G networks. Gone are the days of impatiently waiting for files to download or videos to buffer, as thenear-instantaneous data transfer rates have effectively erased these frustrations from our collective consciousness.Low Latency: Enabling Real-Time ExperiencesBeyond sheer speed, 5G boasts incredibly low latency, which refers to the time it takes for data to travel between devices and the network. With latency as low as 1 millisecond, 5G has effectively eliminated the delays and lags that plagued previous generations of wireless technology, paving the way for truly real-time experiences.This ultra-low latency has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, from gaming and entertainment to remote healthcare and telemedicine. As an avid gamer, I can attest to thegame-changing impact of 5G's low latency, which has virtually eliminated input lag and enabled seamless, responsive gameplay even in the most demanding titles. The same principle applies to remote surgical procedures, where even the slightest delay could have severe consequences – 5G's near-instantaneous data transmission ensures that surgeons can operate with precision and confidence, potentially saving countless lives.Massive Device Connectivity: The Internet of Things UnleashedOne of the most exciting aspects of 5G is its ability to support a staggering number of connected devices simultaneously. With the potential to accommodate up to 1 million devices per square kilometer, 5G has effectively paved the way for the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT), a network of interconnected devices that can communicate and exchange data without human intervention.Imagine a world where every aspect of our lives is seamlessly integrated and automated, from smart homes that anticipate our needs and preferences to intelligent transportation systems that optimize traffic flow and reduce emissions. This is the promise of the IoT, and 5G is the enabling technology that makes it a reality.As a student, the implications of the IoT extend far beyond convenience – it has the potential to revolutionize education itself. Interactive whiteboards, augmented reality applications, and intelligent tutoring systems are just a few examples of how the IoT, powered by 5G, can enhance the learning experience and cater to diverse learning styles and needs.Enhanced Mobility: Unleashing the Power of Ubiquitous ConnectivityOne of the most significant advantages of 5G is its ability to maintain high-speed connectivity even when on the move. With advanced beamforming techniques and support forhigh-frequency millimeter waves, 5G can provide uninterrupted, high-quality connections in dense urban environments and even at high speeds.This ubiquitous connectivity has opened up a world of possibilities for mobile applications and services. Imagine being able to seamlessly transition from your home network to a public hotspot without experiencing any lag or interruption, or enjoy uncompromised video conferencing and streaming capabilities while commuting or travelling.As a student who often finds themselves on the go, whether it's commuting to campus or participating in field trips and studyabroad programs, the enhanced mobility offered by 5G has been a game-changer. I can now attend virtual lectures, collaborate with classmates, and access educational resources without being tethered to a fixed location, enabling a truly mobile and flexible learning experience.Closing Thoughts: Embracing the 5G RevolutionAs we stand on the precipice of this technological revolution, it is crucial to recognize the profound implications of 5G beyond mere speed and connectivity. This groundbreaking technology has the potential to reshape entire industries, from healthcare and transportation to education and entertainment, unlocking a world of possibilities that were once confined to the realm of science fiction.As students and citizens of the digital age, it is our responsibility to embrace this transformative technology with open arms, while also remaining mindful of its potential challenges and ethical considerations. From addressing concerns about data privacy and security to ensuring equitable access to this powerful technology, we must navigate this uncharted territory with wisdom and foresight.Ultimately, the advent of 5G is a testament to the boundless potential of human ingenuity and our collective drive to push theboundaries of what is possible. As we embark on this exciting journey, let us approach it with a sense of wonder and curiosity, eager to unlock the countless opportunities that lie ahead in this age of unprecedented connectivity.。

R7850 Performance & UseNighthawk® X6 AC3000 Tri-Band WiFi Gigabit Router is powered by high-power amplifiers and antennas to extend your WiFi coverage. Blazing-fast combined WiFi speeds up to 3.0Gbps† and 1GHz dual-core processor for extended range.Smart Connect intelligently selectsthe fastest 2.4 or 5GHz WiFi bandfor each device in your home foroptimal speeds. Stop bufferingand start enjoying ultra-smoothstreaming, online gaming,and more.GAMING | FOR THE WINYou need the best when you’re taking on the online gaming world. The Nighthawk® X6 is the pro gaming choice and the latest in AC3000 speed and performance. Powerful dual-core 1GHz processor and three offload processors provide WiFi speeds up to 3.0Gbps. Nighthawk’s Tri-Band WiFi ends game-lag and multiplies the intensity of immersive, uninterrupted, online gaming while dynamic QoS prioritizes Internet traffic by application & device. STREAMING | ULTIMATE HDNighthawk X6 multiplies the entertainment factor for everyone in your home. Seamless, simultaneous streaming for multiple devices is now a reality thanks to powerful Tri-Band WiFi and featureslike Smart Connect and Beamforming+—it’s the end of buffering, jittery video, and lag as you know it. Dynamic QoS prioritizes your WiFi bandwidth by application, such as Netflix as well as by device for smoother streaming. And to keep your media both safe and instantly accessible, you can use the free ReadySHARE software for automatic, continuous backup of all your home PCs wirelessly, to the USB hard drive connected to the router super-speedUSB 3.0 port.MOBILE | FASTER & FARTHERNighthawk X6's Tri-Band WiFi provides more WiFi for more devices while dynamic QoS bandwidth prioritization optimizes your Internet speed for gaming and streaming. That means more range and reliability for your mobile devices. Nighthawk X6 offers key features to dramatically boost mobile connectivity and performance. High-power amplifiers & 6 high-performance antennas help extend WiFi coverage throughout large homes & even backyards, while Beamforming+ focuses WiFi signals for stronger, more reliable connections.FAST Tri-Band WiFi provides 3 dedicated WiFi bandsFASTESTFASTER WiFi Band 12.4GHz - Up to 450MbpsAll Legacy WiFi DevicesWiFi Band 25GHz - Up to 1.3GbpsDual Band WiFi DevicesWiFi Band 35GHz - Up to 1.3GbpsNewer Dual Band AC WiFi DevicesOptimized speeds for all WiFi devicesTri-Band WiFiThe Nighthawk X6 AC3000 Router with breakthrough Tri-Band WiFi technology delivers a massive combined wireless speed of up to 3.0Gbps. The X6 optimizes WiFi performance by intelligently assigning every device to the fastest WiFi band possible and doing so allows devices to connect at their maximum speed. Even if everyone and everything in the home that’s connected to the Internet is streaming, gaming, working, playing, socializing or updating at the same time, the X6 won’t miss a beat—you’ll enjoy seamless clarity and zero lag.Get super-fast WiFi & enjoy a blazing-fast, lag-free WiFi experience for gaming, video streaming or surfing.SpeedEXTREMELY FAST WIFI—3.0Gbps combined WiFi speed foruninterrupted streamingGIGABIT WIFI—Next-generation WiFi now at Gigabit speeds GIGABIT WIRED—Ideal for HD gaming & videoDUAL-CORE PROCESSOR—Dual-core 1GHz processor boostswireless, wired & WAN-to-LAN performance1GHz Dual Core ProcessorULTIMATE RANGE—WiFi coverage throughout very large homes WiFi RangeHIGH-POWER ANTENNAS—High-power amplifiers with 6external antennasFaster and expanded coverage throughout your home and for all you devices.With NETGEAR, sharing across your network is fun and easy, anything from accessing stored photos & music to wireless printing. And make sure you keep it safe by using ReadyCLOUD USB access application for backing up Windows-based PCs.SharingONE SUPERSPEED USB 3.0 PORT—Up to 10x faster than USB 2.0 READYCLOUD ® USB ACCESS—Enjoy personal & secure cloud access to USB storage anytime, anywhereREADYSHARE PRINTER—Wirelessly access & share a USB printer READYSHARE ® USB ACCESS—Wirelessly access & share USB hard drive & printer via two (2) USB portsREADYSHARE ® VAULT—Free software for automatic PC backup to a USB hard drive connected to the routerStart enjoying your new device faster than ever. NETGEAR wants to make sure installation and management is simple & easy, so you can connect quickly & make sure you stay that way!Ease Of UseNIGHTHAWK APP—Easily set up your router and get more out of yourWiFi. Includes remote access to manage your network away from homeMaintain high security across your network to ensure your privacy & family is safe while online. Whether it’s preventing phishing & spyware or just limiting access for kids & guests, NETGEAR has you covered.SecurityV PN SUPPORT —OpenVPN Connect app on iOS and Android ® allows remote secure access to the home networkSECURE WIFI CONNECTIONS—Standards-based WiFi Security (802.11i, 128-bit AES encryption with PSK)There’s nothing more frustrating than lost connections! With NETGEAR’s advanced features & best-in-class technology, you’ll reduce interference & enjoy more reliable WiFi connectivity.Reliable ConnectionsSIMULTANEOUS TRI-BAND—More & faster WiFi connections for all devicesDYNAMIC QoS—Dynamic QoS automatically recognizes & prioritizesstreaming & gaming applicationsPARENTAL CONTROLS—Circle ® - the smart way for families to manage content and time online, on any deviceGUEST NETWORK—Separate and secure network for your guests AUTOMATIC FIRMWARE UPDATE—Delivers latest security patches to the routerPERSONAL FTP SERVER—Customized free URL to create FTP serverBEAMFORMING+—Boosts speed, reliability, & range of WiFi connections for 2.4 & 5GHz bandsEASY INSTALL—Easy setup for iPad ®, tablets, smartphones & computersFTPDynamic Quality Of ServiceIf you like gaming and streaming videos, then you’ll benefit from Dynamic Quality of Service (QoS). Dynamic QoS resolves Internet traffic congestion when you have competing Internet demands at home. Dynamic QoS identifies your online activities by application and device, and then utilizes bandwidth allocation, and traffic prioritization techniques, to automatically allocate more bandwidth to latency sensitive applications like online gaming and video streaming, while ensuring that lower priority applications continue to work.Nighthawk® AppThe NETGEAR Nighthawk® App makes it easy to set up your router and get more out of your WiFi, with the app, you can install your router in a few steps—just connect your mobile device to the router network and the app will walk you through the rest. Once set up, you can use the intuitive dashboard to pause the Internet on your connected devices, run a quick Internet speed test, setup smart parental controls and much more.• Smart Parental Controls—Easily managecontent & time online with Circle®• Remote Management—Easily monitor yourhome network anytime, anywhere• Internet Speed Test—Check the broadbandspeeds from your service provider• Pause Internet—Pause the Internet toany device• Traffic Meter—Track Internet data usage• Guest Networks—Setup separate WiFi accessfor guests• Quick Setup—Get connected in just minutesReadyCLOUD ® USB Access—Access Your Files Wherever, WheneverAccess and share your files via secure, personal cloud storage with NETGEAR ReadyCLOUD ® USB Access. Once you’ve connected®InternetUSB drive• Set individual filter for each family member that matches their age and interests • Pause Internet by device or by user with a press of a button • Schedule specific `no internet� times with OffTime • Check out where your family spends time online• Reward kids with extended Time Limits, no OffTime, and a late BedTime for the day • Use voice commands to ask Alexa ™ about Time Limits and Usage Learn more /circleKey Features:Six Retractable High-performance AntennasWPSWiFi On/OffGigabit EthernetInternet Power On/OffLED On/Off USB 2.0 portUSB 3.0 portConnection DiagramThis product comes with a limited warranty that is valid only if purchased from a NETGEAR authorized reseller. *90-day complimentary technical support following purchase from authorized reseller.†Maximum wireless signal rate derived from IEEE 802.11 specifications. Actual data throughput and wireless coverage will vary and may be lowered by network and environmental conditions, including network traffic volume and building construction. NETGEAR makes no representations or warranties about this product's compatibility with future standards. 802.11ac 1300 Mbps is approximately 3x faster than 802.11n 450 Mbps. 2.4 GHz Performance Mode requires 256 QAM support on WiFi client. Up to 1300 Mbps wireless speeds achieved when connecting to other 802.11ac 1300 Mbps devices.**Circle ® includes the Free Basic Plan. Fees apply for a Premium Plan. Visit /circle for more information.N ETGEAR, the NETGEAR Logo, Nighthawk, ReadySHARE, and ReadyCLOUD are trademarks of NETGEAR, Inc. Mac, Mac OS, and the Mac logo are trademarks of Apple Inc. Any other trademarks mentioned herein are for reference purposes only. ©2020 NETGEAR, Inc. NETGEAR, Inc. 350 E. Plumeria Drive, San Jose, CA 95134-1911 USA, /support D-R7850-1Package Contents• Nighthawk ® X6 AC3000 Tri-Band WiFi Router (R7850)• Ethernet cable • Quick start guide• Power adapter, localized to country of salePhysical Specifications• Dimensions: 11.63 x 8.92 x 2.14 in (295.5 x 226.8 x 54.5 mm)• Weight: 2.43lbs (1.1kg)Technical Specifications• AC3200†WiFi-Band1:************** - Band 2: 1300Mbps @5GHz - Band 3: 1300Mbps @5GHz• Simultaneous Tri-Band WiFi- T x/Rx 3x3 (2.4GHz) + 3x3 (5GHz) + 3x3 (5GHz) - IEEE ® 802.11 b/g/n 2.4GHz - IEEE ® 802.11 a/n/ac 5GHz• Smart Connect intelligently selects the fastest WiFi for every device• Six (6) high-performance external antennas • High-power amplifiers• Dynamic QoS intelligently prioritizes video streaming & gaming• Implicit & Explicit Beamforming for 2.4 & 5GHz• Powerful dual-core 1GHz processor • Five (5) 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet ports - 1 WAN & 4 LAN• Memory: 128MB flash and 256MB RAM • Two (2) USB ports : 1 USB 3.0 & 1 USB 2.0 port• R eadySHARE® USB to share your USB hard drive & printer• IPv6 Support (Internet Protocol Version 6)• On/Off LED light switchStandards• One (1) USB 3.0 port • IEEE ® 802.11 b/g/n 2.4GHz • IEEE ® 802.11 a/n/ac 5.0GHz• Five (5) 10/100/1000Mbps—(1 WAN & 4 LAN) Gigabit Ethernet portsKey Features• Smart Connect—Same WiFi network name on 2.4 & 5GHz for automatic band selection• ReadySHARE ®USB—Share your USB hard drive and printer• Customized free URL to set up personal FTP server• VPN support—secure remote access. Now also on Mobile devices• Guest network access—separate & secure • Implicit & Explicit Beamforming— More reliable connections • C ircle ®—Smart parental controlsSupport• 90-day complimentary technical support following purchase from a NETGEAR authorized reseller• J oin the NETGEAR Community Forum.Visit System Requirements• Microsoft ® Windows 7, 8, 10, Vista ®, XP ®, 2000, Mac OS ®, UNIX ®, or Linux ®• Microsoft ® Internet Explorer ® 5.0, Firefox ® 2.0, Safari ® 1.4, or Google Chrome ® 11.0 browsers or higherSecurity• Standards-based WiFi Security (802.11i, 128-bit AES encryption with PSK)• Automatic firmware update delivers latest security patches to the router• Double firewall protection (SPI and NAT)• Denial-of-service (DoS) attack prevention • VPN Support—Secure access to your home network away from home• Customized free URL to set up personal FTP serverWarranty• /warranty• Extend your warranty & technical support within 90 days of product purchase [US only]. Visit: /home。