2007年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷及答案

语言学考研真题和答案第一章语言学Fill in the blanks1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _______it is associated with. （人大2007研）meaning 语言有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _______. （北二外2003研）displacement 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _______ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （北二外2006研）primary, secondary 双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则4. The features that define our human languages can be called _______ features. （北二外2006）design人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.According to G Leech, 1meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.According to G Leech, 1meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.According to G. Leech, 1meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the 1theory. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5. 1is the technical name for the sameness relation. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.Terms like "apple", "banana" and "pear" are 1of the term "fruit". (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7."Mary gave a book to Jack" is synonymous with "Jack 1a book from Mary." (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.Terms like "rolling pin" and "ladle" are 1of the term "kitchen implements." (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are 1antonyms. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.Terms like "desk" and "stool" are 1of the term "furniture". (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11. 1= PARANT(x, y)&MALE(x)(北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12. 1= CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x) (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.In their book 1written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a" representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22. (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents; 1 and 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：11，分数：22.00)15.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil", "root" is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假16.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假17.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of "reference". (北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假18.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speaker's meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假19.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假20.Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假21.Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假22."Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower". Therefore they are superordinates of "flower". (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假23.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假24.The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences "Jan lent some money to Jack" and "Jack borrowed some money from Jan" are synonymous. (北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假25.All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)26.When the word "root" means "part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is______meaning. (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）A.connotativeB.conceptualC.reflected27.______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense28.Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech's seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Connotative meaning.B.Denotative meaning.C.Conceptual meaning.29.According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,______is regarded as the crucial intermediary between______and______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.symbol .. . referent ... thoughtB.referent . .. thought.. . symbolC.thought .. . symbol . .. referent30.There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by______respectively. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymyB.synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymyC.antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy31.Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.Vowel and consonantB.Mouth and tongueC.Lexicon and wordD.Number and gender32.By componential analysis, BECOME (x, (~ ALIVE(x))) is an explanation of______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.dieB.deadC.killD.killed33.The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）A.synonymyB.antonymyC.entailment34.Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good and badB.male and femaleC.young and oldD.buy and sell35.Conceptual meaning is not______（分数：2.00）A.affectiveB.cognitiveC.logicD.denotative36.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence(b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that______.（分数：2.00）A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)B.sentence (a) entails sentence (b)C.sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D.sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)37."Socrates is a man" is a case of______.（分数：2.00）A.two-place predicateB.one-place predicateC.two-place argumentD.one-place argument四、简答题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)38.What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 39.What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 40.What is your opinion on "true synonymy is non-existent"? (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 41.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features? (浙江大学2004研)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 42.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：14，分数：28.00)45.Conceptual meaning (四川大学2010研；武汉大学2007研；上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 46.Contextual meaning (浙江大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 47.Concatenation (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 48.Denotation (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 49.Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 50.Lexical relations (上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.Homonymy (上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Relational opposites (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.Synonymy (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ponential analysis (浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Entailment (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.Presupposition(武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Polysemy (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.linguistic variable (北外2011研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)59.Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 60.The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues that "there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms." Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 61.Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using examples from the English language. (北外2003研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 62.Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 63.How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英语专业（语⾔学）历年真题试卷汇编5英语专业（语⾔学）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)⼀、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通⼤学2007研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP drinking in)(NP the air)b.(VP drinking(PP in the air)))解析：(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes(PP on the street)))b.(vp sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes)(pp on the street)))解析：(5).Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(Vp exchanged the money)and(Vp fell around the corner)b.(VP exchanged the money and fell)(PP around the corner))解析：1.What is Halliday"s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In Halliday"s point of view, there are three general functions of language: ideational(which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual. And they are related to the three grammatical systems; transitivity, mood and theme. Specifically, the ideational function is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal function is realized as the mood system in the clause as an exchange, which is divided into the two major parts of Mood and Reside. And Subject is one of the two parts of Mood, the other part being the finite verbal operator. The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause as a message. The two main constituents here are theme and rheme, the former being the point of departure of the message, or the concern of the clause, while the latter is the part in which the theme is developed.)解析：2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence—an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.)解析：3.In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开⼤学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to chomsky"s Generative and Functional Grammar, there is an underlying representation for any sentence. Then the underlying form is transformed into the surface form through some transformational rules. The same underlyilyng form may result in different surface representation by undertaking different operation. Sometimes, the same surface form is likely to be transformed from different deep structure because of various movement. "Stand sb. up" means that sb. fails to show up in a date though he has promised to appear, and let the other wait for him in vain. The underlying form of the above three sentences have the same underlying form, that is " She stood the man up who offered her a diamond". The reason why they finally have the different form is that they have undertaken different operation. Because "up" is an adjunct in the three sentences, it is more convenient to put it since it will not change the property of the sentence. Therefore, finally we get the three kinds of surface forms. Sentence one, "up" is moved upward to the front of the man for the purpose of banlancing the sentence. Sentence two, "up" is moved upwards to the front of the attrubutive clause to the front of the attributive clause in order to achieve coherence. And the last sentence is the underlying form. Consequently, we can say that it is very flexible to position the adjunct in a sentence for various purposes.)解析：4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北⼆外2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotive content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But the term "connotative" is used in daily conversation, refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning. This type of meaning and the following four types, namely, social meaning, affective meaning , reflected meaning and collocative meaning, are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use. The last type, thematic meaning, is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北⼆外2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：A term which is subordinate to another in that its extension is contained in the extension of another, e. g. "lion" or "tiger" is a hyponym of "animal".)解析：6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江⼤学2004研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(a)The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as(+ ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:(- ANIMATE). That"s why such a collocation results in oddness. (b)The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do, therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as(+ HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as(-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.)解析：What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says:（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Where did he buy the beer" should be " He has some beer".)解析：(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交⼤2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Your watch is broken" should be "You have a watch".)解析：Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北⼆外2007研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a entails b)解析：(2).a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：b presupposes a)解析：7.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly. A phoneme is considered a collection of distinctive sound features; a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.)8.Are utterances, sentences, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：No. These three terms are used to describe different levels of language. The most concrete is utterance which is created by speaking(or writing)a piece of language. Sentences, on the other hand, are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterances. For example, an utterance has a tone, or perhaps some accent due to regional or social variation, and phonetic details which identify individual speakers, etc. But at the level of sentence, these kinds of information are ignored. Propositions are the result of a further abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example , the two sentences " Caesar invaded Gaul" and " Gaul was invaded by Caesar" hold the same preposition.)解析：9.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?（厦门⼤学2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another. When you consider the meaning of a word, you need to consider both its denotation and its connotation. The denotation is the primary, literal meaning of a word. The connotation is the suggested or implied meaning of a word. Connotations usually come from experience or associations. Seeing a word used repeatedly in certain contexts gives the word a different color than it gets in the dictionary. There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: (1)in shade of meaning(finish, complete, close, conclude); (2)in stylistic meaning(father, dad); (3)in emotive(or affective)meaning(smart, crafty); (4)in range of use or collocative meaning(accuse, charge);(5)in British and American English usages(autumn, fall). For example, they may differ in style. In the context "Little Tom______a toy bear" , here buy is more appropriate than purchase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.)解析：10.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?（⼈⼤2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a listener(or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.)解析：11.How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?(浙江⼤学2005研)Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system. Mechanic: I"ll be busy with this other car all day.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In the motorist"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed, namely representative and directive, and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirectspeech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system, the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him. Similarly, in the mechanic"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed; one is representative, the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through the performance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.)解析：12.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or " ⾔外之意" in Chinese.（中⼭⼤学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force, on other hand, refers to speaker"s meaning, contextual meaning , or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say "What does he mean by saying that?" In this sense, implica-ture is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or "⾔外之意" in Chinese.)解析：13.Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.（厦门⼤学2006研)(1)A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2)A: Let"s go to the movies. B: I"ll bring the Kleenex.(3)A: Would you drive a Mercedes? B: I wouldn"t drive ANY expensive car.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the exchanges, the maxim of relation has been flouted. As to instance(1), A will assume that if B is cooperative, his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In(2), the answer of B seems irrelevant to A"s utterance. By doing so, A will likely derive the implicature that B has accepted his suggestion , and is going to get prepared. In(3), by violating the maxim of relation, B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes.)解析：。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编4(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)1.In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil" , "root" is used in its conceptual meaning.（北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（这里的“root”是用了它的联想意义中的内涵义，不是概念意义。

)2.After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor. " with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped. " , you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.TrueB.False √解析：解析：（搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义；主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的方式所传达的意义。

显然这里用的是主位意义。

)3.Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。

指称理论指把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来，二者有其相似之处。

)4.When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speaker"s meaning, or contextual meaning.（大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.True √B.False解析：解析：（有时句子的意思要根据说话人想表达的意思而定，这也可称为语境意。

2007年全国高考英语试题四川卷及答案详解2007年全国高考英语试题四川卷及答案详解第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.15.C.￡9.18.答案是B.1. Who is coming for tea?A. JohnB. MarkC. Tracy2. What will the man do next?A. Leave right away.B. Stay for dinner.C. Catch a train.3. What does the man come for?A. A lecture.B. A meeting.C. A party.4. What size does the man want?A. 9.B. 35.C. 39.5. What are the speakers talking about?A. Life in Southeast Asia.B. Weather conditions.C. A holiday tour.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A,B,C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话读两遍。

听第六段材料，回答第6~7题。

6. What is the man doing?A. Giving a speech.B. Chairing a meeting.C. Introducing a person.7. Why does the woman sing so well?A. She has a great teacher.B. She teaches singing.C. She is young.听第七段材料，回答第8~9题。

07年：一、简答和分析。

（共50分。

本大题供语言学及应用语言学、少数民族语言文学专业考生做）1、举例说明现代汉语在词汇方面的主要特点。

（6）2、简要说明现代汉语规范化的标准是什么。

（6）3、举例说明一般名词的语法特点。

（6）4、举例说明造成同音现象的原因是什么。

（6）5、试用替代法分析下列词语中加点的成分是何语言单位。

（5分）（1）啤酒（2）蝴蝶（3）咖啡（4）蜡烛（5）驼毛6、根据下列加点词的语法特点，描写和归纳其性质和功能（7分）（1）小王自己不好，谁也别怪。

（2）我看了半天，自己也没弄懂。

（3）自己的事情自己解决。

（4）大家的事情，大家关心。

（5）咱们怎么跟人家比，人家可是三八红旗手。

（6）文章是写给大家看的，要明白易懂。

（7）大家都急死了，你连信也不来一封。

7，分析下列语言片段的歧义，并说明产生歧义的原因。

（6分）（1）他真正害死了小霞。

（2）美国会通过对华贸易法案。

（3）准备了两年的粮食。

（4）这个人谁都不认识。

（5）这些人多半儿是大学生。

（6）这篇文章你给我看看。

8，分析并归纳下列加点词语的用法。

（8分）（1）一部《二十四史》从何说起。

（2）这个消息很快在团部传开了。

（3）国内的经济形势逐渐好起来了。

（4）总算坚持下来，还要坚持下去。

（5）看上了那位英俊潇洒的运动员。

（6）大家劝你休息，怎么又看上了。

（7）拍下了珍贵的历史照片。

（8）这间房子八个人怎么住得下？二、填空。

（共75分，每小题1分，本题各专业考生都做）01、现代汉语有广狭二义，广义的包括（），狭义的指的是（）。

02、普通话在二十世纪初逐渐代替“官话”这一旧称。

在我国台湾地区称为（），在新加坡和海外华人称为（），指的其实是普通话。

03、“我早来了”与“我来早了”两句话的谓语部分结构不一样，导致两句话的含义也不相同：前句是（），后句则（）。

04、语音是代表（）的声音。

语音的性质可以从其物理性质、生理性质、社会性质三个方面去考察，其中语音的社会性质是其（）。

2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案一、选择题1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the English language? A. Phoneme. B. Morpheme. C. Lexeme. D. Grammar. 答案：D. Grammar.2、Which of the following best defines “semantics”? A. The study of meaning in language. B. The study of language and its relationship to culture. C. The study of the structure of language. D. The study of the relationship between language and behavior. 答案：A. The study of meaning in language.3、Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A morpheme can be a free form. B. A morpheme can be a bound form. C. A free form cannot be a morpheme. D. A bound form cannot be a morpheme. 答案：C. A free form cannot be a morpheme.4、The word “fig” is related to which of the following words?A. Figtree.B. Figure.C. Figment.D. Figures. 答案：B. Figure.5、“Bird” is to “nest” as “flower” is to which of the following?A. garden.B. petal.C. bloom.D. rose. 答案：A. garden.二、判断题1、A syllable in English contains both a consonant and a vowel sound. 答案：正确。

2007-2008学年第一学期04英语（专升本）语言学概论A卷Part I Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×20=40%)1.______refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.A. ParoleB. LangueC. Competence D Performance2.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”well illustrates language is____.A. arbitraryB. vocalC. creative D communicative3. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a ________study.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic4. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ____.A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of air streamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips5._______phonetics studies how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.A.AriculatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD. Oral6. The________view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form andwhat it refers to.（）A. naming theoryB.conceptualistC. contextualismD. behaviorism7. The word “ smog” is formed through.( ).A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8.The affix “ed” in the word “stopped” is known as a(n)________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. freeC. inflectionalD. open9．A(n)____act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention, it is the act performed in saying something.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech10. Which word can be analyzed as +HUMAN+ADULT-MALE （）A．boy B．girl C．man D．woman11. The pair of words "buy" and "sell" are_______antonymy.（）.A. gradableB. converseC. relationalD. complementary12. There are morphemes in the word “telecommunication”.（）A.2B.3C. 4D.513. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is . （）A. polysemyB.hyponymyC. homonymyD. synonymy14. is defined as the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules bywhich words are formed. （）A. PhoneticsB. MorphologyC. SyntaxD. Semantics15 .“Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Bri tain in and America, but refer to thesame thing. The words are synonyms. ( )A. collocationalB. stylisticC. completeD. dialectal16. is the study of the relationship between brain and language. ( )A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. Semantics17. is the discussion about the relationship between language and culture.A. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisB.Critical Period HypothesisC.BilingualismD.Behaviorism18. X: John’s bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike.What’s the relations between the two sentences.A. X entailsY.B. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous withYD. X is inconsistent withY19. _____as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible suggestfailure in performance.A.ErrorsB. MistakesC. TransferD. Interference20. The____ view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay betweenthe human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.A. behavioristB. innatistC. interactionistD. cognitivePart II. Define the following terms(3%×5=15%points)1. language2. pragmatics3.culture4.second language acquisition5. syntaxPart III. Linguistic theory and linguist. (1%×8=8%)1. competence and performance ( ) A. G. Leech2. semantic triangle ( ) B. Krashen3. contextualism ( ) C. Ogden and Richard4. Course in General Linguistics ( ) D. J.R. Firth5. predication analysis ( ) E. John Austin6. speech act theory ( ) F. S. P. Carder and Larry. Selinker7. Input Hypothesis ( ) G.. Saussure8. interlanguage ( ) H.ChomskyPart IV Answer the following questios. (5%×3=15%)1.What are the main features of human language that is different from animal communicationsystem?2. What is phonetics? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. What is a register? Please use Halliday’s register theory to analyze:A lecture on biology in a technical college.2007-2008学年第一学期04英语（专升本）语言学概论A卷答题纸Part I Best choice.(2%×20=40%)Part II Define the following terms(3%×5=15%)1. language2. pragmatics3.culture4.second language acquisition5. syntaxPart III Linguistic theory and linguist. (1%×8=8%)Part IV. Answer the following questios. (5%×3=15% )1. What are the main features of human language that is differentfrom animal communication system?2. What is phonetics? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. What is a register? Please use Halliday’s register theory to analyze:A lecture on biology in a technical college.Part IV. Theory and practice. (22%)1.Think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts.(4%)(1)Oh, it is raining.(2) Today is Sunday.2. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims give rise to conversational implicature?(10%)3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements.(3%+5%)(1). The boy will find the the book. (2). What did you eat for lunch?04英语(专升本)语言学概论参考答案Part I Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×20=40%)1-5 BACBA 6-10 BBCBD 11-15 CBBBD 16-20 CABBCPart II Define the following terms (3%×5=15%)nguage can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.2.Pragmatics is the study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successfulcommunication.3.Culture means the total way of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs,objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.4.Second llanguage acquisition refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires asecond language subsequent to his native language.5.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Part III. Linguist and linguistic theory. (1%×8=8%)1H 2C 3D 4G 5A 6E 7B 8FPart IV Answer the following questions. (5%×3=15% )1. Arbitrariness. The relationship between the two subsystems of language is arbitrary. There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.Creativity. Language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding brand new messages. he grammar rules and the words are finite, but the sentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.Duality. Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings. Certain sounds or sequences of sounds stand for certain meanings.Displacement There is no limit in time or space for language. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.Cultural transmission. Culture cannot be genetically transmitted. Instead, it must be learned. Language is a way of transmitting culture.2. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonetics and phonology differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature, it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.Field: scientific (biological) Tenor: teacher-students(formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)Part IV. Theory and practice. (22%)1. (4%)(1) （2）根据学生所给出的语境酌情给分, 每小题2分.2. (10%)The four maxims are:1).Quantity--Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange.--Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2）Quality – Try to make your contribution one that is true. Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.3). Relation – Be relevant.4). Manner –Be perspicuous. Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly.These maxims can be violated for various reasons, but only when they “flouted”, to use Grice’s term, does “conversational implicature” occur.Use some specific examples to test it.3. (3%+5%)。

2007年四川大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷及答案一、完形填空0 Choose one of the four answers marked A, B, C, and D to complete the article. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Be sure that the number of the answers is in agreement with the number of the blanks.It is well known that teenage boys tend to do better【C1】______math than girls, that male high school students are more likely than their female counterparts【C2】______advanced math courses like calculus, that virtually all the great mathematicians 【C3】______men. Are women bom with【C4】______mathematical ability? Or does society's sexism slow their progress? In 1980 two Johns Hopkins University researchers tried【C5】______the eternal nature/ nurture debate. Julian Stanley and Camilla Benhow【C6】______10,000 talented seventh-and eighth-graders between 1972 and 1979. Using the Scholastic Aptitude Test in which math questions【C7】______to measure ability rather than knowledge, they discovered【C8】______sex differences. 【C9】______the verbal abilities of the males and females【C10】______differed,【C11】______girls scored over 500(on a scale of 200 to 800) 【C12】______mathematical ability; at the 700 level, the ratio was 14 to 1. The conclusion: males have【C13】______superior mathematical reasoning ability.Benhow and Stanley's findings, 【C14】______are published in Science, disturbed some men and【C15】______women. Now there is【C16】______for those people in a new study from the University of Chicago that suggests math【C17】______not, after all, a natural male domain. Prof. Zalman Usiskin studied 1, 366 tenth-graders. They were selected from【C18】______classes and tested on their ability to solve geometry proofs, a subject requiring【C19】______abstract reasoning and spatial ability. The conclusion 【C20】______by Usiskin: there are no sex differences in math ability.1 【C1】（A）at（B）to（C）of（D）about2 【C2】（A）in tackling （B）tackling （C）to tackle （D）about tackling 3 【C3】（A）might be （B）have been （C）must be （D）had been4 【C4】（A）smaller （B）less（C）fewer （D）not more5 【C5】（A）to settle （B）to set （C）settling （D）setting6 【C6】（A）were tested （B）have tested （C）were testing （D）had tested7 【C7】（A）are meant （B）designed （C）meant （D）designing 8 【C8】（A）distinct （B）instinct （C）remote （D）vague9 【C9】（A）Since （B）However （C）As（D）While10 【C10】（A）scarcely not（B）virtually（C）largely（D）hardly11 【C11】（A）many boys twice as （B）twice many boys as （C）twice as many boys as （D）boys twice as many 12 【C12】（A）on（B）of（C）about（D）with13 【C13】（A）superficially （B）universally （C）inherently （D）initially14 【C14】（A）as（B）that（C）which （D）all15 【C15】（A）few（B）not a few（C）not few （D）quite few 16 【C16】（A）belief （B）dismay （C）comfort （D）courage 17 【C17】（A）be（B）were （C）was （D）is18 【C18】（A）geometric （B）arithmetic（C）geometry（D）symmetry19 【C19】（A）none of（B）neither of（C）either（D）both20 【C20】（A）got（B）gained（C）reached（D）accomplished二、阅读理解20 In addition to urge to conform which we generate ourselves, there is the external pressure of the various formal and informal groups we belong to, the pressure to backtheir ideas and attitudes and to imitate their actions. Thus our urge to conform receives continuing, even daily reinforcement. To be sure, the intensity of the reinforcement, like the strength of urge and the ability and inclination to withstand it, differs widely among individuals. Yet some pressure is present for everyone. And in one way or another, to some extent, everyone yields to it.It is possible that a new member of a temperance group might object to the group's rigid insistence that all drinking of alcoholic beverages is wrong. He might even speak out, reminding them that occasional, moderate drinking is not harmful, that even the Bible speaks approvingly of it. But the group may quickly let him know that such ideas are unwelcome in their presence. Every time he forgets this, he will be made to feel uncomfortable. In time if he values their companionship he will avoid expressing that point of view. He may even keep himself from thinking.This kind of pressure, whether spoken or unspoken, can be generated by any group, regardless of how liberal or conservative, formal or casual it may be. Friday night poker clubs, churches, political parties, committees, fraternities, unions. The teenage gang that steals automobile accessories may seem to have to taboos. But let one uneasy member remark that he is beginning to feel guilty about his crimes and their wrath will descend on him.Similarly, in high school and college, the crowd a student travels with hascertain(usually unstated)expectations for its members. If they drink or smoke, they will often make the member who does not do so feel that he doesn't fully belong. If a member does not share their views on sex, drugs, studying, cheating, or any other subject of importance to them, they will communicate their displeasure. The way they communicate, of course, may be more or less direct. They may tell him he'd better conform "or else". They may launch a teasing campaign against him. Or they may be even less obvious and leave him out of their activities for a few days until he asks what is wrong or decides for himself and resolves to behave more like them.The urge to conform on occasion conflicts with the tendency to resist change. If group we are in advocates an idea or action that is new and strange to us, we can be torn between seeking their acceptance and maintaining the security of familiar ideas and behavior. In such cases, the way we turn will depend on which tendency is stronger in usor which value we are more committed to. More often, however, the two tendencies do not conflict but reinforce each other. For we tend to associate with those whose attitudes and actions are similar to our own.21 The writer most probably discusses______in the previous part of the text.（A）advantages that conformity brings us（B）internal urge we have to conform with others（C）the definition of conformity（D）the necessity of conformity22 You may experience external pressure to conform______.（A）when you conceal your points of view（B）from the time when you were born（C）when your opinions are different from those of the group to which your belong （D）when you face something new23 A temperance group is______.（A）an organization that advocates drinking of alcoholic beverages（B）an organization that urges people to stop drinking alcoholic liquors（C）an organization in which all members have no taboos to drink alcoholic beverages （D）an organization in which all drivers are not allowed to drink alcoholic liquors24 If you refuse to your ideas which are different from the others in the group you belong to______（A）you will be torn apart by the others.（B）their wrath will descend on you.（C）you will gradually be deserted by them.（D）you will resolve to behave more like them.25 The main topic of this text is______.（A）the external pressure which urges us to conform with others（B）both the internal and external urge we have to conform with others（C）the urge and the tendency for us to conform with others（D）the generation of the external urge for us to conform with others25 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more that 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability, of the world economyI believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation, and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration-wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imaging that the merge of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Corn, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing—witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the mega mergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate, as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair corn petition? And should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U. S.26 What is the typical trend of businesses today?（A）To take in more foreign funds（B）To invest more abroad（C）To combine and become bigger.（D）To trade with more countries27 According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is______. （A）the greater customers' demands（B）a surplus supply for the market（C）growing productivity（D）the increase of the worlds' wealth28 From Paragraph 4 we can infer that______.（A）the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers（B）World Corn serves as a good example of both benefits and costs（C）the costs of the globalization process are enormous（D）the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition29 Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be______.（A）optimistic（B）objective（C）pessimistic（D）biased30 What is the best title of this passage?（A）M&A Wave in Argentina（B）Disadvantages of the Merger Movement（C）M&A Wave around the World（D）Benefits of M&A Wave30 Discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessive stress is placed on one fact or the other, depending on whether fine commentator is North American or Puerto Rica. Many American Social scientists, such as Oscar Handlin, Joseph Fitzpatrick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans as the most recent in a long line of ethnic entrants to occupy the lowest rung on the social ladder. Such a "socio-demographic" approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable cultural integration, in a supposedly egalitarian context. However, this approach fails to take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors, coming from a nation politically subordinated to the United States. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attachthe issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility, and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.In contrast, the "Colonialist" approach of island-based writers such as Eduardo Seda-Bonilla, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, and Lius Nieves-Falcon tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture in an unequal contest with imposed foreign values. There is, of course, a strong tradition of culture accommodation among other Puerto Rican thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly exemplify this tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Rico's commonwealth status share the same universalizing orientation. But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilation process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist views, advocating the preservation of minority cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation of colonial nationalities.This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the clash of national cultures as absolute polarity, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies; forces that may move toward each other in ways that cannot be written off as mere "assimilation". Consider, for example, the indigenous and Afro-Caribbean traditions in Puerto Rican culture and how they influence and are influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of Coercion and inequality, so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework, play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same class.31 The author's main purpose is to______（A）criticize the emphasis on social standing in discussions of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States（B）support the thesis that assimilations has not been a benign process for Puerto Ricans（C）defend a view of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans that emphasizes the preservation of national culture（D）Indicate deficiencies in two schools of thought on the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States32 Culture accommodation is promoted by______.（A）Eduardo Seda-Bonilla（B）Manuel Maldonado-Denis（C）The author of Divided Society（D）Many supporters of Puerto Rico's commonwealth status33 A writer such as Eugenio Fernandez Mendez would most likely agree that______..（A）it is necessary for the members of such groups to adapt to the culture of the majority（B）The members of such groups generally encounter a culture that is static and undifferentiated（C）Social mobility is the most important feature of the experience of members of such groups（D）Social scientists should emphasize the cultural and political aspects of the experience of members of such groups.34 The Puerto Rican writers who have written most about assimilation do NOT______.（A）regard assimilation as benign（B）resist cultural integration（C）describe in detail the process of assimilation（D）take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case35 The "colonialist" approach is so called because its practitioners______.（A）support Puerto Rico's commonwealth status（B）have a strong tradition of culture accommodation（C）emphasize the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history（D）regard the political relation of Puerto Rico to the United Sates as a significant factor in the experience of Puerto Ricans三、英译汉36 Translate the following passages into Chinese. Each translated passage will account for 15 points. Give the number of the passage on your Answer Sheet.Schools should consider using signal-blocking devices to prevent pupils using mobile phone text messaging to cheat in examinations, a leading expert on exam fraud said yesterday.Jean Underwood, a Professor of Psychology at Nottingham Trent university, said that although most of the debate on the use of new technology and cheating had focused on universities, the problem was likely to be more widespread in schools."The problems of academic dishonesty may be less well researched in the school system than in the tertiary education sector, but all the evidence points to the problem being both real and on a growing scale," She said.37 As she sat facing the open window, she could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wars. The notes of a distant song which some one was singing reached her faintly, and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves. There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.四、汉译英38 当我们从文化的视角放眼全球之际，对本土文化的认同与对未来发展方向的选择成为首要问题。

英语专业2007-2008学年第二学期普通语言学考试试卷1. Choose ALL the correct ones from A, B, C, or D. There may be as many as three correct choices. (30 points, 2 points each)1) “It is wrong to split an infinitive.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional2) The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by _____.A. Leonard BloomfieldB. Ferdinand de SaussureC. Noam ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday3) Which of the following is the correct description of [t]?A. Voiceless alveolar stop.B. Voiceless alveolar fricative.C. Voiced alveolar stop.D. Voiced alveolar fricative.4) Which of the following is a voiced labiodental fricative?A. [s]B. [z]C. [v]D. [f]5) Which of the following are “derivational suffixes”?A. -sB. -ionC. -ingD. -ify6) Which of the following are “content words”?A. Nouns.B. Verbs.C. Determiners.D. Prepositions.7) Which of the following is the correct bracketing of the phrase structure in the sentence “The boy is crying”?A. [[The] [boy] [is] [crying]]B. [[The] [boy]] [[is] [crying]]C. [[The boy] is [crying]]D. [[The] [boy] [is]] [crying]8) Which of the following sentences contain a participial phrase?A. The best thing would be to leave early.B. Having finished their work, they came to our aid.C. It’s great for a man to be free.D. To my surprise, she started looking for jobs.9) Which of the following terms are related to Cognitive Linguistics?A. Word recognition.B. Language acquisition.C. Construal operations.D. Categorization.10) Which of the following are NOT true of the “women register”?A. Women use more “fancy” color terms.B. Women use stronger swearing words.C. Women use more intensifiers.D. Women use more direct expressions.11) Which of the following forms of writing are more likely to use foregrounding?A.Diary.Poetry. B.Novels.Papers. D.C.Research12) Which of the following include a metaphor?A. His eyes came out of his head like a prawn’s.B. The hallway was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.C. The thought was a fire in him.D. The world is a looking-glass, and gives back to every man the reflection of his own face.13) Which of the following are writings of stream of consciousness?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. To the Lighthouse.C. As I Lay Dying.D. Jane Eyre.14) Which of the following book titles contain “alliteration”?A. Vowels and Consonants.B. Gone with the Wind.C. Sex and the City.D. The Wonder of Words.15) “_____” is often understood as a language system between the target languageand the learner’s native language.A. Input HypothesisB. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisAnalysisContrastiveC.Interlanguage D.2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points,1 point each)1) Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures，such that units ofthe primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2) Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.3) The adjective is an open class of words.4) The “parts of speech” in traditional grammar is often referred to as “word class”today.5) “Hot” and “cold” are converse antonyms.6) The holophrastic stage is the mature phase of language acquisition.7) Men use stronger curse words than women.8) The Relevance Theory was suggested by H. P. Grice.9) Stream of consciousness was used in the writings of William Faulkner.10) Machine translation can be used for restricted technical purposes, such as theweather report.3. Briefly explain the following terms. (20 points, 5 points each)1) lateral2) back-formation3) cognition4) foregrounding4. Answer TWO of the following questions. (40 points, 20 points each)1) Use examples to illustrate the concept of “recursiveness”.2) Describe the three categories of conceptual metaphors.3) In recent years, numerous new words have entered the daily life of Chinese people,e.g. 上网，海选. Give a list of (about 10) such words, discuss the context of theirusage, and provide a feasible explanation of their booming.2007-08学年第二学期普通语言学试卷参考答案和评分标准I. 多选题。

改错题： From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest （1） and→or records of ancient languages show us language in a new and （2） show→showing emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language （3） the 删除 originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the （4） and→but necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries　（5） large→lager than we find in English. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in　（6） in→on other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that　（7） return→response such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference　（8）on 删除 between these noises and language proper. We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions, instinctive to∧large extent, （9）∧a whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are　（10） these→those。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.duality（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example, a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes.)解析：2.displacement（南开大学2010研；清华2001研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example, scientists can predict the "future" of certain planets that are several billions of light years away from us.)解析：3.performative function（武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons and it can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an(every day be safe and happy)as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.)解析：4.parole（北师大2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It varies enormously according to individuals. The speeches, the idiosyncratic utterances made by individuals are all examples of parole.)解析：5.descriptive study of linguistics(四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：To say that linguistics is a descriptive study is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.)解析：6.Glottal Stop（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Glottal Stop: Vocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.)解析：7.Voiceless（西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. For example, Consonants(p, s, t)are produced this way, so they are voiceless consonants. "Voiceless" is defined in contrast with "voiced". Consonants(b, z, d)are voiced consonants.)解析：8.Minimal pairs（北航2008研；北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Minimal Pair are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.)解析：9.Phoneme（人大2006研；上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.)解析：10.Free variation(武汉大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：When two or more sounds occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, the final consant of cup may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. In this case,it is the same word pronounced in two different ways :(k h∧p h )and(k h∧p "indicates "no audible release" in IPA symbols.))解析：11.Assimilation（武汉大学2008研；上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. For example, in "mink" , "n" , which is originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following "k"/k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as /mi?k/)解析：12.Suprasegmental features（中山大学2005研；南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）正确答案：(正确答案：Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features are stress, tone and intonation.) 解析：13.Syllable(四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Syllable: These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. For example, the English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful.)解析：plementary distribution（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after(s), and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. The allophones of/p/, for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The unaspirated(p =)occurs after /s/, while the aspirated(p h )occurs in all other environments except after /s/.)解析：15.morpheme（四川大学2006研；武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in boys, there are two morphemes: "boy" and "-s"; in international, there are three morphemes; "inter-" "nation" and "-al".)解析：16.inflectional morpheme(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Inflectional morpheme; It is also called inflectional affixes, which attaches to the end of words Inflectional affixes and only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. The plural suffix is a typical example of this kind.)解析：17.free morphemes（西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Free morpheme is an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word. They may occur alone, that is, they may make up words by themselves. For example, " dog" , " nation" and "close" are free morphemes. And such words are called mono-morphemic words. Thus all mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.)解析：18.bound morpheme（上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word "careless" , "-less" is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.)解析：19.bound root（四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Bound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as "-ceive" in "receive".)解析：20.functional morpheme（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）正确答案：(正确答案：This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, " and, about, when on, near, the" an so on.)解析：21.inflection（四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix; "-ed" ; the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix; "-ren")解析：22.allomorph(四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Allomorph; A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality { -s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in "cats" /s/, in "bags" /z/, in "matches" /iz/.)解析：23.blending（四川大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only join the initial parts of the two wor ds. For example, telephone + exchange→telex; transfer+resister→ transistor.)解析：24.Immediate constituent（武汉大学2008研；武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Immediate constituent. An immediate constituent is the constituent immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. For example, in the sentence "Poor John ran away" , the constituents "Poor John" and "ran away" are regarded as the immediate constituents of the sentence.)解析：25.IC analysis（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(正确答案：IC analysis. IC analysis(immediate constituent analysis)refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups(or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.)解析：。

2007年外国语言学与应用语言学复试情况回忆古代汉语整个围绕一段古文出的题, 就是古代汉语第一册的第一课, 说那个大王是他妈难产生下来的那一课. 首先是写出一些现代汉字的繁体字, 我记得有"认", "实"等共六个, 我写出四个吧. 然后就是课文词义解释, 就等于让你背古文注解, 这有十个题, 每个一分. 最后就是关于课文的一些提问, 总共四五个问题, 考得比较综合, 关于古文的一些特殊句式和用法, 我觉得是考到了宾语前置和使动用法. 但是听去年的学姐说就是考了一个古文的整段翻译, 好象是关于望洋兴叹的那一段. 照这么看来, 今年的古文题型就有很大的变化, 大家还是要从基础抓起, 从平时做起, 才能以不变应万变.英语国家概况今年考得巨简单, 从题型就可以看出来: 就是二十个选择题, 一个一分. 我记得第一个题就是问都柏林是哪个国家的英美文学对于我考这个方向的来说很简单, 都是主流作家的名字和作品的填空, 难度跟那些专八复习资料编的差不多, 只不过是填空就是了. 但是我后来注意到我有几处拼写错误了, 也要扣个三四分左右, 看大概来填空果然还是很需要小心的.语言学考得我感觉难度在文学之上. 先是十个填空, 我就晕了. 大概都是那种描述一个概念,然后让你指出他描述的概念是什么. 第二个题目是问答题, 有两个小题, 每个5分. 第一个是要你举例说明格莱斯的合作原则, 第二个是让你对一个观点作出评价, 那个观点好象是说: Language is about fuzziness大概是这样的.2008年复试考题现代汉语部分 20分一、填空题 16个， 1个1分1 普通话的基础方言是-------2 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句是根据句子的-------划分的3 反切法是----------------------------两个音合成的就是定义题5个定义题6，7，8题是三个汉字注国际音标下来是五个词判断词的类型 5分三个短语的类型 3分二、短语成分分析 2个， 4分短语不长，挑一些简单的短语在下面练习练习就行古代汉语部分 20分词义解释比较多可能占十多分左右，这部分需要重点复习。

2007年四川外语学院二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 2. 3.1．It is true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won’t take the new one, ______because we don’t feel as sage on itA．somehowB．thoughC．thereforeD．otherwise正确答案：A解析：though尽管；不过，可是，然而。

somehow不知为什么。

不知怎么地；不管怎么着。

therefore因此。

otherwise否则，不然。

2．It isn’t cold enough for there______a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safe-A．would beB．beingC．wasD．to be正确答案：D解析：for后面要接there to be结构，这里作程度状语。

3．We hope the measures to control prices,______taken by the government, will succeed.A．whichB．sinceC．afterD．as正确答案：D解析：句意：我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。

本句是as引导的特殊状语从句的省略型，可理解为省略了they have been。

4．Scientists generally agree that the earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ______it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.A．as long asB．as much asC．as soon asD．as well as正确答案：B解析：句意：科学家们一致认为在接下来的50到100年之内，地球的气温增长将与自从冰河时代以来20，000年之内所增长的温度差不多。

Test for English Majors (2007)Time limit: 195MINPart2 Reading Comprehension (30min)Text AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people. The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “l and of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial townin the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.12. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political.13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Text BGetting to the heart of Kuwaiti democracy seems hilariously easy. Armed only with a dog-eared NEWSWEEK ID, I ambled through the gates of the National Assembly last week. Unscanned, unsearched, my satchel could easily have held the odd grenade or an anthrax-stuffed lunchbox. The only person who stopped me was a guard who grinned and invited me to take a swig of orange juice from his plastic bottle.Were I a Kuwaiti woman wielding a ballot, I would have been a clearer and more present danger. That very day Parliament blocked a bill giving women the vote; 29 M.P.s voted in favour and 29 against, with two abstentions. Unable to decide whetherthe bill had passed or not, the government scheduled another vote in two weeks- too late for women to register for June’s municipal elections. The next such elections aren’t until 2009.Inside the elegant, marbled Parliament itself, a sea of mustachioed men in white robes sat in green seats, debating furiously. The ruling emir has pushed for women’s political rights for years. Ironically, the democratically elected legislature has thwarted him. Traditionalists and tribal leaders are opposed. Liberals fret, too, that Islamists will let their multiple wives vote, swelling conservative ranks. “When I came to Parliament today, people who voted yes didn’t even shake hands with me,” said one Shia clerc. “Why can’t we respect each other and work together?”Why not indeed? By Gulf standards, Kuwait is a democratic superstar. Its citizens enjoy free speech (as long as they don’t insult their emir, naturally) and boast a Parliament that can actually pass laws. Unlike their Saudi sisters, Kuwaiti women drive, work and travel freely. They run multibillion-dollar businesses and serve as ambassadors. Their academic success is such that colleges have actually lowered the grades required for make students to get into medical and engineering courses. Even then, 70 percent of university students are females.In Kuwait, the Western obsession with the higab finds its equivalent. At a fancy party for NEWSWEEK’s Arabic edition, some Kuwaiti women wore them. Others opted for tight, spangled, sheer little numbe rs in peacock blue or parrot orange. For the party’s entertainment, Nancy Ajram, the Arab world’s answer to Britney Spears, sang passionate songs of love in a white mini-dress. She couldn’t dance for us, alas, since shaking one’s body onstage is illegal in Kuwait. That didn’t stop whole tables of men from raising their camera-enabled mobile phones and clicking her picture.You’d think not being able to vote or dance in public would anger Kuwait’s younger generation of women. To find out, I headed to the malls-Kuwait’s archipelago of civic freedom. Eager to duck Strict parents and the social taboos of dating in public. young Kuwaitis have taken to cafes, beaming flirtatious infrared e-mails to one another on their cell photos. At Starbucks in the glittering Al Sharq Mall, I found only tables of men, puffing cigarettes and grumbling about the service .At Pizza Hut, I thought I’d got an answer after encountering a young woman who looked every inch the modern suffragette—drainpipe jeans, strappy sliver high-heeled sandals and a higab studded with purple rhinestones. But, no, Miriam Al-Enizi, 20,studying business administration at Kuwait University, doesn’t think women need the vote.” Men are better at politics than women,” she explained, adding that women in Kuw ait already have everything they need. Welcome to democracy, Kuwait style.16. According to the passage, which of the following groups of people might be viewed as being dangerous by the guards?A. Foreign tourists.B. Women protestors.C. Foreign journalists.D. Members of the National Assembly.17. The bill giving women the vote did not manage to pass becauseA.. Different interest groups held different concerns.B.. Liberals did not reach consensus among themselves.C. Parliament was controlled by traditionalists.D...Parliament members were all conservatives.18. What is the role of the 4th and 5th paragraphs in the development of the topic?A. To show how Kuwaiti women enjoy themselves.B. To describe how women work and study in Kuwait.C. To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.D. To provide a contrast to the preceding paragraphs.19. Which of the following is NOT true about young Kuwaiti women?A. They seem to be quite contented.B. They go in for Western fashions.C. They desire more than modern necessities.D. They favour the use of hi-tech products.Text CRichard, King of England from 1189 to 1199, with all his characteristic virtues and faults cast in a heroic mould, is one of the most fascinating medieval figures. He has been described as the creature and embodiment of the age of chivalry, In those days the lion was much admired in heraldry, and more than one king sought to link himself with its repute. When Richard's contemporaries called him" Coeur de Lion"(The Lion heart), they paid a lasting compliment to the king of beasts. Little did the English people owe him for his services, and heavily did they pay for his adventures. He was in England only twice for a few short months in his ten years' reign; yet his memory has always English hearts, and seems to present throughout the centuries the pattern of the fighting man. In all deeds of prowess as well as in large schemes of war Richard shone. He was tall and delicately shaped strong in nerve and sinew, and most dexterous in arms. He reioiced in personal combat, and regarded his opponents without malice as necessary agents in his fame He loved war, not so much for the sake of glory or political ends, but as other men love science or poetry, for the excitement of the struggle and the glow of victory. By this his whole temperament was toned; and united with the highest qualities of the military commander, love of war called forth all the powers of his mind and body.Although a man of blood and violence, Richard was too impetuous to be either treacherous on habitually cruel. He was as ready to forgive as he was hasty to offend; he was open-handed and munificent to profusion; in war circumspect in design and skilful in execution; in political a child, lacking in subtlety and experience. His political alliances were formed upon his likes and dislikes; his political schemes had neither unity nor clearness of purpose. The advantages gained for him by military geoids were flung away through diplomatic ineptitude. When, on the jou they to the East, Messina in Sicily was won by his arms he was easily persuaded to share with his polished, faithless ally, Philip Augustus, fruits of a victory which more wisely used might have foiled the French King's artful schemes. The rich and tenable acquisition of Cyprus was cast away even more easily than it was won. His life was onemagnificent parade, which, when ended, left only an empty plain. In 1199, when the difficulties of raising revenue for the endless war were at their height, good news was brought to King Richard. It was said there had been dug up near the castle of Chaluz, on the lands of one of his French vassals, a treasure of wonderful quality; a group of golden images of an emperor, his wife, sons and daughters, seated round a table, also of gold, had been unearthed. The King claimed this treasure as lord paramount. The lord of Chaluz resisted the demand, and the King laid siege to his small, weak castle. On the third day, as he rode daringly, near the wall. confident in his hard-tried luck, a bolt from a crossbow struck him in the left shoulder by the neck. The wound, already deep, was aggravated by the necessary cutting out of the arrow-head. Gangrene set in, and Coeur de Lion knew that he must pay a soldier’s debt. He prepared for death with fortitude and calm, and in accordance with the principles he had followed. He arranged his affairs, he divided his personal belongings among his friends or bequeathed them to charity. He declared John to be his heir, and made all present swear fealty to him. He ordered the archer who had shot the fatal bolt, and who was now a prisoner, to be brought before him. He pardoned him, and made him a gift of money. For seven years he had not confessed for fear of being compelled to be reconiled to Philip, but now he received the offices of the Church with sincere and exemplary piety, and died in the forty-second year of his age on April 6, 1199, worthy, by the consent of all men, to sit with King Arthur and Roland and other heroes of martial romance at some Eternal round Table, which we trust the Creator of the Universe in His comprehension will not have forgotten to provide.The archer was flayed alive.20 “ little did the English people own him for his service” (paragraph one) means that the EnglishA. paid few taxes to him.B gave him little respect.C received little protection from him.D had no real cause to feel grateful to him.21. To say that his wife was a “ magnificent parade’( paragraph Two) implies that it was to s ome extent.A . spent chiefly at war.B impressive and admirable.C lived too pompouslyD. an empty show.22. Richard’s behaviour as death approached showed.\A. bravery and self-control.B. Wisdom and correctnessC. Devotion and romanceD. Chivalry and charity23. The point of the last short paragraph is that Richard wasA. cheated by his own successorsB. determined to take revenge on his enemies.C. more generous to his enemies than his successors.D unable to influence the behavior of his successors.24. Which of the following phrase best describes Richard as seen by the author?A. An aggressive king, too fond of war.B. A brave king with minor faults.C A competent but cunning soldier.D A kind with great political skills.25. The relationship between the first and second paragraphs is thatA. each presents one side of the picture.B. the first generalizes the second gives examples.C. the second is the logical result of the first.D. both present Richard’s virtues and faults.TEXT DThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promise of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic security-even comfort- for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days- lack of food warmth, shelter- would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programmes for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility- in some cases the promise- of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions. The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. Now it became, Ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended it’s no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend a affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of The 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested- the two factors that w ill determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th- century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.26. why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again.C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.27. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA. people’s outlook on life.B. people’s life styles.C. people’s living standardD. people’s social values.28. Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA. the corporate lay-offs.B. the government cuts in welfare spending.C. the economic restructuring.D. the warning power of labors unions.29. Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA. The 401(k) made them responsible for their own future.B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D. Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.30. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A. 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D. Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.PART ⅢGENERAL KNOWLEDGE（10 MIN）31. The majority of the current population in the UK are decedents of all the following tribes respectively EXCEPTA. the AnglosB. the CeltsC. the JutesD. the Saxons32. The Head of State of Canada is represented byA. the MonarchB. the PresidentC. the Prime MinisterD. the Governor-general33. The Declaration of Independence was written byA. Thomas JeffersonB. George WashingtonC. Alexander HamiltonD. James Madison34. The original inhabitants of Australia wereA. the Red IndiansB. the EskimosC. the AboriginesD. the Maoris35. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte?A. Oliver TwistB. MiddlemarchC. Jane EyreD. Wuthering Heights36. William Butler Yeats was a(n) ______ poet and playwright.A. AmericanB. CanadianC. IrishD. Australian37. Death of a Salesman was written byA. Arthur MillerB. Ernest HemingwayC. Ralph EllisonD. James Baldwin38. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a h orse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaningPART V TRANSLATION(60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHTranslate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编21(总分：90.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)1.IC is the short form of immediate 1used in the study of syntax. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：constituent）解析：解析：随接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。

它指先把句子分析为直接成分一词组(或短语)，再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。

2. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. (人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cohesion）解析：解析：衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之问存在的一种形式上的联系。

3.Coordination and subordination belong to 1construction.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：endocentric）解析：解析：向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。

从结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。

4.A 1sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but" , or . （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：coordinate）解析：解析：并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如hut，and，or这些并列连渊来连接的。