阅读(2)

四年级阅读题4年级2班大年初一的早晨，妈妈笑着问我：“贞贞，新年你最想要的是什么？”我调皮地对她笑一笑，依偎在她的怀里，说：“我要的东西只是三粒淘气的小小的树种子……”“种子？你想把它们种在哪里？”妈妈疑惑地说。

“我会把第一粒种子种在那遥远的澳门。

我要把它种在澳门最高的山坡上。

在雨露的滋润下，种子抽出新芽，每一片叶子都是我的眼睛：我要看看风景幽雅的妈祖阁；看看凌空飞架的澳菡大桥；看看新崛起的具有现代气息的建筑群；看看水光潋滟、波光粼粼的珠海；更要看看第一面五星红旗在这块饱经沧桑的土地上自豪地升起。

”“恩！那第二粒呢？”“第二粒种子嘛，我要让它扎根在长城脚下。

在那一块块经风雨侵蚀的长城砖旁，种子会很快长成一棵小树苗。

它小小的身影看上去并不起眼，可它会在五湖四海的游客们到达长城的时候，招来风姑姑、彩云婆婆一起向游客们问好。

瞧！它还会用小手掌般的叶片热烈地鼓掌呢！”“最后一粒种子呢？”妈妈紧接着问：“你打算种哪儿？”“最后一粒种子，当然要种在我家门前罗！”我向妈妈扮了一个鬼脸说：“我要让它为我的家园增添一抹绿色。

当清晨的小鸟儿向我问好时，我会仔细地为种子浇水、施肥，让它和我共同成长，共同学习。

每当我看见它迎风摇拽的枝条，就会把不开心的事全部忘记。

”我停下来，喝了一口放在茶几的凉白开水，说：“妈妈，这就是我春天的愿望，你能和我一起去实现吗？”“好，好！”妈妈乐呵呵地答应。

“那我们快去买种子吧！”我拉着妈妈的手奔出家门，在我眼前仿佛呈现了祖国万里山河到处涌动着盎然的春意……1．从文中找出下列词的近义词。

调皮——（）偎依——（）流动——（）摇动——（）2．用“——”画出一个排比句。

3．用“~~~~”画出一句比喻句，它把比作。

4．我的愿望是拥有三粒。

其中，第一粒种在，是希望。

其中，第一粒种在，是希望。

其中，第一粒种在，是希望。

7．短文表达了作者8．你的美好的愿望是什么？你能告诉大家吗？说说看。

妈妈买来李子，放在盘子里，打算吃完饭分给孩子们。

第二部分阅读理解(2)（2015年12月统考）全真翻译版以下16篇阅读理解考试中100%考一篇，答案是四个选项之一。

出现在考试中阅读部分的第二部分，简化或硬背，必须掌握，原题出现，答案位置不变，考1题10分，一定不可以丢。

建议多看短文的中文意思，然后记下选项答案。

最后附录为搭桥联想记忆法，适合10分钟内强化记忆。

PassageThe United States covers a large part of the North American continent. Its neighbors are Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Although the United States is a big country , it is not the largest in the world. In 2000, its population was over 222 million.When this land first became a nation, after winning its independence from England, it had thirteen states. Each of the states was represented on the American flag by a star. All these were in the eastern part of the continent. As the nation grew toward the west, new states were added and new stars appeared on the flag. For a long time, there were 48 stars. In 1959, however, two more stars were added to the flag, representing the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.Indians were the first people of the land which is now the United States. There are still many thousands of Indians now living in all parts of the country. Sometimes it is said that the Indians are “the only real Americans”. Most Americans come from all over the world. Those who came first in greatest numbers to make their homes on the eastern of North America were mostly from England. It is for the reason that the language of the United States is English and that its culture and customs are more like those of England than those of any other country in the world.美国占去北美大陆很大一部分土地。

剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Why pagodas don’t fall downIn a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings - 500 or so wooden pagodas - remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo -Japan's first skyscraper -was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky - nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks?The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building's overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda - with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira - simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the Shinbashira actually carries noload at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda - hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the Shinbashira's role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr. Ishida, known to his students as 'Professor Pagoda' because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a 'shake- table' in his laboratory. In short, the Shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda's loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance -with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storeys from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five- storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual storeys of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker's balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. 'With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,' says Mr Ishida, 'the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.' Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.Question 1-4Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1. Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.2. The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.3. The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.4. The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.Question 5-10Classify the following as typical ofA. both Chinese and Japanese pagodasB. only Chinese pagodasC. only Japanese pagodasWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.5. easy interior access to top6. tiles on eaves7. use as observation post8. size of eaves up to half the width of the building9. original religious purpose10. floors fitting loosely over each otherQuestion 11-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11. In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashiraA. bears the full weight of the building.B. bends under pressure like a tree.C. connects the floors with the foundations.D. stops the floors moving too far.12. Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order toA. improve skyscraper design.B. be able to build new pagodas.C. learn about the dynamics of pagodas.D. understand ancient mathematics.13. The storeys of a Japanese pagoda areA. linked only by wood.B. fastened only to the central pillar.C. fitted loosely on top of each other.D. joined by special weights.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The True Cost of FoodA For more than forty years the cost of food has been rising. It has now reached a point where a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash. In the west at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.B First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering -the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. This is a direct result of the way we have produced our food in the last four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from many of the sea lochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.C Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic - a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren't paying for it, are they?D But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one of the world's leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year. They added up the costs of repairing the damage it caused, and came up with a total figure of ￡2,343m. This is equivalent to ￡208 for every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate.E The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates; ￡55m for removal of phosphates and soil; ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; ￡125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; ￡1,113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; ￡106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; ￡169m from food poisoning; and ￡607m from cattle disease. Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.F So can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture asthe solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible. The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy, and advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.G But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction of a ‘Greener Food Standard', which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14. a cost involved in purifying domestic water15. the stages in the development of the farming industry16. the term used to describe hidden costs17. one effect of chemicals on water sourcesQuestion 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18. Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.19. The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.20. The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognised.21. One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.Question 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Professor Pretty concludes that our 22 …………are higher than most people realise, because we make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest that Britain should reduce its reliance on 23 ………… .Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to 24 …………, Professor Pretty wants thegovernment to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a 25 ………… . He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both 26 ………… and………… .Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Makete Integrated Rural Transport ProjectSection AThe disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south- western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.The concept of ‘integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.Section BWhen the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase Ⅰ, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.Section CHaving determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase Ⅱ, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys -a donkey costs less than a bicycle-and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.Section DAt the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before. Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.Section EIt would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a’top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of thedistrict.It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.Section FToday, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.Question 27-30Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-FChoose the correct heading for paragraphs B, C, E and F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.28 Section C30 Section FQuestion 31-35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this31. MIRTP was divided into five phases.32. Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.33. Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.34. The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.35. MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country's capital. Question 36-39Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, into boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.36 Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails37 Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete38 The improvement of secondary roads and paths39 The isolation of Makete for part of the yearChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?A. to suggest that projects such as MIRTP are needed in other countriesB. to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it wasC. to examine how MIRTP promoted the use of donkeysD. to warn that projects such as MIRTP are likely to have serious problems参考答案1 YES2 NO3 NOT GIVEN4 YES5 B6 A7 B8 C9 A10 C11 D12 C13 C14 E15 B16 C17 B18 YES19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21YES22 food bills/costs23 (modern) intensive farming24 organic farming25 Greener Food Standard26 (IN EITHER ORDER) farmers (and) consumers27 ii28 v29 x30 i31 NO32 YES33 NO34 YES35 NOT GIVEN36 D37 I38 G39 E40B。

第二局部阅读理解(2)〔2016年4月统考〕全真翻译版以下16篇阅读理解考试中100%考一篇，答案是四个选项之一。

出现在考试中阅读局部的第二局部，简化或硬背，必须掌握，原题出现，答案位置不变，考1题10分，一定不可以丢。

建议多看短文的中文意思，然后记下选项答案。

Passage 1 〔目标有三种〕There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-range and long-term goals.目标有三种：短期目标，中期目标和长期目标。

Short-term goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possibly, months. It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, long-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals. Upon pleting our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been pleted.短期目标是根据每日制定的为了处理当前事物的目标。

短期目标可以以少于一个星期，一个星期，两个星期，或者可能的话一个月来完成。

【由山东省2022模拟改编】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

“Confidence” is probably one of the most noticeable traits（品质）in the Americans．They show confidence in the way they talk，the way they smile，the way they dress and the way they walk．Living and competing with all these confidence American students，I find it extremely important to be confident as an international student and instructor．As a student，being confident means you should never hesitate to raise your hand whenever a question or a point comes to your mind．Don’t mind if it sounds simple or silly．Otherwise you will never get a chance to speak in class at all．What’s worse，the professors may think you are not prepared for the discussion or you do not have your own opinion on the issue—this is the last comment any graduate would like to receive．Being confidence for me as a foreign instructor means calmly asking the student to repeat what he or she has said if I did not get it．Pretending to understand what you actually did not may just bring yourself embarrassment or even disgrace．But the time I most need to be confident is when my students come to my office and bargain about the grades I have given for their Speeches．（The course I’m teaching here is Public Speaking）．Modesty is a trait highly valued in China，but it won’t be of much help here if you want to survive and succeed in a good American graduate program．1．To compete with American students it’s very important to．A．be quite confident B．be polite and friendlyC．have more discussions with them D．understand what they think about2．A professor will have the worst opinion of a student who ．A．gives a silly or simple answerB．tries to seize any chance to speak in classC．shows no interest in the courseD．is considered to have no opinion of his own3．The author is most likely to feel embarrassed if ．A．he asks a student to repeat what he has saidB．the students bargain with himC．he pretends to know what he doesn’tD．he has to give a speech4．We learn from the second paragraph that ．A．we should also remain modest in AmericaB．modesty doesn’t help you much in AmericaC．Americans also like modest peopleD．modesty can help you through an American graduate program5．The passage is mainly developed by ．A．providing examplesB．making comparisonsC．giving different figuresD．telling personal experiences【参考答案】1---5、ADCBD2022高考英语二轮：（精选）阅读理解训练（2）及答案AWhen Paul was a boy growing up in Utah, he happened to live near a copper smelter (炼铜厂), and the chemicals that poured out had made a wasteland out of what used to be a beautiful forest. One day a young visitor looked at this wasteland and called it an awful area. Paul knocked him down. From then on, something happened inside him. Years later Paul was back in the area, and he went to the smelter office. He asked if they had any plans or if they would let him try to bring the trees back. The answer from that big industry was “No”.Paul then went to college to study the science of plants. Unfortunately, his teachers said there weren’t any birds or squirrels to spread the seeds. It would be a waste of his life to try to do it. Everyone knew that, he was told. Even if he was knowledgeable as he had expected, he wouldn’t get his idea accepted.Paul later got married but his dream would not die. And then one night he did what he could with what he had. As Samuel Johnson wrote, “It is common to overlook what is near by keeping the eye fixed on something remote.Attainable good is often ignored by minds busied in wide ranges.” Under the cover of darkness, he went secretly into the wasteland and started planting.And every week, he made his secret journey into the wasteland and planted trees and grass. For fifteen years he did this against the plain common sense. Slowly rabbits appeared. Later, as there was legal pressure to clean up the environment, the company actually hired Paul to do what he was already doing.Now the place is fourteen thousand acres of trees and grass and bushes, and Paul has received almost every environmental award Utah has. It took him until his hair turned white, but he managed to keep that impossible vow (誓言) he made to himself as a child.21.When Paul was a boy, _______.A. he had decided never to leave his hometownB. the economy of Utah depended wholly on the copper smelterC. he hit a young visitor because of his comments on the wastelandD. he stopped the copper smelter polluting the area22.Paul went to college to study the science of plants, because _______.A. he wanted to find out the best way to save the area himselfB. he was interested in planting trees since he was youngC. he wanted to get more knowledgeable people to help himD. he thought his knowledge would make his advice more convincing23.What does the underlined phrase “the plain common sense” probably mean?A. It was impossible for trees to grow on the wasteland.B. His normal work and life would be greatly affected.C. No one would like to join him in the efforts.D. He had to keep everything he did secret.24.The company hired Paul to plant trees and grass because_______.A. they realized the importance of environmental protectionB. what Paul was doing moved themC. Paul persuaded them to help himD. they had legal pressure参考答案A篇21-24 CDADBMusic died here last spring, or rather, it was killed by members of the school committee who ignored the importance of music and drama as part of the high-school curriculum (课程). The committee decided that teaching students how to take a standardized test is more important than a curriculum in which students can explore their interests in the arts as well as academics. Because the school system is running out of funding, it needs to make sure that students pass the test or even more money will be lost. If students fail the state standardized test，it is not the fault of drama and music classes—they are failing because the “academic” classes are not sufficient (充分的).It is painful to think of how many students will be discouraged from singing, acting, and playing instruments because school programs are no longer offered. Many families cannot afford private music lessons, and many potential musicians and artists may not find their calling if they are not exposed to it in school. The fact that the school committee thinks the arts are not worth the investment will certainly make some students believe the arts are not worth their time or support and the cycle will continue.Teaching for a test does not shape students into complete, well-rounded people. It blocks the natural sense to create and express feelings through art—there is more to life than the analytical thinking that math and English provide. What happens after a test? Sure, a student might graduate, but they will have limited knowledge—certainly not a good preparation for the real world.25. Music and drama are not included in the high school curriculum mainly because ________.A. the school committee pays no attention to themB. the school is afraid of losing financial supportC. the students are not interested in both of themD. the state standardized test is more important26. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. The sufficiency of the classes determines students’ performance in the mastery test.B. Quite a few students are discouraged from learning music and art in today’s school system.C. Students can be musicians and artists only if they can afford private music lessons.D. The school committee completely influences students’attitude towards the arts.27. We can learn that music and art can ________.A. motivate students in creativity and expressionB. make students round-shaped people in futureC. provide students with analytical thinkingD. prevent students graduation from high school28. The best title of the passage can be ________.A. Who killed music and drama?B. Can curriculum go without music?C. Why is music so important?D. How to prepare for the real world?参考答案B篇25-28 BBABCFor more than 40 years, scientists have sought to learn how well human beings can adapt to long periods in space. The International Space Station continues to provide valuable knowledge about spaceflight. But an earlier space station, Skylab, helped make the current space project possible.Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield sang aboard the International Space Station on May 12, 2021. His music video has become extremely popular. The astronaut played his own version of David Bowie’s song Space Oddity. He performed while floating weightlessly, with images of planet earth and space appearing in the window behind him.Chris Hadfield recently returned home after nearly five months on the space station. For him, the long flight produced a hit video on YouTube and no major physical problems. But 40 years ago, scientists did not know how humans would react to long-term spaceflight. To find out, NASA, the American space agency, launched Skylab in May, 1973. Over nearly a year, three teams of astronauts visited Skylab for stays of between 28 to 84 days. They learned how people react to extended periods in space.Gerald C arr commanded Skylab 4. He spoke at a NASA event marking the 40th anniversary of Skylab’s launch. He said that the loss of the body’s muscle mass was a main concern. Astronauts on Skylab used exercise equipment to stay strong. The astronauts spent their workdays carrying out experiments, including biomedical (生物医学的) research.Marshall Porterfield is the director of NASA’s Space Life and Physical Sciences Division. He says the Skylab astronauts’ understanding of their own ability to deal with long-term spaceflight continues to help current astronauts. NASA says the next step for life away from Earth is a year-long space station mission, set for 2021.29. Why was Chris Hadfield’s song so special?A. It was performed in space.B. It was created by an astronaut.C. It was a very familiar song.D. It was first sung by a famous singer.30. Which of the following best describes the physical condition of Chris Hadfield after his return?A. Worse.B. Better.C. Normal.D. Weaker.31. For what purpose did NASA launch Skylab?A. To research on whether human beings could stay in space.B. To gather up information on setting up a space station.C. To study the changes in the body when staying long in space.D. To find out the possibility of doing experiments in space.32. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Skylab is still in use to explore the space.B. The research results on Skylab are still valuable.C. Skylab is more advanced than the International Space Station.D. The Skylab astronauts made great contributions to biomedical research.参考答案C篇29-32 ACCBDSuppose you are thinking about attending college in the United States, but perhaps you might not be ready for a university with a four-year program. About 88,000 international students have found solution. They are attending U.S. community colleges. Such colleges are sometimes called junior colleges. They offer two years of education above the secondary or high school level.Community college students can choose from subjects like medical assistance, computer science or law. At the end of their study program, they receive a document of completion, called a certificate. Some students work toward an associate degree in traditional academic subjects like science or history. After getting it, the students can move on to a four-year college or university. They may have only two years of study left before they receive a bach elor’s degree.Many educational experts agree that saving money is the major reason to consider a community college. The American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) says that a public two-year college costs 3,000 dollar a year on average. That is true if the student lives in the same state as the school. A student at a four-year public college maypay 8,500 dollars a year for classes and user fees. That does not include books and other materials.Some international students may need more preparation in English before entering a community college in the United States. For example, Istrif Montgomery came to the U.S. from Kosovo in 2006. First, he worked to improve his English at Montgomery College for a year. Then for the next two years, he attended classes in basic subjects in a community college.The international students at two-year colleges need to find a place to live. Most community colleges do not provide student housing on their grounds. But Mr Montgomery had a home nearby. He was able to ride the bicycle, and he was able to walk if he wanted. In fact, most community college students live within five to ten miles off the college.33. What’s the biggest advantage of a community college?A. The classes are free of charge.B. The students can save much time.C. The students can save a lot of money.D. It is convenient for students to live in the college.34. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Mr Montgomery usually goes to school on foot.B. Most students i n community colleges don’t live far away.C. 8,500 dollars covers all the cost of a four-year public college.D. International students often attend a community college directly.35. What’s the main purpose of the passage?A. To encourage students to study abroad.B. To tell the international students how to save money.C. To tell us it’s a good choice to study in public colleges.D. To give some information about community colleges.参考答案D篇33-35 CBD。

家乡的竹林在我的家乡，有一片翠绿的竹林。

春天，鹅黄色的新笋从土壤里钻出来，像一只一只刚出壳的小鸡一样漂亮。

竹子长到三米多高逐渐变成一身嫩绿，十分新鲜。

夏天，竹林显得更美丽可爱，阳光透过茂密的竹叶缝隙，照在地上，从远处看犹如点点星光。

如果你路过这里，它便用叶子遮住太阳，为你解除酷热。

秋天，竹子把自己的旧叶换掉，让人们把落在地上的旧叶当柴火使用。

一阵风吹来，无数“花片”在飞舞，像天女散花一样美。

冬天，竹林里的翠竹迎着凛冽的寒风，像哨兵一样站在田野里，深绿的叶子笑容满面地迎着严霜白雪。

我爱家乡的竹林，因为竹林里枝枝翠竹的美好形象启迪着我怎样做人，怎样生活。

这篇短文主要运用了_____________________、________________________的修辞方法，请分别用“~~~~”“_____________”从文中各画出一句。

答案：比喻（阳光透过茂密的竹叶缝隙，照在地上，从远处看犹如点点星光。

）拟人（深绿的叶子笑容满面地迎着严霜白雪。

）上课上课了，董老师挟[xié]着一叠大大小小的书本，笑眯眯地走进教室。

她将书放在讲台上，便用缓慢而清晰的声调开始讲课。

一个假期没有见到老师了，同学们都用亲切的目光注视着她，好像在说：“董老师，我们多么惦念您啊！”不知为什么我的眼前浮现出电视剧中一位受人尊敬的老师的形象，她是那么慈祥，像辛勤的园丁培养着小树苗。

我们的董老师，多像一位循(x ún)循善诱的引路人，带领我们去探索知识的海洋，去打开科学宝库的大门。

同学们完全被董老师讲的课吸引住了，随着她脸上的表情，时而凝神深思，时而神采飞扬，时而频频点头，时而低头微笑……1．根据意思写出短文中的词语。

(1)善于有步骤地引导别人学习。

( )(2)精神饱满的样子。

( )2．选择。

(1)“笑眯眯”是对老师的( )描写。

A．动作B．语言C．神态D．心理(2)短文中作者把老师比作( )，把自己比作( )。

古诗文古诗文理解理解古诗中句子的意思（直译），先要准确理解句中的每个词语，再把这些词语的意思连起来。

有时要联系上下文，有时还要联系时代背景或作者的处境、状况等，才可以正确理解诗句的意思。

例1：把《回乡偶书》译成现代文。

回乡偶书【唐】贺知章少小离家老大回，乡音无改鬓毛衰。

儿童相见不相识，笑问客从何处来。

例2：下列哪句的意思与“欲穷千里目，更上一层楼”基本一致( )A．孤帆远影碧空尽，唯见长江天际流。

B．千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。

C．众鸟高飞尽，孤云独去闲。

D．会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。

例3：想像一下，“小草偷偷地从土里钻出来”描绘了怎样的画面?下面的诗句中哪一句描写的画面与它最接近?( )A．春风又绿江南岸。

B．风吹草低见牛羊。

C．浅草才能没马蹄。

D．草色遥看近却无。

例4：根据意思写出诗句。

（1）说明好上加好，争取更大胜利。

（2）说明生命力强，比喻革命的烈火是扑不灭的。

（3）表达在节假日对亲人无限思念之情。

（4）常用来教育孩子要珍惜劳动果实。

例5：读诗句，猜谜语。

（1）千锤万凿出深山，烈火焚烧若等闲。

粉身碎骨浑不怕，要留清白在人间。

——猜一建筑材料（）（2）一朵芙蓉顶上栽，彩衣不用剪刀裁。

平生不敢轻言语，一唱千门万户开。

——猜一动物（）古诗文积累在理解诗意的基础上背诵记忆，多积累一些名诗佳句。

例1：在括号里填上带“春”的词语。

（1）（）到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。

（2）（）带雨晚来急，野渡无人舟自横。

（3）（）潮水连海平，海上明月共潮生。

（4）（）又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还？（5）（）满园关不住，一枝红杏出墙来。

（6）（）无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。

（7）忽如一夜（）来，千树万树梨花开。

例2：下列文学家与苏轼同属一个朝代的是( )A．杨万里范仲淹王维王安石B．白居易辛弃疾范成大叶绍翁C．陆游杨万里王安石范仲淹D．李白王维杜牧李清照例3：下面题中有一项与其他三项不属于同一类，请选出序号。

( )A．《九月九日忆山东兄弟》 B．《赠汪伦》C．《别董大》 D．《送元二使之安西》例4：下列诗句分别写的是什么季节的景色？（1）小荷才露尖尖角，早有蜻蜓立上头。

二年级阅读理解 (2)今天，爸爸从水果店买来一筐橘子，我随手拿了一个，便仔细观察起来。

橘子是扁圆形的，像我的拳头一样大小，橘子皮是橘黄色的。

皮有疙瘩，远看就像一盏小灯笼。

剥开橘子皮，一股橘子特有的清香味扑鼻而来。

橘子皮里是白色的筋络，像给橘子瓣披上了白色的纱衣。

橘子瓣是月牙形的，像弯弯的月亮，许多橘子瓣像几个好兄弟围坐在一起。

掰一瓣放进嘴里，果汁四溢，滋润了喉咙，流进肚子里，甜透了心窝，叫人越吃越爱吃。

1.橘子是扁圆形就像【】。

橘子皮里的白皮筋络就像【】。

橘子瓣就像【】。

2.“我”是按照从【】到【】的顺序来观察的。

3.用“”画出描写橘子外形特点的句子。

4.用“”画出写橘子味道好的句子。

夏天的一个周末,五岁的萨沙和哥哥托利亚,跟父母一起到森林中玩。

森林里的景色是那么美好,空(kòng kōng)气是那么清新。

他们来到森林中的一片空地。

那里盛(shâng shãng)开着美丽的铃兰花。

1.给带点的字选择正确的读音,画上横线。

2.从这段话中找出下列词语的近义词。

漂亮——( ) 新鲜——( )3.写句子。

商店里的商品是那么多,玩具是那么吸引人。

________________________________________________________________阅读《我要的是葫芦》片断，回答问题。

细长的葫芦藤上爬满了绿叶，开出了几朵雪白的小花。

花谢以后，藤上挂了几个小葫芦。

多么可爱的小葫芦啊！种葫芦的人每天都要去看几次。

1.这段话有_______句。

2.单选题。

【1】文中描写葫芦藤样子用的词语是【】A.可爱B.雪白C.细长【2】文中描写花儿颜色的词语是【】A.可爱B.雪白C.细长3.填入恰当的词语。

【 )的葫芦藤【 )的绿叶【 )的小花【 )的小葫芦4.第_______句写了葫芦藤和葫芦花的样子，第______句写了小葫芦的数量，第_____句写了那个人关心小葫芦。

三年级课外阅读练习（一）蝴蝶花蝴蝶花长在草丛里，从紫色的花瓣里不断地散发出一丝丝淡淡的清香，逗引着蜜蜂.蝴蝶从远处飞来.它看看自己周围，不过是些( )的小草，有的不开花，有的即使开出一朵半朵小花，也很不显眼，还没有什么香味.蝴蝶花骄傲了.它说：“看来，我是百花中的冠军了，可惜被埋没在这里，和这些平凡的小草小花在一起，我几时才有出头之日啊！”不久，蝴蝶花被花匠发现了，花匠把它移植到一个( )的花园里.它初到这里，看到那白玉栏杆里的牡丹，开得那么富丽堂皇；那正在怒放的芍药，比朝霞还要鲜艳……在这数不尽的( )的名花中，蝴蝶花一下子又自卑起来.它说：“看来我是百花中最难看的花了，什么人也不会理睬我了！”蝴蝶花正在( )的时候，想不到一群孩子大声嚷道：“快来看啊，这是什么花啊？”“它叫蝴蝶花.”另一个孩子回答.“多好看的蝴蝶花啊！”孩子们都蹲在蝴蝶花跟前……蝴蝶花的心情平静了，它这才明白，过去自己在小草小花中间骄傲固然不对；现在，在牡丹.芍药间自卑也是没有道理的.1．括号里填的词，全对的一组是（）A．平平常常万紫千红奇花异草暗自伤心B．平平凡凡万紫千红争芳斗艳暗自伤心C．平平凡凡繁花绽放争芳斗艳冥思苦想D．闻所未闻花儿朵朵各种各样暗自伤心2．文中“名花”是指（）A．牡丹和芍药 B．牡丹和蝴蝶花 C．芍药和蝴蝶花 D．牡丹.芍药和蝴蝶花3．蝴蝶花的心情变化在文中很明显，请找出文中的三个词，填在下面括号内. ( )————( )————( )4．蝴蝶花懂得了什么？ (用文中句子回答)_____________________________________________________________________5．你从蝴蝶花明白的道理中得到了什么启示？参考答案： 1．B 2.A3.骄傲——自卑——平静4．过去自己在小草小花中间骄傲固然不对；现在，在牡丹.芍药间自卑也是没有道理的. 5．应该正确摆正自己的位置，不要自高自大，也不要妄自菲薄.（二）买小狗的小孩①一天早晨，杂货店的老板把店门打开，准备做生意.他养的一只母狗几个星期以前生下了五只小狗，老板打算把它们卖掉，就做了个“出售小狗”的牌子立在店门前，然后便低头算账.②“请问小狗多少钱一只？”一个细声细气的声音在问.③老板抬起头一看，只见一个瘦小的男孩子站在柜台前，细脖子上顶着一个大脑袋，穿一身洗得干干净净的旧衣服.④“一百块钱一只.”老板回答说.⑤男孩子从衣服口袋里掏出一把零钱，数了一下，说：“我这儿有五元六角二分.能让我先看一看小狗吗？”⑥老板回过头向里屋吹了一声口哨，一只漂亮的金黄色大狗跳了出来，后面跟着几只毛茸茸的“小肉球”.最后面的那只小狗个子最小，跑起来一瘸(quã) 一拐的.⑦男孩子指着小瘸狗问：“那只小狗怎么了？”⑧“医生说它天生少一个关节，一辈子都得是个瘸子了.”⑨“我就要这只小狗儿.”男孩说.⑩“哦，这只小狗不值得买，如果你真想要，我就送给你得了.”老板大方地说.男孩子扬起头，涨红了脸说：“我不需要你送给我！这只小狗和其他小狗一样值一百块钱！我先给你五块六角二分作定金，以后一个星期给你五块钱，直到付完为止.”老板认真地说：“你可想好啊，这只狗一辈子也不会像其他狗一样又跑又跳了.”男孩子拉起裤腿，露出一条用两根钢棍儿固定住的左腿，说：“先生，我自己也跑不快.这只小狗需要的是一个能理解他的主人.”1．文章第⑥自然段中的“小肉球”指的是___________________________________ 2．文章对小男孩的外貌进行描写的句子是：________________________________ ______________________________________________ _______________________ 3．老板认为瘸腿的小狗可以不要钱送给小男孩是因为________________________________；小男孩认为瘸腿的小狗值一百块钱是因为_________________________________________.4．从小男孩的语言和行为中，你认为他是怎样的一个孩子？_____________________________________________________________________ 5．小男孩对待瘸腿小狗的态度给你怎样的启示？_____________________________________________________________________参考答案： 1．小狗2．一个瘦小的男孩子站在柜台前，细脖子上顶着一个大脑袋，穿一身洗得干干净净的旧衣服……3．因为这只狗天生就少一个关节，一辈子都得是个瘸子，不值得买.因为小男孩自己也腿部受伤跑不快，他觉得这只小狗需要的是一个能理解他的主人. 4．善良.坚强5．无论生命是健全还是残疾，都要平等对待.（意思对即可）（三）小溪流又唱了小溪流生活在山脚下，绿绿的青山环抱着她，潺潺的泉水喂养着她.清澈的溪水映出身边的红花.绿草，映出头顶的蓝天.白云.细雨轻轻落下，小溪流快活地唱起来：“细雨哥哥，谢谢你给我送来了新伙伴.现在，我要唱得更动听！”小溪流不停地前进.在溪边行走的人们都夸奖她：“多清多美的溪水啊，唱的歌儿又那么动听.”小溪流听了夸奖，非常得意.她在一块大青石旁边停住了脚步，心想：“我的水那么清，那么美，何必再跑呢？歇歇吧！”小溪流不跑了，也不唱了.渐渐地，她变浑浊了.细雨劝告她：“小溪流，继续向前吧！只有前进，才能永远清澈.”听了细雨的话，小溪流绕过大青石，又唱起来.溪水又变得清澈了.红花.绿草.蓝天.白云又映在溪水中了.1．小溪流生活在___________，这里有______. ______.______._______，头顶还有________和 _______.小溪流生活的环境________ 2．小溪流为什么变浑浊了？后来又是怎样变清的呢？_______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________ 3．这篇寓言告诉我们（） A．水如果不流动，就会变浑浊. B．有了错，要及时纠正.C．在前进的道路上，听到夸奖，不要满足，要继续奋力前进. 参考答案：1．山脚下青山泉水红花绿草蓝天白云很美…2．因为她骄傲了，不跑了，也不唱了，所以变浑浊了.后来她听了细雨的话，绕过大青石，又唱起来，所以又变得清澈了. 3．C(四)蜻蜓初秋，村外的池塘里，水清如镜，一大群蜻蜓互相追逐，飞来飞去.时而俯冲下来，尾巴在水面上轻轻一点，又立即飞向空中，池塘里留下了一圈圈的波纹，慢慢地向四下扩散.见到这般景致，便想起了“蜻蜓点水”这一成语，它是用来比喻做事肤浅，不够深入. 对于人来说，这只是根据对一种自然现象的观察作出的结论.对蜻蜓来说，却根本不是这么回事. 原来，在池塘水面上点水的是一群雌蜻蜓，它们所以用尾巴点水，并不是要深入下去，或者测量水的深浅，而是为繁育后代，把卵产在池塘里.蜻蜓卵很小很小，它们落入水中，随着水的波浪游来荡去，开始了水中的生活.经过水温的孵(fū)化，蜻蜓卵变成了幼虫，这幼虫叫做水虿(chài)，它身体扁阔，成长条状，头部比较大，很像一只小蝎子的模样. 一个秋冬的时间，水虿在水里经过十几次痛苦的脱皮，才能渐渐长大.待到第二年春天，水虿顺着水里的草茎，或从池塘的岸边，爬出了水面，不吃也不动，再经过几天的时间，又进行一次痛苦的脱皮，水虿就变成了成虫，长着两只圆圆的大眼睛，两对透明的翅膀和一条长长的尾巴，这就是新一代的蜻蜓.起初，蜻蜓的身体和翅膀都很软，可是很快就变得硬朗起来，它便展翅飞上了天空. 这时蜻蜓开始了新的生活，白天捕蚊虫，夜晚落在草茎上休息，经过一个春夏的生长，蜻蜓成熟了.初秋，于是又开始了蜻蜓点水的故事.蜻蜓是一种益虫，有入做过统计，一只蜻蜓一生中可吃掉2000多只蚊虫，为人类除害，做出了不小的贡献.我们一定要爱护蜻蜓，不要捕捉它来玩.1．填空.(1)在池塘水面上点水的是一群( )蜻蜒.(2)蜻蜒的生长过程是：( )—( )一( ). 2．选择.(1)“蜻蜓点水”对蜻蜒来说是( )；作为成语来讲说明( ). A．做事肤浅，不够深入. B．要深入下去，测量水的深浅. C．为了繁育后代，把卵产在池塘里. D．为了显示飞行技术高超. (2)蜻蜓产卵的时间是（）A．秋冬 B．春天 C．夏天 D．初秋 3．为什么说蜻蜒是益虫？参考答案：1．（1）雌 (2)卵水虿蜻蜒 2．（1）C A（2）C3．因为有人做过统计，一只蜻蜒一生中可吃掉2000多只蚊虫，为人类除害，做出了不小的贡献.（五）________的植物世界世界上有许许多多奇妙的植物.植物能吃虫.夏天，沼泽地带常常可以看到一种淡红色的小草，这就是会捕捉飞虫的毛毡草.毛毡草的叶子上有200多根小绒毛，这些小绒毛能分泌出一种黏性很强的液体，这种黏液还含有一种很甜的味道和香气，小虫子一闻到这种气味，就急急忙忙地飞来，一旦落到它的叶子上，就会被牢牢地粘住.经过1～2小时，小虫子就被叶子消化吸收掉了.植物还会听音乐呢.一位印度的科学家常喜欢在花园里拉拉小提琴，放放交响乐.日子久了，竟然发现他那园中的花木，长得格外旺盛.于是，他开始正式对水稻进行试验.他每天在一块稻田里播放25分钟交响乐.一月后，发现这块田里的水稻比同样一块没有听过音乐的水稻要长得更加茂盛，平均株高超过了30厘米.此外，还有预报地震的山芋藤，能净化水的水葫芦，会“咬人”的漆树…… 1．写一个词把文章名称补充完整.2．这篇短文重点介绍了植物___________.____________.简单地介绍了奇妙的_______________ .3．文中提到的奇妙植物，奇妙在哪些方面，请写一写._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________4．文章末尾用了________号，其作用是_____________________.参考答案： 1．奇妙2．能吃虫，会听音乐山芋藤.水葫芦和漆树等植物3．能吃虫，会听音乐，能报地震，能净化水，会咬人（意思对即可） 4．省略，省略了许多奇妙的植物（六）聪明的老鼠一只老鼠钻出洞口，两只猫同时逮(dǎi dài)住了它.白猫抓住鼠尾说( )是我先捉住了这只鼠( )应该归我享用( )黑猫抓住鼠头说( )你没看见我捉着鼠头吗？是我先击中(zhōng zhîng)了它的要(yāo yào)害部位.”两只猫争执不下，谁也不让谁.老鼠见(壮状)，忙对两只猫说：“反正我已经被你俩捉住了，谁吃都一样，但为了使你俩不伤和(hã huï)气，是否先放我回洞里，让我重新钻出来，你们(在再)抓，就能比出谁先抓到了.”两只猫同(义意)了.它俩一左一右守在洞口，几个时(晨辰)过去了，可惜它俩连老鼠的影子也没见到.1．用“√”给文中字选择正确的读音. 2．划去文中括号里不恰当的字. 3．给第2自然段空白处加标点.4．两只猫为什么连老鼠的影子也没见到？_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________5．这篇童话告诉我们( ) A.人不要太贪婪B．人不能轻信，否则会上当 C．人与人之间要互相谦让 D．人不能太贪婪，要互相谦让参考答案：4.钻进洞里躲起来了. (意思对即可) 5．D（八）全神贯注有一天，孔子和他的学生看见一位老人正在路边粘（zhān）蝉（chán）.蝉停在高高的树枝上，老人一举竿（gān）就粘住一个，简直就像从衣袋里取东西一样容易.孔子看了赞不绝口：“妙极了！妙极了！”老人看了看他们，笑着说：“刚开始的时候，我也不行.一举起竹竿，手就会颤（chàn）抖，离蝉还远呢，蝉就飞走了.”孔子问：“那您又是怎样练出这手绝招的呢？”老人从容地说：“粘蝉先要练举竿.我在竹竿的顶端放上一个小球，举竿时尽量不让小球掉下来.我天天练，月月练，练了很长时间，我的手终于不再颤抖了.我还坚持站立的功夫，现在我可以像埋在土里的木桩一样，一动也不动地站很长时间.另外，粘蝉必须全神贯注.我在粘蝉的时候，两眼只盯着蝉的翅膀，别的什么也不去看.这样，我就能见一个粘一个了.”孔子听了老人的话，回头对他的学生说：“勤学苦练，专心致志，才能把事情做好.粘蝉是这样，做其他事也是这样.”1．根据意思，写出文中的词语.①连声称赞.（）②一心一意，集中全部精力.（）③形容集中全部注意力.（）2．第1自然段共有（）句话，表现老人粘蝉技术高超的句子是第（）句.3．按照下面的提示把第4自然中老人说的话用“/”分为三层. ①苦练举竿和站立功夫. ②粘蝉时要全神贯注. ③终于能够见一个粘一个了. 4．这篇短文的中心句是【】A．蝉停在高高的树枝上，老人一举竿就粘住一个，简直就像从衣袋里取东西一样容易.B．粘蝉必须全神贯注.C．勤学苦练，专心致志，才能把事情做好.粘蝉是这样，做其他事也是这样.参考答案：1．①赞不绝口②专心致志③全神贯注 2．三二3．①②③④／⑤⑥／⑦ 4．C（九）登山人三人同去攀登高山，第一个人刚走几步，感到山陡难登，就退了下来.他说：“我是知难而退.”第二个人攀登到半山腰，气喘吁吁，大汗淋漓.他望了望那险峻的山势，摇了摇头，说：“我还是适可而止吧！”于是也退了下来.只有第三个人，勇敢攀登，知难而进，几次跌倒，几次爬起，不畏艰难，不气馁，终于攀上了峰顶.几天后，三个人见面了.第一个人说：“登上峰顶，也不过是那么回事，还是我知难而退好！”第二个人说：“登上峰顶太费力气，还是我适可而止好.”那个登上峰顶的人笑了笑，说：“顶上的无限风光，你们是无法领略到的.” 1．用短文中的词语，概括三个人登山的情况.第一个人：________________________________________________________ 第二个人：________________________________________________________ 第三个人：________________________________________________________ 2．你怎样理解“顶上的无限风光，你们是无法领略到的”这句话？ __________________________________________________________________3．短文告诉我们的道理是（）A．不论做什么事，只要遇到困难就要知难而退. B．不论做什么事，必须不怕困难，坚持到底才能成功. C．不论做什么事，如果太费力气就应该适可而止. 参考答案：1．知难而退适可而止勇敢攀登2．从来没有体验过成功的人，是无法知晓成功的味道的. 3．B（十）______________________去年生日那天，爸爸送我一只美丽的“小花鹿”.它既不会跑，也不会跳，是个泥制的储蓄罐.“小花鹿”可真讨人喜欢.圆圆的脑袋上，一对粉红的耳朵向上竖着，仿佛在倾听周围的动静.脸上嵌着两只明亮的眼睛，透蓝的眼眶里，那圆溜溜的黑眼珠还真有神采呢！一张小嘴微微撅着，像是要跟我说话.“小花鹿”的身体是橘黄色的，上面还有大红色的梅花斑纹.它那条又小又短的尾巴向上翘着，显出一副调皮的样子，它整天静静地蹲在我的写字台上.我在它的脖子上系了一条绿丝带，打了个蝴蝶结，这一下，它变得更加神气和漂亮了.自从我有了“小花鹿”以后，那些话梅啦.山楂啦.橄榄啦，不像过去那么吸引我了.我不再随便买零食吃，把节省下来的钱，从“小花鹿”后脑勺上的小口子里塞进去.每当我这样做的时候，“小花鹿”就像吃到了鲜嫩的树叶一样，高兴得眯起眼睛笑了.一天又一天一个月又一个月不到一年“小花鹿”变得沉甸甸了我抚摸着它高兴地说这下我就可以去买许多书啦你的功劳真不小啊 1.给没有加标点的地方加上标点. 2. 联系上下文解释词语：倾听：_________________________ 功劳：________________________3.第二自然段是围绕哪句话来写的，用“”画出来.4.给短文加个题目 .5.作者自上而下有顺序地描写了“小花鹿”的外形：脑袋→（_____）→（_____）→（_____）→（_____）→（_____）→（_____）6.“小花鹿”的功劳是_________________________________________________.7.判断下面的句子是不是打比方的句子，不是的打“×”.(1) 圆圆的脑袋上，一对粉红的耳朵向上竖着，仿佛在倾听周围的动静.( ) (2) 每当我这样做的时候，“小花鹿”就像吃到了鲜嫩的树叶一样，高兴得眯起眼睛笑了.（）【参考答案】：1. 一天又一天，一个月又一个月 .不到一年，“小花鹿”变得沉甸甸了.我抚摸着它，高兴地说：“这下，我就可以去买许多书啦！你的功劳真不小啊！”2. 倾听：认真地听取 . 功劳：小花鹿对“我”存钱做出了贡献.3.“小花鹿”可真讨人喜欢.4. 美丽的“小花鹿”5.脑袋→（耳朵）→（眼睛）→（小嘴）→（身体）→（尾巴）→（脖子）6.“小花鹿”的功劳是让“我”不随便买零食吃，把节省下来的钱用来买书.7.判断下面的句子是不是打比方的句子，不是的打“×”. (1)( × ) (2) （×）（十一）快乐的钥匙有两个农夫，种了同样的庄稼，取得了同样的收成.一个农夫想：今年虽然丰收了，有了一点儿积累，但比起那些很富有的人，还是微不足道的.别人一年的积累是自己的十倍甚至百倍，自己和别人的距离不是会越拉越大，越来越穷吗？想到这个前景，悲观的情绪（xù）充满了他的内心，丰收反而使他变得更加痛苦.另一个农夫则很乐观.他想：今年的收成比去年多了近三成，不仅够一个人吃穿用，而且还有剩余.如果这样下去，自己渐渐就会成为一个很富有的人了.他的心里为有这样一个理想而充满了快乐.是的，珍惜自己所拥有的，坦然面对自己所没有的，把快乐的钥匙交给自己，就将会拥有一个快乐的人生.1．从短文中找出下列词语的反义词. 快乐——（）贫穷——（） 2．联系上下文解释下列词语的意思.微不足道：__________________________________________________3．两个农夫，种了同样的庄稼，取得了同样的收成，但心情不一样. 第一个农夫心情_______________，是因为________________________；第二个农夫心情_______________，是因为________________________. 4．描写两位农夫时，运用了________的手法. A．细节描写 B．对比 5．读了短文以后，你明白了什么？_______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________参考答案：1．痛苦富有2．太少了，不值得一提.5．我们要珍惜自己所拥有的，坦然面对自己所没有的，要知足常乐.（意思对即可）（十二）昆虫的盔甲与皮靴许多昆虫都有一副坚硬而漂亮的外壳，好像穿上了一副“盔甲”.有了这层壳，昆虫就不怕水淹，还能抵御敌害.昆虫的这副“盔甲”里含有大量的蜡质.蜡实际上也是一种酯类，由许多高级脂肪酸和一元醇（chún）组成，常温下往往是固态，因而滴水不沾，成为许多昆虫的一种保护层.蜜蜂就是用蜂蜡建造蜂房，在里面产卵，孵（fū）出许多后代，保证了小蜜蜂在各自的蜂房里安全成长.苍蝇则巧妙地在自己毛腿的尖处分泌出一些中性酯类物质，从而为自己的两只脚都套上“防滑靴”.不知你注意到没有，苍蝇在垂直的玻璃窗上能行动自如，停住时，就如钉子钉在上面，爬行时，又迅速异常，真像一个天才的杂技演员.有些昆虫体内的酯对人类很有益处.如蜜蜂的蜂蜡，四川的白蜡和虫胶等，都有很大的应用价值. 1．写出下词语的反义词.坚硬——（）安全——（）2．用“____”画出文中一个比喻句，并仿写一个这样的句子. _______________________________________________________________3．根据短文内容填空.（1）昆虫有壳的好处是_______________________________________. （2）昆虫的盔甲里含有大量的________成为许多昆虫的___________. （3）苍蝇的“防滑靴”是____________，作用是_________________. （4）文中提到过对人类有益处的酯有___________________________. 参考答案：1．柔软危险3(1)不怕水淹，还能抵御敌害（2）蜡质一种保护伞（3）中性酯类物质能在玻璃上行动自如（4）蜜蜂的蜂蜡，四川的白蜡和虫胶等。

剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855, and became a well-known landscapephotographerAlexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for thesetypes of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities oft he two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.blographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.2 Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.3 Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.4 There were many similarities between Henderson's early landscapes and those of Notman.5 The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.6 Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.7 When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax linehad been finished.8 Henderson's last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Questions 9-13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Back to the future of skyscraper designAnswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuriesA The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.'The crisis in building design is already here.' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve Energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'B Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed -to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioningsystems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.E'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas -toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.G Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'H Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.I He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago -built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it's time we changed our outlook.* pathogens: microorganisms that can cause diseaseQuestions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14 why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century15 a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige16 a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modernstandards17 how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building18 an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning Questions 19-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wardsProfessor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19 ________ of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20 ________ in the air coming from patients suffering from 21 ________ would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22 ________ in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23 ________ areas.A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the24 ________ for protection against bad air, known as 25 ________ . These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26 ________ in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Questions 27-34Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.28 Section B29 Section C30 Section D31 Section E32 Section F33 Section G34 Section HWhy companies should welcome disorderA Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - all those inboxes and calendars -or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need.We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively, increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well.B Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected?C This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.D New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it's the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organisational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend timeand money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.E What's more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere.F In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.G In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a 'spaghetti' structure in order to reduce the organisation's rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvement in worker productivity in all facets of the business.In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the 'boundaryless' organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.H A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work. Questions 35-37Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.35 Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not ________ enough.36 Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as ________37 Many people feel ________ with aspects of their work.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.39 Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.40 Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 FALSE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 FALSE8 TRUE9 merchant10 equipment11 gifts12 canoe13 mountains14 F15 C16 E17 D18 B19 design(s)20 pathogens21 tuberculosis22 wards23 communal24 public25 miasmas26 cholera27 vi28 i29 iii30 ii31 ix32 vii33 iv34 viii35 productive36 perfectionists37 dissatisfied38 TRUE39 FALSE40 NOT GIVEN。