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GlossaryEpithelial Tissue[,epi' θli]:li? ['ti ?ju] 上皮组织covering epithelium 被覆上皮simple squamous epithelium ['skweim ?s] 单层扁平上皮endothelium [,end ?u' θi:lim?] 内皮mesothelium[,mes ?u' θi:lim?] 间皮simple cuboidal epithelium [kju:'b ?idl] 单层立方上皮simple columnar epithelium[k?'l?mn ?] 单层柱状上皮pesudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 假复层纤毛柱状上皮stratified squamous epithelium['str? tifaid] 复层扁平上皮transitional epithelium 变移上皮cell coat 细胞衣microvillus(microvilli) [,maikr ? u'vil ?s] 微绒毛cilium(cilia) ['sili ?m] 纤毛tight junction 紧密连接intermediate junction 中间连接desmosome['dezm ? s?um] 桥粒gap junction 缝隙连接basement membrane 基膜plasma membrane infolding['pl? zm?] 质膜内褶hemidesmosome 半桥粒Connective Tissue 结缔组织connective tissue proper 固有结缔组织loose connective tissue 疏松结缔组织dense connective tissue 致密结缔组织reticular tissue[ri'tikjul ?] 网状组织adipose tissue['? dip ? us] 脂肪组织fibroblast ['faibr ? ubl ɑ:st] 成纤维细胞macrophage['m? kr ?ufeid ? 巨噬细胞plasma cell 浆细胞mast cell 肥大细胞fat cell 脂肪细胞ground substance 基质collagenous fiber[k ?'l? d?? n?s] 胶原纤维elastic fiber 弹性纤维reticular fiber 网状纤维reticular cell 网状细胞cartilage['kɑ:tilid?] 软骨cartilage tissue 软骨组织hyaline cartilage['hai ? lain 透明软骨elastic cartilage 弹性软骨fibrous cartilage/fibrocartilage 纤维软骨chondrocyte['k ?ndr ? sait] 软骨细胞isogenous group[ai's ?d?in ?s] 同源细胞群perichondrium [,peri'k ?ndri ?m] 软骨膜bone 骨osseous tissue/bone tissu[e'?si ? s] 骨组织bone matrix 骨质osteoprogenitor cell 骨祖细胞osteoblast['?sti ? ubl? st] 成骨细胞osteocyte[' ?sti ?sait] 骨细胞osteoclast[' ?sti ? ukl? st] 破骨细胞circumferential lamella [l ?'mel ?] 环骨板osteone 骨单位Haversian system 哈弗斯系统interstitial lamella 间骨板periosteum[,peri, ?sti ? m] 骨外膜endosteum[en'd ?sti? m] 骨内膜Blood 血液serum ['si ?r?m ] 血清blood plasma 血浆Wright ’s stain 瑞氏染色hemocyte ['hi:m ? sait 血细胞erythrocyte [i'ri θu s a r?i t红细胞hemoglobin(Hb) [,hi:m ?u'ɡl?ubin, ,hem -] 血红蛋白reticulocyte [ri'tikjul ? usait] 网织红细胞leukocyte ['lju:k ? usait 白细胞granulocyte ['ɡr?njul?usait] 有粒白细胞agranulocyte [ei' ɡr?njul?usait] 无粒白细胞azurophilic granules [gr? nju:ls 嗜天青颗粒neutrophil (neutrophilic granulocyte) ['nju:tr ? fil] 中性粒细胞eosinophil [,i: ?'sin ?fil,-fail, -fil] 嗜酸性粒细胞basophil ['beis ? fil] 嗜碱性粒细胞monocyte ['m ?n ?usait] 单核细胞lymphocyte ['limf ?usait] 淋巴细胞blood platelet['pleitlit] 血小板Muscle Tissue 肌组织***muscle fiber 肌纤维sarcolemma[,sɑ:k?u'lem?] 肌膜sarcoplasm ['s ɑ:k?pl?z?m ] 肌浆sarcoplasmic reticulum 肌浆网skeletal muscle ['skelit ?l] 骨骼肌epimysium [,epi'misi ?m] 肌外膜perimysium [,peri'mi ?i?m, -zi ?m] 肌束膜endomysium[,end ? 'mizi ?m] 肌内膜striated muscle['straieitid] 横纹肌myofilament [,mai ?u'fil ? m ?nt] 肌丝isotropic band [,ais ? u'tr ?pik] I 带anisotropic band[? n,ais ? u'tr ?pik] A带sarcomere['sɑ:k?mi?] 肌节myofibril [,mai ?u'faibril] 肌原纤维transverse tubule (T tubule) 横小管longitudinal tubule [,l?nd ?i'tju:din ?l] 纵小管terminal cisternae['t ?:min ?l] [si'st ? :ni:] 终池triad 'trai ?d, -? d 三联体cardiac muscle ['kɑ:di?k] 心肌intercalated disc 闰盘diad ['dai? d] 二联体smooth muscle 平滑肌Nervous Tissue 神经组织nervous cell 神经细胞neuroglial cell 神经胶质细胞neuron ['nju ? r?n] 神经元soma['s? um ?] 胞体neurite['nju ?rait 突起dendrite['dendrait] 树突axon['? ks ?n 轴突Nissl ’s body 尼氏体neurofibril [,nju ? r? u'faibril] 神经原纤维neurofilament [,nu ? r? 'fil ?m ?nt] 神经丝microtubule [,maikr ?u'tju:bju:l 微管***synapse['sain?ps, 突触axosomatic synapse 轴体突触axodendrite synapse 轴树突触chemical synapse 化学性突触presynaptic element [,pri:si'n? ptik] 突触前成分synaptic vesicle['vesikl] 突触小泡synaptic cleft 突触间隙postsynaptic element 突触后成分glial cell ['ɡlai?l] 胶质细胞astrocyte['? str ? sait] 星形胶质细胞oligodendrocyte['?liɡ?u'dendr?sait 少突胶质细胞microglia [mai'kr ?ɡlai? ] 小胶质细胞ependymal cell[e'pend ? ,me ? ri] 室管膜细胞Schwann’s cell 施万细胞neurilemmal cell [,njur ? l? 'm? tik 神经膜细胞satellite cell ['s? t? lait] 卫星细胞nerve fiber 神经纤维myelinated nerve fiber['mai ? lineitid, 有髓神经纤维unmyelinated nerve fiber 无髓神经纤维central axon['? ks ?n 轴索myelin sheath 髓鞘neurilemma 神经膜Ranvier ’s node 郎飞结internode ['int ?n ?ud] 结间体nerve 神经epineurium [,epi'nju ?ri?m] 神经外膜perineurium [,per ? 'nju:ri ?m] 神经束膜endoneurium[,per ?'nju:ri ?m] 神经内膜sensory nerve ending 感觉神经末梢free nerve ending 游离神经末梢encapsulated nerve ending[in'k? ps?leitid] 被囊神经末梢tactile['t? ktail corpuscle ['k ?:p ?sl] 触觉小体lameller corpuscle ['k ?:p ?sl] 环层小体muscle spindle ['spindl] 肌梭motor nerve ending 运动神经末梢***somatic [s?u'm?tik] motor nerve ending 躯体运动神经末梢visceral 'vis ? r? l] motor nerve ending 内脏运动神经末梢motor end plate 运动终板Circulatory System 循环系统Cardiovascular system[,kɑ:di?u'v?skjul?] 心血管系统heart 心walls of heart 心壁endocardium [,end?u'kɑ:di?m] 心内膜endothelium[,end ?u' θi:lim?] 内皮subendothelial layer['lei ? 内皮下层subendocardial layer 心内膜下层Purkinje fibers 浦肯野纤维myocardium [,mai ?u'kɑ:di?m] 心肌膜epicardium[,epi'k ɑ:di?m] 心外膜artery['ɑ:t?ri] 动脉medium-sized artery 中动脉muscular artery 肌性动脉tunica intima ['tju:nik ?] ['intim ?] 内膜internal elastic membrane 内弹性膜tunica media 中膜tunica adventitia[,?dven'ti ?i? 外膜external elastic membrane 外弹性膜large artery 大动脉elastic artery 弹性动脉small artery 小动脉arteriole[ɑ:'ti?ri?u] 微动脉capillary [k ?'pil ?ri, 'k? pi-] 毛细血管continuous capillary 连续性毛细血管fenestrated[fi'nestreitid] capillary 有孔毛细血管discontinuous sinusoidal[,sin?'s?idl] capillary 不连续毛细血管blood sinusoid 血窦vein [vein] 静脉lymphatic [,lim'f? tik] system 淋巴系统lymphatic capillary 毛细淋巴管lymphatic vessel['ves ?l] 淋巴管lymphatic trunks 淋巴干lymphatic ducts 淋巴导管***Immune [i'mju:n] System 免疫系统lymphoid ['limf ?id] organ 淋巴器官central lymphoid organ 中枢淋巴器官peripheral [p ?'rif ?r ?l] lymphoid organ 周围淋巴器官lymphatic tissue 淋巴组织diffuse lymphoid tissue 弥散淋巴组织lymphoid nodule ['n?dju:l, -d ?u:l] 淋巴小结immune cell 免疫细胞thymus [' θa i m s?]胸腺capsule ['k?psju:l] 被膜interlobular septum 小叶间隔thymocyte [' θa i m s a?i t]胸腺细胞epithelial reticular cell 上皮网状细胞thymic epithelial cell 胸腺上皮细胞thymic corpuscle 胸腺小体lymphoid node 淋巴结trabecula 小梁cortical sinus ['sain ?s] 皮质淋巴窦subcapsular sinus 被膜下淋巴窦peritrabecular sinus 小梁周窦superficial [,sju:p ?'fi ??l] cortex ['k ?:teks] 浅层皮质paracortex zone [p?r ?'k ?:teks] 副皮质区thymus dependent area 胸腺依赖区medullary cord ['med ?l ?ri] 髓索medullary sinus 髓窦spleen 脾white pulp [p ?lp] 白髓periarterial lymphatic sheath 动脉周围淋巴鞘central artery 中央动脉splenic corpuscle ['k ?:p?sl] 脾小结red pulp 红髓splenic cord 脾索splenic sinus 脾窦marginal zone ['mɑ:d?in?l] 边缘区palatine ['p? l?tain] tonsil ['t ?nsil] 腭扁桃体mononuclear [,m ?n?u'nju:kli ?] phagocytic [,f? ɡ?'sitik]单核吞噬细胞系统system***Digestive System 消化系统digestive [di'd ?estiv tract 消化管mucosa[mju:'k ?u s?] 粘膜lamina propria 固有层muscularis mucosa 粘膜肌层submucosa 粘膜下层muscularis 肌层adventitia [,?dven'ti ?i ?] 外膜tongue [t ??] 舌lingual ['li? ɡw p?al]pilla [p ?'pil ?] 舌乳头filiform papilla 丝状乳头fungiform ['filif ?:m] papilla 菌状乳头circumvallate [,s?:k ?m'v?leit] papilla 轮廓乳头esophagus[i:'s ?f ?ɡs?] 食管stomach 胃fundic ['f ?ndik] gland 胃底腺chief cell 主细胞zymogen cell ['zaim ?ud??n] 胃酶细胞parietal cell [p?'raiit ?l] 壁细胞oxyntic [' ?ksintik] cell 泌酸细胞mucous ['mju:k?s] neck cell 颈粘液细胞small intestine [in'testin] 小肠plicae ['plaik ? circularis 环行皱襞absorptive [?b's?:ptiv] cell 吸收细胞striated border 纹状缘goblet cell 杯状细胞endocrine cell ['end?ukrain, 内分泌细胞small intestinal gland 小肠腺Paneth cell 潘氏细胞undifferentiated cell 未分化细胞intestinal vilus 肠绒毛large intestine 大肠digestive gland 消化腺pancreas['p?nkri ?s] 胰exocrine portion ['eks?krain] 外分泌部pancreas islet['ailit] 胰岛glucagon ['ɡlu:k? ɡ?n] 胰高血糖素insulin ['insjulin 胰岛素somatostatin[,s?um?t?'st?tin, 生长抑素***liver['liv ?] 肝hepatic [hi'p?tik]lobule/liver lobule[/'l ?bju:l/] 肝小叶hepatic plate/liver plate 肝板limiting plate 界板hepatocyte['hep?t?sait, 肝细胞Kupffer cell 库普弗细胞hepatic sinusoid['sain ? s?id] 肝血窦Disse space 狄氏间隙perisinusoidal space 窦周隙bile [bail]canaliculus[,k?n ?'likjul ?s] 胆小管portal canal area 门管区interlobular vein 小叶间静脉interlobular artery 小叶间动脉interlobular bile duct 小叶间胆管Respiratory['resp ?r?t?ri,] System 呼吸系统trachea[tr ?'ki: ?, 'treiki ?] 气管lung[l ??] 肺conducting portion 导气部lobar bronchus['br??k?s] 叶支气管small bronchus 小支气管bronchiole['br??ki?ul] 细支气管terminal ['t ?:min ?l]bronchiole 终末细支气管respiratory['resp?r?t?ri, portion 呼吸部respiratory bronchiole 呼吸性细支气管alveolar [?l'vi ?l ?] duct 肺泡管alveolar sac 肺泡囊pulmonary, ['p?lm ?n ?ri acinus['?sin ?s] 肺泡alveolar epithelium 肺泡上皮type Ⅰalveolar cell Ⅰ型肺泡细胞type Ⅱalveolar cell Ⅱ型肺泡细胞surfactant[s?:'f?kt ?nt] 表面活性物质alveolar septum['sep?t m] 肺泡隔alveolar pore 肺泡孔pulmonary macrophage 肺巨噬细胞dust cell 尘细胞blood-air barrier 血－气屏障respiratory membrane 呼吸膜***Urinary['ju ?rin ?ri] System 泌尿系统kidney ['kidni] 肾renal['ri:n ?l] cortex['k?:teks] 肾皮质renal medulla [me'd?l ?] 肾髓质cortical labyrinth ['l?b ?rin θ]皮质迷路medullary ray 髓放线uriniferous tubule 泌尿小管nephron ['nefr?n] 肾单位renal corpuscle 肾小体vascular['v?skjul ?] pole 血管极urinary pole 尿极renal glomerulus [ɡl?'merjul?s] 肾小球mesangium [me's?nd ?i ?m] 血管系膜mesangial cell 系膜细胞mesangial matrix['meitriks] 系膜基质renal capsule ['k?psju:l] 肾小囊parietal layer [p?'raiit ?l] 壁层visceral layer ['vis ?r?l] 脏层capsular space 肾小囊腔podocyte [p?d?'sait] 足细胞slit membrane 裂孔膜filtration[fil'trei ??n] membrane 滤过膜filtration barrier 滤过屏障renal tubule 肾小管proximal['pr ?ksim ?l] tubule 近端小管thin segment ['seɡm?nt 细段distal tubule [dis't?l] 远端小管pars convolute ['k?nv?,lu:t] 曲部pars recta ['rekt ?] 直部proximal convoluted tubule 近曲小管brush border 刷状缘lateral process 侧突basal striation 基底纵纹distal convoluted tubule 远曲小管collection tubule 集合管juxtaglomerular [,d ??kst?ɡl ?'merjul ?] complex 球旁复合体juxtaglomerular apparatus [,?p ?'reit ?s] 肾小球旁器juxtaglomerular cell 球旁细胞renin ['ri:nin, 're-] 肾素***macula ['m?kjul ?] densa 致密斑extraglomerular mesangial cell 球外系膜细胞Skin 皮肤epidermis[,epi'd?:mis] 表皮dermis['d?:mis] 真皮stratum['streit?m, basale 基底层stratum spinosum 棘层stratum granulosum 颗粒层stratum lucidum 透明层stratum corneum['k?:ni ?m] 角质层melanocyte['mel?n?usait 黑素细胞Langerhans cell 朗格汉斯细胞papillary[p ?'pil ?ri] layer 乳头层reticular layer 网织层hypodermis[,haip?u'd?:mis] 皮下组织Eye 眼eyeball 眼球fibrous tunic ['tju:nik] 纤维膜vascular tunic ['v?skjul ?] 血管膜retina ['retin ?] 视网膜cornea ['k ?:ni ?] 角膜corneal epithelium 角膜上皮anterior limiting lamina 前界层corneal stroma['str ?um ?] 角膜基质posterior limiting lamina 后界层corneal endothelium 角膜内皮layers of retina 视网膜的分层pigment ['piɡm?nt]epithelium layer 色素上皮层layer of rods and cones 视杆视锥层layer of bipolar [bai'p?ul ?] cell 双极细胞层layer of ganglion cell ['ɡ??ɡli?n] 节细胞层pigment epithelial cell 色素上皮细胞visual cell ['vizju ?l] 视细胞photoreceptor cell [,f ?ut ?uri'sept?] 感光细胞rod cell 视杆细胞cone cell [k ?un] 视锥细胞bipolar cell [bai'p?ul ?] 双极细胞***ganglion cell 节细胞Endocrine System ['end ?ukrain, -krin] 内分泌系统endocrine gland 内分泌腺nitrogen- ['naitr ?d ??n] containine hormone ['h ?:m ?un]含氮激素细胞cellsteroid secretory [si'kri:t ?ri] cell 类固醇分泌细胞thyroid gland [' θa i d r?]甲状腺thyroid hormone 甲状腺激素follicular [f ?likjul ?] epithelial cell 滤泡上皮细胞thyroglobulin [, θa u i r'?ɡl?bjuli?] iodination碘化的甲状腺球蛋白[,ai ?udi'nei ??n]colloid ['k ?l ?id] 胶体thyroxine [ θai'kr?si:n, -sin] 甲状腺素triiodothyronine(T3) 三碘甲状腺原氨酸tetraiodothyronine(T4) 四碘甲状腺原氨酸parafollicular cell 滤泡旁细胞calcitonin [,k?lsi't ?unin] 降钙素parathyroid [,p?r ?' θa i d r?]甲状旁腺chief cell 主细胞parathyroid hormone 甲状旁腺激素oxyphil cell 嗜酸性细胞adrenal [ ?'dri:n ?l] gland 肾上腺zona glomerulosa 球状带mineralocorticoid [,min ?r ?l ?u'k ?:tik ?id] 盐皮质激素aldosterone [,?ld ?u'ster?un] 醛固酮zona fasiculata 束状带Glucocorticoid [, ɡlu:k?u'k?:tik?id] 糖皮质激素corticosterone[,k ?:ti'k ?st?r?un 皮质酮zona reticularis 网状带chromaffin [kr ?u'm?fin]cell 嗜铬细胞adrenaline[ ?'dren?lin epinephrine[,epi'nefrin 肾上腺素norepinephrine/noradrenaline 去甲肾上腺素pituitary gland [pi'tju:it ?ri] 垂体basophilic cell[,beis ?'filik] 嗜碱性细胞thyrotroph 促甲状腺激素细胞thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)/thyrotropin 促甲状腺激素adrenocorticotroph(ACTH cell)/corticotroph 促肾上腺皮质激素细胞adrenocorticotropin[ ?'dri:n ?u,k ?:tik ?u'tr ?pin] 促肾上腺皮质激素gonadotroph 促性腺激素细胞***adenohypophysis[,?d ?n ?uhai'p ?fisis] 腺垂体pars distalis 远侧部acidophilic cell [,? sid ? u'filik 嗜酸性细胞somatotroph ['s?um ?t ?tr?uf 生长激素细胞somatotropin/growth hormone(GH) 生长激素mammotroph/prolactin cell 促乳激素细胞mammotropin[,m?m ?u'tr ?upin] 促乳激素follicle['f ?likl] stimulating ['stimjuleiti?] hormone(FSH) 卵泡刺激素luteinizing['lu:tiinaiz] hormone(LH) ['h ?:m ?un] 黄体生成素interstitial cell stimulating hormone(ICSH) 间质细胞刺激素chromophobe cell 嫌色细胞pars intermedia 中间部melanotroph 促黑素激素细胞melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH) 黑素细胞刺激素pars tuberalis 结节部neurohypophysis[,nju ?r ?uhai'p ?fisis] 神经垂体pars nervosa 神经部pituicyte[pi'tju:isait] 垂体细胞Herring ’s body 赫林体hypothalamus[,haip ?u' θ?m l??s]下丘脑supraoptic nucleus[,sju:pr ?'?ptik] 视上核paraaventricular nucleus 室旁核vasopressin(VP) [,veiz ?u'presin 加压素antidiuretic hormone(ADH) ['?nti,daiju ?'retik] 抗利尿激素oxytocin(OT) [,?ksi't ?usin, -'t ?-] 催产素infundibulum [,inf ?n'dibjul ?m] 漏斗Male Reproductive System[,ri:pr ?'d ?ktiv] 男性生殖系统testis['testis] 睾丸seminiferous tubule [,semi'nif?r ?s] 生精小管interstitial tissue 间质spermatogenic epithelium [,sp?:m ?t ?u'd?enik, 生精上皮spermatogenic cell 生精细胞spermatogonium [,sp?:m?t ?u'ɡ?uni?m, 精原细胞primar spermatocyte ['sp?:m ?t ?usait, 初级精母细胞secondary spermatocyte 次级精母细胞spermatid ['sp?:m ?tid] 精子细胞spermatozoon[,sp ?:m ?t?u'z?u?n 精子sustentacular cell [,s?sten't?kjul ?, 支持细胞***interstitial cell 间质细胞androgen 雄激素Female Reproductive System 女性生殖系统ovary [' ?uv?ri] 卵巢superficial epithelium 表面上皮ovarian cortex ['k?:teks] 卵巢皮质ovarian medulla [me'd?l ?] 卵巢髓质hilus cell ['hail ?s] 门细胞follicle ['f ?likl] 卵泡primordial follicle [prai'm ?:dj ? l] 原始卵泡primary cocyte 初级卵母细胞oogonium [,?u?'ɡ?uni?m] 卵原细胞follicular cell [f ?likjul ?] 卵泡细胞primary follicle 初级卵泡zona pellucida 透明带corona [k?'r ?un?] radiata ['reidi,eit ?] 放射冠secondary follicle 次级卵泡follicular cavity 卵泡腔follicular fluid 卵泡液cumulus['kju:mjul ?s] oophorus 卵丘stratum granulosum 颗粒层follicular theca 卵泡膜theca[' θi:]k? interna 卵泡膜内层theca externa 卵泡膜外层mature follicle 成熟卵泡secondary oocyte [' ?u?sait] 次级卵母细胞polar body 极体first polar body 第一极体secondary polar body 第二极体ovum [' ?uv?m] 卵子ovulation [, ?uvju'lei ??n, ?-] 排卵corpus luteum 黄体granulosa[gr?nju'l ?us?] lutein cell 颗粒黄体细胞theca lutein cell 膜黄体细胞progesterone[p?r u'd?est?r?un] 孕酮estrogen ['est?r d??n] 雌激素corpus lutein of menstruation [,menstru'e?i ?n] 月经黄体corpus lutein of pregnancy ['pre ɡn?nsi] 妊娠黄体corpus albicans ['?lbik ?ns] 白体***uterus[si'r?us?, -z?] 子宫perimetrium [peri'mi:tri ?m] 子宫外膜serosa [si'r?us?, -z?] 浆膜fibrosa 纤维膜myometrium [,mai ?u'mitri ?m] 子宫肌膜endometrium [,end?u'mi:tri ?m] 子宫内膜uterine gland ['ju:t ?rain] 子宫腺spiral artery ['spai ?r?l] 螺旋动脉menstrual cycle ['menstru?l] 月经周期proliferative phase[pr ? ,lif? 'reitiv] 增生期follicular phase [feiz] 卵泡期secretory phase 分泌期luteal phase 黄体期menstrual phase 月经期Embryology[,embri'?l?d?i] 胚胎学fertilization[,f ?:tilai'zei ??n] 受精cleavage['kli:vid ?] 卵裂implantation[,impl ɑ:n'tei??n 植入morula['m?:rjul ?] 桑椹胚blastocyst['bl? st ?usist] 卵泡germ disc 胚盘ectoderm['ekt?d?:m] 外胚层mesoderm['mes?ud?:m, ,mez-] 中胚层endoderm['end ?ud ?:m] 内胚层fetal membrane 胎膜chorion['k ?:ri ?n] 绒毛膜amnion['?mni ?n] 羊膜囊yolk sac 卵黄囊allantois[ ?'l?nt ?uis] 尿囊umbilical cord[ ?m'bilik ?l] 脐带placenta[pl?'sent?] 胚盘chorion['k ?:ri ?n] frondosum 丛密绒毛膜decidua basalis [di'sidju?] 底蜕膜***。
人附睾蛋白4在卵巢癌早期诊断及预后监测中的应用进展田园;胡卫平【摘要】卵巢癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,早期无症状,一旦诊断多属晚期,病死率居妇科恶性肿瘤之首.因此,针对卵巢癌的高危因素做到早期诊断并采取一定的阻断措施,必将减少部分卵巢癌的发生与死亡.人附睾蛋白4是新近提出的肿瘤标志物,在卵巢肿瘤组织高表达,在癌旁组织不表达,特异性较CA125高,与卵巢癌的组织类型、分期、分级等存在相关性,在血液、尿液中均可检测到,对卵巢癌的早期诊断、复发和预后的监测有良好的辅助诊断效果.【期刊名称】《医学综述》【年(卷),期】2013(019)013【总页数】3页(P2349-2351)【关键词】人附睾蛋白4;卵巢癌;CA125【作者】田园;胡卫平【作者单位】安徽医科大学附属省立医院妇产科,合肥,230000;安徽医科大学附属省立医院妇产科,合肥,230000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R737.31卵巢癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤，其发病率仅次于宫颈癌和子宫体癌，病死率居妇科恶性肿瘤之首。
近40 年来，其发病率增加了23 倍，并且有上升的趋势。
根据已经出现典型症状而得到诊断的病例70%通常已经到了晚期阶段，5 年生存率在50%以下［1］。
临床为了尽可能及早地进行诊断并采取手术、化疗等治疗措施，通常利用一些费时或价格较高的方法进行检测，并联合多种检测方法同时进行，然而这些检查特异性、敏感性均不高，不能给予明确诊断，常需要进一步行腹腔镜检查［2］。
研究者长期以来着重研究血清中可以用来筛查和诊断卵巢癌的标志物，但是目前尚未发现可靠的肿瘤指标［3］。
CA125 是目前唯一用于临床检测卵巢癌的肿瘤标志物，但其诊断的敏感性和特异性不理想，对其用于临床确诊有一定的限制［4］。
人附睾蛋白4(human epididymis protein 4，HE4)是新近提出的肿瘤标志物，可用来筛查卵巢癌。
1 HE4 的结构和功能HE4 基因，即WFDC2 基因，位于染色体20q12～13.1，由5 个外显子和4 个内含子组成，编码相对分子质量为13 ×103 的蛋白质，经过糖基化后形成相对分子质量为25 ×103 的成熟蛋白(WAP 四二硫化物核心域蛋白)［5-6］。
复层扁平上皮复层柱状上皮变移上皮微绒毛纤毛基膜质膜内褶外分泌腺内分泌腺紧密连接半桥粒软骨膜软骨细胞透明软骨纤维软骨骨组织骨细胞骨原细胞骨单位膜内成骨软骨内成骨骨膜血小板造血干细胞多能干细胞CFU-S造血祖细胞定向干细胞肌原纤维肌节横小管终池闰盘肌动蛋白肌原蛋白粗肌丝突触突触小泡分泌性神经元（神经内分泌细胞）星形胶质细胞少突胶质细胞小胶质细胞室管膜细胞施万细胞卫星细胞有髓神经纤维肌梭尼氏体微动脉微静脉心内膜心肌膜心外膜动静脉吻合淋巴导管髓索白髓边缘区红髓脾索脾血窦网状-上皮系统髓质树突状细胞嗜铬细胞生长激素细胞催乳激素细胞促甲状腺激素细胞促性腺激素细胞促皮质激素细胞嫌色细胞垂体细胞甲状腺素赫令体毛毛干毛根毛囊毛乳头皮脂腺汗腺真皮乳头胃腺壁细胞主细胞浆液性腺泡粘液性腺泡混合性腺泡半月闰管纹状管枯否细胞储脂细胞门管区粘膜下层胃底腺肺泡肺泡细胞肺泡隔血-气屏障肺泡巨噬细胞尘细胞肺泡孔滤过膜近端小管细段远端小管集合小管球旁复合体球旁细胞致密斑后肾输尿管芽精子支持细胞血-生精小管屏障雄激素结合蛋白输出小管附睾管精液生殖腺嵴顶体黄体白体闭锁滤泡子宫外膜子宫肌膜子宫内膜基细胞增生期月经期卵子节细胞黄斑视神经乳头晶状体玻璃体壶腹嵴椭圆囊斑球囊斑螺旋器 (Corti 器)胚盘蜕膜胎膜卵黄囊脐带胎盘羊膜外胚层中胚层体节。
Chapter 2 Epithelial Tissue一、总述1.what is the epithelium?由许多排列密集、形态较规则的上皮细胞和极少量细胞间质所组成。
2.position：body surface, inner surface of cavity, tube, sac etc.(人体外表面，体内各种管，腔及囊的内表面)。
3．Charactersa. more cells, less extracellular matrix（细胞多，细胞间质少）b. polarity 极性free(apical)surfacelateral surfacebasal surfacec. avascularity(无血管)no blood vesselsd. innervation : rich in nerve terminalse. functions:protection,absorption,……4 .classification被覆上皮腺上皮感觉上皮二、Covering epithelium(被覆上皮)1.单层扁平上皮（Simple squamous epithelium）（1）分布内皮：衬于心脏、血管和淋巴管腔面间皮：衬于胸膜、腹膜和心包膜表面（2）功能：fluid flow and material exchange（3）特点：很薄，仅有一层扁平细胞组成。
从表面看，细胞呈多边形，细胞边缘呈锯齿状，相邻细胞彼此嵌合；核圆形，位于细胞中央。
从垂直切面看，细胞呈扁圆形，胞质很薄，仅含核部分略厚。
2 .单层立方上皮（Simple cuboidal epithelium）（1）分布：肾小管和甲状腺滤泡（2）功能：secretion and absorption（分泌和吸收）（3）特点：由一层立方形细胞组成，从表面看，细胞呈多边形；从垂直切面看，细胞呈立方形，核圆，位于细胞中央。
3.单层柱状上皮（Simple columnar epithelium）（1）分布：肠壁（2）功能：secretion and absorption（3）特点：由一层棱柱状细胞组成，从表面看，细胞呈多边形；从垂直切面看，细胞呈柱状，核椭圆，多靠近细胞基底部（4）杯状细胞：一种腺细胞，分泌粘液，有滑润和保护上皮的作用4.假复层纤毛柱状上皮（Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium）（1）分布：呼吸道的腔面（2）功能：removing inhaled particles（3）特点：由高矮不等的柱状细胞、梭形细胞和椎体细胞组成，常夹有杯状细胞5. 复层扁平上皮（Stratified squamous epithelium）（1）分布：口腔、食管和肛管（2）功能：较厚，有较强的机械保护作用，耐摩擦，并可阻止异物入侵，受损后，有较强的修复能力（3）特点：由多层细胞组成，最深层的细胞附于基膜。
循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating Tumor Cell; CTC)通常是指因自发或诊疗操作引起的从原发灶或转移灶侵入人体外周血的肿瘤细胞。
此概念是在1869年由Ashworth等首次提出的，2015年研究人员成功培育出第一株由CTC产生的永生细胞株。
CTC一般以单细胞或者细胞团的形式存在于循环系统中，大部分侵入循环系统的肿瘤细胞会在短期内死亡，只有极少数具有高度转移倾向和活力的CTCs才能存活下来，并在一定条件下发展为转移灶。
一般在外周血中大约105~107个单核细胞中才有一个CTCs，因此为获得更好的灵敏度和特异性，对检测技术的要求极高。
由于CTCs检测的对象是血液标本，取材比传统意义上的组织活检更便捷且重复性强，属于“液态活检”的一种。
就概念而言，广义液体活检指从血液、尿液、唾液甚至脑脊液等人体体液中获取相关疾病信息的技术。
临床科研中应用的液体活检，主要是通过检测并分析血液中的循环肿瘤细胞（circulating tumor cells，CTCs）、游离肿瘤脱氧核糖核酸片段（Circulating Tumor DNA ，ctDNA）、外泌体(exosomes)、分泌物（secretomes）等组分对患者进行早期筛查、诊断并监测癌症发展演变的技术。
近年来，CTCs在临床应用的研究获得了长足的发展，积累的研究表明CTCs可更有效的反应肿瘤在机体内的发生、发展、转移、复发的情况，对预后判断、疗效检测及转移机制研究有更切实的指导意义。
间变性淋巴瘤激酶(Anaplasticlymphomakinase, ALK)基因是一种致癌驱动基因。
突变、基因扩增或染色体重排均可以导致ALK基因异常激活，从而促进肿瘤生长。
在3-7%的非小细胞肺癌患者中ALK基因重排是一个独特的分子子集，主要是由于该基因发生重排并与其他基因进行了融合。
Vincent Faugeroux等证实在ALK阳性的非小细胞肺癌患者中通过检测CTCs发现了ALK重排，这项研究为ALK阳性的患者在使用ALK抑制剂治疗诊断方面提供了新的观点。
小圆上皮细胞英文术语Epithelial Cells in the Small Intestine: English TerminologyIntroduction:Epithelial cells play a critical role in the small intestine, as they form a protective barrier and facilitate the absorption and secretion of nutrients. To understand the functions and characteristics of these cells, it is important to be familiar with the English terminology used to describe them. This article aims to provide an overview of the various English terms related to epithelial cells in the small intestine.1. Enterocytes:Enterocytes are the most abundant type of epithelial cells in the small intestine. They are responsible for absorbing nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, from the digested food. These cells have microvilli on their surface, which increase the surface area available for absorption.2. Goblet Cells:Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that secrete mucus. They are scattered among the enterocytes in the small intestine and play a crucial role in protecting the epithelium by lubricating the intestinal lining and serving as a physical barrier against pathogens.3. Paneth Cells:Paneth cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine. They secrete various antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, such as lysozyme, defensins, and phospholipase A2. These secretions help protect againstbacterial overgrowth and maintain the overall balance of the intestinal microbiota.4. Stem Cells:Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that reside in the base of the intestinal crypts. They have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various types of epithelial cells. These cells play a crucial role in the continuous renewal and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium.5. Brush Border:The brush border is a term used to describe the microvilli-covered surface of the enterocytes. These microvilli greatly increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. They are called the brush border due to their appearance under microscopic examination, resembling tiny bristles.6. Tight Junctions:Tight junctions are specialized connections between adjacent epithelial cells. They form a barrier that prevents the leakage of molecules and ions between cells, ensuring the selective permeability of the intestinal epithelium. Tight junctions are vital for maintaining the integrity of the small intestine and regulating the transport of nutrients.7. Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes:Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes are adhesive structures that connect epithelial cells to each other and the underlying basement membrane, respectively. They provide mechanical support and stability to the intestinal epithelium, especially in areas exposed to mechanical stress and movement.8. Villi and Crypts of Lieberkühn:Villi are finger-like projections on the surface of the small intestine that increase its absorptive surface area. Each villus contains a core of connective tissue and is covered by a layer of epithelial cells. Crypts of Lieberkühn, on the other hand, are invaginations located between the villi. They contain stem cells, Paneth cells, and other specialized cells.Conclusion:Understanding the English terminology related to small intestine epithelial cells is essential for comprehending their functions and characteristics. This article provided an overview of the English terms associated with small intestine epithelial cells, including enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, stem cells, brush border, tight junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, as well as villi and crypts of Lieberkühn. Having knowledge of these terms enables effective communication and study in the field of gastrointestinal research and medicine.。
上皮间质转化和内皮间质转化在肾纤维化中的研究进展金芬;张忠寿;黄卫锋【摘要】上皮间质转化(EMT)和内皮间质转化(EndMT)参与各种纤维化疾病的发病机制，EMT和EndMT已经成为器官纤维化研究的一个重点课题。
EMT和EndMT在肾的纤维化过程中起到至关重要的作用。
越来越多细胞内外分子可控制EMT和EndMT的表达，尤其是microRNA (miRNA)在EMT和EndMT中的调控作用，已被确定可利用于开发治疗纤维化。
本文综述了EMT和EndMT在肾纤维化中的研究进展，了解EMT和EndMT参与肾病纤维化过程的机制，这将会给人类肾纤维化疾病的治疗提供一种新的靶点和方法。
【期刊名称】《海南医学》【年(卷),期】2014(000)018【总页数】3页(P2723-2725)【关键词】上皮间质转化;内皮间质转化;肾的纤维化;miRNA【作者】金芬;张忠寿;黄卫锋【作者单位】三峡大学医学院，湖北宜昌 443002;三峡大学医学院，湖北宜昌443002;三峡大学医学院，湖北宜昌 443002【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R692.1+2肾纤维化是肾长期损伤或正常伤口愈合过程中功能失调，导致过量的细胞外基质(ECM)沉积造成的。
EMT与EndMT过程中激活产生的成纤维细胞是肾成纤维细胞的主要来源。
在肾纤维化过程中，肾成纤维细胞发挥着重要的作用。
在EMT和EndMT过程中存在复杂的调控，最新的研究表明，miRNA在EMT和EndMT过程中发挥重要的调节作用。
miRNA是小的非编码RNA，通过抑制蛋白质翻译或诱导mRNA降解来抑制靶基因的表达。
miRNA可调控细胞的分化、增殖、死亡、代谢等多种病理生理机制的基本过程[1]。
因此，研究EMT和EndMT过程在纤维化中的作用，可以推进我们对常见发病机制的理解，也可能为治疗干预提供新的靶点。
这篇综述侧重于上皮间质转化和内皮间质转化在肾脏疾病中的生物学角色。
在上皮-间质转化过程中上皮细胞有一系列的变化，它的极性丧失，迁移和运动能力增强，同时获得间质细胞特性。
METS三级词汇Insomnia1、Lately he has been moaning about his insomnia and headache.他近来一直诉说自己患了失眠和头痛症。
2、He has been troubled with insomnia[by a bad tooth].他一直失眠[牙疼]。
3、If you experience insomnia (inability to fall asleep), see a sleep specialist.如果你有失眠问题（难以入睡），还应找个睡眠专家。
Dizzy1、I feel dizzy and I have got no appetite.我头晕，没有胃口。
2、The room was so hot that she felt dizzy.房间里热得她头晕目眩。
3、Why don't you pack in, when you feel dizzy?"你在头晕为什么不停止工作？Drowsy1、He felt drowsy when he was listening to music.当他听音乐时，他感到困倦。
2、I took a sleeping pill and soon came over drowsy.我吃了一片安眠药，很快就昏昏欲睡了。
V accinations1、I started Tiny Two's vaccinations, tested him for worms。
我开始给蒂尼二号注射疫苗，检查它有没有寄生虫。
Urinating1、To make(a bed or one's clothes) wet by urinating.尿湿（床或人的衣服）2、a room or other place containing facilities for urinating设有用于小便装置的房间或地点Pregnancy1、“That's the kind of pregnancy I want, " the nurse joked."我要是这么轻松地怀孕该多好啊！"护士开玩笑地说2、Some women experience morning sickness during the first trimester of pregnancy. 有些妇女在怀孕的头三个月里，早上有恶心3、The period of development in the uterus from conception until birth,pregnancy.怀孕,子宫里从受孕至分娩的发育时期。
