12#临时用电施工组织设计实施方案
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12.1Y an Hui asked about humaneness. The master said, “To restrain oneself and observe the ritual constitute humaneness. Onece you have done these, the world will consider you humane. However, the practice of humaneness depends on no but yourself.”Y an Hui then asked, “What are the essentials of humaneness?” The master answered, “Do not look unless it is in accordance with the tituals, do not listen unless it is in accordance with the rituals, do not speak unless it is in accordance with the rituals, do not do anything that is in accordance with the rituals.”Y an Hui said, “ Though I am not intelligent, I shall stick to what you have just said.”12.2Zhong Gong asked about humaneness. The master said, “ In public, act as if you were receiving an honoured guest. While employing the services of the common people, act as if you were officiating a major ceremony. Do not do to others what you do not wish others do to you. In this way, you will incur no bitter feelings against you wether in state or family affairs.”Zhong Gong said, “Though I am not intelligent, I shall follow what you have just said.12.3Sima Niu asked about humaneness. The Master said, “A man of honor is cautious with his words.”Sima Niu asked, “Does that mean a man who is cautious with his words can be regarded as humane?”The Master said, “ How can a man not be cautious with his words when it is so difficult to turn his words into deeds?”12.4Sima Niu asked about being a man of honor. The master said, “A man of honor is free from worries and fears.”Sima Niu asked, “Can one be called a man of honor simply because he is free from worries and fears?”The Master said, “ If one has a clear conscience, what has he to worry about and fear?”12.5Sima Niu complained, “ Others have brothers, I alone have none.”Zixia said to him, “ I have heared it said that life and death are described by fate; weath and rank decreed by Heaven. The man of honor is dedicated to his work, does nothing wrong and is respectful and polite to others. Thus, all people within the Four Seas are his brothers. Why,then, does he have to worry about not having any brothers?”12.6Zizhang asked about clear-sightedness. The Master said, “ When one is not affected by slanders though the have been assiduously repeated, nor by false charges suddenly thrown at him, he can be said to be clear-sighted. More than that, he can be said to be far-sighted.”12.7Zigong asked about government. The Master said, “The essentials of good government are abundance of food, plenty of arms and the trust of the people.”Zigong asked, “ What if one of these three essentials had to be dispensed with, which one should it be ?”The Master said, “ Arms.”“ What if one of the remaining teo had to be dispensed with, which one should it be ?”“ Food,” said the Master. “ After all, since the beginning if time, no one has been able to escape the fate of death. But without the trust of the common people, the government would have nothing to sustain itself.”12.8Ji Zicheng siad, “ The important thing about a man of honor is his good intrinsic quality. (When he has good intrinsic quality,) what need is there for cultural refinement?”Zigong said, “ What a pity that you should talk about a man of honor in such a way. A word once spoken cannot be overtaken even by a team of four horses. ( To a man of honor,) cultural refinement is just as important as his intrinsic quality. The skin of a tiger or leopard would be no defferent from that of a dog or sheep once its colorful fur is shorn.”12.9Duke Ai(of Lu) asked Y ouruo, “We have had a poor harvest and I have not enough to cover my expenditures. What should I do ?”Y ouruo answered, “ Why not introduce a tithe?” The duke said, “ I don‟t have enough to spend even if I double the rate, how could a tithe do?”To which Y ouruo replied, “ When the people have plenty, the sovereign will not be in want; when the people are in want, how can the sovereign have plenty?”12.10Zizhang asked how one could cultivate virtue and the ability to resolve doubts at times of confusion. The master said, “ Make it your guiding principle to be loyal and trustworthy and keep to the path of righteousness and you will be cultivating virtue. When you love a person, you want him to have a long life, but when you hete him, you want him to die. When you want him both to live and to die, that is confusion. … If you did not love her for her riches, you must have forsaken her, for you have changed your mind‟.”12.11Duke Jing (of Qi) asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, “ Let the sovereign be a sovereign, the subject a subject, the father a fether, the son a son.”The Duke remarked, “ Well said. If the sovereign did not act like a sovereign, the subject not like a subject, the father not like a father and the son not like a son, then even if there were plenty of grain, would I get my share?”12.12The Master said, “If there‟s anyone who can settle a litigation case on the basis of evidence provided by one party, Zilu is probably the one.”Zilu never puts off fulfilling his promise.12.13The Master said, “ In settling a lawsuit, I am little different from others. I feel it is best to do away with all lawsuits.”12.14Zizhang asked about government. The Master said, “Never slacken your efforts at your post, show your loyalty when carrying out government orders.”12.15The Master said, “ The humane will not go astray for he is widely read and he keeps himself in line with the rituals.”12.16The Master said, “A man of honor helps others to realize their best aims, but not their worst desires. A petty-minded man does the opposite.”12.17Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about government. Confucius said, “ The world zheng is a homonym of the word zheng. If you set an example by being upright, who would dare to be otherwise?”12.18Ji Kangzi was disturbed by the large number of thieves. He asked Confucius for advice. Confucius said, “ If you were not covetous, no one would commit burglary even if they were to be rewarded for doing so.”12.19Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about government , “ What do you think of killing those who do not follow the Way so as to move the people closer to those who follow the the Way ?”Confucius answered , “ In governing a state, what need is there for you to kill? If you govern the state well , the common people will naturally become good. The morality of the man of honor is like the wind. That of the petty man is like grass. When there is a wind, the grass is sure to bend in the direction the wind blows.”12.20Zizhang asked, “ What must a scholar do to become prestigious?”The Master asked him, “ What is your understanding of being prestigious?”Zizhang answered, “ To be well-known whether serving the state or the big family.”“ But that is only being well-known and not prestigious. To win prestige, one must be upright and just sensitive to other‟s words and observant of their moods and expressions, and always ready to give precedence to others. Such a person is sure to win prestige whether he serves the state or a big family. A well-known person may put on an appearance of being honorable, but acts to the contrary, and feels no qualms about it. Such a person can make himself well-known whatever he does, in or out of government.12.21Fan Chi accompanied Confucius on an outing to the Rain Altar. He said, “May I ask how one can cultivate virtue, clear up resentment against oneself and recognize foolishness?”The Master answered, “What an excellent question! Isn‟t a person cultivating virtue when he places service before reward? Isn‟t he clearing up resentment when he criticizes his own mistakes rather than those of others? Isn‟t it foolishness when, in a sudden fit of anger, one neglects his own safety and even that of his parents?”12.22Fan Chi asked about humaneness. The Master said, “Know your fellow men.”He asked about wisdom. The Master said, “Know your fellow men。
【导语】⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代,即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年,这⼗⼆年来,我要感谢我的爸爸,妈妈,姥姥,姥爷和爷爷,奶奶,是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年。
我还要感谢我的亲朋好友。
⽆忧考为⼤家整理的《12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂五篇》,希望对⼤家有所帮助!12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂篇⼀ 亲爱的各位来宾: ⼤家好! ⾮常感谢你们能参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇! ⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代,即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年。
这⼗⼆年来,我要感谢我的爸爸、妈妈、姥姥、姥爷和爷爷、奶奶,是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年;我还要感谢我的亲朋好友,是他们帮助和关怀让我⾛过了⼗⼆年美好时光;我更要感谢我的同学和⽼师,在同学的帮助下使我学习成绩有所提⾼,在同学的⿎励下使我变得更坚强,同学们带给了我⽆限的欢乐。
在⽼师的教育下,使我增长了知识,在⽼师的关怀下,使我感到了温暖,在⽼师的辅导下使我的成绩⽇渐优秀。
在这⼗⼆年⾥,我变得独⽴、勇敢、坚强,遇事也⼗分沉重冷静。
我在⼗⼆年⾥也参加了很多⽐赛,获得了许多奖项,这也给了我锻炼的机会,让我学会了做⼈处事。
我以后要学会跟⼈交流沟通这项技能,让我变得更优秀,语⾔就是通往捷径的⼀条路,学会沟通是现代⼈的标志之⼀,它会给我带来许许多多的机会。
我很快就要告别⼩学,升⼊初中了,我⼀定要养成预习、复习的好习惯,这⼀定会让我的学习更加优秀,学起来也会⼗分轻松。
最后,我代表我们全家将最美好的祝福送给⼤家,祝⼤家⾝体健康、⽣活幸福、万事如意!12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂篇⼆ 尊敬的爷爷奶奶、叔叔阿姨和各位好朋友: ⼤家好! ⾸先感谢⼤家在百忙中参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇宴会。
12年的时间,既短⼜长,对于我的⼈⽣来说,是刚刚起步,浓墨重彩还在未来;⼤树新添了⼀圈年轮,⼩鸟的⽻⽑渐渐丰满,我也满12岁了。
每年的⽣⽇就是⼀个⼈成长的印记。
在这⾥,我⾸先要感谢我最最亲爱的爸爸妈妈。
十二月是什么星座,12月份的星座有哪些十二月份出生的人是什么星座 12月01日-12月21日:射手座12月22日-12月31日:摩羯座射手座好吗射手座人的特点:射手座崇尚自由,并有幽闭恐惧的倾向,若长久处在相同的环境中会变得相当沮丧。
喜欢探讨自己所不了解的领域,语言是他们拓展见闻的工具,因而积极拓展多方面的语言能力。
常会着眼于自己能力所不及的事物,将之视为简单易得的目标而全力追求,却总是在完成一件事情之前就急于从事新的计划。
当他们感到疲倦时,多半是因为单调无聊所致,只要换个工作就能恢复一贯的生气。
必须设法纠正不安分的缺陷,否则在事业或婚姻上难有美满的结局。
一般而言射手女都大大咧咧外向直率,粗线条。
当身边出现了狠多的事情时,射手会想:不管怎么样,只要没有欺骗,喜欢有什么就是什么。
射手喜欢承受那些不能承受的痛,对自己爱的人永远的没有底线。
但是忍无可忍的那天将是分开的那天。
因为此时射手放弃了、绝望了、坚持不了。
摩羯座好吗十二月是什么星座,十二月份是什么星座摩羯座的人的特点:摩羯座孤独、忍耐的性格,加上半生的努力,比一般人晚发;所以必须寻找一位能相互合作又和蔼可亲的对象。
魔羯的事业野心在12星座中最为突出,因为性格中“冷”的成分占了多数,她们过于理性的冷静会给人留下不解风情的印象,所以通常魔羯的桃花运比较少。
平日不妨观察一下你身边的魔羯,他们每天风风火火忙于工作,却很少把心思花在别处,尤其在生活之道上有些薄弱,属于那种不太有趣的人。
对物质、权势、地位的一种追求,他们可以为了这些欲望不惜牺牲其他东西,“铁石心肠”就是魔羯的真实写照。
但有人把魔羯称做“叫好不叫座的星座”,这与她们的男性化特色有关,尽管魔羯的事业雄心值得佩服。
十二星座有白羊座、金牛座、双子座、巨蟹座、狮子座、处女座、天秤座、天蝎座、射手座、摩羯座、水瓶座、双鱼座查看星座应该是按阳历的!没有阴历。
白羊座:3月21日—4月20日金牛座:4月21日—5月20日双子座:5月21日—6月21日巨蟹座:6月22日—7月22日狮子座:7月23日—8月22日处女座:8月23日—9月22日天枰座:9月23日—10月22日天蝎座:10月23日—11月21日射手座:11月22日—12月21日魔蝎座:12月22日—1月19日水瓶座:1月20日—2月18日双鱼座:2月19日—3月20日而12月跨越了两个星座,12月上中旬都是射手座的,12月下旬则是摩羯座。
闲说⼗⼆⽣肖、地⽀与⼗⼆因缘谈起⼗⼆⽣肖,中国⼈是最熟悉不过了,不仅中国⼈熟悉,估计深受中国⽂化影响的东南亚地区也⾮常熟悉,因为熟悉,故“司空见惯”,正如古代的司空(古代的官职)见惯了美⼥,故不⾜为会透过现象去探求背后的事理,故我们这些普通⼈永远是“困惑不觉”,正如⼩时候我们经常背诵:春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟,夜来风⾬声,花落知多少?我们⼀直沉浸在东⽅古典的意境之中沉睡不醒,不会如西⽅⼈⼀样⾮要去看看到底花为什么会落?落了多少?为什么落这么多?这正是东西⽅⼈最⼤的差别之⼀吧?我们不仅要弘扬我们⾃⼰的民族⽂化,⽽且要让中国⽂化在世界的舞台为⼈类⽂明再造辉煌,迫切的要求每⼀个中华⼦孙要学点西⽅⼈的“探究精神”,故把我们最富有东⽅神秘⾊彩的“⼗⼆地⽀”与“⼗⼆⽣肖”、“⼗⼆因缘”做⼀番也许属于个⼈妄想的“探究”。
亥猪(⽆明)→⼦⿏(⾏)→丑⽜(识)→寅虎⼗⼆⽣肖,也叫⼗⼆兽历,当然指的是,亥猪(⽆明)(名⾊)→卯兔(六⼊)→⾠龙(触)→巳蛇(受)→午马(爱)→未⽺(取)→申猴(有)→⾣鸡(⽣)→戌狗(⽼死)。
这⾥我已经把⼗⼆⽣肖与⼗⼆地⽀与⼗⼆因缘联系到⼀起来说了,为了与⼗⼆因缘对照,就把亥猪放到了前⾯,如果运⽤东⽅哲学中特有的“圆形”思维,把这些阴阳、五⾏、四象、⼋卦、⼗⼆⽣肖、⼗⼆地⽀、⼗⼆因缘、⼗⼆星座等等统统⽤⼀个圆标识出来,应该⾮常具有太极的艺术之美。
紧密相连的印度、尼泊尔地区进⾏⼴泛的⽂化融合,故印度这个古代⽂明古国⾸先与中国进⾏“⽂明对话”⾸先具有地域的便利性。
所以有学者认为,⼗⼆⽣肖来⾃古代的天竺,这当然不是胡乱的联打开世界地图仔细来看,我想,⽆论对于⽂明或者⽂化有兴趣之⼈定然⾮常赞叹钱穆先⽣的论述,⽽赵翼先⽣⽤了“侵寻”两个字,更是道出了⽂明与⽂化的交流、对话、融合实质,⽽恰恰印度半岛与中国之间就有了游牧民族,这不能不说不是⼈类之幸!这个前提⼀旦确⽴,就⾜以说明,可能来源于印度的⼗⼆⽣肖通过我国西北地区的游牧民族与中国⽂化固有的⼗⼆地⽀⼀拍即合,马上交融⼀体,彰显出东⽅⽂明的智慧是⼀定的,⽆独有偶,⽽释迦佛乃印度的⼤圣⼈,当然他的⼗⼆因缘学说与印度固有的⼗⼆⽣肖与中国的⼗⼆地⽀具有⾼度的⼀致性,不同国度的⼤彻⼤悟之⼈⽤不同的语⾔来表达出也许⾄今我们也弄不明⽩的真理。
Spur GearsGears , defined as toothed members transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another , are among the oldest devices and inventions of man . In about 2600 B.C. , the Chinese are known to have used a chariot incorporating a complex series of gears . Aristotle , in the fourth century B.C. , wrote of gears as if they were commonplace . In the fifteenth century A.D. , Leonardo da Vinci designed a multitude of devices incorporating many kinds of gears .齿轮,在最古老的设备和发明人中,被定义为通过轮齿将旋转运动从一根轴传递到另一根轴,大约在公元前2600年,中国人就知道用战车组成一系列复杂的齿轮系。
西元前四世纪,亚里士多德记述了齿轮就好像是他们司空见惯的一样。
在十五世纪,达芬奇设计了大量的包含各种各样齿轮的设备。
Among the various means of mechanical power transmission (including primarily gears , belts , and chains ) , gears are generally the most rugged and durable . Their power transmission efficiency is as high as 98 percent . On the other hand , gears are usually more costly than chains and belts . As would be expected , gear manufacturing costs increase sharply with increased precision -- as required for the combination of high speeds and heavy loads , and for low noise levels . ( Standard tolerances for various degrees of manufacturing precision have been established by the AGMA , American Gear Manufacturers Association. )在众多的机械传动方式中(包括齿轮传动,带传动,链传动),一般来说,齿轮是最经久耐用的,它的能量传递效率高达98%。
西游记12回主要内容 《西游记》是中国古典四⼤名著之⼀,是由明代⼩说家吴承恩所创作的中国古代第⼀部浪漫主义的长篇神魔⼩说,下⾯是⼩编整理的西游记12回主要内容,欢迎⼤家阅读! 西游记12回主要内容 观⾳菩萨变成疥癞游僧,将锡杖袈裟献给太宗。
太宗将其赐予⽞奘。
观⾳上台对⽞奘⾔⼤乘佛法的妙处,⽞奘愿去西天,太宗封其为“御弟圣僧”,赐号为“三藏”。
三藏唐僧出关⽽去。
西游记——第⼗⼆回⽞奘秉诚建⼤会观⾳显象化⾦蝉 诗⽈:龙集贞观正⼗三,王宣⼤众把经谈。
道场开演⽆量法,云雾光乘⼤愿龛。
御敕垂恩修上刹,⾦蝉脱壳化西涵。
普施善果超沉没,秉教宣扬前后三。
贞观⼗三年,岁次⼰巳,九⽉甲戌初三⽇,癸卯良⾠。
陈⽞奘⼤阐法师,聚集⼀千⼆百名⾼僧,都在长安城化⽣寺开演诸品妙经。
那皇帝早朝已毕,帅⽂武多官,乘凤辇龙车,出离⾦銮宝殿,径上寺来拈⾹。
怎见那銮驾?真个是:⼀天瑞⽓,万道祥光。
仁风轻淡荡,化⽇丽⾮常。
千官环佩分前后,五卫旌旗列两旁。
执⾦⽠,擎斧钺,双双对对;绛纱烛,御炉⾹,霭霭堂堂。
龙飞凤舞,鹗荐鹰扬。
圣明天⼦正,忠义⼤⾂良。
介福千年过舜禹,升平万代赛尧汤。
⼜见那曲柄伞,滚龙袍,辉光相射;⽟连环,彩凤扇,瑞霭飘扬。
珠冠⽟带,紫绶⾦章。
护驾军千队,扶舆将两⾏。
这皇帝沐浴虔诚尊敬佛,皈依善果喜拈⾹。
唐王⼤驾,早到寺前,吩咐住了⾳乐响器,下了车辇,引着多官。
拜佛拈⾹。
三匝已毕,抬头观看,果然好座道场,但见:幢幡飘舞,宝盖飞辉。
幢幡飘舞,凝空道道彩霞摇;宝盖飞辉,映⽇翩翩红电彻。
世尊⾦象貌臻臻,罗汉⽟容威烈烈。
瓶插仙花,炉焚檀降。
瓶插仙花,锦树辉辉漫宝刹;炉焚檀降,⾹云霭霭透清霄。
时新果品砌朱盘,奇样糖酥堆彩案。
⾼僧罗列诵真经,愿拔孤魂离苦难。
太宗⽂武俱各拈⾹,拜了佛祖⾦⾝,参了罗汉。
⼜见那⼤阐都纲陈⽞奘法师引众僧罗拜唐王。
礼毕,分班各安禅位,法师献上济孤榜⽂与太宗看,榜⽈:“⾄德渺茫,禅宗寂灭。
清净灵通,周流三界。
千变万化,统摄阴阳。
描写⼗⼆⽣肖的优美句⼦1. 赞美12⽣肖的句⼦【第2句】⽜。
桃林隐⼠不虚名,得道成仙载⽼君。
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…【第3句】猴。
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⼀声长啸霜风冷,两臂轻开⾕径幽。
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…【第4句】⿏打洞,⽜吃草,⽼虎上⼭,兔⼦跑,龙在云⾥翻跟⽃,蛇在洞⾥看热闹,马⼉跑,⽺⼉跳,猴⼦上⼭采鲜桃,公鸡打鸣,狗看家,⼩猪呼呼睡⼤觉。
…【第5句】⽺。
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⽣为跪乳传佳话,死亦留⽪做暖裘。
试问⼈间商贾客,为何卖狗挂吾头?…【第6句】⿏进书箱——咬⽂嚼字,⽜⾓上抹油——⼜尖⼜滑,虎⼝拔⽛——胆⼦⼤,兔的尾巴——长不了,龙王爷跳海——回⽼家,蛇吃黄鳝——⽐长短,马尾巴搓绳——不合股,⽺伴虎睡——靠不住,猴照镜⼦——得意忘形,鸡蛋碰⽯头——⾃不量⼒,狗掀门帘——全凭⼀张嘴,猪⿐上插葱——装象.…【第7句】⿏.为害⼀⽅本跳梁,⽣肖榜⾸⼤名扬。
⽛尖能⼊三分⽊,胆⼩偏偷万户粮。
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钻⼭打洞结成伙,府库掏空乐未央。
…【第8句】六钟醉,⾝缠岁⽉沧桑悴,疾⾛临风浩宇飞。
脱胎换⾻,断桥绝唱。
巳蛇闹春会。
七钟醉,飞驰骏⾻蹄声擂,捷影如风四野追。
御云啸⽉,纵横千⾥。
午马闹春会。
⼋钟醉,温良本性舐乳跪,难躲屠⼑⼼底悲。
炎凉世态,难全忠孝。
未⽺闹春会。
九钟醉,天宫⼤闹惊尘秽,横扫⾦箍除险危。
啼星啸露,雄⼼揽⽉。
申猴闹春会。
⼗钟醉,晨曦啼叫歌声脆,⽟⽴婷婷唤梦归。
五彩⽻翼,⾚冠雄伟。
⾣鸡闹春会。
百钟醉,智勇双全伤不吠,贫富不移紧相随。
频摇旋尾,⾚胆忠⼼。
戌狗闹春会。
千钟醉,皆因调戏嫦娥罪,⾝圈栏舍失雄威。
槽⾷糠糟,⽣肖添陪。
亥猪闹春会。
…【第9句】马。
纵横驰骋誉当年,屡战沙场盖史篇。
渡⽔登⼭声震地,追风逐⽇步惊天。
临时用电安全施工方案一、施工条件本工程为百乐居国际社区12#楼,位于商丘市梁园区工业产业集聚区,基地东临昆仑路,路东即是商丘师范学院,南临八一路,西临待改造的忠民沟,北侧为待建空地。
12#楼为地上六层,无地下层,建筑结构形式为底部框架,建筑高度为17.65米。
总建筑面积为3099.06,建筑占地面积949.31。
根据工地需要和工程特点而确定用电设备数量,动力电压380V。
照明电压220V,引到施工现场,可以满足施工需要。
二、施工设备用电统计表三、设计内容和步骤1、现场勘探及初步设计(1)本工程所在地区无上、下水管及埋地线,不影响工程施工。
在工地现场东南角有甲方配电箱,向西地埋与甲方变压器接通,现已与甲方协商了,因为工地用电量不大,所以与其余几个项目部共用一台变压器、变电装置。
(2)根据施工现场用电设备布置情况和场地,在场内12#楼南边离槽边10米处地埋一根电缆线,另引至分配电箱均为地埋线。
塔吊架上设钨灯作现场照明。
(3)根据施工现场用电设备布置情况和《施工现场临时用电安全技术规范》规定,本供电系统,采用TN-S(三相五线制)供电。
2、导线截面的选择为了保证供电线路安全可靠,经济地运行,选择导线截面时必须满足下列条件:(1)导线应能承受最低的机械强度的要求中规定,电缆线必须采用绝缘铜线或绝缘铝线,为满足机械强度要求,,绝缘铜线截面不小于25㎜2。
(2)导线安全载流量选择导线截面导线必须能够承受负载电流长期通过所引起的温升,不能因过热而损坏导线的绝缘层,导线所容许时间通过的最大电流称为该截面的安全截流量。
(3)按容许电压降选择导线截面:当供电线路很长时,线路上的电压降就较大,导线上的电压降应不超过拟定的容许电压降。
根据以上三个条件进行计算选定为25㎜2的铜线。
3、低压电气元件、类型、规格的选择(1)闸刀开关闸刀开关分为胶盖开关和铁壳开关施工现场适用胶盖开关,胶盖开关的容量有15A,30A,60A,选用闸刀时要根据容量和电压级别。
(2)熔断器、熔线的选择方法a、对于照明线路熔体的额定电流等于或稍大于电路的实际工作电流。
b、对于起动电流较大的负截熔体的额定电流应等于或大于计算电流的1.5—2.5倍。
(3)自动空气开关a、按额定电压的选择自动空气开关主要用在380V,220V的供电线路中施工现场在选用空气开关的额定电压要等于或大于额定电压。
b、按额定电流的选择选择时其自动空气开关的额定电流要大于或等于线路的计算电流或实际电流。
c、为了更好的保护线路和电气设备,保证供电的可靠性,在确定本级空气开关最短延时脱扣器的整定值时,还要考虑到上下级开关整定电流,选择性的配合,一般情况下,本级动作电流额定值应大于或等等于下一级自动宽气开关短时或瞬时动作额定值的1.2倍。
四、安全用电组织措施1、建立临时用电施工组织设计和安全电电技术措施的编制,并建立相应的技术档案。
2、建立技术交底制度,向专业电工各类用电人员介绍临时用电施工组织设计和安全用电技术措施的总体意图,技术内容和注意事项,并应在技术交底文字资料上履行交底人和被交底人的签字手续,注明交底日期。
3、建立安全检测制度,从临时用电工程竣工开始,定期对临时用电工程进行检测,主要内容是:接地电阻值,电气设备绝缘电阻值,漏电保护器动作参数等。
4、建立电气维修制度,加强政党和定期维修工作,及时发现和消除隐患,并建立维修工作记录,记载维修时间,地点、内容、技术措施、处理结果、维修人员、验收人员等。
5、建立安全用电责任制,对临时用电工程各部位的操作,监护维修分片、分块、分机落实到人。
6、建立安全教育和培训制度定期对专业电工和各类用电人员进行用电安全教育和培训,凡上岗人员必须持有主管部门核发的上岗证书,严禁无证上岗。
五、预防电气火灾的措施1、施工组织设计时要根据电气设备的用电量正确选择导线截面,从理论上杜绝线路过负荷使用,保护装置要认真选择,当线路出现长期过负荷时,能在规定时间内动作保护线路。
2、导线埋设时其安全问题必须满足规范要求,当配电线路采用熔断器作短保护时,熔体额定电流一定要小于电缆或穿插管绝缘导线允许载流量的2.5倍,经常教育用电人员正确执行安全操作规程,避免作业不当造成火灾。
3、电气操作人员要认真执行规范,正确连接导线,接线柱要压牢、扎实,各种开关触头要压接牢固,钢铝连接时要有过渡端子,多股导线要用端子或涮锡后再与设备安装以防加大电阻引起火灾。
4、现场中的电动机严禁超载使用,电机周围无易燃物,发现问题及时解决,保证设备正常运转。
5、施工现场内严禁使用电炉。
使用碘钨灯时,灯与易燃物间距大于30㎝,室内不准使用超过100W的灯泡。
6、使用焊机时要执行火证制度,并有监护、施焊周围不能存在易燃物并备齐防火设备,电焊机要放在通风良好的地方。
7、施工现场的高大设备和有可能产生静电的电气设备要做好防雷接地和防静电接地。
8、配电箱、开关箱内严禁存在杂物及易燃物,并有专人清扫。
9、施工现场应建立防火检查制度,强化电气防火领导体制,建立电气防火队伍。
10、施工现场一旦发生火灾时,扑来电气火灾应注意以下事项:(1)迅速切断电流,以免事故扩大,切断电源时应戴绝缘手套,使用有绝缘柄的工具,当火场离开较远剪断电线时,火线、零线应错开。
(2)当电源线因其它原因不能及时切断时派人拉闸,另一方面灭火时,人体的各部位与带电体应保持一定距离,且戴、穿绝缘用品。
(3)扑灭电气火灾时要用绝缘性能好的灭火剂如干粉灭火器。
二氧化碳灭火器。
;、四氯化碳灭火器,或干燥砂子。
六、施工用电作业安全技术用电管理与使用不当会发生电气火灾或人身伤害事故,对人体伤害主要有两类:一为电击,二为灼伤,触电的主要原因是:在工程外侧边缘与架空线路距离较小时未设屏障,造成机械设备或网管、钢筋等碰触架空线路,电气设备或手持电动工具漏电,电线电缆老化,破皮漏电,电气短路事故会发生电气火灾或人身灼伤,施工临时用电必须做到:1、施工现场的临时用电工程,中性点直接接地的380/220V(三相五线制)同时规定开关箱必须采用铁质配电箱,实行一机一闸一保护,一箱一锁一防雨的安全措施。
2、对于经常接触和使用的配电箱开关箱,各种开关,插销及导线等,必须保证完好无破损,裸露导体现象,操作闸刀开关,必须将电闸盖好后再操作。
3、如发现电气设备出了故障或破损,导线脱落等情况应立即报告由电工维修。
4、施工现场低压架空线的架设高度为地面垂直距离不小于5m,室外灯头距地最小为3m,室内灯头距地最小为2.4m.5、施工现场使用的金属配电箱、开关箱,应有防雨、防潮、防尘设施,箱体等设端正牢固。
6、固定式分配电箱,开关箱的下底与地面垂直距离应大于1.3m小于1.5m,移动开关箱必须实行一机一闸,严禁用同一开关控制2台及2台以上用电设备。
7、漏电保护器应采取两级保护。
第二级漏电保护器具,额定漏电动作电流应不大于30毫安,额定漏电动作时间一、二级均应小于0.1秒。
8、移动电焊机、切割机、照明线路,必须先切断电源再移动,若导线被子物压住不得硬拉。
9、操作电动工具和移动式电动机械要戴好绝缘手套,开关箱内必须安装灵敏可靠的漏电保护器不得将电线头直接插入插座眼内,保护零线应使用黄、绿双色线和多股铜芯线。
10、发现电气火灾事故,应立即先切断电源,再用二氧化碳,四氯化碳等灭火器村消灭火灾,严禁用水或泡沫灭火。
11、清理施工现场,打扫卫生及擦洗设备时,严禁用水或湿布冲洗,以防发生龙活虎触电事故。
12、用电设备停止使用下班时应拉闸断电,并锁好开关箱。
13、安全用电十不准。
(1)不准无证安装、拆除、检修电气设备。
(2)施工用的电气线路,电器装置,电气保护装置安装完成后不经验收合格不准设入使用。
(3)电器设备与电线材质及无产品检验合格证明不准购买,入库和发出使用。
(4)发现使用中的电路老化、破损、型号、规格不符,防护设备不完善不能确保安全检查时,不准继续使用。
(5)机械设备及电动工具,照明线路未安装符合要求的漏电保护器,不准投入使用。
(6)各种电线不准在地面拖拉及无保护设施或将导线拉接在脚手架上,树木或金属物体上,不准将衣服、毛巾等搭在电线上。
(7)不准将电线头直接插入插座眼内或搭挂在闸刀上部的铜片或铜排上。
(8)不准在熔断器上使用其它金属丝,代替保险丝。
(9)在特殊情况下未经技术负责人批准,未使用好确保安全的绝缘防护用品和无监护人在场不准从事带电作业。
(10)配电箱、开关箱内不准堆放杂物和不准在配电箱周围一米范围内堆入工具,材料及其它材料。
14、触电急救办法:(1)一旦发现有触电,首先要使触电者迅速脱离电源,一是拉闸断电,二是用电杆、竹杆挑开电线或使用电工钳或木柄斧子剪断,砍断电线,绝不可直接用手去接触触电者。
(2)触电者脱离电源和救护,应尽量在现场施救,先救后搬,搬运中也不能中止抢救,要注意触电者变化,如触电者呈一定昏迷状态,还未失去知觉,则应让他在空气流通处静卧,保持安静,救护人在旁看护,并请医生前来诊治、救护,如果触电者呼吸停止,则应立即进行人工氧合,进行紧急救护,并速请医生前来抢救。
(3)人工氧合急救操作方法。
如1)仰卧压胸法,抢救人员骑跪在触电者身体的上部,牵拉摆动触电者的双手按在触电人胸部上下反复按压,按压速度每分钟30—40次,或和口对口人工呼吸同时进行,直至触电人有心跳和呼吸为止;2)心脏挤压按摩法,抢救人员以手合按触电人的左胸心脏部位,有节奏地挤压,每分钟60—70次,直至心跳为止。