【免费下载】超导电力技术-中英文

超导材料英语Superconducting MaterialsSuperconducting materials are a group of materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance when cooled below their critical temperature. This phenomenon, called superconductivity, is a fascinating and valuable propertythat has many useful applications in modern technology.Types of Superconducting MaterialsThere are several types of superconductors, classified based on their properties and structures. The two main types are:1. Type-I Superconductors: These are metals or alloysthat have a very low critical temperature and exhibitcomplete expulsion of magnetic fields when cooled below their critical temperature.2. Type-II Superconductors: These are materials that exhibit both type-I and type-II behavior depending on the temperature, magnetic field, and current applied. They are usually made of ceramics or metallic alloys and have higher critical temperatures than type-I superconductors.Applications of Superconducting MaterialsSuperconducting materials have many real-world applications, including:1. Electromagnets: Due to their ability to conduct electricity without resistance, superconducting materials are ideal for making powerful electromagnets used in MRI machines, particle accelerators, and magnetic levitation trains.2. Power transmission: Superconducting materials canenhance the efficiency of power transmission systems by reducing energy losses during transmission, which can save a lot of money and reduce carbon emissions.3. Computing and memory: High-speed switching devices made from superconducting materials could make computing and memory devices faster and more energy-efficient.4. Energy storage: Superconducting materials can be used in energy storage systems such as flywheel batteries that store energy using a spinning rotor made of superconducting material.Challenges and Future ProspectsDespite their many promising applications, there arestill several challenges that need to be overcome before superconducting materials can become more widespread in the industry, including their high cost and the need for cryogenic cooling.However, with ongoing technological advancements and research, it is likely that new and improved superconducting materials will emerge, with better performance and more accessibility, making the benefits of superconductivity more widely available for a range of applications.。

超导科普文章英文及译文Here's a superconductivity科普文章 in English, written in an informal and conversational tone, with each paragraph maintaining independence and variety in language style:Paragraph 1:Ever heard of superconductivity? It's this crazy thing where some materials lose all resistance to electricity flow at really low temperatures. Imagine a wire thatdoesn't heat up or lose energy as electricity passes through it. That's superconductivity in a nutshell!Translation 段落1:听说过超导性吗？它是一种奇特的现象，当一些材料在极低的温度下时，会失去对所有电流流动的阻力。

想象一下，有一根电线在电流通过时既不会发热也不会损失能量。

这就是超导性的简单解释！Paragraph 2:So why is this important? Well, superconductors can make powerful electric magnets and efficient energytransport possible. Imagine having zero energy loss inpower lines. That would be a game-changer for our energy consumption and efficiency.Translation 段落2:那么这为什么重要呢？嗯，超导体可以使强大的电磁铁和高效的能量传输成为可能。

A decrease in the field current gives rise to lagging (inductive) current in the stator; and increase in the field current that overexcites the motor causes a leading (capacitive) current to appear in the stator.励磁电流减小时，定子电流感性增强；励磁电流增加使电机过励时将在定子中产生容性电流。

An induction machine is an AC two-winding unit in which only one (primary, usually the stator) winding is supplied with an alternating current at a constant frequency ω1 from an external source.感应电机是一种具有双绕组的交流电气设备，它只有一个绕组（一次侧，通常是定子）通过外电源输入固定频率为ω1的交变电流。

Current transformers for protection are essentially similar to those used for the operation of ammeters, watthourmeters and other instruments.保护用电流互感器基本上同操作用的电流表、电能表和其他仪器类似。

DG planning also involves arranging for connection of the renewable power generator with the local grid, and for support of any local electric load when the renewable source is not available.分布式发电规划还包括安排可再生能源发电机与地方电网相连接，这样当可再生能源不可用时，本地电力负荷仍能得到支持。

超导技术在电力系统中的应用近年来，随着能源消耗的增加和对环境保护的认识加强，人们对电力系统的安全性、可靠性、效率性等方面的要求也越来越高。

而超导技术就是一种可以有效提高电力系统运行性能的技术。

一、超导技术的原理及应用所谓超导，是指在超导材料中，当温度降到一定程度以下时，电流可以在材料内无损耗地流动。

这种无损耗的电流流动，可以使得传输线路没有热损失和电能损耗，从而可大幅提高电力系统的效率和节约能源。

另外，由于超导材料对磁场具有特殊的超导性质，因此也可以在发电机和变压器等电力设备中应用。

1. 超导电缆超导电缆是一种核心包覆式超导电缆，在铜套中包覆多丝超导带材，制成环型导体用于输配电，可显著降低输电线路的电阻和电动势降低，提高电力系统的传输能力和电能传输效率，使得系统的损耗更小，可行的输电距离更远。

与同等电阻的高压电缆相比，超导电缆的直径更小，重量更轻，故布设和维护成本也更低。

2. 超导发电机目前，利用超导技术的发电机已经得到了广泛应用。

传统发电机的旋转部分都是由导体制成，如铜等。

发电时导体的运动会产生磁通量，在大功率的情况下会产生很大的磁化电流，这会使得导体的温升加剧，增大铜质线圈的电阻，降低了发电机的效率。

而利用超导技术制造的发电机，铜材交替覆盖超导带材，这样可以大幅度降低发电机线圈的电阻，提高输出功率，而且还可以减少断路电压和抑制振动等现象，从而使得设备具备更高的稳定性和寿命。

3. 超导变压器超导变压器是利用超导材料制成的线圈来替代传统的铜线圈的变压器。

这种变压器具有更高的能量效率、更低的损耗和更小的体积，使得传统变压器的设计和使用方式得到了极大的改善。

二、超导技术在电力系统中的优势与传统电力系统相比，采用超导技术的电力系统具有如下优势：1. 高效性由于超导材料在低温下电流可以无损耗地流动，因此超导线路的效率可以明显地提高。

具体而言，超导线路的损耗比普通导线的损耗要低得多，从而可以实现更高的能量传输效率。

超导技术及其应用超导技术是一种利用超导材料的独特电学特性来制造电子设备的技术，在多个领域得到广泛应用。

本文将探讨超导技术的原理、发展历程以及在能源、医学、计算机等领域的应用。

一、超导技术简介超导材料是一种在低于临界温度下（临界温度是一个物质进入超导状态的临界点。

）电阻变为零的材料。

这意味着，超导状态下的电能可以在不产生能量损耗的情况下在材料内部传输。

超导材料的这些独特电学特性使得它们在电路、磁学、能源和医学等领域中具有广泛的应用前景。

二、超导技术的历史和发展超导技术最初出现于1911年，当时Dutch Physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes首次发现，当他把汞降温至4.2K（几乎是绝对零度的温度）时，其电阻率为零，即呈超导状态。

从那时起，超导材料的研究一直在不断进步。

1941年，美国物理学家William Shockley首次提出了超导技术的概念，指出了超导技术在电路和自我感应方面的应用前景。

1957年，超导材料Nb3Sn被发现，在它的超导状态下，临界温度为18K。

3亿磁感应强度在18K-20K的Nb3Sn，比铜线的电阻小多了，这意味着使用这种材料作为电线可以节省大量的电力。

1962年，IBM物理学家Robert Schrieffer、Leon Cooper和John Bardeen首次提出了超导理论，并因此获得了1965年的诺贝尔物理学奖。

到了20世纪80年代，开发出了高温超导材料，其中最具代表性的是La-Ba-Cu-O材料。

这种材料的临界温度高达140K，这使得超导技术可以被更加广泛地应用于实际应用中。

三、超导技术的应用能源领域超导技术在电力输送和电网稳定性方面有着广泛的应用。

由于超导材料在超导状态下可以实现电流不损耗传输，它们被广泛用于输电线路和电缆制造。

超导电缆可以节约大量的能源，减少能源损耗，保证电网的稳定运行。

医学领域MRI成像技术通常使用超导体来产生磁场，该技术可以在体内生成非常强的磁场，使得弱磁性细胞和组织成像变得更加清晰，这是大多数其他技术无法实现的。

（完整版）电力系统外文英语文献资料Electric Power SystemElectrical power system refers to remove power and electric parts of the part,It includes substation, power station and distribution. The role of the power grid is connected power plants and users and with the minimum transmission and distribution network disturbance through transport power, with the highest efficiency and possibility will voltage and frequency of the power transmission to the user fixed .Grid can be divided into several levels based on the operating voltage transmission system, substructure, transmission system and distribution system, the highest level of voltage transmission system is ZhuWangJia or considered the high power grids. From the two aspects of function and operation, power can be roughly divided into two parts, the transmission system and substation. The farthest from the maximum output power and the power of the highest voltage grade usually through line to load. Secondary transmission usually refers to the transmission and distribution system is that part of the middle. If a plant is located in or near the load, it might have no power. It will be direct access to secondary transmission and distribution system. Secondary transmission system voltage grade transmission and distribution system between voltage level. Some systems only single second transmission voltage, but usually more than one. Distribution system is part of the power system and its retail service to users, commercial users and residents of some small industrial users. It is to maintain and in the correct voltage power to users responsible. In most of the system, Distribution system accounts for 35% of the total investment system President to 45%, andtotal loss of system of the half .More than 220kv voltage are usually referred to as Ultra high pressure, over 800kv called high pressure, ultra high voltage and high pressure have important advantages, For example, each route high capacity, reduce the power needed for the number of transmission. In as high voltage to transmission in order to save a conductor material seem desirable, however, must be aware that high voltage transmission can lead to transformer, switch equipment and other instruments of spending increases, so, for the voltage transmission to have certain restriction, allows it to specific circumstances in economic use. Although at present, power transmission most is through the exchange of HVDC transmission, and the growing interest in, mercury arc rectifier and brake flow pipe into the ac power generation and distribution that change for the high voltage dc transmission possible.Compared with the high-voltage dc high-voltage ac transmission has the following some advantages: (1) the communication with high energy; (2) substation of simple maintenance and communication cost is low; (3) ac voltage can easily and effectively raise or lower, it makes the power transmission and high pressure With safety voltage distribution HVDC transmission and high-voltage ac transmission has the following advantages: (1) it only need two phase conductors and ac transmission to three-phase conductors; (2) in the dc transmission impedance, no RongKang, phase shift and impact overvoltage; (3) due to the same load impedance, no dc voltage, and transfer of the transmission line voltage drop less communication lines, and for this reason dc transmission line voltage regulator has better properties; (4) in dc system withoutskin effect. Therefore, the entire section of route conductors are using; (5) for the same work, dc voltage potential stress than insulation. Therefore dc Wire need less insulation; (6) dc transmission line loss, corona to little interference lines of communication; (7) HVDC transmission without loss of dielectric, especially in cable transmission; (8) in dc system without stability and synchronization of trouble.A transmission and the second transmission lines terminated in substation or distribution substations, the substation and distribution substations, the equipment including power and instrument transformer and lightning arrester, with circuit breaker, isolating switch, capacitor set, bus and a substation control equipment, with relays for the control room of the equipment. Some of the equipment may include more transformer substations and some less, depending on their role in the operation. Some of the substation is manual and other is automatic. Power distribution system through the distribution substations. Some of them by many large capacity transformer feeders, large area to other minor power transformer capacity, only a near load control, sometimes only a doubly-fed wire feeders (single single variable substation)Now for economic concerns, three-phase three-wire type communication network is widely used, however, the power distribution, four lines using three-phase ac networks.Coal-fired power means of main power generating drive generators, if coal energy is used to produce is pushing the impeller, then generate steam force is called the fire. Use coal produces steam to promote the rotating impeller machine plant called coal-fired power plants. In the combustion process, the energy stored in the coal to heat released,then the energy can be transformed into the form within vapor. Steam into the impeller machine work transformed into electrical energy.Coal-fired power plants could fuel coal, oil and natural gas is. In coal-fired power plant, coal and coal into small pieces first through the break fast, and then put out. The coal conveyer from coal unloader point to crush, then break from coal, coal room to pile and thence to power. In most installations, according to the needs of coal is, Smash the coal storage place, no coal is through the adjustable coal to supply coal, the broken pieces of coal is according to the load changes to control needs. Through the broken into the chamber, the coal dust was in the second wind need enough air to ensure coal burning.In function, impeller machine is used to high temperature and high pressure steam energy into kinetic energy through the rotation, spin and convert electricity generator. Steam through and through a series of impeller machine parts, each of which consists of a set of stable blade, called the pipe mouth parts, even in the rotor blades of mobile Li called. In the mouth parts (channel by tube nozzle, the steam is accelerating formation) to high speed, and the fight in Li kinetic energy is transformed into the shaft. In fact, most of the steam generator is used for air is, there is spread into depression, steam turbine of low-pressure steam from the coagulation turbine, steam into the condenses into water, and finally the condensate water is to implement and circulation.In order to continuous cycle, these must be uninterrupted supply: (1) fuel; (2) the air (oxygen) to the fuel gas burning in the configuration is a must; (3) and condenser, condensed from the condensed water supply, sea and river to lake. Common coolingtower; (4) since water vapour in some places in circulation, will damage process of plenty Clean the supply.The steam power plant auxiliary system is running. For a thermal power plant, the main auxiliary system including water system, burning gas and exhaust systems, condensation system and fuel system. The main auxiliary system running in the water pump, condensation and booster pump, coal-fired power plants in the mill equipment. Other power plant auxiliary equipment including air compressors, water and cooling water system, lighting and heating systems, coal processing system. Auxiliary equipment operation is driven by motor, use some big output by mechanical drive pump and some of the impeller blades, machine drive out from the main use of water vaporimpeller machine. In coal-fired power plant auxiliary equipment, water supply pump and induced draft fan is the biggest need horsepower.Most of the auxiliary power generating unit volume increased significantly in recent years, the reason is required to reduce environment pollution equipment. Air quality control equipment, such as electrostatic precipitator, dust collection of flue gas desulfurization, often used in dust in the new coal-fired power plants, and in many already built in power plant, the natural drive or mechanical drive, fountain, cooling tower in a lake or cooling canal has been applied in coal-fired power plants and plants, where the heat release need to assist cooling system.In coal-fired power stations, some device is used to increase the thermal energy, they are (1) economizer and air preheater, they can reduce the heat loss; (2) water heater, he can increase the temperature of water into boiling water heaters; (3) they can increase and filter the thermal impeller.Coal-fired power plants usually requires a lot of coal and coal reservoirs, however the fuel system in power plant fuel handling equipment is very simple, and almost no fuel oil plants.The gas turbine power plants use gas turbine, where work is burning gas fluid. Although the gas turbine must burn more expensive oil or gas, but their low cost and time is short, and can quickly start, they are very applicable load power plant. The gas turbine burn gas can achieve 538 degrees Celsius in the condensing turbine, however, the temperature is lower, if gas turbine and condenser machine, can produce high thermal efficiency. In gas turbine turbine a combined cycle power plant. The gas through a gas turbine, steam generator heat recovery in there were used to generate vapor heat consumption. Water vapor and then through a heated turbine. Usually a steam turbine, and one to four gas turbine power plant, it must be rated output power.。

常用专业词汇中英文对照屏蔽双绞pair twisted screened常闭接点normally closed contact常开接点normally open contact备自投Automatic Takeover to Stand-by Supply遥信Remote indicationUnit-generator step-up transformers发变组Be subject to 服从于Step-up transformer升压变High-side(high voltage side) of the transformer变压器高压侧Low-side of the transtormer变压器低压侧Magnetizing inrush current励磁涌流Undervoltage Load Shedding 低电压甩负荷Margin 余地边界页面空白利润Yield 产生Dilute 冲淡稀释This includes compliance with IEEE and IEC standards for electrostatic discharge, fast transients, radiated emissions, surge-withstand capability, dielectric strength, pulsed magnetic fields, and disturbances.Specify optional具体指定的选择Open CT-------CT断线open or shorted CT conditions-------CT断线或短路状态including single- and dual-busbar, transfer-bus, tie-breaker分段Buscoupler 母联（母线并联）breaker-and-a-half, ring-bus, and double-bus/double-breakerconfigurations.重瓦斯heavy gasAccessories附件Bypass旁路，分流，绕开Inflexion拐点is converted to转换为over-current blocked by complex voltage复合电压闭锁过流Advances the State of the Art先进的技术发展水平act in concert（音乐会）with与…相呼应in minimum operation mode 最小运行方式in conjunction with与…协力disconnect auxiliary contacts. 隔离刀辅助接点（SEL说明书）Buscoupler母联（SEL说明书）tie-breaker分断断路器（SEL说明书）Coupler Security Logic母联逻辑（SEL说明书）Tag n标签，vt加标签Put tag贴标签Have you put tags on your luggage?Transfer Bus 旁母Main bus 主母Dedicated 专用的优点与缺点advantages and disadvantages极性标记（同名端）Polarity markconservative settings 保守的定值（笨的定值）开口三角Broken-Delta ；Open-Delta减出力decrease power output突然加电inadvertent energization励磁field失磁out-of-field合闸位置 closed position（肯定对）分闸位置 open position（肯定对）/trip position防跳 antibumping原理图Elementary Diagram接线图 Wiring Diagram单线图 One Line Diagram方块图、结构图 Block Diagram展开图 Developing Diagram简图 Schematic Diagram略图 Schema控制转换开关Control and Transfer Switch多层开关 Multiple Switch多功能开关 Multi-Function Switch把手、手柄 Handle端子箱 Terminal Cabinet端子排 Terminal Block监视 Monitoring测量 Metering瓦斯保护继电器 Buchholz Protector动作机理Mechanism of Action操作机构Operation Mechanism转换 Commutate保护动作 Protection Action启动 Starting up升高/降低（动） Raise/Go down升高/降低（动） Raise/Reduce增加/减少 Increase/Decrease高/低（名） Upper/lower接地 Grounding接地 Earthing压板 Clamp辅助结点 Auxiliary Contact电流回路测试盒 Test Block隔离刀闸 Isolator隔离刀闸 Disconnectorshielded twisted pair屏蔽双绞线intelligent electrical device 智能测控装置generator 发电机transformer 变压器/互感器motor 电动机meter 仪表power automation system 电力自动化系统phase mark相别substation automation system 变电站自动化系统oscillation /swing振荡chip 芯片resolution 分辨率relay 继电器parameter 参数frequency 频率power factor 功率因数2×16 character liquid crystal display 2行X16字符液晶显示dual RS485 communication interface 带双路RS-485通信接口three-phase voltage/current input 三相电压/电流输入active power 有功功率reactive power 无功功率configuration 配置maintenance 维护debugging 调试live wire 火线SOE(sequence of event) 事件顺序记录transient process暂态过程Input/output 输入/输出transducer 变送器rated voltage/current/frequency 额定电压/电流/频率impedance 阻抗earthing resistance 接地电阻circuit breakers 断路器vacuum circuit breakers 真空断路器rated main busbar current 主母线额定电流enclosure/internal 外壳/内部supply voltage/current 电源电压/电流petrolic engine 汽油发动机diesel engine 柴油发动机micro ammeter 微安表high voltage testing transformer 高压试验变压器metallic door handle金属门把手DC double bridge 直流双臂电桥transformer ratio bridge 变压比电桥relay protection tester 继电保护测试仪micro ohmmeter 微电阻测量仪earthing resistance meter 接地电阻表digital multimeter数字万用表megohmmeter 兆欧表electronic megohmmeter 电子兆欧表power distribution compartment 配电室alternation switch 转换开关high/low voltage switchgear高/低压开关柜earthing knife switch 接地刀开关interlocking device 连锁装置hexagonal rotation axis 六角转轴back cover board 后盖板fuse 熔断器AI (analog input) 模拟量/遥测量cable incoming, outgoing 电缆进、出线breaking capacity 开断容量arrester 避雷器electrical equipment 电气设备busbar 母线load switch 负荷开关secondary components 二次元件truck 手车earthing line 接地线coil 线圈contactor 接触器sensor 传感器winding 绕组high voltage output 高压输出AC withstand voltage test 交流耐压试验earthing bar 接地棒attracting voltage 吸合电压releasing voltage 释放电压protection device sampling debugging 装置采样调试protection device instantaneous over-current debugging 装置速断保护调试protection device definite-time over-current debugging 装置过流保护调试zero-sequence protection debugging 装置零序保护调试pressure relief flap压力释放板branched busbar 分支母线bottom board 底板removable partition装卸式隔板secondary plug二次插头small busbar terminal box 小母线端子terminal block端子排disconnect contact device 隔离触头装置control wire duct控制线槽feeder 一回输电线路semiconductor 半导体mechanical endurance机械寿命electrical endurance 电寿命operation startup current 操作启动电流rectifier 整流器tripping current of the opening coil 分闸线圈脱扣电流monitor 监视器connection diagrams 接线图polarity极性power supply units and master modules 主控机与电源单元coupling modules 耦合模块accessories 附件analog modules 模拟量模块application modules 应用模块digital input/output modules 数字量输入/输出模块brake contact制动接点overvoltage protection module 过电压保护模块station board 配电屏electromechanical 机电一体thermistor 热敏电阻baud rate 波特率superconductor 超导体power plant 发电厂tap 分接头LED（light-emitting diode）发光二极管controller 控制器hydraulic power plant 水电站instrument board 仪表盘UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) 不间断电源indicator 指示器DC (direct current) 直流AC (alternating 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微欧计Micro-processor protection panel 微机保护屏Fundamental current 基波电流Power transmission and substation engineering 输变电工程Electric Supply Authority 供电局Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories SEL公司全称储能 charging合闸 closing分闸 opening绝缘 insulation性能 performance过载 overload故障 fault多路传输 multiplex transmission备用 back-up比特、位 bit检修 overhaul冗余的 redundancy消耗 consumption冷却 cooling有功的active放大 amplify人造的 artificial手工的,人工的 manualFARAD 200 SEA4.0软件类(software)parallel interface 并行接口serial interface 串行接口application management 应用程序管理clipboard 剪贴板event system 事件系统browser 浏览器event log 事件日志removable storage 可移动存储routing and remote access 路由与远程访问server 服务器daily qualification rate 日合格率inhibit operation 禁止操作tele-indication blockage 遥信封锁invalid object 对象无效exactitude rate/success rate 正确率/成功率event handling 事件处理designer 设计人员operator 操作人员remote access server 远程访问服务器paste function 粘贴函数database 数据库file 文件edit 编辑view 视图insert (v.) insertion (n.) 插入tools 工具format 格式paste special 选择性粘贴alignment 对齐font 字体favorite 收藏夹peak value 峰值valley value 谷值normal(level) value 平值hyperlink 超级链接development environment 开发环境operation environment 运行环境graphic edit 图形编辑alarm event and handling 报警事件及处理PDR and recurrence 事故追忆与重演history data and real-time data retrieval 历史数据与实时数据检索fault diagnosis 故障诊断dual computers hot standby 双机热备remote maintenance 远程维护front controller 前端控制器thread 线程multimedia graphical user interface 多媒体图形界面transparent network technology 透明网络技术data acquisition technology 数据采集技术micro-kernel control and dispatching technology 微内核控制调度技术virtual reality scenes 虚拟现实场景variable 变量node 节点dynamic/line/fill/text property 动态/线/填充/文本属性time strings 时间串hotkey 热键alarm dead band 报警死区customization 定制reference frequency 基准频率window position fixation 窗口位置固定initialization full-screen display 初始化全屏显示initialization picture adaptation 初始化画面自适应task manager 任务管理器alarm appearance color 报警消失颜色synchronization 同步network congestion 网络堵塞supervisory control picture 监控画面homepage 主页print preview 打印预览standard serial port communication 标准串口通讯slash 斜线backslash 反斜线more/greater than 大于号less than 小于号asterisk 星号period 句号question mark 问号quotation mark 引号vertical bar 竖线transverse line 横线colon 冒号semicolon 分号parity check 奇偶校验data mapping table 数据映射表scroll bar 滚动条refresh 刷新list box 列表框bypass replacement 旁路替代bitmap file 位图文件consolidate 合并gateway 网关grid structure 网状结构subassembly programming 组件编程single-server 单机multi-server 多机browsing station 浏览站ODBC: Open Database Connectivity 开放式数据库互连distributed system architecture 分布式系统结构template database 模版库dual-device/computers/network redundancy 双设备/机/网络冗余history/curve database 历史/曲线数据库alarm voice file 报警语音文件pop-up picture file 弹出画面文件default path 缺省路径high-density curve 高密度曲线analog data overview模拟量一览digital data overview 开关量一览counter input data overview 电度量一览real-time alarm 实时报警communication fault 通讯故障report system 报表系统electrical report function 电力报表函数load 加载invoke 调用communication driver 通讯驱动snapshot 快照expression 表达式operational status 运行状况user manual 用户手册free disk space 硬盘余留空间program group 程序组registration number 注册号system/network configuration 系统/网络配置user right 用户权限auto start 自动启动password 口令shortcut 快捷方式directory for storing executable program 可执行程序存放目录auto logon 自动登录operation ticket 操作票symbol directory 图元库目录menu bar 菜单栏activate 激活project database 工程数据库table control 表格控件enable dual-computers hot standby 双机热备投用standby server query period 备机查询周期timeout time 超时时间history database synchronization days 历史数据库同步天数computer table 计算机表dial-up workstation 拨号工作站standard serial port communication 标准串口通讯upper/lower computer 上/下位机remark 备注object table 对象表logic relationship 逻辑关系interval 间隔deletion (n.) delete (v.) 删除power equipment 电力设备read only 只读prompt 提示subdirectory 子目录current directory 当前目录command/channel timeout 命令/通道超时master station address 主站地址title bar 标题栏toolbar 工具栏previous 上页next 下页picture file 图形文件real-time bar chart 实时棒图subsection electricity bar chart 分段电量棒图logout 退出，退路multi-electricity pie chart 多电量饼图printout 打印输出print setup 打印设置zoom in 缩小zoom out 放大scroll display 滚动显示daily/monthly report 日/月报表unqualified daily minutes 日不合格分钟数average value 平均值monthly trips due to faults月故障跳闸次数monthly repair time 月检修时间reactor电抗器The fuse blew out and the house was in darkness.保险丝烧断使得整个房子漆黑一片。

超导技术一．什么是超导？超导是超导电性的简称，是指导电材料在温度接近绝对零度的时候，金属、合金及其他材料的电阻趋近于0的性质。

超导材料的发现是最近几十年来物理学与材料科学领域的重大突破之一，已引起全世界的广泛关注，世界各国科技工作者参与超导材料的研究和发展工作，人们很快就能感受到它给社会生活带来的重大变革。

目前超导这一得天独厚的特性使得超导材料在医疗、电子输送、交通方面获得广泛应用。

二．超导现象的发现在发现超导现象之前，物理学界关于超低温区电阻的变化情况形成两种对立的观点：① Kelven 提出的“随着温度的降低，电阻会在趋于某一个极小值后会由于电子凝聚在原子周围而使得电阻趋于∞”。

② Nernst 提出的“电阻随温度减小并最终在绝对零度处消失”。

1908年，Kirchhoff 的得意门生Onnes 首次将最后一个“永久气体”He 液化，并得到了低于4K 的低温。

1911年，他在测量一个固态汞样品的电阻与温度的关系时发现，当温度下降到4.2K 附近时，样品的电阻突然减小到仪器无法察觉出的一个小值。

这种现象后来被称为超导现象，这一使电阻突然变小的温度4.2K 被称为临界温度Tc 。

1912年，Onnes 在铅和锡上发现了类似的现象，说明超导现象并非孤立。

三.两个主要性质①零电阻：超导体的电阻为0或无限接近于0，因此一旦它内部产生电流后，只要保持超导状态不变，其电流就不会减小，因此就称这种电流为持续电流。

正常导体因为有电阻，所以为了在导体中产生恒定电流就需要外加电场。

对超导体来讲，由于它的电阻为0，所以一旦在其中有电流产生就不会消失，也就是说，维持该电流不需要加电场，导体内部场强为0。

a. 那么怎样在超导体中产生持续电流？由法拉第电磁感应定律可知:”随时间变化的磁场会在空间激发出涡旋电场”,当将一个条形磁铁靠近超导体时,导体中就会产生涡旋电场并产生涡旋电流和留有一定的磁通量,当磁铁拿走后,超导体中的磁通量应该维持不变,因为如果磁通量改变,超导体中将产生电场,与超导体中电场为0相矛盾,而这个磁通量是通过超导体表面的持续电流来维持的。

什么是超导电力技术编者按：超导电力技术是利用超导体的特殊物理性质与电力工程相结合而发展起来的一门新技术。

本文简要介绍了超导电力装置的特点及国际发展动态，概述了中科院电工所超导电力研究的发展情况超导体具有诸多奇特的物理性质，如零电阻特性、完全抗磁特性、宏观量子相干效应等，利用超导体的这些特殊性质可以获得强磁场、储存电能、制作超导电力装置、实现磁悬浮以及测量微弱磁场信号等。

超导电力技术主要研究、开发各种超导电力装置、研究含超导装置的电力系统的各种特性，包括电力系统和超导电力装置的相互作用和影响、系统规划、设计、运行、控制、保护等。

许多电力装备都可以采用超导体来提高其性能，如输电电缆、电机、变压器和储能装置等，同时还可采用超导体研制出常规技术无法实现的新型电力设备，如超导故障电流限制器等。

超导电力装置具有体积小、重量轻、容量大等特点，在电力系统中应用超导技术可提高电机单机容量、提高电网的输送容量、降低电网的损耗、实现电能储存、限制短路电流，因而可以改善电能的质量、提高电力系统运行的稳定性和可靠性，从而为电网向高效安全和超大规模方向发展提供了新的技术途径。

超导电力技术多年来一直受到了世界各国的重视，特别是1986年发现高超导材料以后，由于高超导体可以在比低超导体所需的液氦区（4.2K）高得多的液氮区（77K）下运行，高超导电力装置的研究更是备受重视。

同时，由于美国和欧洲近年来相继发生了多次大的停电事故，因而促使西方和工业界进一步加快超导电力技术的研究步伐。

1999年，美国开始了S PI（Superconductivity Partnership Initiative）研究计划，开展了如超导电机、超导电缆、超导变压器、超导限流器、超导磁悬浮飞轮储能等项目的研究，在“美国电网2030”计划中，提出了采用超导电力技术建设骨干电网等建议，美国还在其海军舰船先进电力系统计划中列入了超导推进电机等研究项目。

日本在20世纪90年代曾实施了SuperGM等超导电力技术研究计划，并成立了国际超导技术研究中心（ISTEC），其主要电力公司及电机制造厂家均积极参与超导电力技术研究工作。

现代社会，人们在生产、生活等各方面都离不开电能，几乎每隔十年，人类对电能的需求就会增加一倍，能源短缺将成为中国所面临的最大挑战，节电已经迫在眉睫。

２００５年４月１９日超导电缆在昆明普吉变电站投入运行，其部分性能指标优于目前已经并网运行的美国和丹麦的高温超导电缆，超导输电将是一个很好的途径。

本文主要对超导输电技术进行一些介绍。

一、超导效应１９１１年，荷兰莱顿大学的卡茂林－昂尼斯意外地发现，将汞冷却到－２６８．９８°Ｃ时，汞的电阻突然消失；后来他又发现许多金属和合金都具有与上述汞相类似的低温下失去电阻的特性，由于它的特殊导电性能，卡茂林－昂尼斯称之为超导效应。

卡茂林由于他的这一发现获得了１９１３年诺贝尔奖。

这一发现引起了世界范围内的震动。

在他之超导输电技术电力系李高明【内容提要】超导输电技术主要包括超导电缆的结构与输电方式、超导电气设备等内容，是一种未来电网的输电方式。

本文主要介绍超导输电技术在电力系统的应用。

【关键词】超导输电节能暂的生产过程，对设备是一个短时间的工作行为，为向运行单位提供安全可靠的设备，就需要向运行单位交代设备的结构和特点，做好设计交代。

并及时征询运行单位的意见。

以便吸取运行经验和事故教训，有针对性的改进设备的生产质量，满足电网的运行需求。

二、要保持三相负荷均衡冬季和夏季气温不同，配电变压器三相负荷也会相应不同，应每周定期对配电变压器的三相负荷进行测试和调整。

根据中性线接线的不同，其不平衡电流的允许值分别不应超过配电变压器额定电流的２５％和４０％，若超过此值，应立即对顾客用户进行相间负荷调整，使其达到平衡。

冬春季用电高峰时段，应及时增加配电变压器的测量和巡查次数，及时掌握配电变压器的运行状况。

如其电流超过单台配电变压器额定电流１５％时，应增投一台配电变压器运行。

这样既保障了有电供得出，也确保了供电设备安全、可靠的正常运行。

三、要谨防雨雪堆积发生闪络，造成短路，引起火灾的发生雨雪天气之后要及时对配电变压器台架上下及周围堆积的雪、冰进行清除，并加强保护。