【最新文档】雅思阅读文章 (航海日志与气候)解析及答案-word范文 (2页)

雅思阅读考试题目与答案1. 题目：阅读理解问题：请阅读以下短文，并回答问题。

短文内容："气候变化是当前全球面临的一个重要问题。

科学家们通过研究发现，由于人类活动导致的温室气体排放，地球温度正在上升。

这种气候变化将对地球的生态系统和人类的生活产生严重影响。

问题1：气候变化是由什么导致的？问题2：气候变化对地球和人类有什么影响？答案：问题1：气候变化是由人类活动导致的温室气体排放引起的。

问题2：气候变化将对地球的生态系统和人类的生活产生严重影响。

2. 题目：段落匹配问题：请匹配以下段落与对应的主题。

段落1："大自然中的生态平衡是指各种生物种群在一个特定环境中相互依存、相互制约的状态。

当某个环境中的一种生物种群数量发生变化时，可能会影响到其他生物种群的数量和分布。

因此，生态平衡的破坏可能导致生物多样性的减少和生态系统的不稳定。

"段落2："生物多样性指的是一个生态系统中存在的各种生物种类的数量和多样性。

生物多样性对维持生态系统的稳定性和功能非常重要。

例如，一种植物物种的消失可能会导致与之相互依存的动物物种的灭绝，从而破坏生态平衡。

因此，保护生物多样性对于维护生态系统的健康至关重要。

"主题1：生态平衡的重要性主题2：生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性答案：段落1匹配主题1：生态平衡的重要性段落2匹配主题2：生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性3. 题目：填空题问题：请根据以下短文，在空白处填上合适的单词。

短文内容："法律是社会规范和行为准则的统称，它的主要功能是维护社会秩序、保护公民权益、促进公正和公平。

法律的制定和执行需要具备专业的法律知识和严格的程序，以确保正义得到实现。

"空白处1：法律是社会规范和行为准则的统称。

统称。

空白处2：法律的主要功能是维护社会秩序、保护公民权益、促进公正和公平。

社会秩序、保护公民权益、促进公正和公平。

答案：空白处1填词：统称空白处2填词：社会秩序。

第二章海图图书资料第三节航海图书资料1-5 DCADD 6-10 CDCBD 11-15 DBADD 16-20 ADDDB21-25 ABABA 26-30 ADDCB 31-35 ACDDD 36-40 BDABA41-45 ADCDA 46-50 DABCC 51-55 BBADC 56-61 BAAABD第四节海图及海图作业1-5 DDBBC 6-10 CDCBD 11-15 CBCAA 16-20CADCD 21-25CADBA 26-30 ACDBB 31-35 BBABA 36-40 ABCCA 41-45 ADACB 46-48 BDD第五节航海通告与警告1-5 DBABD 6-10 ADADB 11-15 AACAD 16-20 ADADC21-25 AAAAA 26-30 AADDA 31-37 DBCBDDD第三章航海英文函电第一节航海日志的填写1-5ACADA 6-10BDBBB 11-15CDACB 16-20BDCDA 21-25DAADB 26-31DADCAB第六节海上事故报告1-5ADCAA 6-10ADBCC 11-15BBBDA 16-20BDABD 21-25CDDCD 26-32BCDDDAA第四章国际安全管理第一节国际安全管理规则（ISM）1-5DBCDB 6-10DDDBC 11-15ABCCB 16-20BCBCC 21-26CABDCB第二节港口国监督及报告1-5AADAA 6-10CCCDC 11-15BDBBC 16-20BCDCD 21-27BCDCACD 第六章国际海事公约与规则第一节STCW1-5ADCDB 6-10ABDAB 11-15ADAAA 16-20DAADA 21-25ABCDD 26-30CCDCC 31-35CDBAD 36-40BBBCA 41-44AACB第二节SOLAS1-5CDDAC 6-10DADCB 11-15BBCCB 16-20CCBAA 21-25AAABA 26-30DCCCB 31-35DBADD 36-40ACDCC 41-45CCCDB 46-50ACCAD 51-55ADCDB 56-60DBBBC 61-65DBCAA 66-70DCBCA 71-72BB第三节MARPOL1-5DDCAA 6-10DABAD 11-15CDAAB 16-20CAAAC 21-25DCBCB 26-30ACDDA 31-35DACBC 36-40BABAA 41-43CDD第七章航海技术第一节锚泊与靠离泊作业1-5ABACB 6-10BCDBB 11-15DCDBC 16-20DBCAD 21-25DDCAA 26-30CACAD 31-35CCDAC 36-40CCBDB 41-45ABDAB 46-50BCCCD 51-55CDCDC 56-60BDCBB 61-65AADCD 66-69ACAD第二节沿海与大洋航行1-5DBDAD 6-10 DDDCC 11-15CACBB 16-20DBABC 21-25BBDBB 26-30ADDDA 31-35ABCCA 36-40CDCBD 41-45BCBBC 46-50CBCDA 51-55BACAA 56-59CADC第五节海上避碰规则1- 5 BBDBA 6-10 DDBCC 11-15DCAAA 16-20CBAAC 21-25DCBCB 26-30DBADB 31-35CAACC 36-40ACDAC 41-45CADDC 46-50AACCD 51-55BACBC 56-60ABDDD 61-65CBDCB 66-70DABBC 71-75CDAAD 76-80BDAAD 81-85ADACC 86-90BAABC 91-95DCBAA 96-100CDBDA 101-105BCABC 106-110DCBDC 111-115AABAB 116-120BABAC 121-124ABAD 第六节地文航海1-5DBDCB 6-10AAABA 11-15BDBCC 16-20ABBDB 21-25CCDBA 26-30DBDAB 31-35BCCDB 36-40ACCBC 41-45ACBDC 46-50CDDDC 51-55DCBDC 56 A第七节潮汐1-5DACCD 6-10ADDAA 11-15BCBBB 16-20ABBCD 21-25DABCA 26-30ADBDA 31-35BCDAD 36-38CCC第八章船舶货运技术第一节装卸货作业1-5DDBCA 6-10 DCCAD 11-15ADABA 16-20BAAAD 21-25BDDDB 26-30CDACC 31-35CAACC 36-40DBCBD 41-45CAABD 46-50BBCDC 51-55DABDA 56-60DACAD 61-65BDCDA第七节理货与计量作业1-5DDACA 6-10 CBDAC 11-15DDCAA 16-20DAADB 21-25BDDCB 26-30ACDBD 31-35ABCAD 36-38BCA第九章航海气象第一节海上气象报告与气象导航1-5ABCDB 6-10 CBBAC 11-15ADAAB 16-20CADDB 21-25CCDBD 26-30AABDC 31-35DCCCB 36-40AACCA 41-45CDCCD 46-50ABBDA 51-55BDCDB第二节海上天气现象1-5 DADDC 6-10 ABDCD 11-15DBBDA 16-20CDBBD 21-25BDBCC 26-30AABBA 31-35AADCC 36-40ACBDC 41-45ABCBB 46-50BCDCA51-55CBBCA 56-60BBBBD 61-65BDBAD 66-69ACDC第十章船舶结构与设备第一节船舶结构1-5DDCBA 6-10DBABB 11-15DBAAC 16-20CBADA 21-25ACADD 26-30CCADB 31-35CAADD 36-40BCDCB 41-45ADCBA 46-50DDBBD 51-55BADCD 56-60ABCDA 61-65CCBBC 66-70BBADD 71-74BABC 第二节船舶设备1-5DDBBB 6-10 CABDA 11-15BBBAB 16-20BDBAD 21-25CDDBC 26-30BDBDA 31-35BABAC 36-40ACDBD 41-45BADDB 46-50AAACB 51-55CCBBC 56-60CDCDC 61-65BCBBA 66-70DDBCB 71-75AAACD 76-80ACBAA 81-85ADBAD 86-87BD第十一章航海仪器第一节雷达及ARPA的使用1-5ADDDC 6-10 DBAAD 11-15DACDC 16-20BBABA 21-25ADBBC 26-30ACCAB 31-35DAADA 36-38BBA第二节磁罗经与陀螺罗经的使用1-5AAABC 6-10DABDD 11-15CBBBB 16-20CADBD 21-25BAABC 26-30ABACB 31-35BCADA 36-40BBACB 41-44BAAD第三节GPS，DF及LC的使用（疑问）1-5BACDA 6-10DBBBA 11-15ABDCA 16-20DDABA 21-25ABBAA 26-30DBACB 31-35BACDA 36-40BADBB 41-45DACDB 46-50BAAAC 51-55CBDCB 56-60BDAAC 61B第十二章海上通信第一节GMDSS1-5ADABD 6-10CDCAD 11-15CDDBB 16-20BACDD 21-25BDBDC 26-30ABADC 31-32DA第二节VHF通信1-5DADCC 6-10BAADA 11-15AADAD 16-20DBBCA 21-25ACBDA 26-30DDAAA 31-34BADC第十三章船舶修理与保养第二节甲板与船体保养1-5ADBDC 6-10BBBBD 11-15BAAAD 16-20CCCAD 21-25BCACC 26-30DBBDA 31-35CCDAA 36-40CDBDB第三节船舶索具及保养1-5BABDC 6-10CCADB 11-15BDAAA 16-20CADBC 21-25CCCCD 26-30CDBCD 31-35CCBBB 36-40ACBAD 41-45ACADC 46-50BABAA51-55BBADC 56-60DACBD 61-65CCCDD 66-70CBAAC 71-75BDBBD 76-80CDACA 81-85BDDCB 86-90CBBAD 91-95BABDB 96-99ADBA第四节船舶物料及管理1-5BBADD 6-10CCACB 11-15AABDD 16-20CDDAC 21-25BAABA 26-30BBBCD 31-35DDBAA 36-39BBAD第十四章海上应急第一节海上搜救1-5DDDDC 6-10 CBDAD 11-15BABDD 16-20CABBC 21-25DDDDA 26-30AABBB 31-35DDDDD 36-40CDACB 41-45CCCAC 46-49ABCA第二节海上消防1-5BCADB 6-10BACBD 11-15ADBBD 16-20BADBB 21-25DDAAB 26-30DBADB 31-35CDDBA 36-40BDCAA 41-45ABCAB 46-50DCDBA 51-55BDCDA 56-60ACDBC 61-65ABDCA 66-70CAABA 71-75ADAAB 76-80CCABC 81-85DABDD 86-90DCBAC 91-95BBDCA 96-100AACAC 第三节海上求生1-5DBBCB 6-10CDCDB 11-15BCBCC 16-20BBCDA 21-25CDCBA 26-30AAACA 31-35ACDCC 36-40ACAAD 41-45DAADA 46-50ABABC 51-55CBADB 56-60CBBDC 61-65ACCBB 66-70CBBBD 71-75CAABC 76-80DDDCD第四节油污染处理与堵漏1-5DCCCB 6-10BCDDC 11-15CAAAC 16-20CCCAC 21-25BDDBA 26-30BDDAB 31-35DCDDB 36-40CAABB 41-44BACB第五节海上医务1-5BDDDD 6-10ABBBB 11-15DCCCC 16-20AACAD 21-25DACBC 26-30BDDBD 31-35DBCCD 36-40BABBC 41-45BCDAC 46-50BCDDA 51-55CBADC 56-60DADDA第二部分阅读题1. ABDA2. ADAA3. BDDD4. ABAA5. CCBD6. DADC7.CDCB 8. CACA 9. BADA 10. BACA 11. ABDA 12. DACD13. BDBA 14. BCAD 15. DAAD 16. DBDD 17. DDCA 18.ABDD19.BCAA 20.DDBD 21. DAAB AB. 23.BABD 24.BBCD25. ADDA 26.AAAC 27.CACA 28. BBBD 29.ADDB 30.DACD31. BDAC 32. AAAC 33.DDBA 34.ABDA 35.BADD 36.ADDD37. CBBD 38. CABD 39.DABC 40.ADAD 41.BBDD 42.CADA43. BDAD 44. CADC。

Bernice 雅思阅读8月机经总结及解析8月2日考试分析：8月的第一场考试似乎并不怎么友善，三篇文章都是新题，题材方面涉及文史，自然和社会科学，不了解相关背景的同学可能会感觉相当吃力。

在题型方面，段落信息配对依然不出意料地出现在了试卷上，也再一次提醒大家在课堂上说过的“三座大山”需要重点练习。

本次考试判断和选择成了题型中的主力，尤其是选择，两篇文章都出现了选择题，而且还有文章主旨单选题来凑热闹。

要想拿下雅思阅读并取得好成绩，搞定选择题成了现在的趋势，希望烤鸭们平时多多练习。

文章分析：8月9日本次雅思阅读考试再现3新格局，三篇文章均为新题，文章题材涉及文史，社会科学，难度较大。

在题型方面，主旨配对和人名理论配对依旧是重点也是难点。

相比而言，本次考试判断和填空成了题型中的主力，尤其是填空，三篇文章都出现了填空题，而且第三篇文章还出现了有词库的摘要填空。

希望烤鸭们平时一定要多多练习高频题型，熟练把握并且控制做题节奏。

在话题方面，2014年以来，人文话题较往年居多，本年已考过绘画与个性的关系，博物馆，音乐，海岸雕塑和艺术的定义等，本次考试又考到了艺术话题。

建议烤鸭们平时增加对此类话题的文章的补充阅读；另外本年不止一定考到了新西兰的相关内容，本年已考过了除澳大利亚的古生物灭绝，更有新西兰的纺织业，木材产业，全球变暖，本次考试又涉及到了新西兰的路。

建议烤鸭们多关注新西兰以及澳洲的一些科普内容。

8月16日本场雅思阅读考试难度不大。

1.从话题来看，本场考试的话题有，动物和全球化，心理，都为旧话题，可以参考剑桥真题的相关文章。

2.从考试题型来看，涉及到摘要填空，是非无判断，段落细节信息匹配，单选和流程图填空。

其中判断题和摘要填空所占比重较大。

建议烤鸭们在备考时一定要注意对高频题型的熟练度，速度的把控和正确率的提升，流程图填空是雅思阅读的送分题，提醒考生合理分配时间，先易后难，抓住基本分数。

8月21日考试分析: 本次考试难度不大。

2021航海英语船长光盘版词汇以及所有阅读理解解析第一章航海图书资料第一节航路指南第一节航海气象要素与常用术语☆☆☆☆考点1：航路指南 Aadjacent adj．①(to)邻近的②毗连的③交界的④前后紧接着的，对面的eg．A person may operate an air compressor in which of the following areas on board a tankbarge? A space adjacent to a cargo tank．译：人员可以在液货驳船上那些地方操作空气压缩机？发电机室。

alleviatev．①减轻②缓和（痛苦） amplify v．①放大，扩大②加强③详述eg．Admiralty Sailing Directions amplify charted detail and contain information needed for safe navigation．译：英版航路指南详细描述海图的细节和安全航行所包含的信息。

asymmetrical a．不对称的eg．An ideal mooring system would be asymmetrical and in equilibrium．译：理想的下锚系统需要对称和平衡。

atlas n．①地图册，地图集②图册，图集③大张绘图纸eg．For full information regarding the current circulation of the Indian Ocean,see Sailing Direction,Current Atlas，etc．译：对于有关印度洋环流的全部信息，查看航路指南，洋流图集等。

appreciable adj．①明显的②看得出的，可估计的③可观的，值得重视的eg．In determining if risk of collision exists,such risk may sometimesexist even when an appreciable bearing chage is evident,particularly when approaching very large vessel,a long tow，a vessel at close range．译：在确定是否存在碰撞危险，即使当方位有明显变化，特别是当接近一很大的船，一组被拖船，近距离时。

雅思阅读真题6配套答案及解析第1篇06101海龟的反向进化第2篇06102马达加斯加寻香第3篇06103树冠研究第4篇06201岛上的雀鸟第5篇06202非洲传统农业第6篇06203青春期第7篇06301团队中的明星第8篇06302恐龙的脚印第9篇06303布鲁内尔实际的预言家第10篇06304陨石湖泊的研究第11篇06305寒冷气候的财富第12篇06306海湾污染第13篇06307石油工业的衰落第14篇06308猩猩文化第15篇06309拯救英国鱼鹰第16篇06310智商和天赋第17篇06311双胞胎研究第18篇06401创新思维第1篇06101海龟的反向进化28B原文见E段4-7行29E E选项在H段倒数第四行30.B段最后一句。

31.C段第一句。

32.C段最后一句。

33.F段倒数第四行。

34.F段，结合第五行“especially if ony.....it's pretty obvious”．和最后一句“itis a little less。

obvious......forelimbs”36.H段倒数第七行。

37.G段第三行。

38.G段第八行39.G段第八行，根据“halfway between the wet这句总结出half-wet cluster and the dry cluster”and half-dry的。

40.G段倒数第二句话."both these fossils were dry-land tortoises"。

第2篇06102马达加斯加寻香14i15vi B段主要讲的是专家们寻找新香气的过程。

第十行讲到通过污染检测行业的技术，融合新科技。

且文中expedition、technology对应VI中的exploration16iv17v18viii19TRUE20TRUE：原文见B段前两行，特别是unique。

TRUE B段第二行讲到马达加斯加岛上85%的植物都是世界上唯一的注意下unique。

航海英语听力与会话中英答案Revised final draft November 26, 2020第一章公共用语口述题1. Please say something about your hometown. 请评价一下你的家乡例一(简单)(1) My hometown is Dalian. Dalian is a beautiful city. 我的家乡是大连。

大连是一座美丽的城市。

It is in the Liaoning Province, facing the Bohai Sea. 它是在辽宁省,面对渤海。

There are about 5 million people in the city. 大约有500万人在城市。

(2) It is a famous tourist coastal city in China. Its climatearound the year is suitable and comfortable for living. 它是着名的旅游沿海城市，整年的气候很合适,舒适对于的生活。

The sky is blue and the air is clean. There are many famous spots attracting many tourists every year. 天空是蓝色的,空气是那么清新。

有许多着名的景点每年吸引了很多游客。

(3) The specialties of Dalian is the seafood. There are many good restaurants providing delicious seafood. 大连特色是海鲜。

有很多好的餐厅提供可口的海鲜。

例二（稍难）I come from Zhoushan我来自舟山Zhoushan is a city in Zhejiangprovince舟山是浙江省一个城市It is a small city with a population of about 100,000. 这是一个小城市的人口大约10万It is located by the sea. It is a famous tourist city. 它坐落在海边。

雅思考试阅读全面解析及答案(21)THE GAP of INGENUITY 2Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new technolo gies like computers or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of idea s for better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and c ompetent governments.How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range of factors, including the society's goals and the circumstances within which it must achieve those goals ——whether it has a young population or an aging one,an abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a punishing one, whatever the case may be.How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on man y factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the rew ards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the strength of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn't, of course, enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example, de pends not only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the availabili ty of other, more conventional factors of production, like capital and labor. S imilarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the resolution, o r at least the containment, of major political struggles over wealth and power. Yet within our economics ingenuity often supplants labor, and growth in the st ock of physical plant is usually accompanied by growth in the stock of ingenuit y. And in our political systems, we need great ingenuity to set up institutions that successfully manage struggles over wealth and power. Clearly, our economi c and political processes are intimately entangled with the production and use of ingenuity.The past century ’s countless incremental changes in our societies around t he planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding natura l environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world. Because these changes have accumulated slowly, It’s often hard for us to recognize how p rofound and sweeping they've. They include far larger and denser populations; m uch higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far better and more widely available technologies for the movement of people, materials, and espec ially information.In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density, intensity,and pace of our inter actions with each other; they have greatly increased the burden we place on our natural environment; and they have helped shift power from national and international institutions to individuals and subgroups, suchas political special interests and ethnic factions.As a result, people in all walks of life-from our political and business le——must cope with much more complex, urgenaders to all of us in our day-to-dayt, and often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our relationship with this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of social and technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our prosperity and improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more sophisticated decisions, and in less time, than ever before.When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the planet's network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex. Many of the natural systems critical to our well-being, like the global climate and theoceans, are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can't predict or ma nage the behavior of complex systems with much precision, because they are ofte n very sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and their behavi or can flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In general, as the human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more complex, and as o ur demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies we use to manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our need for ingenuit y.The good news, though, is that the last century's stunning changes in our s ocieties and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization o f human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and transp ortation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in turn, vastlyaccelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.——we should not jump to the conclusionBut—and this is the critical "but"that the supply of ingenuity always increases in lockstep with our ingenuity r equirement: While it's true that necessity is often the mother of invention, wecan't always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we n eed it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today's vital e conomic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brains grasp. Very few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems work. T hey remain fraught with countless "unknown unknowns," which makes it hard to su pply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these systems.In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our abi lity to supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example, many people believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and will make it easier to find solutions to our societies' collective problems, but t he story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday lives is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on critical matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more superficial.Modern markets and science are an important part of the story of how we supply ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give entrepreneurs an incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it seems to face no theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future, practical constraints often slow its progress. The cost of scientific research tends to increase as it delves deeper into nature. And science's rate of advance depends on the cha racteristic of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply because some pheno mena are intrinsically harder to understand than others, so the production of u seful new knowledge in these areas can be very slow. Consequently, there is oft en a critical time lag between the recognition between a problem and the delive ry of sufficient ingenuity, in the form of technologies, to solve that problem.Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for reasons we don't yet u nderstand; but we desperately need better social scientific knowledge to build’s world demands.the sophisticated institutions todayQuestions:Complete each sentence with the appropriate answer, A, B, C, or DWrite the correct answer in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 The definition of ingenuity28 The requirement for ingenuity29 The creation of social wealth30 The stability of societyA depends on many factors including climate.B depends on the management and solution of disputes.C is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional renovatio n.D also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.Question 31-33Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.31 What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100 ye ars?A It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.B Its significance is often not noticed.C It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.D It benefited a much larger population than ever.32 The combination of changes has made life.A easierB fasterC slowerD less sophisticated33 What does the author say about the natural systems?A New technologies are being developed to predict change with precision.B Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.C Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.D Technological developments have rendered human being more independent of natural systems.Question 34-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Pas sage 3?In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement is trueNO if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage34 The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.35 The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at hand.36 There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present world.37 More information will help us to make better decisions.38 The next generation will blame the current government for their conduct.39 Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.40 Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important as natural science.参考译文：创新过程的空白创造，就像笔者在这里定义的一样，不仅仅指那些关于计算机、抗早作物之类的新科技的构想，更重要的是指那些关于优化制度和社会安排的思想，例如高效市场、法定 政府等。

Chapter 1Passage 01Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo. Some are also designed to carry passengers. They can operate as liners. These are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetable. A list of their arrival and departure dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not. Liners can be classed as either deep-sea liners or short-sea liners. The former carry mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world; the later carry containerized or conventional cargo on shorter routes. Ferries are also classed as liners. These offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seas. A few ships are still employed as passenger liners. They not only carry passengers but also some cargo on routes from Europe to North America and to the Far East. Nowadays the passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually operate as cruise ships for part of the year.001.The deep-sea liners ________.A. carry mainly containerized cargoB. carry mainly conventional cargoC. offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehiclesD. sail across channels and narrow seas.002.The Liners ________.A. always sail fullB. sail regularly even not fullC. always sail in ballastD. will not sail if not full003.A list of the arrival and departure dates of liners ________.A. will be published weeklyB. will be published when they sail，whether full or not，from Europe to North America and to the Far EastC. will not be published even they sail fully loadedD. is published prior to their departure004.It is implied in the passage that ________.A. the number of passenger ships is smallB. all passenger ships will carry some cargo in near futureC. it is not necessary for liners to sail in regular timeD. container carriers should carry some passengersPassage 02Nowadays，most merchant ships are built to carry cargoes. And they mainly operate as tramps. These vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep to a fixed timetable，but are employed where there is cargo for them to carry. Tramps can be classed as deep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps. A number are classed as coasters. These ply on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports. The traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes，but some are designed to carry general cargoes.A large number of merchant ships operate as specialized vessels. These are designed to carry a particular type of cargo. There are several types of specialized vessel. The most common are oil tankers. They are owned by the major oil companies or by independent operators. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are chemical carriers and liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers.005.The deep-sea tramps ________.A. carry bulk and general cargo across the high seasB. are built to carry passengersC. are mainly coastersD. are specialized vessel006.The coasters ________.A. always sail across the high seasB. commonly carry oil cargoC. are mainly tankersD. sail on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports007.The importance of LNG carriers ________.A. is growingB. is not mentioned in passageC. is decreasingD. will be discussed further if necessary008.It is implied in the passage that ________.A. the number of specialized vessels is not smallB. all oil tankers will carry some chemicals in near futureC. the tramps and specialized vessels are the basic type of merchant ships.D. container carriers should not be classed as trampsPassage 03Cargo ships can be divided into two basic types. One type carries dry cargo，the other carries liquid cargo; however，an OBO ship is designed to carry both. A traditional dry cargo ship is the multi-deck vessel. Her holds are dividedhorizontally by one or two 'tween decks，because these make stowage of individual packages easier. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers. These do not have 'tween decks as cargo is carried loose. The most modern type of dry cargo carrier is the container ship. They carry containers of standard dimensions，consequently stowage is easier. Fruit，meat and dairy produce are carried in refrigerated ships. Oil tankers are the most common type of liquid cargo carrier. They are often very large，because huge quantities of oil need to be transported and one large vessel is more economical to operate than two smaller ones. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are the liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and the chemical carrier，although chemical can also be carried in drums in general cargo ships.009.There are ________ types of liquid bulk carrier.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5010.A multi-deck vessel has ________ tween decks.A. has manyB. noC. only oneD. has up to two011.Fruit，meat and dairy produce are carried in________.A. containers carriersB. traditional shipsC. OBO shipsD. refrigerated ships012.The types of dry cargo carriers mentioned in the passage are ________.A. tween deckers，OBO shipsB. traditional dry cargo ship and multi-deck vesselC. OBO ships，oil tankers，chemical tankers and LNG carriersD. dry cargo ship，dry bulk cargo carrier，container carriers and refrigerated shipsPassage 04The axial thrust of the propeller is the force working in a fore and aft direction. This force causes the ship to move ahead through the water or to go astern. Because of her shape，a ship will move ahead through the water more easily than going astern.The transverse thrust is the sideways force of the propeller as it rotates. The transverse effect of the propeller blades at the top near the surface of the water is not strong enough to counteract the opposite effect of the lower blades. For right-handed propellers this cants the ship's stern to starboard and her bow to port，when the ship is going ahead. The effect is small and can be corrected by the rudder. When the engines are put astern，the effect is the opposite and the stern cants to port. This effect is stronger and cannot easily be corrected. Vessels with left-handed propellers behave in the opposite way.013.The force that causes the ship to move ahead through the water or to go astern is known as________.A. axial thrustB. transverse thrustC. the transverse effect of the propeller blades at the top near the surface of the waterD. the transverse effect of the lower blades of the propeller near the bottom of the water014.A left-handed propellers，when the ship is going ahead，will cant ship's stern to________.A. starboardB. portC. to move aheadD. move astern015.The transverse thrust of the propeller is stronger when the ship is________.A. going a sternB. going aheadC. stoppedD. making no way through the water016.The transverse thrust of the propeller can mainly be overcome by ________.A. the rudderB. the propeller itselfC. the nautical instrumentD. wind and tidePassage 05The Chief Officer，or First Mate as he is often called，is the Master's chief officer and head of the Deck Department. He is assisted by a Second Officer (Mate)，a Third Officer(Mate)，and sometimes a Fourth Officer(Mate). Several companies employ a First Officer as well as a Chief Officer. The Deck Department also includes a Boatswain (Bosun) and a Carpenter，both petty officers，and a number of ratings. These made up of Able Seamen (AB)，Ordinary Seamen (OS) and a middle grade known as Efficient Deck Hands (EDH). There are other grades of seamen. On some ships Navigating Cadets are carried for training purposes.The Chief Engineer is head of the Engine Department. He is assisted by a Second，Third，Fourth and sometimes Fifth Engineer. An Electrical Officer may also be carried. The engine room petty officers are the Storekeeper and Donkeyman. On tankers there is also a Pumpman. He is also a petty officer. The engine room ratings are Firemen and Greasers. There may also be Engineer Cadets.The Catering Department is under the Chief Steward. It is divided into a saloon and galley section. The former is headed by the Second Steward，the latter by the Ship's Cook. They are both usually petty officers. They are assisted by severalstewards and cooks，and by a number of junior ratings.The Radio Department often consists of only one man: the Radio Officer. On ships where continuous radio watches are kept there may be three radio officers: a Chief，Second and Third.017.________ is not a petty officer.A. BoatswainB. Second StewardC. Radio Officer.D. Storekeeper018.EDH is rank which is higher than________.A. Second StewardB. ABC. OSD. Chief Engineer019.Storekeeper belong to ________.A. Deck DeptB. Engine DeptC. Catering DeptD. Radio Dept020.There are ________ departments on bard a big ship according to the passage.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. fivePassage 06While every effort is made to ensure that the data provided through the Notices to Mariners service is accurate，the user needs to be aware of the risks to corruption of data. It is important that the user should only use the data on suitable equipment and that，other applications should not be running on the user's machine at the same time. Users should exercise their professional judgement in the use of data，and also consult the Mariners Handbook (NP100) for further details. The user needs to be aware that there is a possibility that data could be corrupted during transmission，or in the process of display or printing on the user's equipment，or if converted to other software formats，and is accordingly advised that the UKHO cannot accept responsibility for any such change，or any modifications or unauthorised changes，made by licensees，or other parties.021.The data may become corrupted in any of the following process except _______.A. during transmissionB. in the display or printing on the user's equipmentC. in converting to other software formatsD. in air mail delivery to the readers022.The use of the data is advised to consult _______ for further details.A. Mariners HandbookB. Sailing DirectionsC. Guide to Port EntryD. Notices to Mariners023.Of the following items _______ is not mentioned for which UKHO will accept no responsibility.A. change in the process of display or printingB. unauthorised changes made by licensees or other partiesC. modifications made by licensees or other partiesD. professional amendments024.It is implied that _______.A. the data are incorrectB. the data are to be corrected intensivelyC. although the data are accurate enough，you are still advised to use it with cautionD. not to use it if you have not enough time or proper equipment to effect necessary correctionPassage 07The container ship is different from the conventional type and is an innovation noted for easier handling and quicker turnover of cargoes. Cargoes to be carried by this type of ship are pre-packed into containers before being loaded aboard the ship.Containers are sealed after being packed with cargoes. Made of metal or other durable materials，they are watertight after sealing and can therefore be stowed on deck whilst being carried. One of the features of container ships is that some of the containers are usually stowed on deck.The container ship is becoming increasingly popular in trading circles，and the trend is that the tonnage thereof will grow at a faster pace in future.025.What does "innovation" in the first paragraph mean? ________.A. making changesB. the introduction of an antigenic substance into the body against a specific diseaseC. The act of introducing something new.D. revolution026.Containers are sealed after being packed with cargoes.A. filledB. loadedC. stuffedD. closed officially or under the supervision of notary public027.Of the following，________ is not the feature of the container ship?A. Some of the containers are usually stowed on deck.B. It is easy for handling and quick turnover of the cargoC. The container ship is becoming increasingly saferD. Cargoes are pre-packed into the container028.The tonnage of container ship is ________.A. decreasingB. increasingC. remaining the sameD. changingPassage 08Nautical charts are indispensable to mariners. They，however，are subject to frequent changes，such as those of navigational aids，of waterways due to the dredging and construction，of depths of water，and of removal or appearance of wrecks. In order to keep up-to-date and reliable，nautical charts have to undergo correction. Changes of importance are generally promulgated by weekly edition of Notices to Mariners，which enable mariners to correct the charts by hand. If major changes make it impracticable to do so，the Notices will provide a reproduction of a small area，which is also called block，to be pasted onto the chart in its correct position.029.Nautical charts need correction because ________.A. navigational aids are sometimes indispensable.B. there are always some mistakesC. wrecks may appear or be removedD. they could never be reprinted030.Correction to charts are made by crew members in accordance with ________.A. Notices to MarinersB. Sailing DirectionsC. Guide to Port EntryD. Supplement031.In the passage，Blocks are ________.A. large scale chartsB. representations of chartsC. reproductions of portions of chartsD. small scale charts032.The purpose of correction to charts is to ________.A. keep them up-to-dateB. make the charts brand-newC. keep the charts available to all mariners in the worldD. keep the charts free from mistakesPassage 09Corrections to Sailing Directions are given in Section Ⅳ. Those in force at the end of the year are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners. A list of corrections in force is published in Section Ⅳ of the Weekly Edition for the last week of each month.It is recommended that corrections be kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top. The list should be consulted when using the parent book to see if any corrections affecting the area under consideration are in force.It is not recommended that corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement，but，if this is done，when a new supplement is received care must be taken to retain those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement，which may be several months before its receipt on board.033.________ are reprinted in the Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners.A. The Sailing DirectionsB. The corrections to Sailing DirectionsC. The effective corrections to Notices to MarinersD. The Weekly Edition034.The parent book is ________.A. The Sailing DirectionB. The corrections to Sailing Directions in forceC. the Annual Summary of Notices to MarinersD. the Weekly Edition035.It is recommended that corrections to the Sailing Directions be ________.A. made by handB. consulted at the last week of each monthC. stuck in the parent book or current supplementD. kept in a file with the latest list of corrections in force on top036.If the corrections be stuck in the parent book or current supplement，________.A. when a new supplement is received，those corrections issued after the date of the new supplement must be retainedB. the parent book must be consultedC. the current supplement must be consultedD. the Annual Summary of Notices to Mariners must be usedPassage 10The amount of detail shown on a chart varies with the scale of the chart. On a large scale chart，for example，full details of all lights and fog signals are shown，but on smaller scales the order of reduction of information in elevation，period，range，until on an ocean chart of the area only lights with a range of 15 miles or more will normally be inserted，and then only their light-star and magenta flare. On the other hand，radio beacons are omitted from large scale charts where their use would be inappropriate，and，unless they are long range beacons，from ocean charts.037.Ocean charts are ________ ones.A. large scaleB. small scaleC. inappropriateD. omitted038.What cannot be found in the large scale charts? ________.A. Radio beacons of small rangeB. Full details of all lights.C. ElevationsD. Full details of fog signals039.The light-star and magenta flare are shown on ________.A. large scale charts onlyB. small scale charts onlyC. both small and large scale chartsD. neither small nor large scale charts040.The title of this passage should be ________.A. Lights and Beacons on ChartsB. Characteristic of Lights and BeaconsC. Corrections to Small and Large Scale chartsD. Navigational Charts PublicationPassage 11DALIAN OBSY GALE WARNING 190600ZCOLD FRONT WILL PASS BOHAI SEA BOHAI STRAITS NORTH AND CENTRAL HUANGHAI SEA CAUSING GALE WINDS TOMORROW AFTERNOON AND EVENING STOP.SYNOPTIC SITUA TION 190600ZLOW 994 HPA AT 48N 118E MOVING SE 8 KTS WITH COLD FRONT FROM CENTER PASSISNG 44N 128E HIGH 1013HPA AT 38N 124E STA TIONARY STOP24HOURS WEATHER FORECAST FROM 191000ZBOHAI SEA BOHAI STRAITS NORTH AND CENTRAL HUANGHAI SEA PARL Y CLOUDY BECOMING OVERCAST TOMORROW WITH RAIN SW WINDS FORCE 7 TO 8 TOMORROW ATERNOON AND EVENING SEA ROUGH BECOMING VERY ROUGH STOP.041.The COLD FRONT will pass Bohai Sea，Bohai Straits，North and central Huanghai Sea onA. The 20thB. The 19thC. The 18thD. The 6th042.________ is stationary at 38N 124E.A. Low 994 HpaB. High 1013 HpaC. Cold frontD. Warm front043.The winds are expected tomorrow to be_______?A. roughB. very roughC. SE 8 knotsD. SW 7-8 in force044.What is the weather like tomorrow in this area? _______.A. It will be partly cloudy becoming overcast with rain and SW force 7-8 windsB. LOW 994 HPA at 48N 118E is moving SE 8 KTS with COLD FRONT from center passing 44N 128EC. HIGH 1013HPA at 38N 124E will be stationaryD. It will rain the whole dayPassage 12In some parts of a chart where the spaces are rather blank and there are no symbols of any kind，there may be Cautions，Warnings，Notes，etc.，which should be taken into account while using a chart. All of those Cautionary Notes give the mariner facilities to ensure safe navigation，such as to avoid running aground in shallow waters and making damages to nearby fishing gears，and to keep off any hazards in areas where submarine frequently exercises. Furthermore，they are of good help to mariners，as to the reliability of the navigational aids especially in congested waters or narrow channels，to prevent any possible accidents.045.What is the main topic of this passage? ________.A. Regulations of the harborB. Details in the Sailing DirectionsC. Rules of the terminalD. Description on Admiralty Charts046.According to the passage，you must pay attention to ________ while using a chart.A. Cautions，Warnings and NotesB. Reports，Symbols and ChartsC. Explanations，accounts and answersD. Damages，hazards and injuries047.Cautionary Notes are helpful for mariners ________.A. to run aground in shallow watersB. to make damages to nearby fishing gearsC. to keep off hazards in areas where submarine exercisesD. to keep the reliability of the aids to navigation in congested waters or narrow channels048.Cautions，Warnings，Notes，etc. are likely inserted in some parts of a chart where ________.A. submarine frequently exercisesB. there are fishing gearsC. the waters is congested and the channels are narrowD. the spaces are rather blank and there are no symbols of any kindPassage 13Logbooks required by law，to be filled out by masters or officers on duty of every ship，the forms of which must be proved by the shipping companies or marine authorities.Logbooks are used to record the events occurring during the ship's stay in a harbor，at anchorage，or underway，and they are also requested to produce evidences in case officials inquire about accidents.On completion of the voyage the logbook must be submitted to the superintendent of the owner or the marine authorities for justification，checking or approval. Therefore，everything recorded in the logbook must be true and accurate. When a misentry has been made in the log，a red line would be drawn on those parts. The correct entry with signature should be made near or above them. No erasures or cuts are to be allowed.049.The best title for the passage is " ________ "A. The forms of logbooksB. The use of logbooksC. Characteristics of logbooksD. How to check logbooks050.When a misentry has been made in the log，________.A. erasures or cuts are to be allowed.B. it is to be corrected out by masters or officers on duty of every shipC. it is to be produced in case officials inquire about accidents.D. a red line would be drawn on those parts，with correct entry with signature being made near or above them. 051.The forms of logbooks must be proved by ________.A. officials who inquire about accidents.B. the shipping companies or marine authorities.C. masters or officers on duty.D. the superintendent of the owner.052.The logbook must be submitted ________ to the superintendent of the owner or the marine authorities for justification，checking or approval.A. on completion of the voyageB. in a harborC. at anchorageD. underwayPassage 14For navigation，radar is of incredible value. It provides the navigator with his position，his distance from ships or obstructions nearby and other accurate information to prevent collision and ensure the safety of the ship. Radar can display all objects within its working range clearly，either in clear weather or in thick fog. In addition，if the radar information is correctly interpreted，the navigator can easily work out the speed and direction of an approaching object and take proper measures to keep his ship from any danger.Shore-based radar also plays an important role in shipping. If ship's radar is in trouble，the radar observer at the stations will use VHF radio to alert them to other traffic in the vicinity as well as to advise their position. Up to now，many radar surveillance systems have been installed in most large seaports. They are intended to smooth and control the flow of traffic to and from the harbor.053.For navigation，the radar is ________.A. of no valueB. very importantC. so expensive that people don't know how much it isD. valueless054.Which of the following statements about radar's function for marine purposes is incorrect? ________.A. It provides the navigator the ship's positionB. It provides information to protect ships from collisionC. It displays all the objects at sea clearlyD. It displays the observer's distance from ships and obstructions nearby055.If the ship's radar is in trouble，the shore-based radar ________.A. may provide the ship of her positionB. should be installed with surveillance systemsC. shall advise the ship to use VHFD. will be put into use immediately056.Radar surveillance systems ________.A. may provide all ships of their technical conditionsB. should be installed with VHFC. shall be correctly interpreted，D. are intended to smooth and control the flow of traffic to and from the harbor.Passage 15Communications over relatively short distances can be made by visual or sound signals. Visual signals can be sent by using flags or an Aldis lamp. An Aldis lamp is an electric lamp used for flashing messages in Morse code. The traditional method of signaling from one ship to another is by using flags. There are different colored flags for each letter of the alphabet. There are also pennant-shaped flags for numbers，and a long pennant，known as an answering or code pennant. Three other flags，which are burgee-shaped，are known as substitutes. These show that the flat or pennant is being repeated. Besides standing for a letter of the alphabet，each flag，when hoisted along，has another meaning. For example，the "W" flag also means: "I require medical assistance". Flags can also be hoisted in combinations of two，three or four. Siren，whistle，bell or other sound signals can be used in fog and similar circumstances when visual signals can not be seen.munications over relatively short distances may be made by ________.A. visual signalsB. sound signalsC. Morse CodeD. Either visual or sound signals058.An Aldis lamp is used for ________.A. transmitting Morse codeB. flashing flagsC. sending flag signalsD. sending sound signals059.Burgee-shaped flags are used as substitutes to show ________.A. "repeating"B. "answering"C. "code" pennantD. "I requiring medical assistance"060.________ are used in fog and similar circumstances when visual signals can not be seen.A. Visual signalsB. SubstitutesC. Pennant-shaped flagsD. The ship's siren，whistle or bellPassage 16When the senders of goods have large shipment to make，and especially when bulk cargo is concerned，it is advisable that they have some ships at their disposal. Some of the big companies set up a fleet of their own，but the rest may find it more profitable to hire instead of building or buying ships. This is called "chartering". The chartering of the ship is usually done through the intermediary of brokers，who，when hired，will go through all the necessary formalities on behalf of the charterer. In London there is a special center "the Baltic Exchange"，where the brokers operate in much the same way as stock and share brokers on a stock exchange. But it is easy for home shippers to hire Chinese or foreign ships through China National Chartering Corporation，which takes care of chartering business on orders from various import and export corporations.061.When large shipment is concerned，________ is not the way for the sender to have ships at their disposal.A. to charter shipsB. to build shipsC. to buy shipsD. to scrape ships062.In chartering all the necessary formalities are performed through ________.A. the intermediary of agentsB. the intermediary of brokersC. the charterersD. the "Baltic Exchange"063.The function of "the Baltic Exchange" is ________.A. to deal with stocksB. to exchange cargoesC. to operate on sharesD. to charter ships064.China National Chartering Corporation takes care of chartering business for home shippers. "To take care of " means ________.A. to pay attention toB. to be concerned withC. to be liable forD. to take charge ofPassage 17A tropical storm is not so extensive as the depression of higher latitudes but，within 75 miles or so of the center，the wind is often far more violent，and the high and confused seas near the center may cause considerable damage to large and well-found ships，while small vessels (for example，destroyers) have foundered. The danger is still greater when ships are caught in restricted waters without adequate room to maneuver. Within 5 to 10 miles of the center the wind is light or moderate and variable，the sky is clear or partially so，and there is a heavy，sometimes mountainous，confused swell. This area is known as the "eye" of the storm. After passing through the relatively windless center of the storm the wind will suddenly，and with great violence，commence to blow from a direction opposite to that experienced on the other side of the windless center. Due to torrential rain visibility near the storm center is almost nil.065.Within ________ of a tropical storm center，the wind is violent.A. no more than 75 milesB. not more than 75 milesC. 75 miles or a greater distanceD. about 75 miles066.Among the following，________ one may not be found in the "eye" of the storm?A. The visibility is moderate or goodB. The wind is light or moderateC. The sky is clear or partly cloudyD. The swell is low or moderate.067.In the passage，"a well-found ship " means ________.A. a ship has been found in any placeB. a ship has been found in good visibilityC. a ship with all the necessary equipment properly maintainedD. a ship in huge size068.The visibility near tropical storm center is ________.A. Very poorB. PoorC. ModerateD. GoodPassage 18By turning the GAIN control clockwise，the gain of the receiver increases and the observing range of the target expands. Adjust this control so that the best pictures may be displayed on the screen，according to the range scale in use. In the short range，it is advisable to operate the equipment with this control set at a setting where the receiver gain is rather lowered a little. In the long range，it is advisable to operate the equipment with this control set at a setting where the receiver gain is rather increased a little. With too little gain，the small targets are missed and there is a decrease in the detected range. With excessive gain，since the screen becomes brighter because the noise increases，the contrast between echoes and background noise reduces，making target observation more difficult. In the crowded regions，the gain may be reduced to clear the picture.069.Switching from short range to long range，you will have to _______.A. turn the Gain control clockwiseB. turn the Gain control anticlockwiseC. turn off the GainD. keep the Gain control remaining in its original position070.By turning the Gain clockwise，the contrast between echoes and background noise will _______.A. increaseB. decreaseC. not changeD. increase or decrease according to the range scale in use071.By _______ the best picture will be displayed on the screen，.A. turning the Gain control clockwiseB. turning the Gain control anticlockwiseC. keeping the Gain control remaining in its original positionD. increasing or decreasing the gain according to the range scale in use072.With too little gain，_______.A. the target observation will be more difficult under the increasing contrastB. the contrast between echoes and background noise reducesC. the screen becomes brighter because the noise increasesD. the small targets are missed and there is a decrease in the detected rangePassage 19BISCAY: SW 3 OR 4 INCREASING 6 TO GALE 8，THEN VEERING NW 5. RAIN THEN SHOWERS. MODERATE。

航海英语阅读课后翻译题问题详解●2单元◆短语板体水湿 board stained by the moisture板条破裂 boards and battens broken板有钉眼 board with nail holes包擦破 bags chafed包已缝补 bags re-sewn/patched包有货钩洞 bags holed by cargo hook包有手钩洞 bags with hook holes包装不牢固 insufficient packed备用胎遗失 spare tire missing标志不充分 marks insufficient标志不可辨认 marks invisible/unrecognizable铲车齿洞 holed by forklift hands车右前挡板凹 car right front fender/mudguard dented袋旧并沾污 bags covers old & stained袋皮有脏渍 bags cover dirty袋子漏损 bags leaking挡泥板瘪 mudguard dented反射镜遗失 reflector mirror missing封条弄破后重修补 seals broken & repaired封条失落 seals missing缝口松脱 seams slack钢管严重碰弯 steel pipes/tube badly bent管子两端凹进pipe dented on both ends管子弯曲 pipes bent货物汗湿 cargo sweated货物性质致货物撕裂 split due to nature/properties of cargo 货物性质致色 discolored due to nature/properties of cargo 货物性质致扎破 sticked due to nature/properties of cargo箭头倒了 arrow mark down浸湿且变坏 soaked and spoiled末端板条裂开 case with end battens split内货不详 content unknown内货污染 stained by contents内容物溶解 contents melting旁板破裂 side boards broken气味外溢 smelling out全部铅封已开all seals open散口灌包 bags loose & collected受到撞损 damaged owing to collision松捆 bundle loosed铁定松动 nails started/slackened/loosed桶板脱落 stave off桶穿孔并渗漏 barrel punctured & leaking外皮潮湿包 covers damp bags箱板轻微破损 case boards slightly broken箱板塌陷 plank dented箱板有钉眼 cases with nail holes箱边压坏 cases jammed at the side箱封条脱落 case seals missing箱箍断脱 bands broken箱内容物有破碎声 carton contents rattling箱子倒置 cases upside down烟熏损坏 smoke damag e已有锈渍 stained by rust油布脱落 tarpaulin missing油漆轻度擦损 paint slightly scratched有水干痕 stained by dry water圆箍脱落 rings off搬运中受震 shocks received during transit左前小灯损坏 left front small light broken◆句子1.5包袋装玉米因破损短装Five(5) bags of maize/corn short shipped due to bags broken.2.6个纸箱装香蕉的箱表面有水渍Six(6) cartons/CTNS of banana water stained surface.3.重量系货方申报之值，船方不负责货物重量短少Merchants weight N/R for loss in / shortage of weight.4.所装货物系易腐烂货物，船方不负责货物变质Perishable cargo, VSL N/R for putrefaction.5.船方到卸港仅按同样完好封条情况交货Cargo delivered at destination only with unbroken seals.6.第一舱多十五包，在争议中；第二舱少十二包，在争议中。

2021年雅思阅读模拟题精选及答案（卷九）★Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar systemStaff and agenciesWednesday December 27, 2006Guardian Unlimited1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars.2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after2.20pm.3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men," Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water".7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit". Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called"asteroseismology".10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star's precise mass, age and chemical composition.11. "A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Small oscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve," Prof Roxburgh said.12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first "exoplanet" - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the "wobble" their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets.Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.1. Corot is an instrument which(A) can help to search for certain planets(B) is used to find planets in the orbit(C) can locate planets with human beings(D) can spot any planets with water.Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 2-5 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage2. Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be inhabited.3. BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.4. Passing objects might cause a fall in light.5. Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.With measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and rocky planets. They will be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6. __________, the expected number of which could be up to 7. __________ .Corot will enable scientists to study the 8. __________ of stars. In this way, a star’s mass, age and chemical composition can be calculated.According to Prof Roxburgh, changes in light can be caused by passing planets or star 9. __________. The related statistics can gain us a better 10. __________ of the star formation and evolvement.Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11. __________ other stars than the Sun. The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect huge gas planets, which do not 12. ___________ .With the launching of Darwin, astronomers will be able to analyse whether those rocky planets have 13. __________ for life.Answer keys:1. 答案：A (第3段第1句：Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. A项中的certain planets指small rocky planets beyond the solar system.)2. 答案：TRUE (第5段第1、2句：At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. 问题中的“that can be inhabited”意思就是inhabitable.)3. 答案：NOT GIVEN (文中没有提及该信息。

Passage 3-01Labour should be ordered by 0900 hrs for 2nd shift (1500 to 2300 hrs) on same day and by 1300 hrs for 1st shift (0700 to 1500 hrs) for next day. By1100 hrs, for 3rd shift (2300 to 0500 hrs) in same day.Under normal circumstances, no work is performed during meal hours 1100 to 1200 hrs and 1830 to 1930 hrs. unless the ship is classified as a key vessel or the agent orders work during the meal hours.劳工应责令0900小时第二轮班同一天（1500至2300年时）小时和1300第一班的第二天（0700至1500小时）小时。

By1100小时，第三转变同一天（2300至0500小时）。

在正常情况下，没有工作是执行在用膳时间1100至1200年和1830年至1930年小时小时。

除非该船舶被列为重点船舶或者其代理人的订单时，才会在用餐时间的工作。

C 001. If you want to order labour in this port for the third shift in same day, the order should be made by________ .如果你想在这个港同日第三班劳动，顺序应该是在…A. any time任意时间B. 0900 hoursC. 1100 hoursD. 1300 hoursB 002.________is performed during meal hours under usual circumstances.正常情况下，…会被安排在用餐时间工作A. Cargo work货物装卸B. No cargo work不进行货物装卸C. Ordering work by Agent代理所下的订单工作D. loading and discharging 装卸A 003. Loading and discharging can be performed during meal hours _____A. if the ship is classified as a key vessel 该船为重要船只B. if agent orders work beforehand 代理预先有所要求C. under normal circumstances 在正常情况下D. either A or B A或者BC 004. What does the word “key” mean ________?A. laden满载的B. small小的C. pivotal重要的D. big大的Passage 3-02Before arrival in the United Kingdom, the master will have informed his owners or agents of the approximate time of the vessel's arrival at the pilot station for the port of destination. The vessel should be flying her ensign and also her signal letters and the requisite pilot signal when approaching the pilot station. The international signals, as well as any local port signals, can be found in the Sailing Directions, which is also known as the "Pilot Book"When a pilot is required most ports now require due notice of the vessel's ETA to be sent in by radio. However, this does not relieve the ship's obligation to display the pilot signal ("G" by any of the methods of signaling ) until the pilot is aboard when "H" flag will be flown. If the master or first mate of the vessel has a pilotage certificate for the district then the above is unnecessary, in such case the pilot flag (white and red horizontal halves, as on the pilot vessel) will be flown.在到达英国之前，船长会在引航站通知他的业主或代理到达目的港的大致时间。

雅思阅读真题以及解析：南极气候对于准备考雅思的同学来说，不知道雅思写作作文准备得怎么样呢？今天就和店铺一起来了解一下雅思阅读真题以及解析：南极气候。

雅思阅读机经真题解析-南极气候Antarctica-in from the cold？A A little over a century ago，men of the ilk of Scott，Shackleton and Mawson battled against Antarctica＇s blizzards，cold and deprivation. In the name of Empire and in an age of heroic deeds they created an image of Antarctica that was to last well into the 20th century - an image of remoteness， hardship，bleakness and isolation that was the province of only the most courageous of men. The image was one of a place removed from everyday reality， of a place with no apparent value to anyone.B As we enter the 21st century， our perception of Antarctica has changed. Although physically Antarctica is no closer and probably no warmer， and to spend time there still demands a dedication not seen in ordinary life，the continent and its surrounding ocean are increasingly seen to an integral part of Planet Earth， and a key component in the Earth System. Is this because the world seems a little smaller these days， shrunk by TV and tourism， or is it because Antarctica really does occupy a central spot on Earth＇s mantle？ Scientific research during the past half century has revealed - and continues to reveal - that Antarctica＇s great mass and low temperatureexert a major influence on climate and ocean circulation，factors which influence the lives of millions of people all over the globe.C Antarctica was not always cold. The slow break-up of the super-continent Gondwana with the northward movements ofAfrica， South America， India and Australia eventually created enough space around Antarctica for the development of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACQ， that flowed from west to east under the influence of the prevailing westerly winds. Antarctica cooled，its vegetation perished，glaciation began and the continent took on its present-day appearance. Today the ice that overlies the bedrock is up to 4km thick，and surface temperatures as low as - 89.2deg C have been recorded. The icy blast that howls over the ice cap and out to sea - the so-called katabatic wind - can reach 300 km/hr， creating fearsome wind-chill effects.D Out of this extreme environment come some powerful forces that reverberate around the world. The Earth＇s rotation，coupled to the generation of cells of low pressure off the Antarctic coast，would allow Astronauts a view of Antarctica that is as beautiful as it is awesome. Spinning away to the northeast，the cells grow and deepen，whipping up the Southern Ocean into the mountainous seas so respected by mariners. Recent work is showing that the temperature of the ocean may be a better predictor of rainfall in Australia than is the pressure difference between Darwin and Tahiti - the Southern Oscillation Index. By receiving more accurate predictions，graziers in northern Queensland are able to avoid overstocking in years when rainfall will be poor. Not only does this limit their losses but it prevents serious pasture degradation that may take decades to repair. CSIRO is developing this as a prototype forecasting system， but we can confidently predict that as we know more about the Antarctic and Southern Ocean we will be able to enhance and extend our predictive ability.E The ocean＇s surface temperature results from theinterplay between doep- wa，ter temperature， air temperature and ice. Each winter between 4 and 19 million square km of sea ice form， locking up huge quantities of heat close to the now can we start to unravel the influence of sea ice on the weather that is experienced in southern Australia. But in another way the extent of sea ice extends its influence far beyond V Antarctica. Antarctic krill - the small shrimp-like crustaceans that are the staple diet for baleen whales， penguins， some seals， flighted sea birds and many fish - breed well in years when sea ice is extensive and poorly when it is not. Mary species of baleen whales and flighted sea birds migrate between the hemispheres and when the krill are less abundant they do not thrive.F The circulatory system of the world＇s oceans is like a huge conveyor belt，moving water and dissolved minerals and nutrients from one hemisphere to the other，and from the ocean＇s abyssal depths to the surface. The ACC is the longest current in the world， and has the largest flow. Through it， the deep flows of the Atlantic， Indian and Pacific Oceans are joined to form part of a single global thermohalinc circulation. During winter，the howling katabatics sometimes scour the ice off patches of the sea＇s surface leaving Large ice- locked lagoons，or ＇polynyas＇. Recent research has shown that as fresh sea ice forms， it is continuously stripped away by the wind and may be blown up to 90km in a single day. Since only fresh water freezes into ice， the water that remains increasingly salty and dense，sinking until it spills over the continental shelf. Cold water carries more oxygen than warm water， so when it rises， well into the northern hemisphere， it reoxygenates and revitalises the ocean. The state of the northern oceans，and their biological productivity， owe much to what happens in the Antarctic.Question 14-18The reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information？Write the correct letter A-F， in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14. introduction of a millman under awards15. the definition of an important geographical term16. a rival against Harrison’s invention emerged17. problems of sailor encountered in identifying the postion on the sea18. economic assist from another counterpartQuestion 19-21SummaryPlease match the natural phenomenon with correct determined factor Choose the correct answer from the box；Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.19. Globally，mass Antarctica’s size and _________ influence the climate change.20. __________ contributory to western wind.21. Southern Oscillation Index based on air pressure can predict __________ in Australia.A Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC）B katabatic windsC rainfallD temperatureE glaciersF pressureQuestion 22-26Choose the correct letter， A，B，C or D.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on you answer sheet.22 In the paragraph B， the author want to tell which of thefollowing truth about Antarctic？A To show Antarctica has been a central topic of global warming in Mass mediaB To illustrate its huge see ice brings food to million lives to places in the worldC To show it is the heart and its significance to the global climate and currentD To illustrate it locates in the central spot on Earth geographically23 Why do Australian farmers Keep an eye on the Antarctic ocean temperature ？A Help farmers reduce their economic or ecological lossesB Retrieve grassland decreased in the overgrazing processC Prevent animal from dyingD A cell provides fertilizer for the grassland24 What is the final effect of katabatic winds？A Increase the moving speed of ocean currentB Increase salt level near ocean surfaceC Bring fresh ice into southern oceansD Pile up the mountainous ice cap respected by mariners25 The break of the continental shelf is due to theA Salt and density increaseB Salt and density decreaseC global warming resulting a rising temperatureD fresh ice melting into ocean water26 The decrease in number of Whales and seabirds is due toA killers whales arc more active aroundB Sea birds are affected by high sea level saltyC less sea ice reduces productivity of food sourceD seals fail to reproduce babies篇章结构体裁说明文题目南极洲的自然环境及其对全球气候和水循环等的影响结构A段：之前的南极洲被人类遗忘，毫无价值B段：21世纪，人类对南极洲有了新的认识，发现它对气候，海洋环流有重大影响C段：南极洲气候变化是如何形成的D段：关于南极洲气候的预测对澳大利亚农业的影响E段：南澳大利亚的海冰对海洋生态（动物）的影响F段：南极海冰为北半球带来积极影响G段：南极洲的强大影响力得到人类肯定试题分析Question14-18题目类型：段落信息配对题Question19-21题目类型：填空题Question22-26题目类型：选择题题号定位词文中对应点题目解析14Weather prediction，agricultureD段第五，六句D段第五六两句提到“通过接收更为准确的预测，放牧人能够·······。

2022年11月4日雅思阅读机经真题答案及解析本文为大家汇总了网友版的2022年11月4日雅思索后回忆，并附上相关解析。

仅供参考。

一、考试概述：本次考试的文章两篇新题一篇旧题，第一篇描述了两个科学家在撒哈拉的发觉，讨论了古代人的生存方式，其次篇是讲了利专心理学对课堂行为进行讨论，第三篇是讲非语言沟通的，人类除了用语言沟通，其他手势、行为等的非语言形式也很重要二、详细题目分析Passage 1：题目：Human Remain in Green Sahara题型：推断题4 +简答题3+填空题6新旧程度：旧题文章大意：描述了两个科学家在撒哈拉的发觉，讨论古代人的生存方式。

参考文章：Human Remain in Green SaharaAOn October 13,2,000, a small team of paleontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot across thetoffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere，on the southern flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg，turbaned nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert”a California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and the combination of 120-degreeheat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger government, have kept the region largelyunexplored.BMike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some bones:'Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."CIn the spring of 2022 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed far fetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he was just a ‘moonlighting paleontologist.’ But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper. She agreed to join him.DGarcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.EOver the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea-- along with five American excavators, five Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits-- made a detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to the dunes, they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermenweren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.FSereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifactsand immediately began planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed one tooth from each of four skulls and sent them to a lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age ofthe tightly bundled burial sat roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller ‘sleeping’ skeletons turned out to be about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.G In the fall of 2022 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.HEven at the site, Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me. “And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long，narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the muscle attachment，” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he was eating a lot of protein and had a strenuous lifestyle-- both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."IStojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over hunting. But if the Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among thehundreds of animal bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three came from a cow species. “It’s not unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery，M Garcea responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.JBack in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today. Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle，” Garcea said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。

Maya Water Problems玛雅的水源问题To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as “jungle" or 'tropical rainforest." This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest." That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one为了了解生活在今天南墨西哥和中美中地区的古玛雅人种以及他们所面对的生态困境，那么我们必须先研究他们的环境，也就是今天我们所谓的“丛林”或者“热带雨林”。

雅思考试阅读全面解析及答案(8)Sun‘s fickle heart may leave us cold25 January 2007From New Scientist Print Edition.Stuart Clark1.There’s a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100，000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth.So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star‘s core.2.Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax， Virginia， modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun’s interior.According to the standard view， the temperature of the sun‘s core is held constant by the op posing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.However， Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.3.He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konko ly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.In 2005， Grandpierre and a collaborator， Gábor ágoston， calculated that magnetic fields in the sun’s co re could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.These instabilities wo uld induce localised oscillations in temperature.4.Ehrlich‘s model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out， some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variat ions.The favoured frequencies allow the sun’s core temperature to oscillate ar ound its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 10 0，000 or 41，000 years.Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun‘s magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5.These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with E arth’s ice ages： for the past million years， ice ages have occurred roughly every 100，000 years.Before that， they occurred roughly every 41，000 years.6.Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle change s in Earth‘s orbit， known as the Milankovitch cycles.One such cycle describes the way Earth’s orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellips e and back again roughly every 100，000 years.The theory says this alters the a mount of solar radiation that Earth receives， triggering the ice ages.However， a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why th e ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.7.“In Milankovitch， there is certainly no good idea why the frequency sho uld change from one to another，” says Neil Edwards， a climatologist at the O pen University in Milton Keynes， UK.Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperat ure variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8.However， Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.For exam ple， if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling， carbon dioxide th at would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice.That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grow s even colder.9.According to Edwards， there is no lack of such mechanisms.“If you add t heir effects together， there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work，” he says.“The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work.” This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the curren t theory.“Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to happen.We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observati on，” he says.“I can‘t see any way of testing [Ehrlich’s] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation.”10.Ehrlich concedes this.“If there is a way to test this theory on the sun，I can‘t think of one that is practical，” he says.That’s because variation over 41，000 to 100，000 years is too gradual to be observed.However， there may be a way to test it in other stars： red dwarfs.Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun， and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods cou ld be short enough to be observed.He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.5.FalseSee para.5：for the past million years， ice ages have occurred roughly eve ry 100，000 years.Before that， they occurred roughly every 41，000 years.6.FalseSee para.7：“In Milankovitch， there is certainly no good idea why the fre quency should change from one to another，” ...Nor is the transition problem t he only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7.Not GivenSee para.8：if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling， carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice.That weakens the greenhouse effect.(The passage doesn抰 mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)8.TrueSee para.9：there is no lack of such mechanisms.“If you add their effects together， there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work，”?“T he problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work.” This is why scien tists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory.9.TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards，卙e says.“I can’t see any way of testing [Ehrlich‘s] idea to see where we are in the temperature os cillation.”) and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this.“If there is a way to test th is theory on the sun， I can’t think of one that is practical).10.constantSee para.2：According to the standard view， the temperature of the sun‘s core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.11.orbitSee para.6：Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of sub tle changes in Earth’s orbit，匛arth‘s orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100，000 years.12.instabilitiesSee para.3：?i style=’mso-bidi-font-style:normal‘》magnetic fields in the sun’s core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.These instabi lities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.13.cyclesSee para.4：…allow the sun‘s core temperature to oscillate around its ave rage temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100，000 or 41，000 years.14.randomSee para.4：Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun’s magneti c field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.。

八年级地理探险英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>An Explorer's Adventure in the Amazon RainforestThe Amazon rainforest is one of the most mysterious and fascinating places on Earth. Many adventurers are attracted by its vastness and rich biodiversity. One such explorer, named Jack, decided to embark on an expedition into this great wilderness.As Jack entered the Amazon rainforest, he was immediately greeted by the thick and lush vegetation. Towering trees, some reaching hundreds of feet high, formed a dense canopy above him. Vines and creepers hung everywhere, making it difficult to move around at times. The climate was hot and humid. The air was thick with moisture, and it often rained suddenly, drenching him within minutes.The rivers in the Amazon were like great arteries running through the forest. Jack had to cross many of these rivers. Some were wide and slow - flowing, while others were narrow and rapid. One of the challenges he faced was finding a safe way to cross these waterways. He had to be careful of hidden rocks and strong currents.Jack also encountered a wide variety of animals during his adventure. Monkeys chattered in the trees above him, swinging from branch to branch.Colorful parrots flew overhead, their feathers a bright splash of color against the green foliage. He also saw snakes slithering through the underbrush. Once, he came across a large anaconda, which made his heart skip a beat. But he knew that these animals were part of the natural beauty and danger of the rainforest.Despite the difficulties, Jack's exploration was also filled with great rewards. He discovered new species of plants that had not been previously documented. He learned a great deal about the delicate balance of the rainforest ecosystem. His experience in the Amazon rainforest was not only an adventure but also a journey of discovery.1. What was the first thing Jack noticed when he entered the Amazon rainforest?A. The rivers.B. The thick vegetation.C. The animals.D. The climate.答案：B。

5月18日雅思阅读机经考前预测整理雅思阅读考试前，大家可以参考一下机经资料，重点复习一下机经中的考试题型。

接下来我为大家带来了5月18日雅思阅读机经考前猜测内容，盼望能关心各位考生顺当的拿下5月18日雅思阅读考试。

5月18日雅思阅读机经考前猜测1（文章）题目Aquaculture in New Zealand重复年份20230114 20231031 20231124 20230212题材农业题型小标题7+人名理论（配对）3+（句子）填空3文章大意新西兰水产养殖，介绍了新西兰一种新型爱护海底动物多样性兼顾商业运作的方式一aquaculture , 其进展遇到的问题及前景。

部分参考答案：小标题14. vi (一个受益的村庄)15. vii (company’s profit)16. 选含limitation 的那项17. 选含concerns to environment 的那项18. 选含alternative explanation 的那项19. 选含research 的那项20. 选含science and business 的那项填空题24. polyculture/aquaculture25. commercial partner26. market value/high price5月18日雅思阅读机经考前猜测2文章题目We have star performers重复年份20230114 20231124题材商业管理题型段落细节配对4+推断4+填空5文章大意人才与天赋，争论人才和选人标准之间的论证。

讲公司考核员工主要的依据，talents, 文章批判了传统的观点(才能是与生俱来的，是不变的，是需要公司去发觉的)。

文章先用一段确定了有才能的人的存在，然后分段讲到，才能是随时间变化的，是不能被精确度量的，是可以凭努力换来的。

参考答案：段落细节配对：28 One example from non-commerce/business settings that better system wins bigger stars F29 One failed company that believes stars rather than system B30 One suggestion that author made to acquire employees then to win the competition nowadays G31 One metaphor to human medical anatomy that illustrates the problems of hiring stars. C推断：32 McKinsey who wrote The War for Talent had not expected the huge influence made by this book. NG33 Economic condition becomes one of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hire foreign employees. YES34 The collapse of Enron is caused totally by a unfortunate incident instead of company’s management mistake. NO35 Football clubs that focus making stars in YES填空：An investigation carried out on 1000 36 analysts of a survey by Harvard Business Review found a company hire a 37 star has negative effects. For instance, they behave considerably worse in a new team than in the 38 working environment that they used to be. They move faster than wall street and increase their 39 salary. Secondly, they faced rejections or refuse from those 40 rivals within the team. Lastly, the one who made mistakes had been punished by selling his/her stock share.5月18日雅思阅读机经考前猜测3文章题目The influence of social network to peoples loneliness重复年份20230920 20230622题材人文社科题型配对6+选择4+推断4文章大意社交媒体对人孤独的影响.越来越多的人开头使用社交媒体，有些人认为社交媒体使人变得更加孤独，有些人却不同意。