AD602：

生产线效率与效益提升——程序优化

贴片机的实装动作都是通过我们编写的程序实现的，而贴片程序编制的好坏，将直接影

响生产线（即设备）能力的发挥。那么作为编程人员，为了使贴片程序能最大限度的发挥

出设备的贴装性能，需要掌握哪些技巧呢? 本篇我们就以接受过松下CSE诊断咨询服务的一

家客户（以下简称X工厂）的实际案例，来说明贴装程序优化的思路和方法。

生产观察、课题抽出

我们在X工厂选择产量大、生产周期长，且具有代表性的机种作为分析和改善的对象。

首先，了解代表机种生产的线体配置和贴片Cycle Time（生产节拍）的情况（如图1）。从

收集到的数据中我们可以计算出线平衡为：42/60.5*100%=69%；CM602-1的CPH为48,853点/

小时，CM602-2的CPH为21,967点/小时。

图1：改善前X工厂机器配置、机种Cycle Time和CPH信息

通过我们在现场的连续贴装观察，发现了以下问题点：料架的排列分布不合理导致吸

嘴的同吸率不高，一次元件吸着存在两次识别的情况，基板Mark点识别顺序不合理。

同时，通过编程电脑对程序进行了诊断，也发现了其他的一些问题点：无源元件没有

开启无极性判别功能，编辑元件只设置单个型号吸嘴，用量大的元件没有进行元件拆分。

根据以上观察发现的问题点，松下CSE人员与X工厂的编程人员进行了沟通，发现他们

对于设备的机构和动作行程不明确，在编写时，对于程序的手动优化无清晰的概念，以及

对于如常规元件可添加的吸嘴型号无标准，工厂对于程序优化的结果也无明确的要求。

课题分析、改善提案

针对以上问题点，接下来我们逐一进行分析并提出相应的改善提案：

课题一：料架分布不合理，导致吸嘴的同吸率不高

生产线效率与效益提升——程序优化

贴片机的实装动作都是通过我们编写的程序实现的，而贴片程序编制的好坏，将直接影

响生产线（即设备）能力的发挥。那么作为编程人员，为了使贴片程序能最大限度的发挥

MS-PB-60-2, Change M, 2009-10-01, Page 1 Copyright Chrysler Group LLC (2006-03-20) Chrysler Group LLC Document Number: MS-PB-60-2 Material Standard Date Published: 2009-10-01Category Code: G-2 Change Level: M EASL Requirement: Yes Restricted: No PAINT – PRIMER - CATHODIC EPOXY ELECTROCOAT – COMPONENTS*** 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Purpose This standard presents the requirements of a cathodic epoxy electrocoat for use on steel, coated steel, aluminum, magnesium and zinc components. Examples of such components are chassis components, engine cradles, frames, or interior/exterior metallic add-on components. These components may have zinc or zinc-iron alloy metallic coatings. This material when applied in accordance with PS-7232 is suitable as a finish coat on chassis parts where ultraviolet light (UV) durability/stability is not required. This finish can also be used in a multi-layer system (i.e. electrocoat with powder topcoat) when corrosion resistance and UV stability or other performance characteristics are required. Approved multi-layer systems can found in the Engineering Approved Source List (EASL) of MS-PZ-1-1, MS-PZ-2-1, MS-PZ-3-1, MS-PZ-4-1, or MS-PZ-5-1. Processing requirements, including film build, can be found PS-7232. 1.2 Coverage of this Standard A. This standard covers the requirements of cathodic epoxy electrocoats, as specified in this standard, for use in accordance with PS-7232. Pretreatment shall be according to PS-508. Depending on the part configuration and extent of welding, the pretreatment may include an acid pickle step after the cleaning stages to remove weld smut and to adequately clean both interior and exterior surfaces of Cold Rolled Steel (CRS) and Hot Rolled Steel (HRS) assemblies. For a determination of when acid pickling is required refer to PS-508. An acid pickle cannot be used with aluminum, magnesium, galvanized, galvanneal, or any zinc coated metal. B. This standard also covers the requirements of high edge coverage, cathodic epoxy electrocoats, as specified in this standard, for use in accordance with PS-7232. Pretreatment shall be according to PS-508. Approved standard and high edge coverage electrocoats are listed in the attached EASL. When designating the type of electrocoat on a part print, standard or high edge should be specified (i.e. standard electrocoat, MS-PB-60-2S or high edge electrocoat, MS-PB-60-2H). Suppliers must also meet PF-7051, “PART SUPPLIER – PAINT CONTINUOUS CONFORMANCE TEST REQUIREMENTS – INCLUDING PPAP AND PSO”. Significant material or process changes must follow the Chrysler Forever Requirements outlined in PF-7051. NOTE: As of July 1, 2002 coatings containing lead, and as of January 1, 2007 coatings containing hexavalent chrome will no longer be available for purchase. Coatings containing these chemicals will be removed from the Approved Source List of this standard at these times. This is to comply with the European End-of-Life Scrap Vehicle Directive. 2.0 MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS The supplier is given latitude in the selection of raw materials and processes of manufacture, provided the product meets all the requirements listed in Section 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 of this standard. Products approved as high edge electrocoats must also meet the requirements listed in Section 5.0 of this standard. MS-PB-60-2, Change M, 2009-10-01, Page 2 Copyright Chrysler Group LLC (2006-03-20) Reference the approved supplier's product data sheets for the characteristics of the electrocoat bath components (resin/emulsion and pigment paste), including: weight % non-volatile (WNV), volume % non-volatile (VNV), weight per gallon (WPG), viscosity, pH, pigment/binder ratio (P/B), conductivity, and volatile organic content (VOC) for each material. Additional material characteristics are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1: MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENTS TEST METHOD REQUIREMENTS Shelf Stability ASTM-D-1200 The maximum permissible increase in viscosity of the wet sample is 15 seconds unless otherwise specified. Oven Stability ASTM-D-1200 16h@140 F. No hard settling and maximum permissible increase in viscosity of the wet sample is 15 seconds unless otherwise specified. Grind Fineness Fineness of pigment paste as measured on the Hegman Fineness of Grind Gauge North Standard, shall be 7.0 or less unless otherwise specified. 3.0 OPERATING PERFORMANCE (Bath Characteristics) Reference the approved supplier's operational manuals for the characteristics of the electrocoat bath, including: weight % non-volatile (WNV), volume % non-volatile (VNV), pH, pigment/binder ratio (P/B), conductivity, maximum operating temperature, recommended feed ratio and volatile organic content (VOC). The bath material, when used at the recommended parameters, shall meet the requirements listed in Table 2. TABLE 2: OPERATING PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS TEST REQUIREMENTS Bath Stability The material, after use in an operational tank for three months, shall exhibit appearance and performance characteristics comparable to the original material fill. Throw Power The material shall exhibit throw power equivalent to or better than the currently supplied material or the Chrysler Laboratory Standard. Crater Resistance The material shall exhibit crater resistance equivalent to the Chrysler Laboratory Standard as measured by both soak and coat and sandwich testing with all relevant mill oils, drawing compounds, and fogging oils. A description of these tests is outlined in Chrysler Laboratory Procedures LP-463CB-12-02 and LP-463CB-12-04. Cure Curve A cure curve shall be established using solvent resistance as the performance criteria on cold rolled steel, including 10 through 20 minutes metal temperatures. Bath Performance The following attributes shall be determined and should meet the existing standard for each supplier, as agreed to by Chrysler Engineering: - Columbic Yield - Rupture Voltage - Horizontal Settling - UF Requirements (to maintain specified conductivity) - UF Flux Rate - Pinholing Tendency - Odor

美国石油学会标准 小型钢闸阀－ 法兰型，螺纹型，焊接型和阀体端部加长型

API 602

海洋石油化肥项目 海洋石油化肥项目

小型钢闸阀－

法兰型，螺纹型，焊接型和阀体端部加长型

API 标准 602

第7版，1998年10月

美国石油学会

美国石油学会标准 小型钢闸阀－ 法兰型，螺纹型，焊接型和阀体端部加长型

API 602

海洋石油化肥项目 海洋石油化肥项目

目 录

1．适用范围 ················································································································· 66

2．参考出版物 ············································································································· 66

3．标记 ························································································································· 68

4．设计 ························································································································· 70

One

Technology

Way

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P.O.

Box

9106

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Norwood,

MA

02062-9106,

U.S.A.

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Tel:

781.329.4700

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Fax:

781.461.3113

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Rev. 0 | Page 1 of 4 0

1

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1

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1–+V

OS

A

IN(+)

A

IN(–)V

IN(+)

V

IN(–)Σ-󰀀 MODULATOR

–1TO DIGITAL

FILTEROUTPUT MUXINPUT MUX

CHOP

10253-001

简介

斩波是一种用于降低失调误差、失调误差漂移和其它低频

误差的技术。本应用笔记说明如何实施斩波以及斩波的

好处。

失调误差

失调电压误差会在信号处理链的许多地方出现，例如：当

两种异质金属接合时，会产生与温度相关的热电偶电压。

在ADC等集成电路内部，存在许多失调误差源，例如：仪

表放大器引起的失调，采样开关闭合时注入采样电容的电

荷，以及电磁辐射干扰。这些失调一般是不受欢迎的，如

果它们随温度而变化，则还会带来麻烦，因此一次性校准

不足以消除整个温度和电源范围内的失调误差。

斩波

在Σ-Δ调制器的各种放大器内部产生的失调，一般可以通

过本地斩波或放大器的自稳零机制消除。但是，这些方法

无法消除其它失调误差。这些ADC采用的解决方案是对

ADC内部的整个模拟信号链进行斩波，消除所有失调和低

频误差，使得失调误差和失调误差漂移极小。斩波方案如

图1所示。调制器的差分输入在输入多路复用器上交替反相(或斩

波)，针对斩波的每个相位执行一次ADC转换。调制器斩

波在输出多路复用器中反转，然后送入数字滤波器。

如果Σ−Δ调制器的失调表示为V

OS，则斩波为0时的输出

为：

斩波为1时的输出为：

在数字滤波器中对以上两个结果求平均值可以消除误差电

压V

OS，得到：

它等于无失调项的差分输入电压。

结果/校准

其结果是消除ADC内部的任何失调误差，还有更重要的，

是将因温度引起的任何失调漂移降至最小。这些ADC的典