3 A hybrid 5-axis CNC milling machine

美国MultiCam雕刻机
美国MultiCam雕刻机中文名:麦迪克雕刻机,是一种三轴联动数控机床,被称为三轴联动加工中心,具有雕刻,铣床,切割,打孔,开槽,开料等等功能,是非金属以及有色金属材料深加工的专业设备.美国MultiCam 雕刻机从1992 年开始进入中国市场,经过十几年的时间,我们的客户已经遍布中国大江南北,在各行业领域里享有极高的声誉.
美国MultiCam雕刻机主要型号:7000型、5000型、4000型、MPRO型、3000型、1000型等.其中5000型、4000型、MPRO型是MultiCam雕刻机的常用型号。

其参数如下：
5000型参数：
4000型参数：
MPRO系列型材机：
美国MultiCam雕刻机可加工材料:PP, PVC, PB, PE板，有机玻璃板(亚克力板)/导光板;铝板/铝单板/铝合金板/铝蜂窝板/铜板;千思板/理化板/富美家板/威盛亚板/防火板;层压纸板/层压木板/环氧板;多层板,层压板/胶合板/刨花板,三聚氰胺板/密度板(MDF);铝塑板;人造石板等等.
美国MultiCam公司服务:
美国MultiCam公司拥有一支经验丰富、训练有素的稳定的工程师队伍,他们是机械、电子、计算机软硬件方面的高素质专业人才,并经常接受来自美国总厂的先进技术的培训,随时准备为全中国及亚洲地区的MultiCam 客户提供世界领先的切割、铣削等技术服务.
"品质第一,客户至上"是MultiCam 公司的一贯宗旨. 全天候24小时客户服务热线电话, 给予您强大的保障.
注：该资料由上海鼎迪数控设备有限公司提供，未经允许，禁止转载!。

machinery n. [总称] 机器，机械trivial adj. 琐细的，平常的，微不足道的mechanism n.机构chain n.链(条)，镣铐，一连串，一系列turbine blade n.涡轮机叶片crankshaft n. 曲轴propeller n. 推进者, 推进物, 尤指轮船、飞机上的螺旋推进器discard v. 丢弃, 抛弃recognition n.识别trigger v. 引发, 引起, 触发vague adj. 含糊的, 不清楚的synthesis n. 综合ideation n 构思能力，思维能力，构思过程aggregate adj.合计的, 集合的prototype n.样机，原型erroneous adj.错误的, 不正确的iteration n.反复competent adj. 有能力的, 胜任的versatile adj.通用的, 万能的, 多才多艺的mechanism n. 机构motion pairs 运动副disposition n. 配置；排列machine frame 机座，机架coordinate n. 坐标motivity member 原动件parameter n. 参变量driven member从动件free degree 自由度categorize v.分类category n. 种类，逻辑范畴planar adj.平面的，平坦的spherical adj.球的，球形的spatial adj.空间的loci n. [locus的复数形式点的轨迹Gear n. 齿轮projection n. 凸出cycloidal adi. 摆线的cycloidal profile 摆线轮廓involute adi. 渐开线的involute profile 渐开线轮廓conjugate adi. 共轭的pinion n. 小齿轮dimension n. 量纲mate v. 啮合engagement n. 啮合tangency n. 接触pitch n. 齿节intersect v . 相交，交叉disposition n. 排列，配置helical gear 螺旋齿轮spur gear 正齿轮，直齿轮worm n. 蜗轮，蜗杆bevel gear 伞形齿轮，锥齿轮hourglass n 沙漏V-belt V型带splice n. 连接pulley n. (皮带)轮groove n. 沟，槽tractive adi. 牵引的clearance n. 间隙chain drive 链传动prototype n. 模型，原型机saw n. 锯escalator n. 自动扶梯roller chain 套筒滚子链条，滚子链bead chain 滚珠链条bushing n. 套筒sprocket n. 链轮strand n. 排，列venetian blind 威尼斯百叶窗，软百叶窗device [di5vais] n. 器件；设备；装置fastener n.紧固件，紧固零件classification n.分类，类别removable adi.可移动的，可拆的semipermanent adj. 半永久性的cotter pin n.开口销，开尾销disassemble v拆开，分散rivet n.铆钉；v. 铆；铆接weld v. 焊接，熔接nuisance n. 障碍，损害rattle v.& n发出喀啦声，硬物质的撞击声nut n 螺帽bolt n. 螺钉，螺栓v. 用螺栓连接screw n. 螺钉，螺旋丝杆lock washer n.锁紧垫圈，止动垫圈，防松垫圈resilience n.弹力，弹性aluminum n. 铝(金属元素符号)shaft n. 轴bearing n.轴承，支承gear n. 齿轮cam n.凸轮，靠模clutch v.& n. 抓住，离合器cold-roll v.& n冷轧，冷轧机forge v.& n 锻造，打制flexible adj. 柔软的，适用性强friction n.摩擦brake v. 破坏，折断，损坏wear v.& n磨损，耗损arrangement n.布置，排列contaminant n.杂质，污染物质sealing arrangement n.密封装置hostility n. 敌意，恶劣appreciation n. 评价，欣赏interference n. 干涉，过盈fretting n.微振磨损corrosion n. 腐蚀abut v.邻接，倚靠stress concentration 应力集中shoulder n. 轴肩chamfer v.& n.倒角，倒圆，开槽journal bearing n.滑动轴承cylinderical adj. 圆筒状的，柱状的lubricant n. 润滑剂，润滑材料compatible adj.相适用，和谐的，一致的graphics n.制图，图学drafting n. 草图，制图drawing n. 绘图，制图，图样projection n. 投影dimension n. 尺寸；v. 给……标注尺寸spatial analysis 空间分析spatial visualization 空间想象horizontal projection 水平投影frontal projection 正投影profile projection 侧投影quadrant n. 象限center-lines of symmetry 对称中心线composite object 组合体detail drawing 零件图assembly drawing 装配图phantom line 假想线evolve v. (使)发展，(使)进展，(使)进化conceptualization n.化为概念，概念化documentation n. 文件inconsistency n. 不兼容性NC. Numerical Control数字控制CNC. Computer Numerical Control 计算机数字控制interactive adj. 交互式的wire-frame models 线框模型surface models 表面模型solid models 实体模型stress-strain 应力-应变fabricate v. 构成，伪造，虚构incorporate adj. 合并的，一体化的tolerance n.公差v.给机器部件等规定公差nominal adj.公称的，标称的，额定的intrinsic adj.固有的，内在的，本质的normal distribution 正态分布weld bead 焊缝fillet n. 圆角，倒角spigot n.插销，塞子，阀门interference fit 干涉配合，过盈配合broach n. 拉刀；v.拉削gauge n. (电线等的)直径；(金属板的)厚度；量具deviation n.偏差，偏移numerical control 数字控制instruction n. 指令binary adj. 二进制lathe n. 车床mill v. 铣drill v. 钻bore 、v. 镗grind v. 磨turret n. 转盘punch n. 冲床flame n. (电)火化wire-cutting 线切割pipe bender 弯管机spindle n. 主轴contour n. 轮廓workpiece n. 工件countersink n. 钻(沉头)孔counterbore n. 镗(沉头)孔ream n. 铰孔tapping n. 攻丝spotwelding 点焊synchronization n. 同步interpolation n. 插补parabolic adj. 抛物线的compensation n. 补偿pertain v. 合适coolant n. 冷却液clamping n. 夹紧miniaturization n. 小型化dedicated adj. 专用的forge v. 锻造eutectoid adj. 共析的austenite n. 奥氏体pearlite n. 珠光体martensitic adj. 马氏体的stress relieving 消除应力，低温退火tempering n. 回火normalizing n.常化，正火ferrous alloy 铁合金transformation n.变换，转换，相变still adj. 不动的，静止的full annealing 完全退火notably adv.显著地，特别是austenitize v. 奥氏体化，使成奥氏体denote v. 指示，表示，概述machinability n.切削加工性，机械加工性能facilitation n. 便于in-process adj. (加工、处理)过程中的qualification n.资格，条件，限制，限定quenching n. 淬火brine n. 盐水caustic adj.腐蚀性的，碱性的aqueous adj. 水的，水成的warp n.翘曲，变形glossary n.词汇表，术语汇编quench-hardened adj.淬火硬化的process annealing 工序间退火，中间退火fog quenching 喷雾淬火hot quenching 高温淬火，热淬火hydraulic system 液压系统displacement n. 位移，转移，置换layer n. 层，层次tangential adj. 切线的，切向的Newtonian adj.牛顿的，牛顿学说的nonlinear adj.非线性的，非直线的rotational adj.旋转的，转动的，循环的compressible adj.可压缩的，可压榨的Pascal’s law n.帕斯卡定律intake n. 入口，进口，进入量tank n.油箱，水箱，池塘reservoir n. 蓄水池，水箱，蓄能器atmospheric adj. 大气的，空气的discharge n.卸货，出料，流出vi.卸下放出pressurize v.增压，给……加压prehistoric adj. 史前的，很久以前的harness v.利用(风等)作动力，治理，控制watermill n. 水车，水磨mosaic n. 镶嵌细工，马赛克domestication n. 家养，驯养preference n. 优先选择compact adj. 紧凑的，紧密的简洁的diagrammatic adj. 图表的，概略的intersect v . 交叉disposition n. 排列，配置helical gear 螺旋齿轮spur gear 正齿轮worm n. 蜗轮，蜗杆bevel gear 伞形齿轮hourglass n 沙漏V-belt V型带splice n. 连接pulley n. (皮带)轮groove n. 沟，槽tractive adi.牵引的，曳引的oil pressure pump 油泵hydraulic motor 液压电机hydraulic cylinder 油缸kinetic energy 动能hydrostatic driver 静压传动variable-delivery pump 变量泵by no means 决不……self-contained adj.独立的，配套的，整体的stimulate v. 促进，激励hydraulics n. 水力学，液压系统resilience n. 跳回，恢复力，回弹virtue n. 优点，效力，功能detriment n. 损害，不利regrind v. 重磨stimulate v. 促进，激励hydraulics n. 水力学，液压系统resilience n. 跳回，恢复力，回弹virtue n 优点，效力，功能detriment n. 损害，不利regrind v重磨mechatronics 机电一体化synergetic adj.协同的，合作的fusion n. 融合Notion n. 概念，想法Interdisciplinary adj. 学科间的paradigm n范例benchmark n. 基准，标准evolutionary adj. 发展的，演化的DSP (Digital Signal Processing) 数字信号处理IC (ntegrated Circuit) 集成电路Consensus n. 一致augment v. 增加，扩大unify v成为一体，统一cornerstone n. 基石，基础reprogrammable adj. 可重复编程的，可改编的manipulate v.操作, 使用(机器等)操纵accommodate v.供应, 供给, 使适应, 调节, 容纳Monotonous adj. 单调的, 无变化的end effector n终端操作机构Elbow n. 肘wrist n. 手腕, 腕关节stretch out v.伸出，伸手, 开始大踏步走Cartesian adj.笛卡儿的cylindrical adj.圆柱的，圆筒形的，柱面的spherical adj.球状的，天体的，圆的articulated adj. 铰接的，有关节的gripper n.抓持器, 夹持器，手爪actuation n.活动，激励，动作envelope n. 封袋，[数]包迹，包络线variant n. 变量custom-made adj.定做的, 订制的payload n.有效载荷pneumatic adj.装满空气的, 气动的, 风力的discrepancy n.相差, 差异, 矛盾designate v指明, 指出, 任命, 指派servocontrol n.伺服控制, 随动控制tactile adj.触觉的, 有触觉的opportunity n.机会Delegation n.代表团spectacular adj. 壮观的negotiation n.谈判booth n. 层位，摊位catalogue n.产品样本，目录moderate adj.适中的steamer n.船contract n. 合同transit n.& v.运输cooperation n. 合作，协作manufacturing technology 制造技术opening ceremony 开幕式participate in 参加exhibition hall 展馆，展厅homemade machine tool 国产机床simultaneous five-axis CNC machine 五轴联动数控机床boring-milling machine 镗铣床unit price 单价direct steamer 直达航运Lagos n.拉各斯，尼日利亚首都direct steamer 直达航运。

manufacturing.Practical Experience•Follow instructions to safely operate a mill and usecomputer software to program a mill.•Write a PART program and use industry-standard G andM operations.Mill various take home projects such as a desk•organizer, coaster, yo-yo, and name plate.Curriculum activities orequipment may change as Lab-Volt continually strives to providethe most up-to-date technology-education program.CLIENT WORKSTATION REQUIREMENTSOperating System:Windows XP or higherHardware Specifi cations:Personal computerMemory: 1 GB or higherSound: 16 Bit, full duplexCDRW/DVD combo: 48x or higherHard Drive Space: 30 GB with minimum of 10 GB free space Network Interface Card: 10 Mbps Card (recommended 100 Mbps) Software Specifi cations:Internet Explorer 8 or higher, Flash 10, .Net 3.0 Framework SKILLS AT A GLANCEMathematics Science3-D Modeling AD/DA Conversion Algebra Cause & Effect, Rate & Flow Arithmetic Computer Technology Boolean Logic, Charts Waste Management Coordinating Systems Thinking SkillsCurves & Angles, Sequencing Drawing Conclusions Positive/Negative Values Logical Reasoning Language Arts Problem SolvingNote TakingReading ComprehensionSpelling, Vocabulary, WritingCNC Mill 40070-70The curriculum is a complete learning unit containing work activities appropriate for students to cover a period of twelve lessons.Student Accomplishments:examine the history and development of CNC and CAM.•identify the benef i ts of using CAM software.•describe the main parts of a CNC mill.•explain the concept of Program Reference Zero.•understand CNC mill safety procedures.•discuss codes and instructions used in PART programs.•use CNC Mill software to prepare a CNC PART program •for execution.explore the history of design.•identify the relationship between CAD and CAM.•generate and view a PART program using an existing •design in Fabricus.compile and emulate the PART program using CNC Mill •software.implement a design change using CAD software.•modify the PART program to ref ect design changes.•examine the impact of manufacturing on the environment.•analyze basic instructions contained in PART programs.•prepare the new PART program for manufacturing.•decorate and customize the completed part.•study design geometries and options available in CAD •software.examine G&M codes used in CNC mill programs.•analyze the usage of the X-Y-Z coordinate system in CNC •Mill programs.create new design and emulate generated program code.•manufacture the part which was emulated before.•analyze vises.•explore programming subroutines and loops.•design a part in Fabricus and analyze the generated code.•complete CNC Mill software processing through emulation.•discuss problem determination and problem resolution.•examine Computer Integrated Manufacturing.•explore Flexible Manufacturing Systems.•explore careers in manufacturing.• Equipment, Course-Specifi c Software & Supplies: Mill: mid-size, three-axis milling machine, drilling and•engraving; offers spindle speeds up to 30,000 RPM;features on-board microprocessor and safety features.Mill Software software: provides direct compatibility with G •and M part programs; features onboard microprocessor,editor part program, fast syntax verif i cation, full 3D ToolPath Emulator, and graphical view tool editorCAD/CAM software: entry level CAD/CAM software used •to create GM code f i les; simultaneoulsy displays 4 screen views; design with grid; snap to grid and rulers; safetyglasses; rubber mat; Lexan milling stock; protofoam andwax engraving stock; hex key;Emery block; strings.Headphones (2) with a two-way adapter•Course plaque and mouse pad•Resources, Software & Courseware:Tech-Design eSeries courses contain the complete multimedia curriculum and resources. Supplementing the curriculum are resources such as Key Terms and Words, Timelines, Career Exploration, Environmental Impacts, Internet Link to age- and content-appropriate web sites for student research and T D-Quest projects. Instructor-enabled features such as: narration, electronic annotations, closed captioning, application launches, electronic student journal and lesson delivery options are integrated into the system.Tech Design is facilitated by the Mind-Sight eTraining System. Mind-Sight™ is a seamless integration of courseware delivery and classroom management. You can use the Mind-Sight eTraining System to manage student enrollment, schedule learning activities, customize courseware curriculum, and track performance objectives and assessments. Mind-Sight comes ready to “plug-and-play” on a fully-supported mini-server which has been pre-installed with the management and communication software.Instructional Resources: Instructor’s Guide (answer keys and other information to assist with class preparation), Mind-Sight Installation and User’s Guide (instructions for navigating through the curriculum and using interactive features), Supplemental Comprehensive Assessment Booklet.LAB-VOLT SYSTEMS, INC. • PO BOX 686 • FARMINGDALE NJ 07727 • 1-800-LAB-VOLT • • E-MAIL us@。

西门子840D的安装与调试西门子840D的安装与调试摘要数控技术是现代装备制造业的基础,关系到国家战略地位和体现一个国家综合科技水平,也是国家中长期科技计划十六个重大专项中的关键技术。

具有高速高精度控制、五轴联动插补、多通道控制和车铣复合技术的高档数控系统更是上升到战略物资的高度,成为发达国家限制中国进口的产品,在国内还没有相应的产品。

对高档数控系统的功能进行完整的规划,并研究其各种功能的工艺方法和计算机软件的规划成为开发高档数控系统的重要工作。

本文选用了最具代表性的三轴数控铣床作为典型案例，选用了西门子840D机床本体，按照数控机床装调过程构建一台真实可加工的小型数控铣床，将数控机床装调的核心知识和技能穿插其中，按照实践、归纳、推理和再实践的模式完成数控机床装调维修工的教学和实训。

按照数控机床装调概述、进给传动子系统装调、主传动子系统装调、刀辅传动子系统装调和整机装调的顺序循序渐进，能够完整而清晰地亲历整个数控机床的装配和调试过程，并在构建每个装配和调试步骤所涉及的技巧进行了总结。

关键词：西门子840d 安装与调试技巧【Abstract】CNC technology is the basis for modern equipment manufacturing related to the status of national strategies and reflect a country's overall technological level, the national long-term projects Sixteen major projects in the key technologies. High-speed precision control, five-axis interpolation, multi-channel control and high-grade milling CNC composite technology is of strategic materials to rise to the height of the developed countries to limit Chinese imports in the country has not the appropriate product. On the high-end full function numerical control system ofplanning and study its various features methods and computer software technology planning as an important development of high-grade digital systems work. This selection of the most representative of the three-axis CNC milling machine as a typical case, the choice of the Siemens 840D machine body, in accordance with the process of CNC machine tool alignment can process build a real small CNC milling machine, CNC machine tool alignment of the core knowledge and skills interludes which, in accordance with the practice, and induction, reasoning and re-practice model CNC machine tools complete the alignment of teaching and training maintenance workers. Alignment in accordance with an overview of CNC machine tools, the feed drive subsystem alignment, alignment of the main drive subsystem, knife mounted auxiliary transmission subsystem in order to reconcile the progressive alignment machine, complete and clear to experience the whole assembly and commissioning of CNC machine tools process and in building and commissioning of each step involved in the assembly techniques are summarized.Keywords：Siemens 840d installation and debugging skill摘要 (1)1、引言……………………………………………………2、西门子840D装配内容及注意事项…………………………2.1 装配内容…………………………………………………2.2 装配原则…………………………………………………3、西门子840D装配工艺规程的设计步骤……………………3.1 产品分析……………………………………………………3.2 步骤设计…………………………………………………4、数控及驱动单元……………………………………………4.1 840D与NCU …………………………………………………4.2 驱动模块…………………………………………………5、OP单元和PCU…………………………………………………5.1 OP单元和MPI………………………………………………5.2 PCU …………………………………………………………5.3 MCP …………………………………………………………5.4 PLC模块…………………………………………………5.5 硬件连接…………………………………………………5.6 接地………………………………………………………6、数控系统的通电调试………………………………………6.1 开机和启动………………………………………………6.2 NC和PLC总清……………………………………………6.3 PLC 调试…………………………………………………6.4 NC 调试…………………………………………………6.5 数据备份…………………………………………………7、设计总结……………………………………………………8、结束语…………………………………………………………9，致谢………………………………………………………10、参考文献…………………………………………………1引言数控机床是现代制造技术的基础装备,随着数控机床的广泛应用与普及,机床的验收工作越来越受到重视,但很多用户对数控机床的验收还存在着偏差.西门子840D检验的主要目的是为了判别机床是否符台其技术指标, 判别机床能否按照预定的目标精密地加工零件.在许多时候,西门子840D验收都是通过加工一个有代表性的典型零件决定机床能否通过验收.当该机床是用于专门加工某一种零件时,这种验收方法是可以接受的.但是对于更具有通用性的数控机床,这种切削零件的检验方法显然得不能提供足够信息来精确地判断机床的整体精度指标. 只有通过对机床的几何精度和位置精度进行检验,才能反映出机床本身的制造精度.在这两项精度检验合格的基础上, 然后再进行零件加工检验, 以此来考核机床的加工性能. 对于安置在生产线上的西门子840D, 还需通过对工序能力和生产节拍的考核来评判机床的工作能力.但是,在实际检验工作中,往往有很多的用户在西门子840D验收时都忽视了对机床精度的检验,他们以为西门子840D在出厂时已做过检验,在使用现场安装只需调一下机床的水平,只要试加工零件经检验合格就认为机床通过验收.这些用户往往忽视了以下几方面的问题: 1,西门子840D通过运输环节到达现场,由于运输过程中产生的振动和变形,其水平基准与出厂检验时的状态已完全两样, 此时机床的几何精度与其在出厂检验时的精度产生偏差. 2,即使不计运输环节的影响,机床水平的调整也会对相关的几何精度项目产生影响. 3,由于位置精度的检测元件如编码器,光栅等是直接安装在机床的丝杠和床身上,几何精度的调整会对其产生一定的影响. 4,由检验所得到的位置精度偏差,还可直接通过数控机床的误差补偿软件及时进行调整,从而改善机床的位置精度. 5,气压,温度,湿度等外部条件发生改变,也会对位置精度产生影响. 6,由检验所得到的位置精度偏差,还可直接通过数控机床的误差补偿软件及时进行调整,从而改善机床的位置精度. 检验西门子840D床时仅采用考核试加工零件精度的方法来判别机床的整体质量, 并以此作为验收的唯一标准是远远不够的,必须对机床的几何精度,位置精度及工作精度作全面的检验,只有这样才能保证机床的工作性能,否则就会影响设备的安装和使用,造成较大的经济损失. 在数控机床到达用户方,完成初次的调试验收工作后,也并不意味着调试工作的彻底结束.在实际的生产企业中,常常采用这样的设备管理方法:安装调试完成后,设备投入生产加工中,只有等到设备加工精度达不到最初的要求时,才停工进行相应的调试.这样很多企业无法接受这样的停工的损失,所以在日常的工作中也可以按照"六自由度测量的快速机床误差评估"方法解决这个问题, 大量减少测试时间,这样小车间也可以提前控制加工过程,最终通向零故障以及更少对事后检查的依赖. 六自由度测量的快速机床误差评估方法是测量系统一次安装调试后, 可同时测量六个数控机床精度项目的误差值,与传统的单一精度项目测量方法相比,可大大缩短仪器的装调,检测时间下面将介绍数控机床的安装与调试的过程.2西门子840D装配内容及注意事项2.1装配内容清洗为了保证产品的装配质量和延长产品的使用寿命，特别是对于像轴承，密封件，精密偶件以及有特殊清洗要求的零件，装配前要进行清洗。

机械毕业设计英⽂外⽂翻译493五轴数控铣床翻译【附】英⽂原⽂翻译⽂献：Five-axis milling machine tool kinematic chain design and analysis作者：E.L.J. Bohez⽂献出处：International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 42 (2002) 505–520 翻译页数：Five-axis milling machine tool kinematic chain design and analysis 1. IntroductionThe main design specifications of a machine tool can be deduced from the following principles:● The kinematics should provide sufficient flexibility inorientation and position of tool and part.● Orientation and positioning with the highest poss iblespeed.● Orientation and positioning with the highest possibleaccuracy.● Fast change of tool and workpiece.● Save for the environment.● Highest possible material removal rate.The number of axes of a machine tool normally refers to the number of degrees of freedom or the number of independent controllable motions on the machine slides.The ISO axes nomenclature recommends the use of a right-handed coordinate system, with the tool axis corresponding to the Z-axis.A three-axis milling machine has three linear slides X, Y and Z which can be positioned everywhere within the travel limit of each slide. The tool axis direction stays fixed during machining. This limits the flexibility of the tool orientation relative to the workpiece and results in a number of different set ups. To increase the flexibility in possible tool workpiece orientations, without need of re-setup, more degrees of freedom must be added. For a conventional three linear axes machine this can be achieved by providing rotational slides. Fig. 1 gives an example of a five-axis milling machine.2. Kinematic chain diagramTo analyze the machine it is very useful to make a kinematic diagram of the machine. From this kinematic (chain) diagram two groups of axes can immediately be distinguished: the workpiece carrying axes and the tool carrying axes. Fig. 2 gives the kinematic diagram of the five-axis machine in Fig. 1. As can be seen the workpiece is carried by four axes and the toolonly by one axis.The five-axis machine is similar to two cooperating robots, one robot carrying the workpiece and one robot carrying the tool.Five degrees of freedom are the minimum required to obtain maximum flexibility in tool workpiece orientation,this means that the tool and workpiece can be oriented relative to each other under any angle. The minimum required number of axes can also be understood from a rigid body kinematics point of view. To orient two rigid bodies in space relative to each other 6 degrees of freedom are needed for each body (tool and workpiece) or 12 degrees. However any common translation and rotation which does not change the relative orientation is permitted reducing the number of degrees by 6. The distance between the bodies is prescribed by the toolpath and allows elimination of an additional degree of freedom, resulting in a minimum requirement of 5 degrees.3.Literature reviewOne of the earliest (1970) and still very useful introductions to five-axis milling was given by Baughman [1]clearly stating the applications. The APT language was then the only tool to program five-axis contouring applications.The problems in postprocessing were also clearly stated by Sim [2] in those earlier days of numerical control and most issues are still valid. Boyd in Ref.[3] was also one of the early introductions. Bez iers’ book[4] is also still a very useful introduction. Held [5] gives a very brief but enlightening definition of multi-axis machining in his book on pocket milling. A recent paper applicable to the problem of five-axis machine workspace computation is the multiple sweeping using the Denawit-Hartenberg representation method developed by Abdel-Malek and Othman [6].Many types and design concepts of machine tools which can be applied to five-axis machines are discussed in Ref. [7] but not specifically for the five-axis machine.he number of setups and the optimal orientation of the part on the machine table is discussed in Ref.[8]. A review about the state of the art and new requirements for tool path generation is given by B.K. Choi et al. [9].Graphic simulation of the interaction of the tool and workpiece is also a very active area of research and a good introduction can be found in Ref. [10].4. Classification of five-axis machines’ kinematic structureStarting from Rotary (R) and Translatory (T) axes four main groups can be distinguished: (i) three T axes and two R axes; (ii) two T axes and three R axes; (iii) one T axis and four R axes and (iv) five R axes. Nearly all existing five-axis machine tools are in group (i). Also a number of welding robots, filament winding machines and laser machining centers fall in this group. Only limited instances of five-axis machine tools in group (ii)exist for the machining of ship propellers. Groups (iii)and (iv) are used in the design of robots usually with more degrees of freedom added.The five axes can be distributed between the workpiece or tool in several combinations. A first classification can be made based on the number of workpiece and tool carrying axes and the sequence of each axis in the kinematic chain.Another classification can be based on where the rotary axes are located, on the workpiece side or tool side. The five degrees of freedom in a Cartesian coordinates based machine are: three translatory movements X,Y,Z (in general represented as TTT) and two rotational movements AB, AC or BC (in general represented as RR).Combinations of three rotary axes (RRR)and two linear axes (TT) are rare. If an axis is bearing the workpiece it is the habit of noting it with an additional accent. The five-axis machine in Fig. 1 can be characterized by XYABZ. The XYAB axes carry the workpiece and the Z-axis carries the tool. Fig. 3 shows a machine of the type XYZAB , the three linear axes carry the tool and the two rotary axes carry the workpiece.5. Workspace of a five-axis machineBefore defining the workspace of the five-axis machine tool, it is appropriate to define the workspace of the tool and the workspace of the workpiece. The workspace of the tool is the space obtained by sweeping the tool reference point (e.g. tool tip) along the path of the tool carrying axes. The workspace of the workpiece carrying axes is defined in the same way (the center of the machine table can be chosen as reference point).These workspaces can be determined by computing the swept volume [6].Based on the above-definitions some quantitative parameters can be defined which are useful for comparison, selection and design of different types of machines.6.Selection criteria of a five-axis machineIt is not the objective to make a complete study on how to select or design a five-axis machine for a certain application. Only the main criteria which can be used to justify the selection of a five-axis machine are discussed.6.1. Applications of five-axis machine toolsThe applications can be classified in positioning and contouring. Figs. 12 and 13 explain the difference between five-axispositioning and five-axis contouring.6.1.1. Five-axis positioningFig. 12 shows a part with a lot of holes and flat planes under different angles, to make this part with a three axis milling machine it is not possible to process the part in one set up. If a five-axis machine is used the tool can process. More details on countouring can be found in Ref. [13]. Applications of five-axis contouring are: (i) production of blades, such as compressor and turbine blades; (ii) injectors of fuel pumps; (iii) profiles of tires; (iv) medical prosthesis such as artificial heart valves; (v) molds made of complex surfaces.6.1.2. Five-axis contouringFig. 13 shows an example of five-axis contouring, tomachine the complex shape of the surface we need to control the orientation of the tool relative to the part during cutting. The tool workpiece orientation changes in each step. The CNC controller needs to control all the five-axes simultaneously during the material removal process. More details on countouring can be found in Ref. [13]. Applications of five-axis contouring are: (i) production of blades, such as compressor and turbine blades; (ii) injectors of fuel pumps; (iii) profiles of tires; (iv) medical prosthesis such as artificial heart valves; (v)molds made of complex surfaces.6.2. Axes configuration selectionThe size and weight of the part is very important as a first criterion to design or select a configuration. Very heavy workpieces require short workpiece kinematic chains. Also there is a preference for horizontal machine tables which makes it more convenient to fix and handle the workpiece. Putting a heavy workpiece on a single rotary axis kinematic chain will increase the orientation flexibility very much. It can be observed from Fig. 4that providing a single horizontal rotary axis to carry the workpiece will make the machine more flexible. In most cases the tool carrying kinematic chains will be kept as short as possible because the toolspindle drive must also be carried.6.3.five-axes machining of jewelryA typical workpiece could be a flower shaped part as in Fig. 14. This application is clearly contouring. The part will be relatively small compared to the tool assembly. Also small diameter tools will require a high speed spindle. A horizontalrotary table would be a very good option as the operator will have a good view of the part (with range 360°). All axes as workpiece carrying axes would be a good choice because the toolspindlecould be fixed and made very rigid. There are 20 ways in which the axes can be combined in the workpiece kinematic chain (Section 4.2.1). Here only two kinematic chains will be considered. Case one will be a T T T R R kinematic chain shown in Fig. 15. Case two will be a R R T T T kinematic chain shown in Fig.16.For model I a machine with a range of X=300mmY=250 mm, Z=200 mm, C=n 360° and A=360°, and a machine tool table of 100 mm diameter will be considered. For this kinematic chain the tool workspace is a single point. The set of tool reference points which can be selected is also small. With the above machine travel ranges the workpiece workspace will be the space swept by the center of the machine table. If the centerline of the two rotary axes intersect in the reference point, a prismatic workpiece workspace will be obtained with as size XYZ or 300×250×200 mm3. If the centerlines of the two rotary axes do not intersect in the workpiece reference point then the workpiece workspace will be larger.It will be a prismatic shape with rounded edges. The radius of this rounded edge is the excentricity of the bworkpiece reference point relative to each centerline. Model II in Fig. 15 has the rotary axes at the beginning of the kinematic chain (R R T T T ). Here also two different values of the rotary axes excentricity will be considered. The same range of the axes as in model I is considered. The parameters defined in Section 5 are computed for each model and excentricity and summarized in Table 1. It can be seen that with the rotary axes at the end of the kinematic chain (model I), a much smaller machine tool workspace is obtained. There are two main reasons for this. The swept volume of the tool and workpiece WSTOOL WSWORK is much smaller for model I. The second reason is due to the fact that a large part of the machine tool workspace cannot be used in the case of model I, because of interference with the linear axes. The workspace utilization factor however is larger for the model I with no excentricity because the union of the tool workspace and workpiece workspace is relatively smaller compared with model I with excentricity e=50 mm. The orientation space index is the same for both cases if the table diameter is kept the same. Model II can handle much larger workpieces for the same range of linear axes as in model I. The rotary axes are here in the beginning of the kinematic chain, resulting in a much larger machine tool workspace then for model I. Also there is much less interference of the machine tool workspace with the slides. The other 18 possible kinematicchain selections will give index values somewhat in between the above cases.6.4. rotary table selectionTwo machines with the same kinematic diagram (T T R R T) and the same range of travel in the linear axes will be compared (Fig. 17). There are two options for the rotary axes: two-axis table with vertical table (model I), two-axis table with horizontal table (model II). Tables 2 and 3 give the comparison of the important features. It can be observed that reducing the range of the rotary axes increases the machine tool workspace. So model I will be more suited for smaller workpieces with operations which require a large orientation range, typically contouring applications. Model II will be suited for larger workpieces with less variation in tool orientation or will require two setups. This extra setup requirement could be of less importance then the larger size. The horizontal table can use pallets which transform the internal setup to external setup. The larger angle range in the B-axes 105 to +105, Fig. 17. Model I and model II T T R R T machines. compared to 45 to +20, makes model I more suited for complex sculptured surfaces, also because the much higher angular speed range of the vertical angular table. The option with the highest spindle speed should be selected and it will permit the use of smaller cutter diameters resulting in less undercut and smaller cutting forces. The high spindle speed will make the cutting of copper electrodes for die sinking EDM machines easier. The vertical table is also better for the chip removal. The large range of angular orientation, however, reduces the maximum size of the workpiece to about 300 mm and 100 kg. Model II with the same linear axes range as model I, but much smaller range in the rotation, can easily handle a workpiece of double size and weight. Model II will be good for positioning applications. Model I cannot be provided with automaticworkpiece exchange, making it less suitable for mass production. Model II has automatic workpiece exchange and is suitable for mass production of position applications. Model I could, however, be selected for positioning applications for parts such as hydraulic valve housings which are small and would require a large angular range.7.New machine concepts based on the Stewart platformConventional machine tool structures are based on Carthesian coordinates. Many surface contouring applications can be machined in optimal conditions only with five-axis machines. This five-axis machine structure requires two additional rotary axes. To make accurate machines, with the required stiffness, able to carry large workpieces, very heavy and large machines are required. As can be seen from the kinematic chain diagram of the classical five-axis machine design the first axis in the chain carries all the subsequent axes. So the dynamic responce will be limited by the combined inertia. A mechanism which can move the workpiece without having to carry the other axes would be the ideal. A new design concept is the use of a‘HEXAPOD’. Stewart [16] described the hexapod principle in 1965. It was first constructed by Gough and Whitehall [20] in 1954 and served as tire tester. Many possible uses were proposed but it was only applied to flight simulator platforms. Thereason was the complexity of the control of the six actuators. Recently with the amazing increase of speed and reduction in cost of computing, the Stewart platform is used by two American Companies in the design of new machine tools. The first machine is the VARIAX machine from the company Giddings and Lewis, USA. The second machine is the HEXAPOD from the Ingersoll company, USA. The systematic design of Hexapods and other similar systems is discussed in Ref. [17]. The problem of defining and determining the workspace of virtual axis machine tools is discussed in Ref. [18]. It can be observed from the design of the machine that once the position of the tool carrying plane is determined uniquely by the CL date (point + vector), it is still possible to rotate the tool carrying platform around the tool axis. This results in a large number of possible length combinations of the telescopic actuators for the same CL data.8.ConclusionTheoretically there are large number of ways in which a five-axis machine can be built. Nearly all classical Cartesian five-axis machines belong to the group with three linear and two rotational axes or three rotational axes and two linear axes. This group can be subdivided in six subgroups each with 720 instances.If only the instances with three linear axes are considered there are still 360instances in each group. The instances are differentiated based on the order of the axes in both tool and workpiece carrying kinematic chain.If only the location of the rotary axes in the tool and workpiece kinematic chain is considered for grouping five-axis machines withthree linear axes and two rotational axes, three groups can be distinguished. In the first group the two rotary axes are implemented in the workpiece kinematic chain. In the second group the two rotary axes are implemented in the tool kinematic chain.In the third group there is one rotary axis in each kinematic chain. Each group still has twenty possible instances.To determine the best instance for a specific application area is a complex issue. To facilitate this some indexes for comparison have been defined such as the machine tool workspace, workspace utilization factor, orientation space index, orientation angle index and machine tool space efficiency. An algorithm to compute the machine tool workspace and the diameter of the largest spherical dome which can be machined on the machine was outlined.The use of these indexes for two examples was discussed in detail. The first example considers the design of a five-axis machine for jewelry machining. The second example illustrates the selection of the rotary axes options in the case of a machine with the same range in linear axes.翻译题名：Five-axis milling machine tool kinematic chain design and analysis期刊与作者：E.L.J. Bohez出版社：International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 42 (2002) 505–520●英⽂译⽂摘要：现如今五轴数控加⼯中⼼已经⾮常普及。

光栅测量装置在数控机床中的应用摘要通过光栅测量装置的简介，针对数控机床的误差进行测量，并针对光栅测量的机理进行阐述，讲解了该装置的日常维护，望能够通过光栅测量的方法增加数控机床的工作精度。

关键词光栅；数控机床；误差；精度；位置误差中图分类号tg659 文献标识码a 文章编号 1674-6708（2012）65-0138-02伴随当今技术手段的逐渐提高，既往的加工方式已经不能满足对精度的需求，于是数控机床的应用就逐渐加多，同时对于数控机床精度的要求也日渐提高，但是想要根本上实现数控机床精度的提高的关键措施是明确机床出现的定位误差以及利用相应的补偿方法对定位误差给予合理的补偿[1]。

应用双频激光测量法以及光栅测量技术两种方法对机床的精度以位移进行精确的测量。

前者的精度较后者优越，但要有严格的应用条件，操作繁琐[2]。

相对前者而言，后者的应用范围较广，可靠性较高，结构不复杂，花费少，有较强的抗干扰性，应用较广。

针对误差的较好纠正可以利用电子学细分以及数字化处理的方法进行，这样的方法能够增加系统的准确率[3]，同时应用光栅对数控机床进行精度的检测，利用数字脉冲的形式把数据上传至cnc 装置，进而达到闭环操控；光栅技术也随着激光的提高而升级，使精度达到微米级的程度，较广的应用于机密机械仪器、以及数控机床等方面。

本研究针对数控机床对该方法给予阐述。

1 数控机床误差分析对数控机床精度的相关元素诸多，必须要对误差的原因进行合理的分析，因病施治，才能提高数控机床的精度。

数控机床一般以及对精度形成的影响将误差划分为几种：机床的几何误差、热变形产生的误差以及控制系统的误差等。

各个误差在机床进行工作的过程中所占的比例各不相同，往往以几何误差以及热变形误差所造成的影响颇大。

2 光栅测量装置的应用2.1 基本结构应用光栅进行测量时主要涉及光栅尺以及读数头两个重要组成部分[4]，前者主要由一些零标记形成，位于数控机床的导轨附近，在定尺的上方安置两个密闭条，这样就可以工作中有杂物的影响而出现读数的差错；后者由光栅、光源、放大电路、透镜以及光电元件等共同构成，往往利用工作台应用灯丝或硅光电此进行操作。

Headquartered in Gaomi in Shandong Peninsula, East China, neighboring Qingdao to the east and Weifang to the west, Himile was founded in 1995. It is the manufacturer and supplier of top-grade tire molds, giant tire curing presses, etc.In 1997, the first EDM machine for tire mold making in China was developed and made in Himile. Since then, Himile has developed CNC engraving machines, CNC lathes, electrode milling machines and related software for tire molds, which marked China’s tire mold manufacturing industry had entered the mechatronics era.In 2002, giving in full play of its advantages in the manufacturing of special machineries for tire molds, Himile entered into the business of tire mold manufacturing. Himile has become the top tire mold manufacturer in the world within only 8 years. At present, the steel and aluminum molds are able to be made by the process of EDM, LPD aluminum and engraving. By its advantages of high precision and shorter delivery time, Himile has received high reputation from customers all over the world, and has established intensive cooperation partnership with 5 of the famous global top 500, such as Bridgestone of Japan, Michelin of France, Goodyear of U.S.A., Continental of Germany, and Itochu of Japan.In 2004, Himile set up Shanghai Branch in Shanghai, China to provide tire mold repair services to customers located south of Yangtze River.In 2006, Himile succeeded in developing Tire Blowout Stabilization System (TBSS), which can efficiently prevent the automobile from deviating suddenly when tire blows out to avoid traffic accidents, and is of great social and economic values.In 2007, Himile was succeeded in developing and manufacturing of its curing press for giant OTR tires which is the first one in China and represents advanced level worldwide.In June of 2008, Himile Mechanical Science and Technology Co., Ltd started its IPO process, which is under the process of approval for the moment.At the end of 2009, through introducing into the advanced process technology and equipment for LPD aluminum from Japan and with our own innovation & upgrading, the tire mold by LPD aluminum was developed successfully, and product performance has reached the advanced level in the World and has obtained high approval from global top tire manufacturers.Since 2008, Himile has been No. 1 in Annual Sales in Mould Council of China Rubber Industry Association; On March 15, 2010, Himile was elected with its Chairman of the board as the president of mould council of China Industry Association; At the beginning of 2010, Himile was ranked No. 10 “Enterprise with Most Potential in China”, FORBES, 2010 and earned series of pride and honor, such as New & High-Tech Enterprise of China, Backbone Enterprise in China’s Tire Mold Industry,SegmentedTire Mold Engineering Lab of Shandong Province, Certified Enterprise's Technical Center of Shandong Province, Outstanding Private Sci & Tech Enterprise of Shandong Province, Patent Star Enterprise of Shandong Province, etc.Himile is marching towards the target of vision of being global manufacturing base of tire molds……豪迈科技始创于1995年，地处中国山东省沿海城市—高密市，东临青岛，西接潍坊，海陆空交通及其便捷。