华东政法大学考博英语真题

【关键字】英语中国政法大学考博英语阅读理解汇总When it comes to the slowing economy,Ellen Spero isn’t bitingher nails just yet.But the47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting,filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to,either.Most ofher clients spend$12to$50weekly,but last month two longtimecustomers suddenly stopped showing up.Spero blames the softeningeconomy.“I’m a good economic indicator,”she says.“I providea service that people can do without wh en they’re concerned aboutsaving some dollars.”So Spero is downscaling,shopping atmiddle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Clevelandhome,instead of Neiman Marcus.“I don’t know if other clients aregoing to abandon me,too.”she says.(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:7 Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hoteconomy is cooling,lots of working folks had already seen signs ofthe slowdown themselves.From car dealerships to Gap outlets,saleshave been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.Forretailers,who last year took in24percent of their revenue betweenThanksgiving and Christmas,the cautious approach is coming at acrucial time.Already,experts say,holiday sales are off7percentfrom last year’s pace.But don’t sound any alarms just yet.Consumers seem only mildly concerned,not panicked,and many say theyremain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects,even asthey do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because,despite thedreadful headlines,their own fortunes still feel pretty good.Home prices are holding steady in most regions.In Manhattan,“there’s a new gold rush happening in the$4million to$10million range, predomi nantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,”says broker Barbara Corcoran.In San Francisco,prices are still rising even as frenzied overbiddingquiets.“Instead of20to30offers,now maybe you only get two or three,”says John Tealdi,a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown.Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.Diners might see an upside, too.Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible.Not anymore.For that,Greenspan&Co.may still be worth toasting.51.By“Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Lines1-2, Paragraph1,the author means________.[A]Spero can hardly maintain her business[B]Spero is too much engaged in her work[C]Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D]Spero is not in a desperate situation52.How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.[D]Panicked.53.When mentioning“the$4million to$10million range”(Lines 3-4,Paragraph3the author is talking about________.[A]gold market[B]real estate[C]stock exchange[D]venture investment54.Why can many people see“silver linings”to the economic slowdown?[A]They would benefit in certain ways.[B]The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C]Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D]The purchasing power would be enhanced.55.To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A]A new boom,on the horizon.[B]Tighten the belt,the single remedy.[C]Caution all right,panic not.[D]The more ventures,the more chances.Text4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect.Our heroes are athletes,entertainers,and entrepreneurs,not scholars.Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education--not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.”Ravitch’s latest book,Left Back:A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots ofanti-intellectualism in our schools,concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be.Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others,they cannot fully participate in our democracy.Continuing along this path,says writer Earl Shorris,“We will become a second-rate country.We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,”writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life,a Pulitzer-Prize winningbook on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics,religion,and education.From the beginning of our history,says Hofstadter,our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.Practicality,common sense,and native intelligence havebeen considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorou s book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for10or15years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.Its hero avoids being civilized--going to school and learning to read--so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect,according to Hofstadter,is different from native intelligence,a quality we reluctantly admire.Intellect is the critical,creative,and contemplative side of the mind.Intelligence seeks to grasp,manipulate,re-order,and adjust,while intellect examines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A]The habit of thinking independently.[B]Profound knowledge of the world.中国考博辅导首选学校 [C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 57.We can learn from the text that Americans have ahistory of ________. [A] undervaluing intellect [B] favoring intellectualism [C] supporting school reform [D] suppressing native intelligence 58.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________. [A] identical [B] similar [C] complementary [D] opposite 59.Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________. [A] a pioneer of education reform [B] an opponent of intellectualism [C] a scholar in favor of intellect [D] an advocate of regular schooling 60.What does the author think of intellect? [A] It is second to intelligence. [B] It evolves from common sense. [C] It is to be pursued. [D] It underlies power. 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Some plants contain substances that interfere with the digestive processes of animals. 问题1选项A.disruptB.encourageC.augmentD.trigger【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

interfere with表示“干涉，妨碍”；A项disrupt“破坏，瓦解”，B项encourage“鼓励”，C项argument“争论”，D项trigger“引发，触发”。

句意：有些植物含有干扰动物消化过程的物质。

根据句意该题选A。

2.单选题To preserve one’s dignity, the equilibrium between widely divergent impulses has to be maintained.问题1选项A.equalityB.confusionC.distinctionD.poise【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。

equilibrium表示“平衡，均衡”。

A项equality“平等，相等”，B项confusion“混淆，混乱”，C项distinction“区别，差别”，D项poise“平衡，姿势”；句意：为了维护一个人的尊严，必须保持迥然不同的冲动之间的平衡。

根据句意该题选D。

3.单选题The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts).Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy. Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is armed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, orapproach is referred to as applied science.Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.46. To define science we may simply call it ______.47. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope, ______.48. A scientist interested in adding to our general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach ______.49. Which of the following statements does the author imply?50. The best title for the passage is ______.问题1选项A.the study of unrelated subjectsB.an attempt to explain natural phenomenaC.the study of unrelated fieldsD.classified knowledge问题2选项A.may lead to antiscientific, impure resultsB.necessarily precedes applied science, leading to the discovery of a cellC.is not always as pure as we supposeD.necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of a cell问题3选项A.applied scienceB.agricultural scienceC.pure scienceD.environmental science问题4选项A.Scientists engaged in theoretical research should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.B.Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.C.In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.D.Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.问题5选项A.The Nature of Science and ScientistsB.Biology and the Scientific AgeC.Hypotheses and TheoriesD.On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】46.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States, and the only one specifically created by the Constitution. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries and those in which a state is a party. All other cases reach the Court on appeal from lower courts. A significant amount of the work of the Supreme Court consists of determining whether legislation or executive acts conform to the Constitution. This power of judicial review is doctrine inferred by the Court from its reading of the Constitution, and forcefully stated in the landmark Marbury vs. Madison case of 1803. The doctrine has also been extended to cover the activities of state and local governments.【答案】参考译文：最高法院是美国的最高法院，也是唯一一个由宪法专门设立的法院。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Directions: Blow is passage from a guide giving advice to foreign nationals living in Britain. Read the passage then fill in each gap with ONE word from the box below the passage. Write your answers in the spaces on ANSWEER SHEET. The first one has been done as an example. Losing your passportIf something has happened to your passport, inform your embassy at once and ask them to tell you all the documents that you will need to produce to be (Example) with a new one. This is most important because some embassies require extensive documentary proof of nationality, as well as proof of identity, such as driving license, or credit cards. So take care that you are not wasting time and money when you can least 66 either. If your passport has been lost or stolen, your embassy will want you to report the incident to the police as soon as possible. When you do so, ask for the police reference number of your case as many of the embassies find this useful in following up your 67__.Similarly, take your passport number with you to the embassy, as this will accelerate your case. The size and number of the photographs that you will need will 68 on your embassy, and some may even recommend a photographer, You should also confirm with embassy officials how much you will have to pay and also in what 69 it is to be paid.Some of the embassies are prepared to issue on-the-spot emergency passports, requiring no more than your oath to claim your 70__, but as a precaution you should investigate the requirements before you are actually forced to make an emergency request.【答案】66.afford67.claim68.depend69.currency70.identity【解析】66.从前面的情态动词can可知，此处应该填入一个动词；根据…take care that you are not wasting time and money（注意不要浪费时间和金钱）得出，这里应该填入一个可以和time和money搭配的动词，因此afford最合适，表示“给予，提供，买得起”。

华东政法大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.[A] entitled to [B] involved in [C] associated with [D] assigned to2. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ______.[A] danger [B] stake [C] loss [D] threat3. I felt _________to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.[A] fatigued [B] tired [C] exhausted [D] bored4. People _______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced [B] anticipated [C] resolved [D] assured5. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills. [A] adapted [B] acknowledged [C] assembled [D] appointed6.We should always keep in mind that _______decisions often lead to bitter regrets .[A] urgent [B] hasty [C] instant [D] prompt7. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _______in the dictionary.[A] missing [B] losing [C] dropping [D] leaking8. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest________of being met.[A] prospect [B] prediction [C] prosperity [D] permission9. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a _______way when in a furious state.[A] stable [B] rational [C] legal [D] credible10. Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be _______with everyone who comes to the store.[A] accepted [B] admitted [C] admired [D] acquainted11. He does not _______as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible .[A] equal [B] match [C] qualify [D] fit12. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been _______the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.[A] pursuing [B] chasing [C] reaching [D] winning13. I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your point.[A] revising [B] contradicting [C] distorting [D] distracting14. Language, culture, and personality may be considered _______of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.[A] indistinctly [B] separately [C] irrelevantly [D] independently15. I________ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.[A] express [B] confess [C] verify [D] acknowledge16. It is strictly _______that access to confidential documets is denied to all but a few.[A] secured [B] forbidden [C] regulated [D] determined17. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred which attracted my attention.[A] unless [B] until [C] when [D] while18. I regret _____ so much time and money on stamps.[A] to waste [B] for wasting [C] having wasted [D] at wasting19. I was greatly disappointed _____ that affair.[A] out [B] in [C] to [D] toward20. I would like to have a talk with him _____ his convenience.[A] in [B] at [C] for [D] with21. I’d rather you _____ those important documents with you.[A] don’t take [B] didn’t take [C] won’t take [D] not take22. If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to _____ in the courtyard.[A] converge [B] assemble [C] crowd [D] accumulate23. If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1995, the housing problems now in some parts of the country _____ so serious.[A] wouldn’t be [B] wouldn’t have been [C] will not be [D] would have not been24. If you know what the trouble is, why you don’t help them to _____ the situation?[A] simplify [B] modify [C] verify [D] rectify25. I’m sure your suggestion will _____ the problem.[A] contribute to solving [B] be contributed to solve [C] contribute to solve [D] be contributed to solving26. In that country, students will be _____ admittance to their classroom if they are not properly dressed.[A] declined [B] deprived [C] denied [D] deserted27. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.[A] would be [B] will have been [C] was [D] were28. _________, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.[A] Although he is a socialist [B] Even if he is a socialist[C] Being a socialist [D] Since he is a socialist29. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.[A] so as to [B] such as to [C] such to [D] as much as to30. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.[A] will come [B] was coming [C] had been coming [D] camePart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigour is still remarkable.Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition fromsupermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queueing up (anonymously) at a supermarket. And the proprietor knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old-age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing, the more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to knit at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it from them.The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.Most of the village shopkeepers I know, at any rate, are decidedly individualist in their ways. For example, our shoemaker is a formidable figure: a thick-set, irritable man whom children treat with marked respect, knowing that an ill-judged word can provoke an angry eruption at any time. He stares with smouldering contempt at the pairs of cheap, mass-produced shoes taken to him for repair: has it come to this, he seems to be saying, that he, a craftsman, should have to waste his skills upon such trash? But we all know he will in fact do excellent work upon them. And he makes beautiful shoes for those who can afford such luxury.31. The writer considered the old country guide interesting because he found in it ____.[A] the names of so many of the shops in the village around[B] the many people selling to, and doing jobs for, residents in local villages at the time it appeared[C] the variety of shops and services available in Victorian days in Britain[D] information about all the jobs there were in his own and surrounding villages at the time it appeared32. The local grocer’s shop is expanding even though ____.[A] women spend a lot of their time there just gossiping[B] town shops are larger and rather cheaper[C] people like to shop where they are less well-known[D] people get personal service in his shop33. The writer implies that one disadvantage of town shops is that ____.[A] their prices are higher[B] people cannot telephone them[C] their staff may take less trouble to satisfy customers[D] one has to queue up in them34. The writer appreciates the village shop because ____.[A] he welcomes competition with organized business[B] he likes the idea that a humble person can be successful[C] this is a case of individual success in a world of increasing[D] he welcomes an example of private enterprise surviving in an age of giant companies35. What is the village shoemaker’s reaction to mass-produced shoes?[A] He considers they are not worth the effort of mending properly.[B] He is angry with the customers for bringing in such rubbish.[C] He despises their quality.[D] He feels exasperated because people waste their money on inferior shoes.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be good ; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.36. The author of the passage does not believe that ____.[A] people can protect themselves[B] the truth makes men free[C] leaders have to be consistent[D] princes are human37. The lion represents those who are ____.[A] too trusting[B] strong and careful[C] reliant on force[D] lacking in intelligence38. The fox, in this passage, is____.[A] admired for his trickery[B] no match for the lion[C] pitied for his trick[D] considered worthless39. The writer suggests that a successful leader must ____.[A] be prudent and faithful[B] cheat and lie[C] have principle to guide his actions[D] tell the people the truth about his opponent40. The writer would approve an unsuccessful political candidate ____.[A] gave up all his opportunities[B] promised to try again next time[C] overthrew the government by force[D] told the people the truth about his opponentPassage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passageBetween the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire (拜占庭帝国) staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run likethis: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.41. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?[A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.[B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.[C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.[D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.42. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses ____.[A] in 600.[B] during the seventh century.[C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost.[D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.43. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to ____.[A] suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.[B] set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium.[C] cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium.[D] suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.44. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?[A] The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.[B] The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.[C] The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.[D] The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.45. According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 1, paragraph 3) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is ____.[A] revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire.[B] reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress.[C] not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival.[D] equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.Passage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.For more than two decades, U. S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U. S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs’motive: “Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”, says one CEO of a compang that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum me mber.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities - which educate three-quarters of all U. S. undergraduates - to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.46. U. S. court restrictions on affirmative action signifies that ________.[A] minorities no longer hold the once favored status[B] the quality of American colleges has improved[C] racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice[D] the minority is on an equal footing with the majority47. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?[A] Whether affirmative action should continue to exist.[B] Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.[C] Whether racism exists in American college admission.[D] Whether racial intolerance should be punished.48. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they ________.[A] think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education[B] want to conserve the fine characteristics of American nation[C] want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers[D] think it their duty to help develop education of the country49. The major tactic the forum uses is to _______.[A] battle the racial preferences in court[B] support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism[C] strive to settle this political debate nationwide[D] find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions50. If the 10% rule is applied, ________.[A] the best white high school students can get into colleges[B] public universities can get excellent students[C] students from poor rural families can go to colleges[D] good minority students can get into public universitiesPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Title:Media and Law in China TodayNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.。

中国政法大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析The Englishman has been called a political animal,and he valueswhat is political and practical so much that ideas easily becomeobjects of dislike in his eyes,and thinkers,miscreants,becausepractice is everything,a free play of the mind is nothing.(46)Thenotion of the free play of the mind upon all subjects being a pleasurein itself,being an object of desire,being an essential provider ofelements without which a nation’s spirit,whatever compensations itmay have for them,must in the long run,die of emptiness,hardlyenters into an Englishman’s thoughts.It is noticeable that the wordcuriosity,which in other languages is used in a good sense,to mean,as a high and fine quality of man’s nature,just this disinterestedlove of a free play of the mind on all subjects,for its own sake—itis noticeable,I say,that this word has in our language no sense ofthe kind,no sense but a rather bad and disparaging one.But criticism,real criticism,is essentially the exercise of this very quality.(47)It obeys an instinct prompting it to try to know the best thatis known and thought in the world,irrespectively of practice,Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi politics,andeverything of the kind;and to value knowledge and thought as theyapproach this best,without the intrusion of any other considerationswhatever.(48)This is an instinct for which there is,I think,littleoriginal sympathy in the practical English nature,and what there was of it has undergone a long benumbing period of blight and suppression in the epoch of Romanticism.(49)It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course,in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it,and to produce fruit for the future, it ought to take.The rule may be summed up in oneword-disinterestedness.And how is criticism to show disinterestedness?By keeping aloof from what is called“the practical view of things”;by resolutely following the law of its own nature,which is to be a free play of the mind on all subjects which it touches.(50)By steadily refusing to lend itself to any of those concealed,political,practical considerations about ideas, which plenty of people will be sure to attach to them,but which criticism has really nothing to do with.Its business is,as I have said,simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known,to create a current of true and fresh ideas.Its business is to do this with inflexible honesty,with due ability;but its business is to do no more.答案46.对所有事物的自由思考本身就是一种乐趣，一种愿望，为民族精神提供了赖以生存的重要因素。

中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题解析The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state.The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1the construction of idea__l__states，such as__2__to the Greeks.With very few exceptions，Roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__valueless，intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic，in__4__the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__out painstakingly without reference to__6__states or individuals.The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica，and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in__7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts.The first ruler of Rome，Romulus，was__9__to have received authority from the gods，specifically from Jupiter，the“guarantor”of Rome.All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__.Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods.Being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass ofthe people concurred.The system grew with enormous__20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.1.[A]with[B]for[C]in[D]to2.[A]tempted[B]attracted[C]appealed[D]transferred3.[A]on[B]for[C]as[D]about4.[A]which[B]that[C]what[D]it5.[A]turned[B]worked[C]brought[D]made6.[A]special[B]specific[C]peculiar[D]particular7.[A]existence[B]store[C]reality[D]mind8.[A]abandoned[B]caught[C]separated[D]involved9.[A]told[B]held[C]suggested[D]advised10.[A]tendency[B]procedure[C]development[D]relation11.[A]authority[B]power[C]control[D]ruling12.[A]officers[B]men[C]administrators[D]fathers13.[A]possessed[B]claimed[C]assured[D]enforced14.[A]confirm[B]confer[C]consult[D]consider15.[A]over[B]along[C]on[D]about16.[A]alternate[B]different[C]varied[D]several17.[A]And[B]So[C]Or[D]But18.[A]state[B]country[C]people[D]national19.[A]as[B]when[C]if[D]so20.[A]dimension[B]complexity[C]exercise[D]function答案1.B2.C3.C4.A5.B6.D7.D8.D9.B10.C11.A12.D13.A14.C15.C16.A17.D18.A19.B20.B总体分析本文介绍了罗马人有关国家建设的理论。

华师大在职博士英语考试真题及答案Huashida In-service Ph.D. English Exam Questions and AnswersThe Huashida in-service Ph.D. English exam is a rigorous test designed to assess candidates' English proficiency and academic abilities. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay prompts. In this article, we will provide a breakdown of the exam format, sample questions, and answers to help candidates prepare for the test.Format of the Exam:1. Reading Comprehension: This section tests candidates' ability to understand and analyze written passages. Questions may cover topics such as literature, history, science, and current events.2. Vocabulary and Grammar: Candidates are required to demonstrate their knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar through multiple-choice questions and short answer prompts.3. Writing Skills: This section assesses candidates' ability to write coherent and well-organized essays on a given topic.Candidates are expected to present a clear argument and support it with relevant evidence.Sample Questions and Answers:1. Reading Comprehension:Passage 1: "The Benefits of Exercise"Question: According to the passage, what are some of the benefits of regular exercise?A) Improved cardiovascular healthB) Weight gainC) Increased stress levelsD) Reduced energy levelsAnswer: A) Improved cardiovascular healthPassage 2: "Climate Change and Its Impact on the Environment"Question: How does climate change affect global ecosystems?A) It has no impact on global ecosystemsB) It leads to increased biodiversityC) It disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal speciesD) It promotes the growth of new speciesAnswer: C) It disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal species2. Vocabulary and Grammar:Question: Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "She _________ her keys on the table."A) leaveB) leftC) leavingD) leavesAnswer: B) leftQuestion: Identify the error in the following sentence: "His car is more expensive than she."Answer: The correct sentence should be: "His car is more expensive than hers."3. Writing Skills:Essay Prompt: Discuss the impact of technology on modern society. Provide examples to support your argument.Sample Answer:Technology has revolutionized modern society in numerous ways. One of the most significant impacts of technology is its role in facilitating communication. The rise of the internet and social media platforms has connected people from all corners of the globe, allowing for instant communication and information sharing. Additionally, technology has transformed various industries, such as healthcare, education, and transportation, making services more efficient and accessible. For example, telemedicine allows patients to consult with doctors remotely, while online learning platforms offer flexible educational opportunities. However, technology also poses challenges, such as privacy concerns and job displacement. In conclusion, technology plays a crucial role in shaping modern society, and its impact will continue to evolve in the future.Overall, the Huashida in-service Ph.D. English exam is a comprehensive assessment of candidates' language proficiency and critical thinking skills. By familiarizing themselves with the exam format and practicing sample questions, candidates can prepare effectively and increase their chances of success.。

华东政法学院2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Part One: Grammar & Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1. The evening was beginning to as we waited.A. extendB. prolongC. dragD. delay2. Please ________ us with your plans.A. acquaintB. informC. tellD. notify3. The book’s significance _ him.A. failedB. missedC. escapedD. deluded4. She said she would be late, she arrived on time.A. anyhowB. yetC. howeverD. accordingly5. Let’s ___ this room a bit.A. cheer upB. inspireC. stimulateD. liven up6. _______ amounts of noxious wastes were dumped into the Songhuajiang River.A. AppreciatedB. AppreciableC. AppreciativeD. Appreciating7. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission8. As your teacher, I’m just curious what difficulties any of you may come when writing in English.A. up withB. up againstC. round toD. in on9. Amid fears of a global flu pandemic, Roche has decided to up production of Tamiflu, the only drug that may be able to treat the illness.A. pullB. playC. turnD. step10. Scientists, archaeologists and historians are trying to the mystery of Egypt’s sunken cities.A. unbindB. untangleC. unwindD. unravel11. They walked through the ___ warmth of late September to a cafe across the street.A. remainingB. delayingC. loiteringD. lingering12. I was taken __ when I saw him because he had lost all his hair.A. abackB. asideC. aboutD. apart13. Investors rushed into the market, __ that prices would rise.A. instructingB. entrustingC. relyingD. assuming14. Because of her poor performance, Jane had to ___ the possibility of being fired.A. face up toB. look up toC. stand up toD. wake up to15. In an effort to __ culture shocks, I think there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture.A. get offB. get byC. get throughD. get over16. My remark will _____ to your earlier comments about the issue of culture shocks.A. compareB. relateC. dependD. accord17. A memorial _____ was held yesterday for the victims of the Nanjing Massacre.A. inspectionB. investigationC. observanceD. observation18. It is a _ joke among the natives that you have to lie down on your back to see the sun.A. steadyB. standingC. stableD. persisting19. When writing in English, we shall always be _ to details.A. attentiveB. observantC. recurrentD. earnest20. _____ you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.A. CouldB. ShouldC. MightD. MayPart Two. Reading Comprehension (30%).Directions: In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.TEXT APoliceman as a WriterI decided to begin the term’s work with the short story since that form would be the easiest for the police officers, not only because most of their reading up to then had probably been in that genre, but also because a study of the reaction of people to various situations was something they relied on in their daily work. For instance, they had to be able to predict how others would react to their directives and interventions before deciding on their own form of action; they had to be able to take in the details of a situation quickly and correctly before intervening. No matter how factual and sparse police reports may seem to us, they must make use of a selection of vital detail, similar to that which a writer of a short story has to make.This was taught to me by one of my students, a captain, at the end of the term. I had begun the study of the short story by stressing the differences between a factual report, such as a scientist’s or a policeman’s report, and the presentation of a creative writer. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader. Only at the end of the term did the captain point out to me that he and his men also try to evaluate the events they describe and that their description of a sequence of events must of necessity be structured and colored by their understanding of what has taken place.The policemen’s reactions to events and characters in the stories were surprisingly unprejudiced...They did not object to writers whose stories had to do with their protagonist’s rebellion against society’s accepted values. Nor did stories in which the strong father becomes the villain and in which our usual ideals of manhood are turned around offend them. The many hunters among my students readily granted the message in those hunting tales in which sensitivity triumphs over male aggressiveness, stories that show the boy becoming a man because he fails to shoot the deer, goose, or catbird. The only characters they did object to were those they thought unrealistic. As the previous class had done, this one also excelled in interpreting the ways in which characters reveal themselves, subtly manipulate and influence each other; they, too, understood how the story usually saves its insight, its revelation, for the end.This almost instinctive grasp of the writing of fiction was revealed when the policemen volunteered to write their own short stories. They not only took great pains with plot and character, but with style and language. The stories were surprisingly well written, revealing an understanding of what a solid short story must contain: the revelation of character, the use of background description and language to create atmosphere and mood, the need to sustain suspense and get make each event as it occurs seem natural, the insight achieved either by the characters in the story or the reader or both. They tended to favor surprise endings. Some stories were sheer fantasies, or derived from previous reading, films, or television shows. Most wrote stories, obviously based on their own experiences, that revealed the amazing distance they must put between their personal lives and their work, which is part of the training for being a good cop. These stories, as well as their discussions of them, showed how coolly they judged their own weaknesses as well as the humor with which they accepted some of the difficulties or injustices of existence. Despite their authors’ unmistakable sense of irony and awareness of corruption, these stories demonstrated how clearly, almost naively, these police men wanted to continue to believe in some of the so-called American virtues — that courage is worth the effort and will be admired; that hard work will be rewarded; that life is somehow good; and that, despite the weariness, boredom, and occasional ugliness and danger, despite all their dislike of most of their routine and despite their own occasional grousing and complaints, they somehow did like being cops; that life, even in a chaotic and violent world, is worth it after all.21. Compared to the artist, the policeman is __ .A. aggressive and not passiveB. factual and not fancifulC. neutral and not prejudicedD. a man of action, not words22. Like writers, policemen must ___ .A. analyze situationsB. have an artistic bentC. behave coollyD. intervene quickly23. According to the author, policemen view their profession as .A. dangerous but adventuresomeB. full of corruptionC. full of routineD. worth the effortTEXT BBusiness in LiteratureLiterature is at once the most intimate and the most articulate of the arts. It cannot impart its effect through the senses or the nerves as the other arts can; it is beautiful only through the intelligence; it is the mind speaking to the mind; until it has been put into absolute terms, of an invariable significance, it does not exist at all. It cannot awaken this emotion in one, and that in another; if it fails to express precisely the meaning of the author, if it does not say him, it says nothing, and is nothing. So that when a poet has put his heart, much or little, into a poem, and sold it to a magazine, the scandal is greater than when a painter has sold a picture to a patron, or a sculptor has modeled a statue to order. These are artists less articulate and less intimate than the poet; they are more exterior to their work; they are less personally in it; they part with less of themselves in the dicker. It does not change the nature of the case to say that Tennyson and Longfellow and Emerson sold the poems in which they couched the most mystical messages their genius was charged to bear mankind. They submitted to the conditions which none can escape; but that does not justify the conditions, which are none the less the conditions of hucksters because they are imposed upon poets. If it will serve to make my meaning a little clearer, we will suppose that a poet has been crossed in love, or has suffered some real sorrow, like the loss of a wife or child. He pours out his broken heart in verse that shall bring tears of sacred sympathy from his readers, and an editor pays him a hundred dollars for the right of bringing his verse to their notice. It is perfectly true that the poem was not written for these dollars, but it is perfectly true that it was sold for them. The poet must use his emotions to pay his provision bills; he has no other means; society does not propose to pay his bills for him. Yet, and at the end of the ends, the unsophisticated witness finds the transaction ridiculous, finds it repulsive, finds it shabby. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fineness of things, the poet’s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Bryron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience. But Byron’s publisher profited by a generosity which did not reach his readers; and the Countess Tolstoy collects the copyright which her husband foregoes; so that these two eminent instances of protest against business in literature may be said not to have shaken its money basis. I know of no others; but there may be many that I am culpably ignorant of. Still, I doubt if there are enough to affect the fact that Literature is Bussiness as well as Art, and almost as soon. At present business is the only human solidarity; we are all bound together with that chain, whatever interests and tastes and principles separate us.24. The author implies that writers are ___ .A. huckstersB. profiting against their willC. incompetent businessmenD. not sufficiently paid for their work25. According to the author, Lord Byron ___ .A. refused payment for his workB. was well known in the business communityC. did not copyright his workD. combined business with literature26. The author of the passage implies that __ .A. writers should rebel against the business systemB. writers should not attempt to change societyC. society should subsidize artists and writersD. more writers should follow the example set by Lord ByronText CPetroleumPetroleum, like coal, is found in sedimentary rocks, and was probably formed form long-dead living organisms. The rocks in which it is found are almost always of ocean origin and the petroleum-forming organisms must have been ocean creatures rather than trees.Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter, petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms such as plankton, the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layers of the ocean.The fat of living organisms consists of atom combinations that are chiefly made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. It does not take much in the way of chemical change to turn that into petroleum. It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean under conditions of oxygen shortage. Instead of decomposing and decaying, the fat accumulates, is trapped under further layers of ooze, undergoes minor rearrangements of atoms, and finally is petroleum.Petroleum is lighter than water and, being liquid, bends to ooze upward through the porous rock that covers it. There are regions on Earth where some reaches the surface and the ancients spoke of pitch, bitumen, or asphalt. In ancient and medieval times, such petroleum seepages were more often looked on as medicines rather than fuels.Of course, the surface seepages are in very minor quantities. Petroleum stores, however, are sometimes overlain with nonporous rock. The petroleum seeping upward reaches that rock and them remains below it in a slowly accumulating pool. If a hole can be drilled through the rock overhead, the petroleum can move up through the hole. Sometimes the pressure on the pool is so great that the petroleum gushes high into the air. The first successful drilling was carried through in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, by Edwin Drake.If one found the right spot then it was easy to bring up the liquid material. It was much easier to do that than to send men underground to chip out chunks of solid coal. Once the petroleum was obtained, it could be moved overland through pipes, rather than in fright trains that had to be laboriously loaded and unloaded, as was the case with coal.The convenience of obtaining and transporting petroleum encouraged its use. The petroleum could be distilled into separate fractions, each made up of molecules of a particular size. The smaller the molecules, the easier it was to evaporate the fraction.Through the latter half of the nineteenth century, the most important fraction of petroleum was “kerosene,” made up of middle-sized molecules that did not easily evaporate. Kerosene was used in lamps to give light.Toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, engines were developed which were powered by the explosions of mixtures of air and inflammable vapors within their cylinders. The most convenient inflammable vapor was that derived from “gasoline,” a petroleum fraction made up of small molecules and one that therefore vaporized easily.Such “internal combustion engines” are more compact that earlier steam engines and can be made to start at a moments’ notice, whereas steam engines require a waiting period while the water reserve warms to be boiling point.As automobiles, trucks, buses, and aircraft of all sorts came into use, each with internal combustion engines, the demand for petroleum zoomed upward. Houses began to be heated by burning fuel oil rather than coal. Ships began to use oil; electricity began to be formed from the energy of burning oil.In 1900, the energy derived from burning petroleum was only 4 percent that of coal. After World War II ,the energy derived from burning the various fractions of petroleum exceededthat of coal, and petroleum is not the chief fuel powering the world’s technology.The greater convenience of petroleum as compared with coal is, however, balanced by the fact that petroleum exist on Earth in far smaller quantities than coal does. (This is not surprising, since the fatty substances from which petroleum was formed are far less common on Earth than the woody substances from which coal was formed.)The total quantity of petroleum now thought to exist on Earth is about 14 trillion gallons. In weight that is only one-ninth as much as the total existing quantity of coal and, at the present moment, petroleum is being used up much more quickly. At the present rate of the use, the world’s supply of petroleum may last for only thirty years or so.There is another complication in the fact that petroleum is not nearly so evenly distributed as coal is. The major consumers of energy have enough local coal to keep going but are, however, seriously short of petroleum. The United Stated has 10 percent of the total petroleum reserves of the world in its own territory, and has been a major producer for decades. It still is, but its enormous consumption of petroleum products is now making it an oil importer, so that it is increasingly dependent on foreign nations for this vital resource. The Soviet Union has about as much petroleum as the United States, but it uses less, so it can be an exporter. Nearly three-fifths of all known petroleum reserves on Earth is to be found in the territory of the various Arabic-speaking countries. Kuwait, for instance, which is a small nation at the head of the Persian Gulf, with an area only three-fourths that of Massachusetts and a population of about half a million, possesses about one-fifth of all the known petroleum reserves in the world.The political problems this creates are already becoming crucial.27. Petroleum is unlike coal in the way .A. petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks and was probably formed from long-dead living organisms.B. once the petroleum was obtained, it could be moved overland in freight trains.C. petroleum is not nearly so evenly distributed as coal is.D. petroleum exists on Earth in far greater quantities than coal does.28. The use of petroleum is greatly encouraged by .A. the fact that petroleum is lighter than waterB. the fact that petroleum is the produce of the accumulating fatty matter of ocean organisms.C. the fact that obtaining and transporting petroleum is very convenient.D. the fact that the energy derived from burning petroleum is only 4 percent that of coal.29. Which of the following is a petroleum fraction made up of small molecules and one that therefore vaporized easily?A. kerosene.B. gasolineC. asphaltD. vaporTEXT DA New Working RevolutionA silent revolution is sweeping America. According to Terri Lonier, self-styled “Lenin”of this movement, more and more people are working outside traditional corporate structures. She says: “I believe we are witnessing the biggest change in working people’s lives since the industrial revolution.”More than one-sixth of America’s working-age population - close to 27 million people - do not owe allegiance to a single employer. According to Link Resources, a New York-based group that gathers statistics on market trends, the number will have risen to 36.5 million by the year 2001.These people work mainly from home, selling their skills in the open marketplace. Plumbers, electricians and house painters have been doing it for years. What is strikingly new is the sheer scale of a phenomenon that straddles the social classes and promises to redefine the nature of work in the 21st century.Whether their field is marketing, sales, advertising, journalism secretarial work, banking, catering or hi-tech, more and more people are discovering that possession of a saleable skill will provide them with the opportunity to go it alone, to shape their life free of thetraditional corporate grip.Terri Lonier’s mission is to spread the word; her business, Working Solo Inc, dispenses advice to individuals who wish to do it alone and to big businesses eager to tap into the pool of independent talent. Lonier has published two books — Working Solo and The Working Solo Sourcebook - and she is in constant demand as a lecturer. Unlike earlier revolutionaries, she does not need a live audience. Lonier works from home in the Hudson Valley, 70 miles north of New York. She reaches followers via her web site and has clients all over America, most of then a continent away in California’s Silicone Valley. It is no coincidence, she says, that the new working culture began to mushroom in the late 1980s and early 1990s,when personal computers became affordable to large groups of people: “Then in the last two years we’ve seen remarkable growth because of the Internet, which gives people the opportunity by creating their own web pages, to set up their own instant store fronts.”Dan Pink, until recently the chief speech writer for Vice President Al Gore, is aflesh-and-blood example of the capitalist New Man. A 33-year-old graduate of Yale Law School, Pink had been a resounding success at the political game in his 10 years in Washington DC. He could have expected to play a key note when Gore runs for the presidency in 2000, but, with pleasing symbolism, he chose 1997’s Independence Day, the fourth of July, to forsake the power and glory of the White House for the freedom and self-sufficiency of “The Pink House”.When we met over coffee at 11 o’clock one weekday morning following his resignation, Pink -sporting a loose sweater over a T-shirt- said that as a work environment the White House was probably better than the average Fortune 500 firm. “But there were still the office politics....” During a leisurely 90-minute conversation he explained: “Now, I have a better correlation between labor and reward. I make more money-twice as much as before.”The new Pink works from home as a freelance journalist and occasional speech writer While writing a major article for Fast Company, a magazine dedicated to reporting new trends in business, he travelled 7,000 miles around the United States, interviewing dozens of those 27 million self-employed people. He has become a leading authority on the rise of “free agents,” as he calls them.“This has happened extremely quietly. People have privately been making individual decisions; it’s happened below the political and media radar screens. Yet the collective force of it is gigantic. Traditional jobs will not be the only way we organize work in the future; soon they may not even be the most common way.” What beckons is a redefinition of the role of unions, of pensions and health benefits-and of politics itself.Computer technology may have provided the tools for individuals to work alone, but, according to Pink, the engine of the free agent revolution has been the fundamental change in relations between workers and employers. Until recently, employees who put up with indignities at work consoled themselves that “at least” they could count on a pay cheque to cover their mortgages, their children’s educations, their retirement. Now that consolation has gone, but the curious consequence is that the successful free agent life is more secure than that of the successful employee.Lonier has reached the same conclusion as Pink. “What we have today is not job security but skills security,” she says, “Being an individual entrepreneur, you are a lot more secure because you can diversify your income. If the company decides they no longer want you, you’re at ground zero. If you work independently, you have many clients; your business is more resistant to market change.”30. Which of the following is more possible to be stated by Dan Pink in an interview?A. If an employer offered me two million dollars a year to read newspapers all day, I might go back to work for him.B. Even for two million dollars I don’t think I’d give up what I now have.C. I can imagine a job that would lure me away from a free agent.D. Working freely is the most terrible thing that had ever happened to them, because I feel un-secure.31.According to the passage what the old working system is?A. People are to work mainly from home, selling their skills in the open marketplace.B. More than one-sixth of America’s working-age population do not owe loyalty to a single employer.C. People are to seek skills security instead of job security.D. People remain in one company for one employer and count on a pay cheque to cover their mortgages, their children’s educations, their retirement.32. According to Terri Lonier, we are witnessing the biggest change in working people’s lives since the industrial revolution becauseA. personal computers become affordable to large groups of people.B. the Internet has remarkable growth.C. the workplace’s regulations have been changed.D. the nature of work has the different connotation.Text EThe banners are packed, the tickets booked. The glitter and white overalls have been bought, the gas masks just fit and the mobile phones are ready. All that remains is to get to the parties.This week will see a feast of pan-European protests. It started on Bastille Day, last Saturday, with the French unions and immigrants on the streets and the first demonstrations in Britain and Germany about climate change. It will continue tomorrow and Thursday with environmental and peace rallies against President Bush. But the big one is in Genoa, on Friday and Saturday, where the G8 leaders will meet behind the lines of 18,000 heavily armed police.Unlike Prague, Gothenburg, Cologne or Nice, Genoa is expected to be Europe’s Seattle, the coming together of the disparate strands of resistance to corporate globalization. Neither the protesters nor the authorities know what will happen, but some things are predictable. Yes, there will be violence and yes, the mass media will focus on it. What should seriously concern the G8 is not so much the violence, the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades, but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.For the first time in a generation, the international political and economic condition is in the dock. Moreover, the protesters are unlikely to go away, their confidence is growing rather than waning, their agendas are merging, the protests are spreading and drawing in all ages and concerns.No single analysis has drawn all the strands of the debate together. In the mean time, the global protest “movement” is developing its own language, texts, agendas, myths, heroes and villains. Just as the G8 leaders, world bodies and businesses talk increasingly from the same script, so the protesters’ once disparate political and social analyses are converging. The long-term project of governments and world bodies to globalize capital and development is being mirrored by the globalization of protest.But what happens next? Governments and world bodies are unsure which way to turn. However well they are policed, major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites, repression of debate, overreaction to dissent, injustice and unaccountable power.Their options — apart from actually embracing the broad agenda being put to them — are to retreat behind even higher barricades, repress dissent further, abandon global meetings altogether or, more likely, meet only in places able to physically resist the masses. Brussels is considering building a super fortress for international meetings. Genoa may be the last of the European super-protests.33. According to the context, the word “parties” at the end of the first paragraph refers to .A. the meeting of the G8 leadersB. the protests on Bastille DayC. the coming pan-European protestsD. the big protest to be held in Genoa34. According to the passage, economic globalization is paralleled by .A. the emerging differences in the global protest movementB. the disappearing differences in the global protest movementC. the growing European concern about globalizationD. the increase in the number of protesters35. According to the last paragraph, what is Brussels considering doing?A. Meeting in places difficult to reach.B. Further repressing dissent.C. Accepting the protesters’ agenda.D. Abandoning global meetings.Part Three: Translation (20%).Directions: Please translate the following passage into Chinese.In ordinary language we describe by the word “planning” the complex of interrelated decisions about the allocation of our available resources. All economic activity is in this sense planning; and in any society in which many people collaborate, this planning, whoever does it, will in some measure have to be based on knowledge which, in the first instance, is not given to the planner but to somebody else, which somehow will have to be conveyed to the planner. The various ways in which the knowledge on which people base their plans is communicated to them is the crucial problem for any theory explaining the economic process, and the problem of what is the best way of utilizing knowledge initially dispersed among all the people is at least one of the main problems of economic policy — or of designing an efficient economic system.Part Four: English Writing (30%)Please write a short essay in at least 200 words on the topic of “Should Cyber-police Guard the Internet?”. You may choose your own title for your essay.。

华东政法大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. We have lunch on the _______ of twelve every day.A. strikeB. strokeC. soundD. beat2. Even though he was more than sixty he had very few _______ on the face.A. frecklesB. wrinkleC. spotsD. dimples3. We set ________ our task at once with great enthusiasm.A. offB. outC. upD. about4. You should always switch ________ the electricity before going on holiday.A. onB. toC. offD. around5. This conversation ________ a difference of opinion between us.A. gave rise toB. amounted toC. went toD. got6. Don’t bother to look for my umbrella, it will _______ some day.A. turn upB. turn overC. turn outD. turn on7. _______, we were just talking about the same thing.A. too oddlyB. too strangeC. oddly enoughD. strength enough8. If trade’s no better next month, we shall go ________ and then what will you do for jobs?A. backB. blackC. brokeD. blank9. People who take part in sports must keep in ________.A. ill healthB. bad conditionC. good handicapD. good condition10. They say that, without family life, old people go morally to _______.A. dieB. bedC. piecesD. piece11. I, ________ my part, was excited to see the great bell in the Kremlin.A. forB. asC. inD. on12. They were _______ trying to frighten the public into obedience.A. evidentlyB. obviousC. clearD. in evidence13. The ______ of thought in the country has turned against war.A. tideB. floodC. currentD. currency14. Wood furniture does not depreciate in value ________ properly handled and protected.A. thatB. ifC. unlessD. whether15. The police chief ordered that parking _______ on Main Street during the rush hour.A. be prohibitingB. be prohibitedC. is prohibitedD. was prohibited16. _______ to give expression to my sub-conscious desire to move toward him, I would havepaused, for he was tremendous in his great height and strength.A. If I was really aboutB. If I were really aboutC. Have I really been aboutD. Had I really been about17. The police admitted _________ a mistake in arresting an innocent man.A. to makeB. to have madeC. to having madeD. to making18. She listened carefully ________ she might discover exactly what he wanted.A. so as thatB. in caseC. providingD. in order that19. They have _______ many horrible crimes against the American people.A. doneB. madeC. tookD. committed20. Use equal _______ of nuts and raisins in the cake.A. quantitiesB. quantityC. in qualityD. in quantityPart II: Reading Comprehension (25%).Section A (20%)Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 30 are based on the following passage.The world has become so complicated that we’ve lost confidence in our ability to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgment.It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “It’s nothing—just one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor, I said, almost in desperation, “But I live in this body. I know something’s different.”“If you won’t take my word for it, I’ll take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. “It’s a good thing you’re so smart,” he said.” Most patients die of these tumors because we don’t know they’re there until it is too late.”I’m really not so smart. And I’m too docile in the face of authority. I should have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. It’s hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would be “peace for our time.”Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address: “ The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here…”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When it’s an area we really know about—our bodies, our families, our houses — let’s listen to what the experts say, then, make up our own minds.Notes:1)cardboard carton: a box or container made of a stiff pasteboard of paper2)scalp: the skin covering the head3)eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fits4)docile: easily managed or taught21. “It” in “…deal with it” (para.1) refers to ______A. confidenceB. the worldC. abilityD. complication22. “Expertise” in para.1 means______A. common senseB. expert skill or knowledgeB. unusual ability to appreciate D. personal experience23. We have to trust our own judgment since ____A. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseB. experts often lose their common senseC. experts may sometimes fail to give good adviceD. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise24. “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn that” (para. 2) refers to______A. I can learn to trust my judgmentB. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myselfC. common sense is not as useful as knowledgeD. expertise may not be reliable25. While reading one day, the author______A. found a hole at the back of his headB. heard a scratching sound from a cartonC. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratchingD. noticed a sound coming out from his head26. “tease” in para. 3 means______A. to make fun ofB. to comfortC. to replyD. to disbelieve27. “if you won’t take my word for it” in para.5 may be paraphrased _____.A. if you don’t think my word is worth anythingB. if you don’t listen to my adviceC. if you don’t believe my judgmentD. if you prefer actions to words28. “Skull” in para.6 most probably means ____.A. the bony framework of the headB. the surface skin of the headC. the nerve system inside the headD. the top part of the head29. The author didn’t think he was smart (para.7)because ____.A. he had already suffered for two yearsB. he had not been able to put up with the painC. he had believed too much in expertiseD. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself30. It happens that the examples given by the author _____.A. all concern with warsB. are taken from modern American historyC. have become popular themes in moviesD. have American Civil War as the backgroundPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 40 are based on the following passage.On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to Play Space, an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing and sliding contraptions. There’s just one irritating detail: when you pay your money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.“Frum,” I say.“No, your first name.”“What do you need my first name for?”“To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call you.”“In that case, write ‘Mr. Frum.’”At which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaza Toro.In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names, PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the practice of leaving a visiting card.There’s hardly a secretary left who does not reply, when I give a message fro her boss, “I’ll tell him you called, David.” Or a public relations agent, whether in Bangor or Bangkok, who does not begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerful “Hello, David!”You don’t have to be a journalist to collect amazing first-name stories. Place a collect call, and the operator first-names you. The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first name before taking his order.Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by nothing worse than uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I don’t believe it. I f I asked the fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I won’t go along with his story idea. No, it’s not friendliness that drives first-namers; it’s aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would never, if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David would never first-name the bank’s chairman. Like the mock-cheery staff at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act of belittlement, an assertion of power disguised as good cheer.Notes1) contraptions: (informal) mechanical devices; gadgets2) felt-tip marker: 软笔尖的颜色笔3) adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌4) Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “Bull Fighting Ring” in English5) Bangor: City of South central Maine6) Bangkok: Capital of Thailand, 曼谷7) spiel (slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to be persuasive8) collect call: a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver9) press baron: Baron is the lowest male rank of nobility, but here it stands for a man with great power in press10) mock: simulated31.T he author apparently regrets____A. having to take his children to PlaySpaceB. being first-namedC. being approached so frequently by PR agentsD. having to put on an adhesive lapel tag32. “PR” in paragraph6 stands for____A. personal requestB. personal respectC. public relationsD. public review33. When the author, as a journalist, speaks on the phone___A. he is usually very formal and faithfulB. he does not know whether a grownup or a child is speaking at the other endC. he finds people address each other formallyD. he finds the secretary is often willing to pass a message34. He often finds secretaries _____A. irresponsible in answering phone callsB. trustworthy in passing messagesC. not only friendly but also carefulD. calling him David35. The author thinks that addressing a stranger by his first name is being____A. cheerfulB. friendlyC. disrespectfulD. light-hearted36. “As dead as” in paragraph 3 may be paraphrased as_____A. as firmly fixed asB. as useless asC. as out of fashion asD. as unmistakenly as37. Habitual first-namers’ claim amounts to saying____A. there’s nothing that can be worse than high-spirited friendlinessB. their attitude should be acceptableC. they are sometimes too high-spirited to control themselvesD. one should control oneself while speaking to a stranger38. The so-called high-spirited friendliness (para. 6) is actually____A. cheerfulness in appearance but mockery in realityB. out and out insultC. a well-accepted skill in public relationsD. an act of outward warmth39. “In a whoosh” in paragraph 6 means______A. by all meansB. in the endC. in a secondD. in reality40. “I won’t go along with…” in paragraph 6 may be paraphrased asA. I won’t believe……B. I won’t go on listening…..C. I won’t agree with….D. I won’t stick to…..Section B: Short Answer Questions (5%).Directions:In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 2.People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking; they try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem. First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sam’s bicycle is broken, and he cannot ride it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle. Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem moreNow the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time, he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully. After studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten orEventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels. Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved theQuestions:1. In analyzing a problem we should ___________2. By referring to Sam’s broken bicycle, the author intends to _______3. People may learn from____________.4. As used in the last sentence, the phrase “in short” means __________.5. The best title for this passage is ____________.Part III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic. You should write about 180 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.How to Manage Time1.The significance of time management.2.How to manage time efficiently.3.Conclusion.[NOTE]:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy.Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I：Reading Comprehension (40%).Direction: Read the following 4 passages carefully,decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. (2pointss for each, totally 40 points)I. To follow the story of the Western legal tradition，and to accept it, is to confront implicit theories both of law and of history that are no longer widely accepted, at least in the universities. The theories that do prevail pose serious obstacles to an appreciation of the story.The conventional concept of law as a body of rules derived from statutes and court decisions – reflecting a theory of the ultimate source of law in the will of the law maker ("the state") – is wholly inadequate to support a study of a transnational legal culture. To speak of the Western legal tradition is to postulate a concept of law, not as a body of rules, but as a process, an enterprise, in which rules have meaning only in the context of institutions and procedures, values, and ways of thought. From this broader perspective the sources of law include not only the will of the law maker but also the reason and conscience of the community and its customs and usages. This is not the prevailing view of law. But it is by no means unorthodox: it used to be said, and not long ago, that there are four sources of law: legislation, precedent, equity, and custom. In the formative era of the Western legal tradition there was not nearly so much legislation or so much precedent as there came to be in later centuries. The bulk of law was derived from custom, which was viewed in the light of equity (defined as reason and conscience). It is necessaryto recognize that custom and equity are as much law as statutes and decisions, if the story of the Western legal tradition is to be followed and accepted.Beyond that, it is necessary to recognize that law in the West is formed into integrated legal systems, in each of which the various constituent elements take their meaning partly from the system as a whole. Further, each system is conceived to be a developing one; therefore, the meaning of each constituent element is derived not only from what the system has been in the past but also from what it is coming to be in the future. These, too, are not conventional truths of the prevailing "analytical jurisprudence,” which postulates a sovereign who issues commands in the form of rules and imposes sanctions for failure to apply them as "he willed" them to be applied – what Max Weber called the "formal rationality”, or "logical formalism" of Western law. And this is widely believed to be an accurate description, both by those who are against formalism and by those who are for it.Harold J. Berman, LAW AND REVELUTION41. According to the first paragraph, ______ .(a) the story of Western legal tradition is not told today.(b) the theories that prevail today are different than those reflected in the story ofWestern legal tradition.(c) Western legal tradition is not taught in universities today.(d) the theories that prevail today contradict those reflected in the story of Westernlegal tradition.42. The conventional theory of law ______ .(a)is that law reflects the will of the state.(b)does not support the study of transnational law.(c)regards law as a body of rules.(d)is inadequate.43. Which of the following statement is NOT mentioned in the second paragraph?(a)The broader perspective of the sources of law is not the prevailing view of law.(b)The traditional Western concept regards law as a process not just a body of rules.(c)The sources of law include not only the will of the law maker but also that of thejudges.(d)Western legal tradition rules have meaning only in the context of institutions andprocedures, values, and ways of thought.44. “It is necessary to recognize that custom and equity are as much law as statutesAnd decisions, if the story of the Western legal tradition is to be followed andaccepted.”Which of the following statement is closest in meaning with theabove statement?(a) One has to follow and accept the story of the Western legal tradition.(b) As far as law is concerned, if one accepts Western legal tradition, custom andequity are equivalent to statutes and decision.(c) There are as many statutes and decisions as custom and equity.(d) If one believes the story of the Western legal tradition, one follows custom andequity as law.45. The underlined “which” in the first sentence of the third paragraph refers to ____ .(a) law(b) constituent element(c) integrated legal system(d) meaningII. The Panel begins by recalling several statements made by the Appellate Body. On the one hand, the Appellate Body has clarified that, in order to be considered "necessary" to secure compliance, a measure does not need to be "indispensable". On the other hand, it should not just be simply "making a contribution to".The Appellate Body has also clarified that the necessity of a measure may also be examined in the light of factors such as: the relative importance of the common interests or values that the law or regulation to be enforced is intended to protect (the more vital or important those common interests or values are, the easier it would be to accept as "necessary" a measure designed as an enforcement instrument); the extent to which the measure contributes to the realization of the end pursued, the securing of compliance with the law or regulation at issue (the greater the contribution, the more easily a measure might be considered to be "necessary"); and, the restrictive impact of the measure on imported goods (a measure with a relatively small impact upon imported products might more easily be considered as "necessary" than a measure with intense or broader restrictive effects). Again, in the words of the Appellate Body:"In appraising the 'necessity' of a measure..., it is useful to bear in mind thecontext in which 'necessary' is found in Article XX(d). …… It seems to us that atreaty interpreter assessing a measure claimed to be necessary to securecompliance of a WTO-consistent law or regulation may, in appropriate cases,take into account the relative importance of the common interests or valuesthat the law or regulation to be enforced is intended to protect. The morevital or important those common interests or values are, the easier it wouldbe to accept as 'necessary' a measure designed as an enforcementinstrument... There are other aspects of the enforcement measure to beconsidered in evaluating that measure as 'necessary'. One is the extent towhich the measure contributes to the realization of the end pursued, thesecuring of compliance with the law or regulation at issue. The greater thecontribution, the more easily a measure might be considered to be'necessary'. Another aspect is the extent to which the compliance measureproduces restrictive effects on international commerce that is, in respect of ameasure inconsistent with Article III:4, restrictive effects on imported goods.A measure with a relatively slight impact upon imported products mightmore easily be considered as 'necessary' than a measure with intense orbroader restrictive effects..."The Panel finds no reason to question the Dominican Republic's assertions in the sense that the collection of tax revenue (and, conversely, the prevention of tax evasion) is a most important interest for any country and particularly for a developing country such as the Dominican Republic.WTO Panel Report “D ominican Republic – MeasuresAffecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes”46. According to the first paragraph, the Appellate Body thinks that “necessary”means ______ .(a) indispensable(b) making a contribution to(c) both of the above(d) neither of the above47. Which of the flowing factors is NOT one to be considered in judging whether ameasure is “necessary”?(a) interests or values that the law or regulation to be enforced is intended to protect(b) the contribution of the measure to the realization of the end pursued(c) the response of the public towards the measure(d) the impact of the measure on imported goods48. Which of the following statement is wrong?(a) The more vital the common interests or values are, the easier for a measure to beto accept as "necessary".(b) The more insignificant the contribution, the more easily a measure might beconsidered to be "necessary".(c) A measure with intense or broader restrictive effects measure upon importedproducts might less easily be considered as "necessary".(d) A measure claims to be necessary should secure compliance of a WTO-consistentlaw or regulation.49. The underlined “end” in the second paragraph has a meaning closest to _____ .(a) the aim(b) the last pint of a journey(c) a termination(d) a result50. There are several factors to be considered in judging whether a measure is“necessary”. The last paragraph means that the panel thinks that Dominican Republic _____ .(a) has satisfied all the factors.(b) has satisfied one of the factors.(c) has satisfied none of the factors.(d) still has to prove that all the factors are satisfied.III.It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the fundamental principle of good legislation, which is the art of conducting men to the maximum of happiness, and to the minimum of misery, if we may apply this mathematical expression to the good and evil of life. But the means hitherto employed for that purpose are generally inadequate, or contrary to the end proposed. It is impossible to reduce the tumultuous activity of mankind to absolute regularity; for, amidst the various and opposite attractions of pleasure and pain, human laws are not sufficient entirely to prevent disorders in society. Such, however is the chimera of weak men, when invested with authority. To prohibit a number of indifferent actions is not to prevent the crimes which they may produce, but to create new ones, it is to change at will the ideas of virtue and vice, which, at other times, we are told, are eternal and immutable. To what a situation should we be reduced if every thing were to be forbidden that might possibly lead to, a crime? We must be deprived of the use of our senses: for one motive that induces a man to commit a real crime, there are a thousand which excite him to those indifferent actions which are called crimes by bad laws. If then the probability that a crime will be committed be in proportion to the number of motives, to extend the sphere of crimes will be to increase that probability. The generality of laws are only exclusive privileges, the tribute of all to the advantages of a few.Would you prevent crimes? Let the laws be clear and simple, let the entire force of the nation be united in their defence, let them be intended rather to favour every individual than any particular classes of men, let the laws be feared, and the laws only. The fear ofthe laws is salutary, but the fear of men is a fruitful and fatal source of crimes. Men enslaved are more voluptuous, more debauched, and crueler than those who are in a state of freedom. These study the sciences, the interest of nations, have great objects before their eyes, and imitate them; but those, whose views are confined to the present moment, endeavour, amidst the distraction of riot and debauchery, to forget their situation; accustomed to the uncertainty of all events, for the laws determine none, the consequences of their crimes become problematical, which gives an additional force to the strength of their passions.Cesare Beccaria, ON CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS51. The fundamental principle of good legislation is _____ .(a) to conduct men to the maximum of happiness.(b) to conduct men the minimum of misery.(c) to prevent crimes than to punish them.(d) to apply the mathematical expression to the good and evil of life.52. According to the author, which of the followings is NOT true?(a) Human laws are not sufficient entirely to prevent disorders in society.(b) Some indifferent actions might possibly lead to crimes.(c) The prohibition of a number of indifferent actions is to prevent crimes.(d) The prohibition of a number of indifferent actions may create new crimes.53. Which of the following descriptions is true?(a) Bad laws increase the probability that a crime will be committed.(b) Bad laws will not punish the real crime.(c) Good laws call many indifferent actions crimes.(d) Good laws tend to extend the sphere of crimes.。

中国政法大学考博英语阅读真题及其精解Scientists have known since1952that DNA is the basic stuff ofheredity.They've known its chemical structure since1953.They knowthat human DNA acts like a biological computer program some3billionbits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins,thebasic building blocks of life.But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during thepast half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins andAnderson and legions of colleagues are doing now.Collins leads theHuman Genome Project,a15-year effort to draw the first detailed mapof every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA.Anderson,who pioneeredthe first successful human gene-therapy operations,is leading thecampaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possiblein the treatment and prevention of human diseases.What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less thana biomedical revolution.Like Silicon Valley pirates Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian feizi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zixun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi reverse-engineering a computerchip to steal a competitor's secrets,genetic engineers are decodinglife's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reversethe natural course of disease.DNA in their hands has become both ablueprint and a drug,a pharmacological substance of extraordinarypotency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that causethem but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease.And that's just the beginning.For all the fevered work being done, however,science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human—or even a perfect tomato.Much more research is needed before gene therapy becomes commonplace,and many diseases will take decades to conquer,if they can be conquered at all.In the short run,the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening.Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed.In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects.Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease,for example,could follow a low-fat diet.And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective,they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein.But in other instances, almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations.(409words)66.It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues_____.[A]know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program[B]have found the basic building blocks of life[C]have accomplished some genetic discovery during the pasthalf-century[D]are making a breakthrough in DNA67.Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that______.[A]time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA[B]human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients[C]gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases[D]information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases68.The word“pirate”(line2,paragraph3)means______.[A]one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea[B]one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization[C]to take(something)by piracy[D]to make use of or reproduce(another's work)without authorization69.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.[A]engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being[B]it’s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato[C]many diseases will never be conquered by human beings[D]doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run70.The best title for the text may be______.[A]DNA and Heredity[B]The Genetic Revolution[C]A Biomedical Revolution[D]How to Apply Genetic Technology66. D.正在DNA方面取得突破。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东师范大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题The waves（）violently against the shore, the people there couldn’t hear them crying for help.问题1选项A.have beatenB.beatC.were beatingD.beating【答案】D【解析】考査非谓语动词。

beat的逻辑主语是the waves，两者为主动关系，所以本题选D。

2.单选题We finally（）the musician to entertain instead of the absent speaker.问题1选项A.descended uponB.prevailed uponC.weighed uponD.looked down upon【答案】B【解析】词组辨析题。

descended upon突然降临、袭击；prevailed upon说服；weighed upon压于、使沉重；looked down upon看不起。

句意：我们最后说服了那位音乐家来代替那位缺席的演讲者。

选项B符合句意。

3.单选题I prefer his plan to yours,（）it is more practical and easier to be carried out.问题1选项A.for whichB.in whichC.for thatD.in that【答案】D【解析】句意：与你的计划相比，我更喜欢他的计划，因为它更实际，更容易执行。

in that表原因，符合句意。

4.单选题The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her（）attitude toward customers.问题1选项A.impartialdC.hostileD.opposing【答案】C【解析】impartial公正的；mild温顺的；hostile不友好的；opposing反对的。

（推荐）华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷华东政法大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. amounts of noxious wastes are dumped into the Songhuajiang River.A. AppreciatedB. AppreciableC. AppreciativeD. Appreciating2. I was taken when I saw him because he had lost all his hair.A. abackB. asideC. aboutD. apart3. Investors rushed into the market,that prices would rise.A. instructingB. entrustingC. relyingD. assuming4. In an effort to culture shocks, I think there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture.A. get offB. get byC. get throughD. get over5. When writing in English, we shall always be to details.A. attentiveB. observantC. recurrentD. earnest6.______ you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.A.CouldB. ShouldC. MightD. May7.The neighbors do not consider him quite ______ as most evenings he awakens them with his drunken singing.A. respectfulB. respectedC. respectableD. suitable8.The new curriculum intends to strengthen children’s practice of basic social _____.A. mannersB. politenessC. rulesD. regulations9.Older people always enjoy the _____ of their relatives.A. companyB. accompanimentC. companionD. compassion10.They use ________ sales tactics to defeat their majorcompetitor.A. immoralB. immortalC. unscrupulousD. ambitious11.The ______ of his profession do not permit him to do that.A. ethicsB. ethnicsC. moralityD. morale12.Very few countries truly support US military ______ against Iraq.A. actsB. actionsC. behaviorD. deed13. He _____ a few more boards from the cabinet to make the inside more spacious.A. separatedB. dividedC. detachedD. parted14. Many people have the ________ about the blind and deaf.A. misconceptionsB. frustrationC. confessionD. acknowledgement15. This is the seventh year _______ that they've won the cup.A. in substanceB. in successionC. in suspensionD. in sequence16.Doctors warned against chewing tobacco as a ______ for smoking.A. successionB. substituteC. revivalD. relief17.If you go to the park every day in the morning, you will ____ find him doing physical exercise there.A. ordinarilyB. invariablyC. logicallyD. persistently18.More than one-third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, _____ in San Francisco.A. previouslyB. predominantlyC. practicallyD. permanently19.Operation which left patients _____ and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A. exhaustedB. abandonedC. injuredD. deserted20.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical _____.A. obligationsB. regulationsC. observationsD.considerations21.We are _____ faced with the necessity to recognize that having more people implies a lower standard of living.A. readilyB. smoothlyC. inevitablyD. deliberately22.It is a well-known fact that the cat family ____ lions and tigers.A. enrichesB. accommodatesC. adoptsD. embraces23. The _____ on this apartment expires in a year’s time.A. treatyB. subsidyC. leaseD. engagement24.When he realized he had been _____ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.A. elicitedB. excitedC. deducedD. induced25.The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.A. confinementB. conventionC. disciplineD. principle26. We ______ the radio signals for help from the plane.A. picked outB. picked offC. picked atD. picked up27.He said that he had no _____ of the 1978 interview and that he had never seen it in print.A. recollectionB. memoryC. reminderD.recognition28.No one is so _____ as the person who has no wish to learn.A. sensibleB. ignorantC. uselessD. simple29.Angus Graham is the person who can advise you best. ____, he is coming here tomorrow.A. It is trueB. Even soC. In effectD. As a matter of fact30.I was not ____ by his many arguments so finally we agreed to differ.A. convictedB. assuredC. convincedD. concernedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts (辍学者) among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable ofcompeting the requirement for the degree. Attrition (缩/减员，磨损) at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.’“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”/doc/2814325503.html,ck of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.3.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket (一类人，阶层) with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to thehighest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum(阴郁的). The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.31.The author states that many educators feel that[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.[B] the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.32.Research has shown that[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.33.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.34.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.35.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.[B] academic requirement too high.[C] salary for dropouts too high.[D] 1000 positions.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As on Norwegian politician said last week: “We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle.During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success: Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south, and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however. With nearly 100 percent employment, everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it, because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industrybecause of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.36. The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to[A] provide more jobs for foreign workers.[B] slow down the rate of its development.[C] sell the oil it is producing abroad.[D] develop more quickly than at present.37.The Norwegian Government has tried to[A] encourage the oil companies to discover new oil sources.[B] prevent oil companies employing people from northern Norway.[C] help the oil companies solve many of their problems.[D] keep the oil industry to something near its present size.38.According to the passage, the oil industry might lead northern Norway to[A] the development of industry.[B] a growth in population.[C] the failure of the development programme.[D] the development of new towns.39. In the south, one effect to the development of the oil industry might be[A] a large reduction on unemployment.[B] a growth in the tourist industry.[C] a reduction in the number of existing industries.[D] the development of a number of service industries.40.Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because[A] they form such a large part of Norwegian ideal.[B] their lives and values represent the Norwegian ideal.[C] their work is so useful to the rest of Norwegian society.[D] they regard oil as a threat to the Norwegian way of life.Passage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passagePolice fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protestors Friday in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southernNew Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was continuing despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on stateauthorities to cancel the project. The demonstrator had charged that the project was unsafe in the densely populated area, would create thermal pollution in the bay, and had no acceptable means for disposing of its radioactive wasters. The demonstrations would go on until the jails and the courts were so overloaded that the state judicial system would collapse.Governor Stanforth Thumper insisted that there would be no reconsideration of the power project and no delay in its construction set for completion in three years. “This project wil l begin on time and the people of this state will begin to receive its benefits on schedule. Those who break the law in misguided attempts to sabotage the project will be dealt with according to the law,” h e said. And police called in reinforcements from all over the state to handle the disturbances.The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off construction site. They carried placards that read “No Nukes is Good Nukes,” “Sunpowe r, Not Nuclear Power,” and “Stop Private Profits from Public Peril.” They defied police order to move from the area. Tear gas canisters fired by police failed to dislodge the protestors who had come prepared with their own gas masks or facecloths. Finally gas-masked and helmeted police charged into the crowd to drag off the demonstrators one by one. The protestors did not resist police, but refused to walk away under their own power. Those arrested would be charged with unlawful assembly, trespassing, and disturbing the peace.41. were the demonstrators protesting about?[A] Private profits.[B] Nuclear Power Station.[C] The project of nuclear power construction.[D] Public peril.42.Who had gas-masks?[A] Everybody.[B] A part of the protestors.[C] Policemen.[D] Both B and C.43.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for the demonstration?[A] Public transportation.[B] Public peril.[C] Pollution.[D] Disposal of wastes.44.With whom were the jails and courts overloaded?[A] With prisoners.[B] With arrested demonstrators.[C] With criminals.[D] With protestors.45.What is the attitude of Governor Stanforth Thumper toward the power project and the demonstration?[A] stubborn.[B] insistent.[C] insolvable.[D] remissible.Notes: 1. cordon: 警戒线，警戒; 2. nuke: （美俚）核武器，核电站; 3. defy: 公然蔑视; 4. canister: 罐，筒，榴霰弹筒; 5. dislodge: 赶走Passage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists'discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960's. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another.The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960's, Mexican Americans formed community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groupsin the nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for contemporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick's Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States.46. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?[A] In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.[B] Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.[C] In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.[D] Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights movement.47. Which is the following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage?[A] One is supported primarily by sociologists, and the other is favored by members of ethnic groups.[B] One emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity, and the other focuses on the economic aspects.[C] One is the result of analysis of United States populations, and the other is the result of analysis of European populations.[D] One focuses more on the ancestral components of ethnicity than does the other.48. The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of[A] the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need.[B] how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity .[C] how the Civil Rights movement can help promote solidarity among United States ethnic groups.[D] how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group's economic situation.49. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American community?[A] In the 1960's the Mexican American community began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic group in the United States into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.[B] In the 1960's Mexican American community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in order to effect economic change.[C] In the 1960's leader of the Mexican American community concentrated their efforts on promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture [D] In the 1960's members of the Mexican American community were becoming increasingly concerned about the issue of voting rights.50. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage?[A] The retelling of traditional narratives[B] The wearing of traditional clothing[C] The playing of traditional music[D] The celebration of traditional holidaysPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:The income gaps and the further reforms in ChinaNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 10 sections. Please choose from the items given under eachquestion the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be thesection corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sectionscan be selected at your wile. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。

华东政法大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. As a _____ actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.A. flexibleB. versatileC. sophisticatedD. productive2. As a salesman, he works on a (an) _____ basis, taking 10% of everything he sells.A. incomeB. commissionC. salaryD. pension3. As an excellent shooter, Peter practiced aiming at both _____ targets and moving targets.A. stationaryB. standingC. stableD. still4. As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _____.A. ought to be saidB. must sayC. have to be saidD. need to say5. As the plane was getting ready to take off, we all _____ our seat belt.A. tiedB. lockedC. fastenedD. closed6. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _____ to another subject.A. committedB. switchedC. favoredD. transmitted7. At no time _____ other countries.A. China will invadeB. will invade ChinaC. will China invadeD. invade will China8. Be here on Friday _____ the latest.A. atB. byC. forD. in9. Because the whole country is in a financial dilemma, the government calls on us to _____ economy.A. makeB. practiceC. carryD. develop10. Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an _____ of the cost ofrepairing the roof.A. assessmentB. estimateC. announcementD. evaluation11. Beryl hardly ever goes to _____ the cinema.A. neither the theatre orB. either the theatre norC. neither the theatre norD. the theatre or12. Beside being expensive, the food tastes _____.A. badlyB. too much badC. too badlyD. bad13. Britain‘s press is unusual _____ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.A. in howB. in whatC. in whichD. in that14. By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can _____ the surroundings.A. exploreB. exposeC. exploitD. expand15. Cancer is second only _____ heart disease as a cause of death.A. ofB. toC. withD. from16. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is _____ loud continuous noise.A. subjected toB. filled withC. associated withD. attached to17. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs ______ directed.A. likeB. soC. whichD. as18. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this ______ produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction19. Charles can't go to work today because he _____ a cold.A. hasB. feelsC. takesD. thinks20. Charles has not the least ______ of giving up his research.A. intentionB. decisionC. ideaD. hopePart II: Reading Comprehension (15%).Direction: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage One:Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.W e might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person‘s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person‘s true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn‘t matter that you weren‘t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don‘t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‗drop-outs‘: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge‘s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner‘s. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person‘s true abilities. Is it cyn ical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is thisilliterate message recently scrawled on a wall: ‗I were a teen age drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.‘Notes:1. pernicious 有害的，恶性的，破坏性的2.write off 勾销，注销。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题I regret ___ so much time and money on stamps.问题1选项A.to wasteB.for wastingC.having wastedD.at wasting【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。

waste表示“浪费，滥用；消耗；使荒芜”，regret doing“对做过的事表示遗憾、后悔”。

句意：我___在邮票上浪费了那么多时间和金钱。

本句表达“后悔已经在邮票上浪费那么多钱和时间”，因此C选项正确。

2.单选题I ___ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.问题1选项A.meantB.has meantC.was meaningD.had meant【答案】D【解析】考查时态。

根据but之后的动词was prevented from为过去时态，而mean to call on you 发生was prevented from之前，过去的过去，则时态为过去完成时。

在句意：我本想拜访你，但被阻止了。

因此D选项正确。

3.单选题Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country”. Bes ides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive”. “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do with his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor”. But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90 miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car —every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professo r of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified”. Professor Sears also called the country’sdependence on it s modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work”. But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a comer by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry. According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “With in another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Wein erman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.1. The main idea of this article is that ___.2.In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that ___.3.In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that ___.4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that ___.5.Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that ___, if public transportation were improved. 问题1选项A.Americans are too attached to their carsB.American cars run too fast and consume too much fuelC.the automobile industry has caused all this to happenD.automobiles endanger both the environment and people问题2选项A.people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their healthB.kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously than gasoline-burning engines doC.Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environmentD.it is not right for every family to have at least two cars问题3选项A.technology is always good for peopleB.technology is not always good for peopleC.financial profit is more important than technological advancementD.technological advancement will improve financial profit问题4选项A.a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be foundB.people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to workC.public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upon their cars for inner-city transportationD.the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways问题5选项A.the inner city might improveB.the middle class would move to the suburbsC.public roads would get worseD.there would still be an urgent need to build more highways【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。

中国政法大学考博英语真题解析1. I didn't say anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove your point.A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting参考答案：C解析：正确答案选C。

(A) revising："改编，修改"。

(B)contradicting："自相矛盾"。

(C)distorting："歪曲，曲解"。

(D)distracting："分神，打扰，迷惑"。

很明显，备选答案中只有(C)distorting符合句意，故(C)为正确答案。

(A)、(B)和(D)填入句中均说不通，或很别扭，故均应排除。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)2. Language, culture, and personality may be considered _______of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。

(A) indistinctly："不清楚地，分不清地"，强调"看不清、听不清"，以致无法弄清。

(B)separately："分离地"，强调可以分开的。

(C)irrelevantly："无关地，不相干地"，强调相互没有关系。

华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1.To most people, marriage is a_______ affair.A. love-and-hatredB. now or neverC. win-win situationD. give-and-take2.We tried to settle the argument but ________ nothing.A. finishB. completedC. endedD. accomplished3.We should settle our difference by ______________ not by war.A. assignmentB. compromiseC. securityD. appointment4.Tramps as pioneers? It seemed absurd. I kept _____ the idea _____.A. pondering, aboutB. mulling, aboutC. thinking, ofD. speculating, on5.People become _____ the place they live in.A. associated withB. attached toC. appreciative ofD. attachable with6.Since the days of Columbus, America has been another name for opportunity,where one seems to accomplish _______.A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. little7.No matter how difficult the problem is, he can handle it _____.A. at equal easeB. of equal easeC. with equal easeD. from equal ease8.The successful tramps would be ______ the pioneers.A. equalB. equal ofC. equal toD. equals9.I t’s likely for the outstanding ones to stand out ______ the rest.A.offB. ofC. fromD. aboveB.10.It’s human nature to _____ wealth ____ reach and neglect happiness already______.A.crave, within, within reachB.crave for, out of, in handC.chase after, beyond, beyond reachD.seek after, within, out of hand11.___ her surprise, migrant workers are __________.A.Out of, a tough and hard-working lotB.To, a diligent and cheerful lotC.To, diligent and tough lots.D.Out of, tough and hard-working lot12.When asked whether it’s the ______ he is _____, the answer, after some ____, isinvariably the same.A.money, after, hesitantB.money, craving for, thoughtC.money, chasing after, considerateD.money, craving, thinking13.Resourceful as the general was, he let ____ spread that he would attack on acertain day next month.A. the wordB. wordC. a wordD. words14.The ______ would perish in a world of fierce competition.A.adaptableB. adaptedC. inadaptableD. adaptive15.It’s easy for the tramps to ______ temper and get _____ with the steady job.A.lose, sickB. control, fed upC. lose, fed upD. control, sick and tired16.We genuinely ______ your opinion and your suggestion.A. appreciate ofB. valueC. evaluate asD. estimate about17.The Empire State Building is a famous______ on the New York skyline.A.stumbling blockB.stepping blockndmarkD.spring board18.The teacher tried to _____ the new boy ____ by letting him say something abouthis hometown.A. draw…forB. draw…backC. draw… awayD. draw… upon19.The grass was ____ with dew. Drops of water _______ in the sun.A.full, sparkledB.wet, sparkledC.filled, gleamedD.abundant, gleamed20.What he said last night is ______ a nuisance than it should be.A. more ofB. less thanC. just asD. more likePart II: Reading Comprehension (15%).Direction: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage One:Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A.D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so thatby 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.21. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economicrevival preceding cultural revival was reversed.(B) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion thatlasted until 1453.(C) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and itseconomic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.(D) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows culturalrebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.22. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic,and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closelyinterrelated in different societies.(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar,they are unrelated to other historical examples23. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces24. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case ofByzantium(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists25. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, th ough producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: thepower of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.26. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(A) earnings of the person at time of death(B) wealth of the party causing the death(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed27. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(B) required constant supervision while working(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school28. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield(B) present the central thesis of a recent book(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon29. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?(A) The average size of families grew considerably(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.30. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in(A) the mortality rate(B) the nature of industry(C) the nature of the family(D) attitudes toward reform movementsQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent to the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918.It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence.The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries – tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.31. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source ofinformation in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910(D) The federal census of 191032. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to herargument?(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of thecountry.(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses theentire industrial sector.33. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.34. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker's decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states35. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information(D) challenge a widely accepted explanationPart III: Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10%):1. 分析人士对浮动的美元会走向何方看法不一。