意大利房地产市场 Italian Real Estate Market

大学英语四级改革适用（听力）模拟试卷201(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Who were most of the victims according to the news?2. What are the militants in Balochistan dissatisfied with?1．A．Armed men.B．Militants.C．Civilians.D．Hard-liners.正确答案：C解析：受害者大部分是巴士上的女性和儿童，因此选C项“平民，百姓”.预读选项时可发现选项A、B、D分别是持武器的人、武装分子和不妥协者，只有C项“平民”是处于弱势地位的群体，最有可能是victims。

2．A．The parked passenger bus.B．The armed men on motorcycles.C．The central government.D．The Islamic rebels.正确答案：C解析：新闻中提到，武装分子多年来一直埋怨中央政府(central government)忽略他们和他们的经济需求。

因此选C项。

A项“停放着的公交”是事件发生的地方，B项“摩托车上持武器的人”是纵火人，D项“伊斯兰的反叛者”是发动其他地区袭击的反叛者，这些都与问题无关。

听力原文： A UN agency says there are major funding gaps in efforts to help the agricultural sector adapt to climate change. The Food and Agriculture Organization, the FAO, says this could affect food security. The warning comes as the UN Climate Change Conference continues in Cancun, Mexico. The World Bank estimates it will cost about $2.5 billion a year—for the next 40 years—to help agriculture in developing countries adapt to climate change. Other estimates say costs could run as high as $14 billion a year. However, the FAO says, “Available financing mechanisms are substantially insufficient to meet the climate change and food security challenges faced by the agricultural sector.” This, despite the fact that the FAO says there are many examples of how agriculture can become more.3. According to the world bank, how much does it cost to tackle agricultural challenges yearly?4. According to FAO, what is the problem faced by the agricultural sector?3．A．$14 billion.B．$40 billion.C．$2.5 billion.D．$25 billion.正确答案：C解析：新闻中指出，世界银行估计在今后的40年时间里，协助发展中国家的农业适应气候变化，每年得花费25个亿。

全球储蓄过剩（GSG）HERA 住房及经济复苏法案The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan 日本外国特派员协会Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS)美国卫生及公共服务部Social Security Administration (SSA)美国社会保障局ADBI Asian Development Bank InstituteAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeASEAN Association of South-East Asian NationsASEAN+3 ASEAN + China, Japan and the Republic of KoreaBIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation CIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCMI Chiang Mai InitiativeDAC Development Assistance Committee of the OECDEAS East Asia SummitESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFDI foreign direct investmentFTA free trade agreementGDP gross domestic productHIV human immunodeficiency virusID identityILO International Labour OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundLAC Latin America and the CaribbeanLDCs least developed countriesLLDCs landlocked developing countriesMDB multilateral development bankMDGs Millennium Development GoalsNGO non-governmental organizationODA official development assistanceOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPPP purchasing power paritySAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSIDS Small island developing statesSPC Secretariat of the Pacific CommunityTB TuberculosisUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for WomenVAT value added taxWDI World Development IndicatorsWFP World Food ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganizationWTO World Trade Organization美国铝业(AA)美国银行(BAC)全球五大风电企业之一的西班牙歌美飒（Gamesa）世界银行行长佐利克(Robert Zoellick)海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ＥＣＦＡ）乔治-索罗斯(George Soros)欧洲人权法院(European Court of Human Rights)法国兴业银行(Societe Generale SA)(GLE)东京三菱日联银行(Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd)信用违约掉期(CDS)中海油总公司(CNOOC)渣打银行集团首席经济学家、全球研究部主管李籁思（Gerard Lyons）个人消费者金融保护局(Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection)United States Congress Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs美国参议院银行、住房和城市事务委员会FSMA2000=英国《金融服务及市场法令》Financial Service and Market Act 2000 CFD=Contract For Differece 差价合约FSA=英国金融服务管理局抵押贷款保险公司（mortgage insurer）新世纪金融公司（New Century Financial Corporation）寿险公司（life insurance companies）次级抵押贷款支持证券（RMBS）金融担保保险公司（financial guarantee insurance companies）国际财务报告标准（IFRSs）美国通用会计准则（US GAAP）公允价值（fair value）私募股权投资基金(private equity)经合组织保险和私人养老金委员会（IPPC）爱尔兰联合银行 Allied Irish Banks爱尔兰银行 Bank of Ireland PLC奥地利第一储蓄银行 Austria’s Erste Group Bank德国邮政银行 Deutsche Postbank AGWorld investment prosepects survey wips （联合国贸发会《世界投资前景调查》）IPA investment promotion agency 投资促进机构TNC Transnational company 跨国公司Promising investor-countries 最有投资价值的投资，这里的promising是有希望的、有前途、大有可为的意思Pay-as-you-go 现收现付Mobile capital流动资本Advers scenario 负面假设（场景、情形）Health care 公共卫生服务Medicaid：医疗补助（medic+aid）Medicare：医疗保险（medic+care）Social security contributions 社会保险缴款Social security tax 社会保险税Primary spending 基础支出（扣住利息支付的财政支出）Primary Fiscal Gap 基本财政缺口Public finance 公共财政（要比翻译成公共金融好）PIT personal Income Tax 个人所得税CIT Corporation Income Tax 企业所得税VAT Value Added Tas 增值税Commonwealth 联邦Commonwealth-state Relations 联邦-州关系General government spending 一般政府支出ARRA—American Recovery and Reinvestment Act(2009年美国复苏与再投资法案) 澳洲壳牌能源控股有公司(Shell Energy Holdings Australia)日本国土交通大臣前原诚司韩国文化体育观光部长官柳日本财政大臣野田佳彦(Yoshihiko Noda)纽约梅隆银行(Bank of New York Mellon)congressional budget office 美国国会办公室中国预托凭证(CDR)非银行金融机构（NBFCS）资产重组公司（ARCs）邓白氏（Dun & Bradstreet）咨询公司美国证券交易委员会(SEC)IPO(首次公开募股)摩根士丹利(MS)、摩根大通(JPM)、美国银行(BAC)和花旗集团(C)巴克莱银行(BCS)、瑞士信贷集团(CS)、德意志银行(DB)、高盛集团(GS)、加拿大皇家银行(RY)、和瑞士银行(UBS)纽约证券交易所(NYSE)美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)主席加里·詹斯勒(Gary Gensler)摩根士丹利(MS)、摩根大通(JPM)“多德-弗兰克法案”(Dodd-Frank Act)德国央行行长阿克塞尔-韦伯(Axel Weber)NBER（Naitonal Bureau of Economy Research）美国国家经济研究局全美独立企业联合会(National Federation of Independent Business——NFIB)本·伯南克(Ben S. Bernanke)、副主席威廉·达德利(William C. Dudley)、詹姆斯·布拉德(James Bullard)、伊丽莎白·杜克(Elizabeth A. Duke)、唐纳德·科恩(Donald L. Kohn)、桑德拉·皮亚纳托(Sandra Pianalto)、埃里克·罗森格林(Eric S. Rosengren)、丹尼尔·塔鲁洛(Daniel K. Tarullo)和凯文·瓦尔许(Kevin M. Warsh)；托马斯·霍利格(Thomas M. Hoenig)“格林斯潘对策”（―Greenspan put‖，有时也称之为“伯南克对策”，―Bernanke put‖）世贸组织《政府采购协定》(GPA )地方政府实体(Sub-Central Government Entities)(直译是下级中央政府实体，也有称次中央政府实体)，财政报告 call report房价波动 housing price volatility定价机制 pricing mechanism上市银行 listed bank票据产业 bill industrycash bond market 现券市场日均成交量 average daily turnover融资融券 securities borrowing and lendingAgricultural biomass industry 农村生物质能产业ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nation 东南亚国家联盟，简称“东盟”CDM Clean Development Mechannism 清洁发展机制CHP combined heat and power 热气联产CIAD-Center for integrated Agricultural Development 综合农业发展中心CIDA- Canadian International Development Agency 加拿大国际开发署CSPCB-Crop Straw Pricing Consultation Board 秸秆定价磋商GEF- Global Environment Facility 全球环境基金会GHG- Greenhouse Gas 全球环境基金会GTZ-German Agency for Technical Cooperation 德国技术合作公司Kfw—德国复兴开发银行LPG-Liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气LPOG-Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Devepment国务院扶贫开发领导小组SIDA-Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency 瑞士国际开发合作署USAID-United States Agency for International Development 美国国际开发援助署EIRR=economical internal rate of return 经济内部回报率（收益率）FIRR=financial internal rate of return 财务内部回报率（收益率）O&M=operation and maintenance 运行与维护TSP= total suspended particles 总悬浮颗粒TCE= ton of coal equivalent 吨煤当量“现收现支(pay-as-you-go)”原则日本首相菅直人(Naoto Kan)“利差交易”(Carry Trade)西班牙首相何塞·刘易斯·罗德里格斯·萨帕特罗(Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero) 麦格理证券(Macquarie Securities)德国邮政银行(Postbank)葡萄牙商业银行(BCP)法国巴黎银行(BNP Paribas)瑞典北欧斯安银行(SEB)瑞典诺迪亚银行(NORDEA)奥地利厄斯特银行(Erste Bank)法律英语：Regulation 条例、规章Rule 规则Clause 泛指条款Section 节，也译作条Article 条 Articles 条例Provision 多指规定Stipulation 约定（而非法律规定）Part 编Chapter 章Section 节Article 条Paragraph 款Subparagraph 项Item 目中国海洋石油有限公司(CNOOC Ltd., CEO, 简称：中国海洋石油)欧洲央行(ECB)执委会成员汤普古格罗(Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell)太平洋投资管理公司(PIMCO)比尔·格罗斯(Bill Gross)大卫·卢森博格(David Rosenberg)查德·克拉里达(Richard Clarida)所谓“就业不足率”(Under-employment Rate)，是指包括更希望获得全职岗位的兼职人员以及希望工作但却放弃寻找的人员在内的失业率。

专业术语：人际交往能力interpersonal skills 弹性工作制 flexible working hours 股票经纪人 stock broker债券经纪人 bond broker收购和兼并 acquisition and merger 定金down-payment成交信号buying signal卖点 selling point强行推销hard-sell负债liabilities资产assets售后服务after-sales service自我激励self-motivated工作绩效job performance破产go bankrupt债务人debtor债权人creditor决策者decision maker强行推销hard-sell附加值added value工作寻找者job seeker预期寿命life expectancy接收接管take over 受众receptive audience不动产房地产real estate应付账款accounts payable应收账款account receivable一般管理费overheads行政成本administrative costs 执行董事executive director新手 recruit老手veteran开发商developer企业挂牌上市go public婚姻状况marital status毛（重 ）rough weight净（重）net weight生增长Organic growth非生增长Non-organic growth固定成本fixed cost可变成本variable cost达成交易 close the sale总部headquarters海外子公司overseas subsidiary 固定工作permanent job汉译英1.只要资产价值的增长超过债务的增长，就不会有问题。

As long as asset values rise faster than debt, there is no problem.2.我了解我的竞争对手以及他们产品的优缺点。

2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have two options upon graduation : one is to find a job somewhere and the other to start a business of your own . You are to make a decision. Write an essay to explain the reasons for your decision. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)（说明：本次四级考试全国共考了两套听力，为避免重复，特补充了一套模拟听力，供同学们练习。

）Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item.1.A) Armed men.B) Militants.C) Civilians.D) Hard-liners.2.A)The parked passenger bus.B)The armed men on motorcycles.C)The central government.D)The Islamic rebels.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news·item.3.A)$ 14 billion.B)$ 40 billion.C)$ 2.5 billion.D)$ 25 billion.4.A) Lack of knowledge of climate change.B) Not enough examples to follow.C) Shortage of agricultural experts.D) Insufficient financing mechanisms.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item5. A) It will rise.B) It will be stable.C) It will be lowered down.D) It will change from time to time.6. A) To boom up real estate market.B) To lower unemployment rate.C) To finance car industry.D) To off er food to more people.7. A) Students with bank loan.B) Home buyers with bank loan.C) Low income workers.D) People with savings accounts.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation you will hear four questions. Both the conversations and the question-s will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Waiter and customer.B) Good friends.C) Husband and wife.D) Colleagues.9. A) The man does her a favor.B) The man recommends her many good foods.C) The man is very patient to her question.D) The man decides to treat her to a meal.10. A) There were not many Chinese restaurants before.B) Many people emigrated out of his country.C) It is famous for the different recipes.D) It prevents foreign languages from getting in.11.A)He cannot understand why she always speaks nonsense.B)He does not think the woman knows how to enjoy herself.C)He believes the woman is capable of being promoted soon.D)He hates to choose between Chinese cuisine and French cuisineQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)T-bone steak& beer.B)Fried chicken steak & Sprite.C)Boiled chicken & salad.D)Roast beef & rice.13. A) French. B) Italian. C) Ranch. D) Germany.14. A) For its salad. C) For its cheese.B) For its pies. D) For its fries.15.A)The baker was hurt at work and can‟t prepare them.B)The oven is broken and hasn‟ t been repaired.C)They are served only on Sundays.D)The pies have been sold out.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.16. A) They want to attract attention. C) They appear respectable in such clothes.B) It is fashionable to wear such clothes. D) Riding a motorcycle makes onedirty.17. A) It is efficient. C) It is convenient.B) It is exciting.D) It is dangerous.18.A)If he always wears protective clothing.B)If he can see everything around him clearly.C)If he is very careful.D)If he has a lot of defenders.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A) Making noises.B) Our own system of language.C) Combinations of different sounds.D) A group of sentences upon our own creations.20.A)It does good to communication between people.B)It encourages people to speak out their thoughts.C)It enlarges the vocabulary of a particular language.D)It hinders communication among individuals.21.A) Words.B) Tone of voice.C) Sentence structures.D) Sounds.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)William Smart.B)Mrs. Dodd.C)President Lyndon Johnson.D)President Nixon.23. A) In 1910. B) In 1906. C) In 1966. D) In 1972.24.A)First Sunday in June.B)Second Sunday in June.C)Third Sunday in June.D)Decided by each Presiden25.A)To honor only your father.B)To honor all fathers around you.C)To honor father like figures.D)To honor Mrs. Dodd ‟ s father.Part III Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.When someone commits a criminal act , we always hope the punishment will match the off ense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes animal fighting things 26 work out that way. Dog-fighting victims are 27 and killed for prof it and “ sport ，” yet their criminal abusers of ten receive a 28 sentence for causing a life time of pain. Roughly half of all federally-convicted animal fighters only get probation （缓刑）．Some progress has been made in the prosecution （起诉）of animal fighters. But federal judges often rely heavily on the U. S. Sentencing Guidelines when they 29 penalties , and in the case of animal fighting , those guidelines are outdated and extremely 30The U.S. Sentencing Commission, which 31 these sentencing guidelines, is revisiting them, proposing to raise the minimum sentence from 6-12 to 21-27 months. This is a step in the right 32 , but we‟d like to see the U.S. Sentencing Commission make further changes to the guidelines.Along with this effort , we're working with animal advocates and state and federal lawmakers to 33 anti-cruelty laws across the country , as well as supporting laws and policies that assist overburdened animal 34 that care for animal fighting victims. This help is 35 important because the high cost of caring for animal victims is a major factor that prevents people from getting involved in cruelty cases in the first place.A) convenientB) createsC) criticallyD) determineE) directionF) hesitateG) inadequateH) inspiredI) methodJ) minimalK) rarelyL) sheltersM) strengthenN) sufferingsO) torturedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.When Work Becomes a GameA)What motivates employees to do their jobs well? Competition with coworkers, forsome. The promise of rewards, for others. Pure enjoyment of problem solving, for a lucky few.B)Increasingly , companies are tapping into these desires directly throughwhat has come to be known as “gasification'': essentially , turning work into a game. “Gasification is about understandingwhat it is that makes gamesengaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in games, and taking those learning‟s and applying them to other contexts suchasthe workplace and education ，” explains Kevin Wabash , agasification expert who teachesAt the Wharton School of Business at theUniversity of Pennsylvania in the United States.C)It might mean monitoring employee productivity on a digital leaderboard and off erringprizesto the winners , or giving employees digital badges or stars for completing certain activities. It could also mean training employees how to do their jobs through video game platforms. Companies fromGoogle to L‟ Ordeal to IBM to Wells Fargo are known to use some degree of gasification in their workplaces. And more and more companies are joining them. A recentReport suggests that the global gasification market will grow from $ 1.65 billion in 2015 to $ 11.1 billion by 2020.D)The concept of gasification is not entirely new , Werbach says.Companies , marketers and teachers have long looked for fun ways to engage people ‟s reward seeking or competitive spirits. Cracker Jackshas been “gamifying” its snack food by putting a small prize inside for more than 100 years , he adds , and the turn-of-the-century steelmagnate （巨头）CharlesSchwab is said to have often come into his factory and written the number of tons of steel produced on the past shift on the factory floor, thus motivating the next shift t of workers to beat the previous one.E)But the word “gasification ” and the widespread , conscious applicationof the concept only began in earnest about five years ago , Wabash says. Thanks in part to video games, thegeneration now entering theworkforce is especially open to the idea of having their workgasified. “We are at a point where in much of the developedworld the vast majority ofyoung people grew up playing video games , and an increasingly high percentage of adults play these video games too ，” Werbach says.F) A number of companies have sprung up GamEffective ,Bunchball and Badgeville ,to name a few一in recent years off eringgamification platforms for businesses. The platforms that are most effective turn employees' ordinary job tasks into part of a rich adventure narrative.“What makes a game game like is that theplayer actually cares about the outcome ，”Werbach says. “ Theprinciple is about understanding what is motivating to this group of players, which requires some understanding of psychology. ”G)Some people, Werbachsays , are motivated by competition. Sales people of ten fall intothis category. For them , the right kind of gamification might be turning their sales pitches into a competition with other team members , complete with a digitalleaderboard showing who is winning at all times. Others are more motivated bycollaboration and social experiences. One company Werbach has studied usesgamification to create a sense of community and boost employees' morale （士气）.When employees log in to their computers , they‟re shown apicture of one of their coworkers and asked to guess that person ‟s name.H)Gamification does not have to be digital. Monica Cornetti runs a company that gamifiesemployee trainings. Sometimes this involves technology, but of ten it does not. Sherecentlydesigned a gamification strategy for a sales training company with a storm chasing theme. Employees formed “storm chaser teams”and competed in storm-themed educational exercises to earn various rewards. "Rewards do not have to be stuff ，” Cornetti says.“Rewards can be flexible working hours.” Another training , this one for pay roll law , used a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs theme. “Snow White”is available for everyone to use ,but the “ dwarf s" are still under copyright , so Cornetti invented sound-alike characters ( Grumpy Gus, Dopey Dan) to illustrate specific pay roll law principles.I)Some people do not take naturally to gamified work environments, Cornetti says. Inherexperience , people in positions of power or people in finance orengineering do not te nd to like the sound of the word. “ If we are designing for engineers, I‟m not talking about a … game' atall ，” Cornetti says. I‟ m talking about a simulation ' （模拟）' I‟m talking about… being able to solve this problem.J)Gamification is “not a magic bull et，” Werbach warns. A gamification strategy that is not sufficiently thought through or well tailored to its players may engage people for a little while , but it will not motivate people in the long term. It can also be exploitative, especially when used with vulnerablepopulations. For workers, especially low-paid workers , who desperatelyneed their jobs yet know they can be easily replaced , gamification may feel more like the Hunger Games. Werbach gives the example ofseveral Disneyland hotels in Anaheim, California, which used large digital leaderboards to display how efficiently laundry workers were working compared to one another. Some employees found the board motivating. To others, it was the opposite of fun. Some began to stop taking bathroom breaks,worried that if their productivity fell they would be fired. Pregnant employees struggled to keep up. In a Los Angeles Times article, one employee referred to the boar d as a “digital whip.” “It actually had a very negative effect onmorale and performance ，” Werbach says.K)Still , gamification only stands to become more popular , he says ，“as more and more people come into the workforce who are familiar with the structures and expressions of digital games.” “We are far from reaching the peak ，”Cornetti agrees. “There is no reason this will go away.”36. Some famous companies are already using gamification and more are trying to do the same.37. Gamification is not a miracle cure for all workplaces as it may have negative results.38. To enhance morale, one company asks its employees to identify their fellow workers when starting their computers.39. The idea of gamification was practiced by some businesses more than a century ago.40. There is reason to believe that gamification will be here to stay.41. Video games contributed in some ways to the wide application of gamification.42. When turning work into a game, it is necessary to understand what makes games interesting.43. Gamification in employee training does not always need technology.44. The most successful gamification platforms transform daily work assignments into experiences.45. It is necessary to use terms other than “gamification” for some professions.Section CDirections :There are 2 pass ages in this section . Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements . For each of them there are four choices marked A ) , B ) , C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre .Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere.It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to “solve” problems- real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three diff erent colleges , the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened ,while the number of people hired not to teach but to hold meetings- has increasedsignificantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title , the center is a clearing house （信息交流中心）for using technology in classrooms and in online courses. It‟ s an administrative sham （欺诈）of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.I offer a simple proposition in responsez Many of our problems- class attendance , educational success , student happiness and well-being- might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic（宫僚的）mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers , we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20 or f ewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew each other.The teachers must be free to teach in their own way the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should be cllowed to teach , and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at and consumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are not exclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft , talent and practice ; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that people do not recognize this , despite the fact thatpretty much anyone who has been a student can tell the difference between their best and worst teachers.46.What does the author say about present-day universities?A)They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.B)They of ten fail to combine teaching with research.C)They are over burdened with administrative staff.D)They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.47. According to the author , what kind of people do universities lack most?A)Good classroom teachers.B)Efficient administrators.C)Talentedresearchers.D)Motivated students.48. What does the author imply about the classes at present?A)They facilitate students' independent learning.B)They help students form closer relationships.C)They have more older students that before.D)They are much bigger than is desirable.49. What does the author think of teaching ability?A)It requires talent and practice.B)It is closely related to research.C)It is a chief factor affecting students' learning.…D)It can be acquired through persistent practice.50. What is the author's suggestion for improving university teaching?A)Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.B)Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.C)Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.D)Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms. Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago-by McDonald ‟ s. According to a new study from Cornell University ‟s Food and Brand Lab , small non-food rewards- like the toys in McDonald ‟ s Happy Meals- stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.The researchers , led by Martin Reimann , carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a half sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket （彩票）, with a $ 10 ,$ 50 or $ 100 payout , and this was as effective as a tangible gif t in persuading people to eat less.“The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting ，”says Reimann.He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included.“O ne explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking than certainty awards ，”says Reimann. “The uncertainty of winning provides added attraction and desirability through emotional … thrills. ‟ The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope- a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding. ” In other words , there's a reason why people like to gamble.How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa （温泉疗养）weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant- and make you eat a little less.51. What do we learn about McDonald ‟ s inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?A)It may shed light on people ‟ s desire to crack a secret.B)It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success.C)It appeals to kids‟ curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.D)It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake．52. What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?A)Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald ‟ s more.B)Most kids and adults don‟t actually f eel hungry when they eat halfof their meal.C)Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.D)Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.53. What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's finding?A)Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.B)Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.C)Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.D)Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.54. How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding?A)The emotional component of the prizes is at work.B)People now care more about quality than quantity.C)People prefer certainty awards to possible awards.D)The desire for a future reward is overwhelming.55.What can we infer from Martin Reimann‟ s finding?A)People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy.B)More fast f ood restaurants are likely to follow McDonald ‟s example.C)We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business.D)More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minted to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.在中国文化中，黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色，因为它具有独特的象征意义。

业主名称姓名出生年次经漈状况从事行业家庭人口数有无无敏人□有□无兴趣嗜好住家地点住家空间房庁卫□阳台住家类别□透天别墅□集合住宅楼层□挑空别墅□空间需求整体风格□现代简约□温馨小品□古典风格□日式禅风□中国风□禅风□其他材貭与色采忌讳材貭保全设备□有□无□空调设备□分离式□单机□□客庁背墙□音响设备□展示橱柜光源设计□间接灯光□直射灯光□投射灯光□□灯具设备□光源颜色家具及尺寸□设计搭配□业主自购材貭与色采数量方式□造型墙□储藏室.置物间光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色采意大利九号元素国际设计机构客户需求调查表□收纳空间□展示橱柜家具及尺寸□餐桌形式□座椅人数□餐桌是否靠墙光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色采□U型□一字型□中岛型□吧台□光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色收纳空间□烤箱□微波炉□酒柜□材貭与色采光源设计□间接灯光□直射灯光□投射灯光□□灯具设备□光源颜色家具及尺寸□床□床尾几□床头柜□沙发□茶几□材貭与色采□音响设备□家具及尺寸(书柜方式)□业主自购光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色彩家具及尺寸□设计搭配□业主自购光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色采特别注意奌□收纳□才蓺设备(钢琴…)□家具及尺寸□设计搭配□业主自购光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色采特别注意奌□罔路需求□音响设备家具及尺寸□设计搭配□业主自购光源设计□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色采□音响设备光源设计□间接灯光□直射灯光□投射灯光□□灯具类别□光源颜色家具及尺寸□设计搭配□业主自购材貭与色采□排风设备家具及尺寸□设计搭配□业主自购光源设计□间接灯光□直射灯光□投射灯光□□灯具类别□光源颜色材貭与色采□户外平面□住家庭院□□数量□鞋柜□储藏室.置物间□草皮□造景□盆栽□洒水系统□有□无祌植种类□花丛□矮灌木□树木□草皮□。

了解意大利房地产情况：意大利米兰房价很多人选择移民欧洲，多是看重其优厚的福利待遇、高质的生活质量、顶级的教育资源以及欧洲行走的免签便利。

而选择购房移民的方式移民欧洲的投资人，还很看重房产的增值回报，希望置业海外能够带来一笔丰厚的收入。

在此前的欧洲“经济复苏潮”中，意大利也当仁不让登上了“最具投资价值国家”的榜单。

与欧洲其他国家不同的是，意大利房产市场在经济复苏过程中实现了率先发展，从而推动了国内其它产业的发展。

其中，外国投资者在其中扮演了十分重要的角色。

2014年意大利房产投资额高达5.5亿欧元，同比2013骤升10%，创造了继2007年金融危机以来的投资新高。

而随着欧元的持续贬值，意大利商业房产更是成为欧美投资者的必争之地（特别是美国投资商），比如安盛房地产投资公司与黑石集团。

意大利政府也为本国房地产走出“雾霾”做出了切实的努力。

为了使意大利房产更具有吸引力，当地政府在改革房产法规时添加了“向购房者倾斜的条款”。

例如，在意大利商业地产法规中明确指出，当某一房产年租金高于25万欧元时，租户不得在签约期间擅自中断租赁行为，以便减少房东的租赁损失。

而在住房市场方面，意大利政府为了提高居民购买能力，目前正在规划相关草案，决定进一步放宽银行贷款限制。

此外，2014年意大利房屋交易量创造新高。

此外，受米兰世博会即将开幕的积极影响，意大利租房市场预计将增长1%~3%。

米兰是移民意大利的人士首选的城市。

其靠近瑞士，是意大利的经济中心，也是意大利的第二大城市，气候温和，是世界的时尚和艺术中心，极具现代化，这里的高等学府很多，尤其是时尚类、艺术类和设计类的专业较为知名。

另外，这里有超过10万华人聚居。

30万欧元的房产在米兰可以购置70-80平方米的两居室公寓。

以米兰为例，通常30万欧元可以在米兰市中心，购买到60-100平方米的精品二手房，周边配套齐全；购买新房，35万-40万欧元可以买到60-100平方米的新房。

意大利经济概况主要趋势和展望根据世界经济与发展组织数据，意大利GDP（PPP法统计）居世界第六位。

人均收入比美国低35.7%，但在欧盟里处于中游水平。

意大利国际贸易有着悠久的历史，国际贸易十分繁荣。

因此，意大利可以称得上开放的经济体：意大利国际贸易额在 7大工业国总额中占8.9%，比GDP所占的比率高得多。

在过去50年里，由于意大利的经商传统和自由贸易政策，意大利经济发生了巨大的变化。

1950-1963年间，意大利GDP平均年增长5.9%，1961 高峰年增长8.3%。

着名的"意大利经济奇迹"发生在1958-1963年。

这期间，工业总产值增长创下最快记录，年均达10%。

国家的失业率最低，投资占GDP的比重很高：例如，1963年该比率高达27%。

1963年后，经济增长平缓，由于1973年第一次石油危机，使得经济出现下滑。

在70年代，石油危机对意大利的经济打击尤为沉重，因为意大利十分依赖外国能源供应。

高通涨率时代随之降临，到了80年代，意大利产业进入重组时期，以适应新的国际环境变化。

90年代的经济政策是解决以前财政年度积累下来的财政收支失衡问题。

重点是私有领域，以促其成为经济增长的主要动力：大量原有条例被颁令取消，推行了大规模的国有企业、银行私有化计划。

这以建立有效财政政策的、稳定币值、低利息率为目的的正确举措，使意大利于1999年1月1日加入欧洲货币联盟（EMU）和成为欧元缔造国之一。

从那时起到2001年底，欧洲货币联盟成员国承认欧元作为他们交易的合法货币单位。

欧元货币将于2002年1月1日起正式流通。

趋势和政策意大利财政和货币体系状况在过去20年里一直处于恶化中，从上世纪90年代起，意大利决策者把稳定和巩固财政和货币体系作为他们的首要任务。

效果是很显着的，使得该国在1999年1月成功加入欧洲货币联盟（EMU），并成为欧元缔造国。

1990年，意大利的预算赤字占GDP的11.1%，到了1996年，下降到7.1%。