8051_FPGA的实现

在FPGA中嵌入MC8051软核（本人不是专业硬件学习人员，不喜勿喷！）本人用的是由oregano system提供的开源8051软核。

流程如下：1、创建工程第一栏用于指定工程所在的工作库文件夹；第二栏用于指定工程名，工程名可以取任何名字，也可以直接用顶层文件的实体名作为工程名（建议使用）；第三栏用于指定顶层文件的实体名。

由于是新建工程，暂无输入文件，直接NEXT注意器件的选择。

（我们老师要求EP2C35F672C6、EP2C35F672C7、EP2C35F672C8三选一）利用QuartusII的集成环境进行开发，不使用任何EDA 工具，因此这里不作任何改动。

2、添加文件（请将VHDL文件夹拷贝至工程目录下）添加文件时，配置文件和顶层文件不需要添加，也就是说带有_cfg和_top_的文件无需添加借用他人的一张图（千万不要加带有_cfg和_top_的文件）双击打开mc8051_p.vhd文件。

把mc8051_top、mc8051_ram、mc8051_ramx和mc8051_rom 的器件模块语句全部删掉并保存、关闭3、生成原理图双击打开mc8051_core_.vhd，然后File→Create/Update→Create Symbol Files for Current File →生成MC8051软核的原理图模块。

4、在工程中用原理图构建SOC（片上系统）a)、新建Block Diagram/Schematic File文件，保存并命名。

File—>newb)、双击Schematic File空白处，添加mc8051软核原理图，如图所示。

然后双击放置。

c)、生成ROM模块双击Schematic File空白处，添加ROM原理图，如图所示。

然后双击配置属性。

下图中可以为rom模块命名（如果你愿意的话）设置ROM 的信息：数据宽度8bits，数据个数4069。

取消ROM 的输出寄存器添加.hex文件d)、生成RAM模块（基本流程与ROM一致，注意点如下）选择lpm_ram_dq来生成ram模块模块命名→位宽及存储空间→取消寄存器输出→添加时钟使能→直接Finish结束设置数据宽度为8bits，数据个数为128取消RAM 的数据输出寄存器，同时选中时钟使能信号端。

基于FPGA和8051单片机IP核的多功能频率计的
设计与实现
频率是电信号中重要的物理量，在电子、通信系统中，信号的频率稳定度决定了整个系统的性能，准确测量信号的频率是系统设计的重要内容。

 
单片机广泛地应用于电子系统设计，其性价比高，大量的外围接口电路，使基于单片机的电子系统设计方便，周期缩短。

然而，单片机的串行工作特点决定了它的低速性和程序跑飞，另外还存在抗干扰能力不强等缺点。

EDA（Electronic Design AutomaTIon）技术以计算机为工具，在Quartus II软件平台上，对以硬件描述语言Verilog HDL/VHDL为系统逻辑描述手段完成的设计文件，自动地完成逻辑编译、化简、综合及优化、逻辑仿真，直至对特定目标芯片的适配、编译、逻辑映射和编程下载等工作，FPGA是纯硬件结构，具有较强的抗干扰能力。

文中在FPGA芯片中嵌入MC8051 IP Core，作为控制核心，利用Verilog HDL语言进行编程，设计了以MC8051 IPCore为核心的控制模块、计数模块、锁存模块和LCD显示模块等模块电路，采用等精度测量法，实现了频率的自动测量，测量范围为0．1 Hz～50 MHz，测量误差小于0．01％。

基于51单片机和FPGA的人机交互系统的设计
基于51 单片机和FPGA 的人机交互系统的设计
在现代各类仪器的开发中，人机交互功能正起着无可替代的作用。

人
机交互界面友好的仪器将更容易操作和使用，从而提高工作效率。

液晶显示器（LCD）具有功耗低、价格低、寿命长、接口控制方便等特点，在科研与设计
领域正发挥着越来越大的作用。

FPGA 作为单片机外设的接口芯片，可以大大简化接口电路，通过对FPGA 进行编程，可以实现常用的译码、地址选通等功能。

本文以C8051F020 单片机与FPGA 互连系统为控制核心，以液晶显示控制器T6963C 为例，结合行扫描键盘，简述了一种人机交互功能的设计。

1 系统设计方案：
FPGA 可在很大程度上扩展单片机的资源，然而人机交互功能仍应尽量减少对单片机及FPGA 的资源消耗，以便将更多的片内资源用于其他功能的扩展。

采用FPGA 扫描键盘可以节省单片机的资源，同时也能灵活地实现键盘的扩展。

而考虑到液晶控制较复杂，依然采用单片机控制LCD，使LCD 的各种功能得到最大程度的利用，其系统框图如图1 所示。

2 硬件电路及FPGA 接口设计：
2.1 总线接口设计：
这里采用单片机C8051F020 与CycloneⅡFPGA 互连的系统。

C8051F020 器件是完全集成的混合信号系统级MCU 芯片，具有64 个数字I/O 引脚，与8051 完全兼容，而且速度得到了极大提高，70%的指令执行时间为1 或2 个系统时钟周期，只有4 条指令的执行时间大于4 个系统时钟周期。

此外，C8051F020 系列MCU 对CIP-51 内核和外设有几项关键性的改进，提高。

在FPGA中嵌入8051核的详细方法与步骤此教程我使用的是http://www.oreganosystems.at/网站提供的开源8051内核。

Altera自带的8051内核并不是免费的，我也曾跟altera的客服发邮件申请过8051内核（英文的邮件交流。

我也不太说），反正用邮件对话了几次大致意思是他们不免费给，说网上有免费的51IP核可以自己去下载。

可以自己去那个网上下载或者下载我上传的该8051内核源码文章末尾会提供下载地址，打开后的文件有上面这些文件夹。

其中就一个最重要的就是8051核的源码，全部放在vhdl 这个文件夹里面。

那个pdf文档是这个IP核的使用教程，是官方标配的使用文档，也是纯英文的，对于英语四级没过的我下定决心花了大力气看最后只是一场空。

这问文档写的是用Synplify Pro这个综合软件综合的，虽然据说用这个软件进行综合可以节约FPGA的很多逻辑单元，但是对于我们这些初学者来讲，真的又麻烦又不适用，我们还是直接用QuartusII 来进行综合好了。

51IP核的源码全部在都在vhdl这个文件夹中，打开是一大堆的源文件。

对于这么多的文件该怎么用，该如何使用，这是本文的重点。

首先用QuartusII建立一个工程，这这里先提醒下，文件目录最好不要包含中文，空格，不然会有些无法理解的错误。

然后将vhdl整个文件夹复制到工程目录下（个人习惯，等下添加进工程里面的时候方便点）。

下面是添加8051核文件的步骤。

选择文件添加进工程。

这里注意下后面拖着_cfg的这种文件不要添加进工程里面，还有就是含有_top_的文件也不要添加到里面。

然后双击打开mc8051_p.vhd 这个文件。

把下面这些模块的例化语句全部删掉，这点非常重要！！component mc8051_topport (clk : in std_logic;reset : in std_logic;int0_i : in std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_EXT-1 downto 0);int1_i : in std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_EXT-1 downto 0);all_t0_i : in std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_TMR-1 downto 0);all_t1_i : in std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_TMR-1 downto 0);all_rxd_i : in std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_SIU-1 downto 0);p0_i : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p1_i : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p2_i : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p3_i : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p0_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p1_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p2_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);p3_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);all_rxd_o : out std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_SIU-1 downto 0);all_txd_o : out std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_SIU-1 downto 0);all_rxdwr_o : out std_logic_vector(C_IMPL_N_SIU-1 downto 0));end component;------------------------------------------------------------------------------- START: Component declarations for simulation models-----------------------------------------------------------------------------component mc8051_ramport (clk : in std_logic;reset : in std_logic;ram_data_i : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);ram_data_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);ram_adr_i : in std_logic_vector(6 downto 0);ram_wr_i : in std_logic;ram_en_i : in std_logic);end component;component mc8051_ramxport (clk : in std_logic;reset : in std_logic;ram_data_i : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);ram_data_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);ram_adr_i : in std_logic_vector(15 downto 0);ram_wr_i : in std_logic);end component;component mc8051_romport (clk : in std_logic;reset : in std_logic;rom_data_o : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);rom_adr_i : in std_logic_vector(15 downto 0));end component;----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- END: Component declarations for simulation models----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 然后双击打开mc8051_core.vhd 这个文件。

Implementing the MC8051 IP Core On A Cyclone Nios BoardFirst of all it is necessary to exchange the simulation models of all the memory blocks with real memory that can be found inside the target FPGA. It is also recommended to implement a PLL to get a clock signal with a lower frequency than that of the on-board oscillator. The VHDL code for these entities is generated by the backend tool, i.e. Quartus II 4.0 for Altera FPGAs.Step 1: Choose the function that should be generated.1.After starting Quartus II, launch the MegawizardPlug-In Manager that is located in the Tools-Menu.2.Select the function block thatshould be generated.The PLL will be designed first.This function can be found in theI/O folder and is named ALTPLL.In a second turn the memorieswill be drawn. The functions forthose blocks can be found in thefolder named storage. It containsthe functions LPM_ROM for themc8051_rom entity andLPM_RAM_DQ for the entitymc8051_ram and mc8051_ramxrespectively.3.Set the device family to Cyclone.Then choose the language of theHDL output file.Finally the name of the output fileand its destination directory mustbe set. It is recommended to storeall code files belonging to FPGAfunctions in a directory named generate.When the function has been selected and the output path has been chosen, the behaviour and the parameters of this function must be defined. This must be done for the PLL, the ROM and the internal and external RAM.Step 2: Define the behaviour and the parameters of the PLL.1.Enter the input frequency for the PLL. In the case ofthe NIOS Cyclone Board this frequency is 50 MHz.The PLL operates with an internal feedback in normal mode.2.It is also possible to add optional inputs to the PLL.To keep the design simple, none of the inputs areselected.3.If only one clock output is used,this output is automatically set toc0. Entering the value of thefrequency or selecting the factorfor the multiplication and thedivision respectively can definethe output frequency of the PLL.Be sure that the chosen settingscan be implemented which isshown at the top of the window.4.Since no other PLL outputs are selected for operation, the remaining dialogs can beskipped. Finally all files that will be generated are shown.Step 3: Define the behaviour and the parameters of the ROM.1.As the ROM is a memory function, the size of thememory and the width of the data bus have to bedefined. In the case shown at the right, the ROM isorganized 8k x 8 bit.To meet the signals of the MC8051 design, singleclocking must be used.2.The data output q of the ROM must not be registeredfor the MC8051 design since it is not supposed to be.As the ROM and the RAM blocks have designatedaddress and data busses, there is no need for a clockenable signal.3.The program file must be loaded into the memory.This can be achieved by pointing to the HEX file thatcontains the user program.4.Confirm the generation of the files.Step 4: Define the behaviour and the parameters of the internal and external RAM.1.Enter the width of the address and data bus as shown for the ROM.2.Select the behaviour of the input and output as shown for the ROM.3.Let the software decide how to implement theRAM block. If it is necessary, the RAM can bepreloaded with an additional HEX file.4.Confirm the generation of the files.Since the package file and the top level design refers to the simulation models for the memory blocks, the declaration of the ports and the wiring must be updated for exchange with the implementation models. If required the PLL must also be added to the design.Step 5: Update the component declaration in the package file.After all files for the implementation models have been generated, the component declaration for the memories in the package file mc8051_p.vhd must be updated to the entity declaration that can be found in the generated code file. For the case of the additional PLL it is also necessary to add a new component declaration for that entity. The package file should contain the following component declarations.component mc8051_ramport (address : in std_logic_vector(6 downto 0); -- address inputclock : in std_logic; -- clock inputdata : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); -- data inputwren : in std_logic; -- write enableq : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)); -- data output end component;component mc8051_ramxport (address : in std_logic_vector(12 downto 0); -- address inputclock : in std_logic; -- clock inputdata : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); -- data inputwren : in std_logic; -- write enableq : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)); -- data output end component;component mc8051_romport (address : in std_logic_vector(12 downto 0); -- address inputclock : in std_logic; -- clock inputq : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)); -- data output end component;component cyclonepllport (inclk0 : in std_logic; -- PLL inputc0 : out std_logic); -- PLL outputend component;Step 6: Update the wiring of the top level design.The wiring between the entities found in the top level design mc8051_top_struc.vhd also has to be updated. If the width of the address busses of the memories differs from the 16 bit wide busses provided by the MC8051 core, the smaller bus signals s_rom_adr_sml and s_ramx_adr_sml have to be inserted. If the PLL should be implemented, a new clock signal clk_pll has to be added between the PLL output and the components of the top level design. Since the switches located on the NIOS Cyclone Board are active low, the active high reset signal s_reset for the MC8051 core can be gained from the reset switch by an additional inverter.architecture struc of mc8051_top issignal s_clk_pll : std_logic; -- core clock, PLL outputsignal s_reset : std_logic; -- reset signal, active highsignal s_rom_adr_sml : std_logic_vector(12 downto 0); -- *** newsignal s_ramx_adr_sml : std_logic_vector(12 downto 0); -- *** newbegin -- architecture structurals_rom_adr_sml <= std_logic_vector(s_rom_adr(12 downto 0));s_ramx_adr_sml <= std_logic_vector(s_ramx_adr(12 downto 0));s_reset <= not reset;i_mc8051_core : mc8051_coreport map (clk => s_clk_pll, -- mc8051 corereset => s_reset,...);i_mc8051_ram : mc8051_ramport map (address => s_ram_adr, -- internal RAMclock => s_clk_pll,clken => s_ram_en,data => s_ram_data_in,wren => s_ram_wr,q => s_ram_data_out);i_mc8051_rom : mc8051_romport map (address => s_rom_adr_sml, -- ROMclock => s_clk_pll,clken => s_rom_en,q => s_pre_rom_data);i_mc8051_ramx : mc8051_ramxport map (address => s_ramx_adr_sml, -- external RAMclock => s_clk_pll,clken => s_ramx_en,data => s_ramx_data_out,wren => s_ramx_wr,q => s_ramx_data_in);i_cyclonepll : cyclonepllport map (inclk0 => clk, -- PLLc0 => s_clk_pll);When the VHDL files for the MC8051 have been changed for implementation, it is time for synthesis. Synplify Pro 7.5 is used for that steps and generates a single netlist file that can be then used for implementation.Step 7: Generate a new project file for synthesis.1.After starting Synplify Pro, open the File menu andselect New.2. A window appears where the type of the files thatshould be generated can be selected. At that point,choose Project File.3.Set the file name for the project file and point to theworking directory for Synplify Pro where the filesshould be stored.After confirming a new project will be opened.Step 8: Add the source files to the project.1.To define which source code files should be used, hitthe Add File button.2.Add the VHDL files in the followingway:First add the package file mc8051_p.vhd.Then select all files that contain theentities of the top level design. TheVHDL configuration files need not to beadded.Finally add the top level design files tothe project: mc8051_top_.vhd andmc8051_top_struc.vhd.Code files of components that depend on the target technology such as PLLs or memory blocks must not be added to the project for synthesis.3.After confirming a new folder named vhdl appears inthe project window.Step 9: Set up the implementation options.1.To choose the target technology and the file formatfor the output of the synthesis, hit the Impl Optionsbutton that is located on the left of the projectwindow.2.As the window appears, the Device folder is selected where the target FPGA can bedeclared. To implement the design for the NIOS Cyclone Board, the FPGA that is located at this board must be chosen. For that case use the options as shown above.3.It is also possible to change the output directory and the file format for the output file.Swap to the Implementation Results folder where those options are specified. If Quartus IIis used to implement the design, the file format should be set to vqm (Verilog Quartus Mapping).4.Before running the synthesis, the operating frequencyshould be entered at the project window. If a PLL isused, the frequency at the output of the PLL has to beentered.Step 10: Run the synthesis and check the warnings and the notes.1.The synthesis can be started by hitting the Run buttonwhich first runs the compiler. If there are no errors inthe VHDL code, the mapper generates the output filethat can take a few minutes.2.All messages that are produced during synthesis can be found in the SRR file located inthe output directory. These messages are divided into errors, warnings and notes. The first thing to check is which entity was selected as the top level entity. This information can be found in the notes section as shown below.Since the source file for the implementation models of the memories and the PLL depends on the target technology, they were not added for synthesis. Each entity of such a model is treated as a black box and produces a message in the warnings section.Step 11: Check the generated RTL schematic.1.The synthesis generates an RTL schematic in addition to theoutput file that can be shown via the RTL view button that islocated in the tool bar.2.Navigate through the RTL schematic to verify if thedesign is built up in a correct way. The zoomfunctions and functions to descend and ascend thehierarchy can be found in the tool bar.When entering the RTL view, the top level design is shown as above. The core of the MC8051 design and all the input and output ports are displayed whereby the entities for the PLL, the ROM and the RAMs are treated as black boxes.To descend the hierarchy, select the appropriate function from the tool bar, move the mouse cursor to the desired entity and click to swap to the next level. To ascend the hierarchy to the previous level, move the cursor next to a entity and click when an arrow that points above appears.If the design is built in a correct way, the implementation can be done. To generate the filesthat are needed to download the design to the NIOS Cyclone Board, Quartus II 4.0 is used.Step 12: Open a new project file for implementation.1.After starting Quartus II, open the File menu and startthe New Project Wizard.An introduction screen is shown before the settingsfor the implementation have to be declared.2.Choose the working directory where all the filesgenerated by Quartus II will be written to. It isrecommended to copy the VQM net list filegenerated by Synplify Pro to that directory.The name for the project and the name of thetop level entity must also be entered. This canbe easily done by pointing to the VQM net list.Take care of the name belonging to the top levelentity: there must be no underscore character atthe end of the name.3.Choose all source files for the project. As shown above, it is necessary to add the VQMnet list and all the VHDL files for the black boxes which can be found in the generate directory created before.4.Select the target technology that is used forimplementation. The NIOS Cyclone Board containsan FPGA from the Cyclone family of Altera.To get a smaller list of the FPGAs, choose speedgrade 7.The device EP1C20F400C7 can be found in the listshown on the left.5.After confirming the data given for creatingthe project file, the hierarchy of the projectis displayed on the left.The top level entity mc8051_top shouldcontain the entity mc8051_core and all theblack boxes added before.Step 13: Assign the ports of the top level entity.Before starting the compiler, it is necessary to link the ports of the design with the pins of the FPGA.1.Choose Device form the Assignments menu.In the next window, select Device & Pin Options todefine the behaviour of the pins.Since there are many components located on the NIOS Cyclone Board, it could be a problem if a unused pin drives another device. To prevent that, select the Unused Pins folder and choose that all unused pins are treated as tri-stated inputs.2.Now all ports can be linked to the pins. This can bedone manually or by loading the assignments from aTCL script.To place the pins manually, select Assign Pins in theAssignments menu.A window appears where all pins are listed. To assigna specific pin, scroll to the pin with the desirednumber, enter the name of the port in the Pin namebox and click on the Add button. Bus signals must bede-referenced with the brackets [].For example, to assign the signal p3_i[0] whichstands for the LSB of the input port 3, select the linewith pin number G15, enter the signal name as shownon the right and confirm the assignment.It is recommended to assign all ports since they arelinked randomly to a pin if the user does not assignthose ports.To load the pinassignments from a TClscript, activate the TCLConsole by selecting theappropriate command inthe View – Utility Windowsmenu.As the TCL console appears, typesource pins.tclTo load the assignments from the pins.tcl file that isdelivered with the MC8051 design.The file which contains the constraints which areloaded via the TCL console should be located in theQuartus II working directory.To use the constraints of the current project for otherdesigns, it is possible to export them to a TCL script.Select Generate TCL File for Project in the Projectmenu to generate such a file.Step 14: Run the compiler and check the errors and the warnings.To start the compiler, click on the arrow symbol that canbe found in the tool bar.A common mistake is a present underscore character at the end of the name belonging to the top level entity. In that case the following error message appears.Since the HEX file is smaller than the size of the memory used for the ROM, the remaining bytes are filled with zeros. A warning message as shown below is also forced for that case.Step 15: Configure the hardware programmer and download the bit stream to the FPGA.1.The programmer can be configured and used fordownload by selecting Programmer in the Toolsmenu.2.As the programmer appears, it is first necessary to dothe Hardware Setup.A window appears where the hardware for downloading the bit stream is listed. To set up a new device, hit the Add Hardwarebutton.If the parallel port should be used to download a bit stream via the JTAG interface, select ByteBlaster as hardware type and LPT1 asassociated port. Confirm this configuration toget back to the hardware listing.The defined hardware should now be present in thelist.For activation of that hardware, select the entry and hit the Select Hardwarebutton.3.The hardware should now also be present at the top ofthe programmer window. Set up the NIOS Cyclone Board for operation by connecting the parallel port to the JTAG interface and applying the supply voltage to the board. After that, hit the Auto Detectbutton.The programmer should now list the connected device. To add a bit stream file for download, double click on the <none> entry in the File section. A window appears where the bit stream can be selected. The SOF file mc8051_top_.sof located in the working directory for Quartus II contains the bit stream for the project.The File section should now contain the bit stream file. Check the Program/Configure flag as shown above.To start the download, hit the Start button. If there isan error during the download, an appropriate errormessage is shown.Design treegeneration of a ROM-file for simulationsynthesis with Design CompilerdocumentationVHDL code generated by Quartussimulation with Modelsimimplementation with Alteras Quartussynthesis with Synplicity’s Synplify Protestbench and memory modelssynthesizeable VHDL source codesimulation with Synopsys VSSLiteratureCyclone Device Handbook/literature/hb/cyc/cyclone_device_handbook.pdf Cyclone Nios Board, Getting Started User Guide/literature/ug/ug_nios_gsg_cyclone_1c20.pdf Cyclone Nios Board, Reference Manual/literature/manual/mnl_nios_board_cyclone_1c20.pdf。

在FPGA中嵌入MC8051软核最近有时间学习在FPGA中嵌入软核的技术（我是新手，大神勿喷呀），一开始云里雾里的感觉无从下手，于是网上书里各种搜啊，慢慢的概念才清晰起来，感觉网上资料比较分散，而且不够详细，所以想总结一下以供有兴趣的初学者快速入门参考。

切入正题吧。

各种概念:Nios II：Altera公司开发的可嵌入FPGA的32位软核处理器。

Nios II IDE：Nios II处理器的集成开发环境。

SOPC（System-on-a-Programmable-Chip）：即可编程片上系统。

SOPC Builder：可想而知，是为你自己的项目“量身定制”片上系统的工具。

在所有Nios II的教程里，作者都会首先教你1)使用SOPC Builder构建Nios II处理器；2)用Nios II处理器和各种外设IP构建SOC（片上系统）；3)在Nios II IDE开发环境中进行软件开发，驱动以上SOC。

今天我们要完成的是1)使用Quartus II添加第三方提供的8051的软核处理器；2)在Keil开发环境中进行软件开发，驱动以下面SOC。

（生成HEX文件，这里不讲）3)用8051软核处理器和各种外设IP构建SOC（片上系统）；4)常见错误列举，及解决方案。

像8051这么经典的单片机，其软核处理器在网上随便搜而且免费下载，本人用的是由oregano system提供的开源8051软核，。

下载解压后如图1所示以上文件夹doc中包含PDF文档，是由oregano system提供的在Cyclone Nios Board上嵌入MC8051软核和用Synplify Pro编译软核的方法步骤，跟我们今天要讲的有相同和相似的操作，有兴趣的可以随意翻阅一下。

Vhdl文件夹里就是我们要用到的MC8051核源码，宝贝呀！下面跟我来做：1、用QuartusII建立一个工程，这里不需要多说了2、将vhdl文件夹复制到工程目录下3、为工程添加MC8051软核，如图2、3所示a)、Project→Add/Remove File in Project…→添加设计文件b)、这里说明一下，配置文件和顶层文件是不需要添加的，也就是文件名中含有_cfg和_top_的文件c)、双击打开mc8051_p.vhd文件。

8051/CPLD/FPGA/DSP發展系統使用說明一、功能與特色1. 主控元件可選用ALTERA ACEX-1K或XILINX系列等其他晶片，可模擬30,000個以上的邏輯閘，搭配MAX+PLUSⅡV10.1等發展軟體。

2. 使用硬體描述語言AHDL/VHDL及繪圖法來設計邏輯電路，方便學習。

3. 每一外接I/O PIN腳都有標示，透過外接I/O排針座可對外部實驗電路做控制，彈性空間大。

4. 頻率產生器頻率範圍：1 /10 /100 /1K /10K /100K /1M /10M /20M Hz。

5. CPLD/FPGA部份，經Printer Port 介面連線可進行燒錄。

6. 8051部份，可經由Com1或 Com2 Port 進行燒錄 (ISP) 。

7. 支援Windows作業系統。

二、 系統配件1.發展系統1組(母板1片、子板1片、Power Module 1組、Download板1組)2.光碟片1片3.25 Pin Cable線1條4.9 Pin Cable線1條5.8 Pin彩虹排線6條6.4 Pin彩虹排線4條7.2 Pin彩虹排線2條8.2 Pin Molex線1條三、電路及說明(一)切換電路此電路主要是在做PS Mode及JTAG Mode的切換，當將Switch撥 至ON，就是用PS Mode做為下載燒錄的方式，下載至EP1K30TC144-3 (當EPC2LC20壞掉時可用此法)，如果Switch為OFF則是用JTAG Mode 方式來下載及燒錄，此時是將程式燒至EPC2LC20。

(二)EEPROM電路此電路主要是在JTAG Mode下會使用到，因ACEX 1K是一個RAM的架構，程式下載無法保存，所以使用一顆EEPROM配合，讓使用者能做選擇，可以將程式保存下來，也可以在實習完，將電源拿掉，程式就消失，完全看使用者的需求。

(三)ACEX 1K電路ACEX 1K 是一顆RAM架構的晶片，所以程式的下載有兩種方式，一種是PS Mode，它是直接下載到這ACEX 1K裡，另一種方式是JTAG Mode，它是將程式下載到EEPROM裡，再從EEPROM丟資料給ACEX 1K，這種方式的燒錄，程式不會因電源關掉而流失掉。

第一章前言20世纪末在计算机技术逐渐发展的情况写，电子技术得到了飞速的发展，现代电子产品已经渗透到了社会的各个领域，有力的推动了社会生产力的发展和社会信息化程度的提高，同时也使现代电子产品的性能进一步提高，产品更新换代的节奏也越来越快。

电子技术发展的根基是微电子技术的进步，它表现在大规模集成电路加工技术，即半导体工艺技术的发展上，表征半导体工艺水平的线宽已经达到60nm以下，并还在不断缩小；在硅片单位面积上集成了更多的晶体管，集成电路设计在不断地向超大规模，极低功耗和超高速的方向发展；专用集成电路ASIC （Application Specific Integrated Circuit）的设计成本不断降低，在功能上，现代的集成电路已能够实现单片电子系统SOC（System on a chip）的功能。

另外集成电路（IC）技术在微电子领域中占有重要的地位。

且伴随着IC技术的发展，电子设计自动（Electronic Design Automation，EDA）已经逐渐成为重要的设计手段，其广泛应用于模拟与数字电路系统等许多领域。

单片机是一种集成电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力中央处理器CPU、随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的微型计算机系统，在工业控制领域的广泛应用。

从上世纪80年代，由当时的4位、8位单片机，发展到现在的32位300M的高速单片机。

单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、电流、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。

采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。