lecture4推理的形式结构

刚刚在上周末结束的托福考试中，听力成功霸占了热搜。

很多考生都反映听力太难了，本身想靠听力carry总分，结果先栽倒在听力上了。

对于打算考托福和备战托福的考生来说，听力轻松拿高分的日子已经一去不返。

托福听力改革即将在8月份实施的托福新政里，听力的题目得到了精简。

取消了一个lecture的部分，由原先的4段讲座（加试6段）变为3段（加试4段），每个部分的题目数量不变。

但是时间由原来的60分钟，遇到加试90分钟，下调至41分钟，遇到加试57分钟。

原本1段讲座平均有10分钟的答题时间，时间却减少了整整将近20分钟。

答题时间变得紧凑，每道题目分值增加，这就无形中增加了听力难度。

在最新版的TPO样题中，我们可以一瞥改革后的听力题型。

正如改革的政策提到的，删减了一道讲座题，总题目数将至28道，平均托福听力每道做题时间由1.76分钟变为1.4分钟。

托福听力话题类型托福听力部分包2个对话(conversation)和4段演讲(包括教室对话在内的lecture)。

每个对话涉及2个或2个以上的说话者，每个对话是2至3分钟，每个对话对应5道试题。

对话都是大学校园中的非学术类场景，首个场景出现在学校办公室里。

对话也许会牵涉学术内容又或是和课程要求有关。

第二个场景介绍人有关学生服务的对话。

每段演讲对应6道试题。

每个演讲是4至6分钟。

讲座通常都是来源在老师的课堂授课。

讲座也许是从教授的讲课内容，或者是学生的提问，还或者是师向学生提问并且请一位学生回答里摘录的。

托福听力题目类型新托福听力里的大多数题目，不论是对话还是讲座，全部是用传统的四选一的选择题为主。

根据《The Official Guide To The New TOEFL》即托福考试官方指南(OG)的介绍，新托福考试听力部分有八种题型，可分为以下三类：1.内容主旨题理解讲座或对话的主旨大意，或者对话目的。

常见的提问方式有以下几种：What is the main idea of this lecture?What are the two speakers talking about?Why does the student go to see his professor?2.判断题是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型，一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子，让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。

UNIT4HISTORY AND TRADITIONSSection D Reading for Writing&AssessingYour Progress课后篇巩固提升必备知识基础练Ⅰ.单句填空1.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from,students may eventually want to write (poet) of their own.2.The Jinggang Mountains stand where the boundaries of four (county) meet.3.This train would stop twice more in the suburbs before (roll) southeast toward the capital.4.The Chinese greet the New Year fireworks and crackers.5.In (strike) contrast to their brothers,the girls were both intelligent and charming.6.The centre of the car had a few empty seats while both ends were (crowd) with standing people.Ⅱ.完成句子1.My father has a gift for playing the piano,which(对……的影响很大) me.2.Traditional Chinese medicine (有……历史) thousands of years.3.(问题解决了),we went on smoothly.4.It is a great honour for me (向……介绍) you one of my best friends,Lin Yang.5.The lecture was so exciting that it (使我们情绪激昂).6.Mr Brown decided to (做更多的研究) and write a book about it.7.The article on this website(给我们许多背景信息).Ⅲ.翻译句子1.她最后变成了一个优秀的作家并不令人惊讶。

学会归纳推理的方法目标导航知识目标：了解完全归纳推理和不完全归纳推理的含义及特点；掌握因果联系的含义、客观性和探究因果联系的方法。

能力目标：通过小组合作学习训练因果联系的方法；运用实际事例比较完全归纳推理和不完全归纳推理，提高分析问题的能力。

情感、态度、价值观目标：增强对归纳推理的认识和认同；通过实际运用因果联系，培养理论联系实际的能力。

一、探求一般的路径1．归纳推理的含义以或知识为前提，推断出一般性的结论，这种推理形式叫做归纳推理。

2．归纳推理的种类归纳推理可以分为归纳推理和归纳推理。

如果归纳推理的前提不涉及认识对象全部范围而只涉及其部分范围，叫做归纳推理。

如果其前提遍及认识对象的全部范围，通常称为归纳推理。

3．完全归纳推理的条件(1)断定个别对象情况的每个前提都应该是的。

(2)所涉及的认识对象，一个都不能。

1．想一想：下列结论能否借助完全归纳推理得出。

天下乌鸦一般黑；鱼打漂，雨来到。

提示。

4．提高不完全归纳推理的可靠性(1)前提中考察的对象要尽可能些。

(2)前提中考察的对象的范围要尽可能面些。

(3)尽可能分析出认识对象与有关现象之间的。

二、寻求因果的通道1．因果联系的含义因果联系是事物或现象之间和的关系。

2．探求因果联系的方法人们常用的探求因果联系的方法有、、求同求异并用法、和。

3．求同法(1)含义：我们所考察的现象在几个场合中出现，而在这些场合中只有一种情况是的，这种情况可能就是这种现象出现的原因。

这种判明因果联系的方法叫做求同法。

(2)特点：它的特点是“”。

4．求异法(1)含义：如果我们考察的现象在一种场合出现，在另一种场合不出现，而这两种场合只有一种情况，这个的情况，可能就是被考察现象出现的原因。

这种判明因果联系的方法叫做求异法。

(2)特点：它的特点是“”。

5．求同求异并用法(1)如果在某一现象出现的几个场合中，只有一种共同的情况，在这一现象不出现的另外几个场合中都这种情况，这种情况可能就是这个现象出现的原因。

一、短对话对于绝大多数英语学习者来说，从刚接触英语听力考试开始就有短对话这种最常见、最固定的题型。

短对话共有8个题目，占卷面总分的8%。

该部分一般是日常生活中的对话，即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习、生活等话题。

短对话具有如下特点：对话是一男一女的形式，每人说一句，然后提问，卷面只有选项，没有问题;美式英语发音和英式英语发音的混合对话。

短对话按题型分类主要有地点题、人物关系或身份职业题、数字计算题、请求和建议题、判断推理题、因果关系题、词汇和习惯用语理解题、观点态度题等。

各种题型的答题技巧在第二节中会作详细的讲解。

在做这部分题目的时候，除了要有扎实的听力基本功之外，还要掌握一定的方法。

1 熟悉常考场景及常用词汇大学英语四级听力短对话的场景每年都是比较固定的，在相同的场景中会使用到相同或相近的词汇，因此如果掌握了这些场景中的常用词汇，这对于提高听力理解能力起着非常重要的作用。

四级对话中常涉及的场景包括：诊所或医院(clinic or hospital)、餐馆(restaurant)、学校或校园(school or campus)、书店(bookstore)、火车站(railway station)、机场(airport)、图书馆(library)、邮局(post office)、银行(bank)、旅馆(hotel)等。

2 .预览选项，预测谈话内容，抓住重点最重要的是好好把握播音之前的时间，我们应该利用好这段时间来阅读选项。

阅读选项的过程中要注意以下两个方面的问题。

首先，根据选项预测对话内容和提问内容。

通过四个选项的对比和对关键词的研究，我们就会预测出对话的内容和将要提问到的问题，在听的过程中就会抓住重点，解答试题就会事半功倍。

【典型例题】(2006年6月)12. A) The woman does her own housework.B) The woman needs a housekeeper.C) The woman’s house is in a mess.D) The woman works as a housekeeper.显而易见，此题是有关housework的问题，因为四个选项中分别出现了does housework, needs housekeeper, house mess, work as housekeeper;由此推断此题是关于做家务方面的一个谈话，在听这则对话时，就可以轻而易举地对号入座了。

高中英语知识点归纳语法中的推理技巧推理技巧在高中英语语法学习中扮演着重要的角色。

它帮助学生更好地理解和应用英语语法知识。

本文将对高中英语语法中的推理技巧进行归纳总结。

第一，词汇推理技巧。

在学习英语语法时，学生要善于通过词汇的意义来推理、理解句子的结构和语法关系。

比如，根据动词的含义，可以判断出主语和宾语的搭配关系，从而正确使用动词的时态和语态。

第二，上下文推理技巧。

上下文是判断句子语法关系的重要线索。

通过仔细分析上下文，学生可以推理出句子的语法结构和词语的含义。

比如，根据上下文的提示，可以判断出某个词语的词性，从而决定使用哪种词形变化。

第三，语法规则推理技巧。

学生需要熟悉英语语法的基本规则，并通过推理运用这些规则。

比如，根据时态规则，推理出一段对话中各个句子的时态，从而正确使用动词的时态形式。

第四，逻辑推理技巧。

逻辑推理是判断句子和词语语法关系的重要方法之一。

学生要善于分析句子的逻辑结构、信息的呼应关系，从而判断出句子成分之间的语法关系。

比如，通过逻辑推理，可以判断出强调句子中强调的内容，从而正确使用强调句的结构。

第五，语法实例推理技巧。

学生可以通过分析实例句子推导出某个语法规则或结构的应用。

比如，通过分析一些典型句子，学生可以理解和应用虚拟语气、倒装句等语法现象。

总之，推理技巧是高中英语语法学习中的重要方法之一。

通过善于运用推理技巧，学生可以更好地理解和应用英语语法知识，提高语言表达的准确性和流畅性。

因此，学生应该在日常学习中注重培养推理技巧，通过大量实践和不断总结，逐渐提高自己的语法水平。

这样，在高中英语考试中，就能够更好地应对语法相关的题目，取得良好的成绩。

Section ⅣDeveloping ideas—Writing写一篇关于非现金支付的文章本单元的写作项目是写一篇关于“非现金支付”的文章，属于正反观点式议论文。

正反观点式议论文是对某个论述话题提出两种对立的见解或主张并说明理由使读者信服的文章。

作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非来确定其观点的正误，支持或否定某种主张，从而达到让读者信服或接受其观点或看法的目的。

[写作要点]1．基本结构正反观点式议论文写作一般分三部分：第一部分：交代背景和引入讨论话题；第二部分：列举正方及反方观点(论点)及其理由(论据)；第三部分：得出结论或给出自己的观点。

2．注意事项(1)文体：属于议论文，要注意论点和论据之间的逻辑性以及不同论据之间的层次性；(2)时态：通常情况下，用现在完成时和一般现在时；(3)人称：以第三人称为主，表达自己的观点时用第一人称。

[常用表达](一)开头部分常用表达1．As for non-cash payments，different people have different opinions.对于“非现金支付”，不同的人有不同的观点。

2．We had a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages about non-cash payments and our opinions are as follows.我们对“非现金支付”的优缺点进行了讨论，我们的观点如下。

3．With the development of economy，non-cash payments have been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life.随着经济的发展，“非现金支付”在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用。

(二)主体部分常用表达1．70% of the people(who were) surveyed are satisfied with the non-cash payments./ Those who are satisfied with the non-cash payments account for 70% of the people surveyed.在调查中有70%的人对“非现金支付”满意。

课时作业(二)　Unit 1　Section Ⅱ　Using language　语言知识训练Ⅰ.单词拼写1．I've heard that you are a talented young woman, and I have found you charming and i________ (聪明的) as well.2．T o get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on s________ (舞台), with you, the reader, in the audience.3．Y ou can be the one who directs the conversation to fun t________ (话题) that are ripe for others to add humor.4．If you take the trouble to s________ (安排) a visit, you can be more or less guaranteed of a response.5．The musician along with his b________ (乐队) members has given ten performances in the last three months.6．Unlike traditional gyms, appbacked g________ (健身房) offer people flexible options to exercise.7．Being very interested in your English drama club when I saw your p________ (海报), I would like to join the big family.8．I am so glad to have the chance to join the d________ (讨论). Now I want to say something about garbage classification.9．I'm more than glad to have been invited to attend the p________ (钢琴) concert with you.10．When he heard these words, my father felt his i________ (内心的) doubts melt away.Ⅱ.请选用所给短语的适当形式填空look after, play a part in, argue about, come along, care about, such as, twice a month, take part in1.For 10 years she ____________ her three children with her career very much on the back burner.2．He and his sister always ____________ politics.3．I'm so stupid. I shouldn't have ____________ with you to this place.4．He goes backwards and forwards between Dalian and Shanghai ____________．5．His toes are hurt and he is unable to ____________ today's basketball game.6．He bought a lot of fruit ____________ apples and peaches.7．The famous writer neither worried nor ____________ public opinion.8．The agriculture during the19th century____________the early industrialization of the United States.Ⅲ.单句语法填空1．The street was crowded with reporters, ________ (photograph), cameras and microphones.2．It's ________ (argue) whether the plan is actually worthwhile.3．The pencil case contains pencils, a pencil ________ (sharp) and an eraser.4．A workman must ________ (sharp) his tools if he is to do his work well.5．I believe that the science of artificial ________ (intelligent) is waiting for humanity to explore it step by step.6．Reading books is learning; ________ (apply) is also learning and the more important form of learning.7．It's not right to make a decision without ________ (investigate) and study.8．With the development of industry,people's material wealth and lifestyle changed ________ (drama) .9．In the UK and US, senior high school students take part in ________ (vary) afterschool activities.10．In the mid1990s，T om Bissell taught English as ________ volunteer in Uzbekistan.Ⅳ.写出下列句子的句型结构1．James is an exchange student.________________________________________________________________________ 2．Y ou should register before Friday.________________________________________________________________________ 3．The traffic light is flashing.________________________________________________________________________ 4．His words gave me more confidence.________________________________________________________________________ 5．I found her an outgoing and kind girl.________________________________________________________________________ 6．The boy was reading a story in a loud voice.________________________________________________________________________ 7．The designer designed a beautiful dress.________________________________________________________________________ 8．They argued fiercely.________________________________________________________________________ 9．The new student looks anxious and frightened.________________________________________________________________________ 10．Planting trees is important especially in mountainous areas.________________________________________________________________________　语言能力训练Ⅰ.阅读理解Although toys'packaging says it's educational,it doesn't make it so. That's the finding from a new study in JAMA Pediatrics that found some toys being marketed as language promoters got in the way of learning.Research shows that for kids to understand, speak and eventually read or write a language, they need to hear it—lots of it. And it's never too early for parents and caregivers to get talking. That explains the fast industry in talking electronic toys that claim to help kids learn language.“We had a talking on farmanimal names and things，”Professor Anna Sosa says of the electronic toys. “We had a baby cell phone. And we had a baby laptop. So you open the cover and start pushing buttons, and it tells you things. The parentchild couples were asked to play separately with each type of toy over the course of three days.”“When there's something else that's doing some talking,the parents seem to be sitting on the sidelines and letting the toy talk for them and respond for them，” Sosa says. “That's bad because the best way a toy can promote language in babies and kids is by exciting interaction between parent and child. There's simply no evidence that a young child can learn language directly from a toy. It isn't responsive enough. It isn't social.”As for the other toys, traditional blocks and puzzles stimulated more conversation than the electronic toys,and books outscored them all. But don't underestimate the humble block. “While traditional toys fell short of books in interaction quantity，”Sosa notes, “they kept pace in terms of quality.”1．What is the finding of the research led by Professor Anna Sosa?A．The toy industry is facing new challenges in marketing.B．Kids should be taught to learn with toys as early as possible.C．People might be misled by the statements of some toy makers.D．Parents need to be cautious when choosing toys for their kids.2．According to the passage, why are talking electronic toys so popular?A．Because they represent the latest creations.B.Because they arouse the interest in learning.C.Because they are used as an educational tool.D.Because they are easy for the kids to control.3．What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?A.It is necessary for the parents to share their experiences of reading with their kids.B. It is necessary for the parents to spare more time to stay with their kidsat home.C．It is necessary for the parents to encourage their kids to attend social activities.D．It is necessary for the parents to get involved in the conversations with their kids.4．What is the author's attitude to electronic toys as language promoters?A．Critical. B．Doubtful.C．Supportive. D．Objective.Ⅱ.七选五How to Be a Good Listener in ClassBeing a good student means being a good listener.Whether you're a young student or entering college, it's important to learn to pay attention in class and take good notes, which will help you succeed.__1__.Be prepared for classWhen it's time to go to class, make sure you've got everything that you need ready to go,so you won't have to miss anything because you're struggling to catch up.__2__. In general, you want to make sure you have, for each class:notebooks,pencils already sharpened or pens that work well, books needed for class.Look at the teacher__3__.When your teacher is talking, your eyes should be to the front. Don't look out the window, or at the kids next to you, or at the phone you're trying to hide under your desk. Look at your teacher and what is being presented.__4__Concentrate on understanding the broad concepts, and don't try to catch every single word.Listen for key words and concepts that your teacher mentions, and pay attention to what's written on the board. Anything that the teacher takes the time to write down on the board is extremely important. Also, anything that is repeated several times is very important.T ake good notesHave a different notebook for each class, and have some pencils or pens ready to go when you want to take notes.__5__. It's not necessary to have a total record of everything your teacher says. As long as you try to keep up and write down important ideas, taking notes is a good way of paying attention in class.A．Listen to important ideasB．Remember what you hearC．Only write down key wordsD．Good listening starts with good watchingE．Have good notetaking materials ready to go while in classF．Learn to listen well and set yourself up for success by staying focused G．Y ou'll miss part of a lecture if you're trying to finish your homework before class starts课时作业(二)层级一　语言知识训练Ⅰ.单词拼写1．intelligent　2.stage　3.topics　4.schedule　5.band6．gyms　7.poster　8.debate　9.piano　10.innerⅡ.请选用所给短语的适当形式填空1．has looked after　2.argue about　e along　4.twice a month 5.take part in　6.such as　7.cared about　8.played a part inⅢ.单句语法填空1．photographers　2.arguable　3.sharpener　4.sharpen　5.intelligence 6.application　7.investigation　8.dramatically　9.various　10.aⅣ.写出下列句子的句型结构1．JamesS __is__V an__exchange__student.P2．Y ouS should__registerV before__Friday.A3．The__traffic__lightS is__flashing.V4．His__wordsS gaveV me__IO more__confidence.DO5．IS foundV herO an__outgoing__and__kind__girl.OC6．The__boyS was__readingV a__storyO in__a__loud__voice.A7．The__designerS designedV a__beautiful__dress.O8．TheyS arguedV fiercely.A9．The__new__studentS looksV anxious__and__frightened.P10．Planting__treesS is__V importantP especially__in__mountainous__areas.A层级二　语言能力训练Ⅰ.阅读理解【语篇解读】　本文是一篇议论文。

高考英语阅读理解经典题型及解题技巧01主旨大意题这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。

1.归纳标题题特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。

常见命题形式有：What’s the best title for the text?The best title for this passage is ___.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?真题范例Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys? The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the Egyptians, green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. In China, children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils (灾祸).People's choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions (反应) toward them. Green is said to be the most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically. People who work in green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites (食欲). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. Similarly, many commercial websites will have a red "Buy Now" button because red is a color that easily catches a person's eye.Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room, think about the color carefully.63. Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?A. Colors and Human BeingsB. The Cultural Meaning of ColorC. Colors and Personal ExperiencesD. The Meaning and Function of Color答案：D2.概括大意题包括寻找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（main idea），常见命题形式有：What is the general/main idea of the passage？Which of the following expresses the main idea？What is the subject discussed in the text?BThe writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____. What’s the article mainly about ？★真题范例Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ＿＿A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education.答案：C解题思路:此文没有主题句。

1. approach/way/method/meansapproach除了意为“方法”之外，还有“接近”的意思。

an approach to(介词)“……的方法”。

way构成in the way“用这种方法”;the way to do/the way of doing (to为不定式)“做某事的方法”。

method构成with a method “用一种方法”。

means 意为“方式，方法”。

单复数同形，构成by means of “通过……方法”。

He put up a new approach to the difficulty.他提出了解决这个困难的新方法。

Can you tell me the way to work out the maths problem?你能告诉我做那道数学题的方法吗？We should improve our teaching method, with which we can make ourselves understood better.我们应该改善我们的教学方法，用这些方法，可以使学生更好的理解我们。

We arrived there by means of plane. 我们坐飞机到达那儿。

高手过招(1)单项填空There is no easy to the mathematics.A. WayB. meanC. methodD. approach(2)单句改错①His approach for the problem is special and proves good.②All the approaches of the airport were blocked by the police.2.possible/probable/likelypossible表示客观上潜在的可能性，也许实际发生的可能性并不大；一般不用表示人的词作主语。

只有possible 后面可以接for sb. to do sth.，而likely和probable 都不能。

Unit1 The Tail of Fame教学目的与要求：To let the students grasp the new words and phrases in the unit1教学重点与措施：To give nessary explanation and enough example of some impontant wordse教学难点与措施：some words that have more than one meaning and different part of speech课型与教法:expianation;reading;example课后要求及作业：1）To read and recite these words after class2)To preview the textrownI New Words1.spur:vt.encourage sb or make them want to do sth 鼓励；刺激Spur sb/sth(on)(to sth /to do sth)Eg:we spurred them on to greater efforts 我们鼓励他们做出更大的努力Her different childhood spurred her on to succeed 她艰辛的童年激励她取得成功2.drown:V(1)(使)淹死Eg:He was drowned at seaThey had drowned theShe tried to drown herself 她试图投水自杀（2）沉浸于drown inEg:I was drowning in sleep3.hasten:vt .make sth happen sooner or more quickly 加快；加速~to do sth :she saw his frown and hastened to explain~sth:the treatment she received have hastened her death她所接受的治疗加快了她的死亡Hasten one’s steps 加快步伐Hasten populararity 加快流行，加速普及（走红）4：bore:vt.make sb lose interest and become tired and im patient 使厌烦Eg:the long novel bored me to death那部长的小说烦死我了I am bored with the long novel{surprise purprisedInterest interestedAmaze amazed5:discountVt.(1)regard sth as unlikely to be true or important 忽视；低估Eg:we cannot discount the possibility of further strikes 我们不能低估再次发生罢工的可能性The father discounted the possibility that his son 不相信World one day become the greatest musician in the world(2)reduce the price of sth 降低价格；打折Eg:all goods are heavily discounted todayn:a reduction in the usual price of sth 折扣（phr）at a discount 折价Eg:I bought the pair of shoes at a 40% discount我买这双鞋打了6折Will you give me a discount for quantity?6.distinct:adj(1)clearly different or belonging to a different type 明显不同的；独特的Eg:each party represents a distinct current of tought每个政党都代表了一种不同的思潮Current :n 思潮；潮流；趋向Every country has distinct cultural roots from others<phr> distinct (from sth)(2)able to be clearly seen ,heard smelled ,etc 清晰的；清楚的；明显的Eg;there was a distinct smell of gasHis voice was quiet but every word was distinct7.underline :vt(1)draw a line under a word to show that it is important 在…下划线Eg:all the wistakes had been underlined in red(2)enphasize;show that sth is important 强调；使突出Eg:he underlined the importance of the questions8.object:v.oppose or disapprove of sth 反对；不赞成1）object to sthEg:many local people object to the building of the new airport2)object to doing sth9.acccuse :vt.say that sb is guilty of a crime or of doing sth bad 指控；控告<phr>accuse sb.of sth;say that sb has done sth wrong or is guilty of sth 指控；控告Eg:he is accused of having committed a crimeThey accused him of inconpetence10.justity :vt..show that there is a good reason for sth thatOther people think is unreasonable 证明…有道理；为…辩护<phr>justify sth byEg:they justify their failure by blaming othersIt is different to justify such behavior11.desperate:a.1)needing or wanting sth very much 极需要的；极向往的Eg:he is desperate for a job to support him family<phr>desperate(for sth)Desperate(to do sth)2)very worried and willing todo anything to changea a bad situation 绝望的；拼命的Eg:they made despetate attempts to regain what they lost 他们不顾一切地奋力挽回失去的They missing man’s family are getting increasing ly desperate Desperately:ad1)very much 非常eg:she desperately wanted her article pubblishedI was desperately lonely2)in a worried or angry way绝望地；拼命地Eg:he looked around desperately他绝望地向四周望去12.at least:充其量；至多at worst (指可能出现的最坏的情况)往最坏处eg:he was at best a second-class writereg:the technique is at best ineffect and at worse dangerous13.run a/the riskEg:he ran the risk of losing his job by criticizing his boss14.remain/be true to 忠于We are true to our cultural traditions15.throw out :开除：解雇Eg:these two famous sportsmen were thrown out of the Olympic after failing drug testUnit1 the Tail of Fame(3-4)To let the students understand the meaning of the textSome language pointsText structure analysisOther than ;Would /need/should/might/must+have+doneReading;translation;expianation1)preview the following exercises2)read the text fluentlyI.leading InA person’s reputation is one of the most important things he posseses and it deserves protecting .The key to building a good name is to be consistent .you will not win the favor of the public or the people around you overnight .in fact ,it will take many years of efforts before you establish your proper place in society .once you have earned a good name ,be careful to maintain it though civility ,integrity and humilityII.Text Structure AnalysisThe passsage can be roughly divided into six partsThe first part(Para1)Chaseing fame often leads to self-destructionThe second part (para2-5)The conquest of fame is no easy job. Along with fame and fortune ,thre come some negative effectsThe third part (para6)It is hard to find an artist who is both successful and uncompromingThe fourth part:(para7)Oddy ,these who fail reap the greatest .raward and enjoy the freedom to express themselves in the style they like ,And they even comfort themselves that their genius is too sophiscated for contemporary audience The fifth part :(para 8)Failure has motivated some artists to work even harder to succeed .Unfortuately not many people follow their exampleThe sixth part:(para9)The writer offers his advice to those seeking fame and fortune that once they succeed they might find that it is not really what they wantII.detailed study of text1.continue chasing it.(para1)the rain continued to fall all afternoonthe rain continued falling all afternoon2.lead to sth导致，造成（后果）（para1）eating to much sugar can lead to health problems3.desire:a strong wish 愿望，欲望a desire for sthdesire to do sthpeer:a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you身份和地位相同的人；同龄人；同辈4.exploit:vt,运用；利用；发挥use sth well in order to gain as much from it as possible eg:you can exploit a talent which you already possess.We need to make sure that we exploit our resourses as fully as possible 5.be hard-pressed to do sth:have differently doing stheg:you’d be hard-pressed to find anyone better for the job你很难找到更好的人做这项工作6.dissolve:v1)溶解：to make or become liquid by putting into liquipEg:sugar dissolve in water2)消失；消散：to disappear ;fade awayEg:the vision dissolved before her eyes. 那幻象在她眼前消散了7.flavor(flavour):n..quality that only the tongue can experience 味；味道eg:a strong flavor of cheese 强烈的奶酪味“flavor of the month” means” an idea ,person ,style,etc”That is very popular at a particular time ,but only for a short while8.currentadj:belonging to the present time ;现时的；当前的；现行的eg:current fashions /events/prices 时装；时事；现价n:1)水流；潮流；气流3)the fact of particular ideas ,opinions or feeling being present in agroup of people思潮；潮流；趋向Eg;the current of anti-government feeling9.he should have hired a better attorney ,though在英语中，随着说话人意图的不同，动词需要用不同的形式，称为语气，英语中共有三种语气：（mood）1)陈述语气（indicative mood）2)祈使语气（imperative mood）3)虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望，假想，虚拟的情况10.情态动词与完成时连用1）would+have+过去分词会做某事但没有做表示过去会发生而未发生，常用语虚拟句的主语句，表示对过去情况的假设2）should+have+过去分词1.虚拟语气的用法：表示过去应该做的而没有做，译为“本应该…”“本应当…”（其否定式shouldn’t have done ,表示过去不应该做的事却做了，译为“本不该…”“本不应当…”3）must +have+过去分词用于肯定句，表示对过去情况较有把握的，肯定性的推测，常译为“一定”“准是”“肯定”其否定式用can’t /couldn’t have done 表示“不可能做过…或不可能发生”4）might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生事情的推测，译为“有可能…”其用法与may have done 相似5）needn’t+have+过去分词表示过去不必做某事，但事实上做了（也可说didn’t have to do）Eg:I needn’t have written to him because he phone me shortly afterwards Mary’s save on the test is the highest in her class ;she must have studied very hardThe dentist said that my tooth went worse and I should have had it pulled outWhat would he have done to you if you hadn’t finished the task?Had he worked harder ,he would have get through the examsI might have said thate upon/on:find sth or meet someone unexpectedly 偶然遇见，发现Come upon/on the idea 产生了…想法Unit1 The Tail of Fame To finish the exercises after the classv.fill in the blanks in the passagevII.clozecollocation;translationexplanation;translationto review the exersise ofv ,ix,and XiiiIII-IVCheek on the answers with the studentsV1)hear sb do ;to people saying---object2)according to tense---protests3)biank before n---wershipping4)biank before n--- fancy5)had-risen-originally6)blank after the word such---atitude7)only to do ---wake8)blank after the article---cruelty9)blank before n---desperate10)blank after become---bankruptblank before adv---bankruptXIIIUnit 1 listening and speakingTo help the students build up their abilities in listening and speaking Short conversationLong conversationA passage1)some different sentences and words2)to give clues in advanceListening and speakingTo review the listening materials after classI.short conversation1…seem interested in painting pictures2.look so blue 沮丧，悲观的3.I know my work is suffering (to become worse)4.…hasn’t sold out to the cheap film companies5.on the schedule6.an Academic Award7.don’t let all of this success go to your head 冲昏头脑8.I don’t think I need to be famous to succeed9.walking in the front of cars like that ?…forget to look t the trafficplaints from my teacher .my mother …even my doctor.and now my boss?II.a long conversation1.A2.B3.A4.C5.BIII.a passage1.A2.A3.D4.B5.CUnit2 Charlie ChaplinTo learn the new words and hrasesTo give explanation to some important words and phrasesSome words that are similar in meaning and spellingNewly –taught lessonExamplesTo recited the words and phrases learnt in this lessonTo preview the textI.background informationCharlie Chaplin was a comedy acor .he wasborn in England ,but he bwcome famous in America,in the silent movies he played a role (tramp) who wears a tail (tight) coat ,oversized trousers ahd shoes,a bowler hat ,a bamboo cane,and his signature toothbrush monstacheII.New Wordsic:a~character不等于tragicedian2.rag:n{a rag/in rags}3.applause:nEg:the audience broken into thurderous applause--applaud:vedy不等于tragedy5人---coarse=crude=rude物---crude oil 原油Coarse cloth;coarse skin/handscoase sand/saltRaw material;raw meat ;raw egg6.rouse.vt.produce a particular feeling or attitude 激起；激发Eg.rouse one’s imagination /fear/anger/curiosity7.spark:vt.make sth happen 触发；引发Eg.to spark a qurrel /an argument(争论)8.trip(up)1)绊；绊倒Eg.there’sastone in front of me ,I didn’t notice ,then what happened to me ?i tripped and fell .Eg:when I was moring ,he put his foot in front of me and trippedme up 2)使出错Eg:the questions look simple ,but they’re dssigned to trip you up 但它们本来就是让你出错的9.make up1)虚构，捏造；编造2）组成；构成Eg:a year is made up of 12 monthsLife is made up of ``tiny triflesWomen make up only 30% of the workforce3)化妆；上妆n（make-up）Eg:I barely make up every morning ,I only put lipstick on my lip and lotion on my face4)和好make upHave you made upwith your friendYes,we made up5)补上；补回Eg;I have to make up the test I missed last week我得补上上周的缺考Unit 2 Charlie Chaplin(3-4)To enable the students to understand general idea of the textTo explain some different sentencesTo help the students with the comprehension of the text Subjunctivemood:if-clause”if …had+ast participle”Main ciause”would/could+have+past participle”Newly –taught lessonAsk-and-answer methods1)to read the text fluentlly2)to preview the following exercisesI.text structure analysis1.writing techniquce:a generral statement is supported by details2.an analysis of the whole text structureThe first part(Para1-2)a general introduction to Charlie ChaplinThe second part(Para3-6)Charlie Chaplin artistic achievementThe third part: (Para7-8)Charlie Chaplin personal or emotional lifeThe last part:(Para9)incident after Charlie Chaplin’s deathII.Detailed study of the text1.subjunctive mood条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句，如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，这种条件句中谓语都用陈述语气，如果是假设的情况或是发生的可能性不大的情况，则是虚拟条件句虚拟条件句主要有两类：1）表示现在及将来情况的虚拟条件句（表示假设或实现的可能性不大的情况）虚拟条件句的基本形式表示虚拟的时间条件从句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在过去式would/should/might/could+do过去过去完成式would/should/might/could+have done将来did/ were to/should dowould/should/might/could+do3)c ould,should,might,would,must,needn’t +现在完成时其中needn’t +现在完成时：表示过去本不必做某事，但事实上做了。

Unit 5 Education Period 4 Viewing workshop and Reading club解析版一、单句语法填空1.Set in the 1930s, the novel gives a vivid ____________(describe) of the people living at the bottom of society.【答案】description【解析】考查词性转换。

该句句意：这部小说以20世纪30年代为背景，生动地描写了生活在社会底层的人们。

设空处应填名词，作gives的宾语。

故填description。

2.There is no doubt that China has made rapid progress in space __________(explore) .【答案】exploration【解析】考查词性转换。

该句句意：毫无疑问中国已经在太空探索中取得了快速进步。

设空处应填名词，作介词in的宾语，故填exploration。

3.We’ve made all the____________(arrange) for the conference that will be held next week. 【答案】arrangements【解析】考查磁性转换。

该句句意：我们已经为下周召开的会议做好了一切安排。

设空处应填名词，作made的宾语。

arrangement“安排”为可数名词，根据前面的all可知用复数形式。

故填arrangements。

4.The company will arrange for a taxi ____________ (meet) you at the airport.【答案】to meet【详解】考查动词用法。

该句句意：公司会安排一辆出租车去机场接你。

arrange for sb to do sth：安排某人做某事。