快递服务业概述-外文文献原文及翻译

英语作文-快递服务行业的快速发展与产业链整合The rapid development of the express delivery service industry and the integration of its industrial chain have revolutionized the way goods are transported and delivered globally. This transformation has not only enhanced efficiency but also profoundly impacted various aspects of the economy and society.Express delivery services have witnessed exponential growth in recent years, fueled by advancements in technology, changes in consumer behavior, and the rise of e-commerce. With the convenience of online shopping becoming increasingly prevalent, the demand for swift and reliable delivery services has surged. As a result, companies within the express delivery sector have expanded their networks, invested in infrastructure, and adopted innovative solutions to meet the growing needs of consumers and businesses alike.One of the key drivers behind the rapid development of the express delivery industry is the continuous optimization of the industrial chain. From warehousing and sorting to transportation and last-mile delivery, every aspect of the logistics process has been streamlined and integrated to ensure seamless operations. By leveraging automation, data analytics, and artificial intelligence, logistics companies have been able to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and minimize errors in the delivery process.Moreover, the integration of the industrial chain has facilitated collaboration and partnership among different stakeholders in the logistics ecosystem. Express delivery companies, e-commerce platforms, manufacturers, suppliers, and logistics service providers now work together closely to enhance coordination and maximize efficiency throughout the supply chain. This collaborative approach has not only accelerated the speed of delivery but also enabled greater flexibility and scalability in meeting customer demands.Furthermore, the integration of the industrial chain has led to the emergence of new business models and services within the express delivery sector. Cross-border e-commerce, same-day delivery, temperature-controlled logistics, and reverse logistics are just a few examples of the innovative services that have been made possible through the integration and optimization of the industrial chain. These services not only cater to the diverse needs of customers but also create new opportunities for growth and expansion in the industry.In addition to its economic impact, the rapid development and integration of the express delivery industry have also brought about significant social benefits. By providing faster and more reliable delivery services, logistics companies have improved access to goods and services for people in both urban and rural areas. This has not only enhanced convenience but also contributed to the development of inclusive and sustainable communities.In conclusion, the rapid development and integration of the express delivery service industry have transformed the way goods are transported and delivered, driving economic growth, fostering innovation, and enhancing social welfare. As technology continues to advance and consumer demands evolve, the industry will undoubtedly continue to adapt and innovate, further reshaping the future of logistics and commerce on a global scale.。

外文翻译原文An Overview of Express Delivery ServicesMaterial Source: A Report By US-ASEAN Business Council,2005Author: James I. Campbell Jr.A. Characteristics of an Express Delivery CompanyFour major integrators – UPS, FedEx, TNT, and DHL – account for almost 85 percent of the world’s express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services:- Door-to-door delivery: This includes the seamless transfer across multiple modes of transport. The “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery.- Close custodial control: Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security, EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments. This is particularly important to reduce the risk of loss or damage to goods in transit.- Track and trace technology: Shippers and consignees may track the precise movement and location of their shipments and confirm delivery with the use of sophisticated ‘track and trace’ technology that an EDS firm provides.- Facilitation of customs clearance: EDS firms assist with customs clearance so that customers do not have to navigate bureaucratic customs regimes and the required paperwork.- High level of reliability: EDS firms promise that packages will arrive at the required destination, on time. This is particularly important for shipments of high-tech components due for production lines, as well as essential financial documents.- Global service: The major EDS firms offer their customers delivery to markets and cities worldwide through an intricate network of air hubs and stations. EDS is a network business.- Speed of delivery: Most importantly, Overnight and Second-day expressservices reduce overall inventory and warehousing needs, and maximize supply chain efficiency. The average shipping time from the U.S. to Southeast Asia is about 2-3 working days door-to door. Together, these characteristics bring businesses timely, secure, and guaranteed worldwide delivery of documents, products, components, and spare parts to assist with efficient supply chain management.B. Benefits to BusinessesAir cargo represents 40 percent of the value of global trade. The bulk of this is handled by EDS firms. Servicing the needs of both multinational corporations and the emergent small and medium enterprise (SME) sector in their manufacturing, import, and export activities, this industry has been an important engine for economic growth. Sectors which heavily rely on EDS to remain competitive are knowledge-based and technologically advanced, including that of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, information technology and telecoms, textiles, automotive & transport, engineering, financial and business services, and traditional manufacturing.To remain competitive, companies today focus not only on product performance but also factor in how well costs can be managed and reduced through distribution and production, and how quickly parts can be brought together, assembled, and distributed to global markets. EDS firms help with the smooth orchestration of these activities and are therefore part of the critical infrastructure for efficient supply chain management.Reducing Inventory and Other Indirect CostsWith the support of EDS, companies no longer have to maintain large inventories and can therefore carry out better concentration, rationalization, and location of warehouses. In a study conducted by Gausch and Kogan (2001), companies in developing countries were found to have 2 - 5 times more inventory holdings in the manufacturing sector than companies in the U.S.Halving these inventories could consequently reduce unit production costs by 20 percent. In a typical Asian emerging market, logistics supply chain costs is as high as 22 - 24 percent of total production costs for manufacturers. In another study, it was found that for every $1 spent on express transportation, companies would save $1.50 in warehousing and inventory cost. For manufacturers, taking advantage of the availability of EDS allows for more efficient stock management and production techniques to be practiced, including the ability to respond more quicklyto stock outages, and production interruptions. These indirect costs are not always visible and often overlooked but are critical to SMEs in emerging economies. Other immediate cost savings can also be realized through greater flexibility in sourcing. The flexibility allows companies to source from a wider array of suppliers and reduce their input costs.Introducing Flexibility into Business StructureEDS allows for more flexible business solutions. Relying on EDS to bridge distances removes the traditionally important time-to-market consideration and allows companies to make strategic decisions on where to locate their business units based on factors of competition, proximity to supporting industries, and complementary industry hubs.This is particularly relevant for knowledge-based industries in the biomedical and pharmaceutical field. In a survey conducted of European companies in Germany on the usage of EDS, 80 percent of survey respondents reported the importance of being based in locations providing “maximum participation in leading research associations.” Decentralization of research & development units to hubs where these laboratories, testing centers, hospitals, patent registration offices, and research think tanks are located allows businesses to benefit from an environment of innovation important to product development. At the same time, product development units rely on EDS to ship samples to markets for clinical trials, deliver highly classified and proprietary legal documents and patent applications, ship urgently needed drugs to hospitals, and maintain “just-in-time” stock-management practices for its laboratories.C. Economic BenefitsIn many parts of the world, the EDS sector has been a catalyst to trade and investment growth, generating profound multiplier effects for the wider economy. For ASEAN countries looking to extend their reach to global markets, networks that EDS firms build are critical. These networks render supply chains more efficient and contribute greatly to export growth, stimulate foreign direct investment, and foster regional development and SME growth.Facilitating Export GrowthIn ASEAN, intra-regional trade accounts for about 20 percent of overall trade. This is considerably less than in most regions. The main reasons for the limited intra-regional trade are the “pattern of logistics costs and institutional barriers toland-based trade.”This phenomenon makes countries of the region effectively closer to industrial countries than to each other. To fully realize the benefits the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), bringing lagging economies and landlocked countries in the region up to median performance levels is key.There is a causal link between connectivity and overall growth in trade, and an even stronger correlation between transportation and logistics infrastructure and export performance.Transportation and logistics-related costs in ASEAN continue to represent a substantial percentage of the actual cost of goods. A country with high logistics costs is far, in an economic sense, from international markets. In the study “Towards a Geography of Trade Costs” (Hummel 1999) which compared sales by manufacturers of similar products, exporters with 1 percent lower shipping costs enjoy a 5 - 8 percent higher market share. In another study conducted by the McKinsey Group, annual GDP for one Asian country is forecasted to increase by 1.5 to 2 percent by 2010 if logistics costs are reduced by 15 to 20 percent (This is in contrast to an ongoing $10 billion infrastructure project which would only generate 0.7 to 1 percent GDP growth over the same period). Indeed, injecting competition into the industry to lower logistics costs can give a significant competitive edge to producers in an open economy. Efficient inter-modal transportation, including the use of EDS, would result in more efficient supply chain management.These efficiencies undoubtedly replicate gains in the export sector. A study conducted by the Economic Strategy Institute concluded that further development and liberalization in the air express industry could result in percentage gains for exports per year from 2004 - 2008 between 0.386 - 0.562 percent per year for Singapore; 2.895 – 4.215 percent per year for Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines; and 3.86 – 5.62 percent per year for Vietnam and Indonesia.Facilitating FDI and Promoting Regional DevelopmentEDS firms play a critical role in influencing company decisions on how much and where to invest.This is especially applicable to remote markets where EDS firms assist in overcoming problems of geography and weaker transportation infrastructure. Fifty-eight percent of participating companies in a survey conducted for the report “The Economic Impact of Express Carriers in Europe” (Oxford Economic Forecasting, 2004) consider easy access to markets, customers or clients, as “absolutely essential” when deciding where to locate. In the EU, the importance ofEDS is compelling – without EDS, 35 percent of those interviewed for a study in Portugal said they would have to relocate; 15 percent of the UK and 10 percent of the Italian companies surveyed would consider relocating abroad; and 30 percent of the French companies and 10 percent of the Belgian firms surveyed would consider outsourcing.The EDS industry now supports 530,000 direct and indirect jobs in the EU. Their presence has injected the much needed downstream investment for creating jobs in the 10 new EU member states. 12,000 employees work directly for the four main integrators in new EU countries, and countless more are employed in automotive manufacturing, warehousing, IT support, and service centers.The EDS industry is a dynamic instigator of regional development in two ways. First, it allows for businesses to be located in regions that are not close to their markets. Second, the clustering effect (businesses wanting to be near hubs to take advantage of the latest pick-up time possible) that major express hubs create stimulates regional development. For example, it is estimated that further liberalization of the industry in China will do much to assist with the regional development of its western provinces. Already, it is expected that growth in the industry will generate $84 billion in increased manufacturing output, and 800,000 jobs for China’s export industry over five years.Similar benefits can be expected in ASEAN. The experiences of FedEx and UPS in the Philippines provide an excellent example. FedEx has been located in Subic Bay since 1995, and UPS has had its intra-Asia hub in Pampanga Clark since 2002. Both hubs, with dynamic networks to all parts of Southeast Asia, have been successful in bringing about the clustering of industry, and stimulating development for regions in the Philippines vacated by the U.S. military.译文快递服务业概述资料来源: 美国——东盟商业协会2005年度报告作者：詹姆士·堪培尔1快递公司的特征四大巨头——UPS,FedEx,TNT和DHL几乎包揽了世界上85%的快递货物。

文献信息：文献标题：Why Customers Intend to Use Express Delivery Services（客户为何打算使用快递服务）文献作者：S Setiyawati，B Haryanto文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,2016,3(2):56-81 字数统计：英文2718单词，15832字符；中文4805汉字外文文献：Why Customers Intend to Use Express Delivery Services Abstract The aim of this research was to better understand the effects of products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitude towards customer’s intention. This research was guided by four research questions: What product quality has a positive influence on express delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use express delivery services? What positive effect on brand image expresses delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use express delivery services? The methodology employed was survey of 100 customers plus in-depth interviews with courier service operators. Interviews and survey were conducted from August to October 2015. This research was used SEM techniques for data analyze. The results confirmed there was no relationship between products quality, price reasonableness and attitude. Furthermore, brand image has influence attitude. The mediating role effects of costumer’s attitude for product quality, price reasonableness and brand image towards customer’s intention offer new insight into antecedents on costumer’s intention in a high influence. This study presents an original contribution to understanding brand image effect and its attributes either directly or through attitude towards customer’s intention is determine.Keywords:Product Quality, Price Reasonableness, Brand Image, Attitude, Customer’s Intention1.IntroductionCompetitive advantage is likely to depend on market orientation, which means fosters behaviors that lead to customer’s perception of superior value. Market orientation implies to customer’s needs and delivering solutions and services that meet customer’s needs, which indicates customer orientation. The phenomenon of attitude and intention to use express delivery service part of orientation to the customers is an interesting issue to be studied. Previous studies show inconsistency attitudes and intentions models relating to express delivery services (Li & Petrick, 2008). This is due each study is based on the object and different settings. These conditions provide opportunities to design an alternative model capable of elaborating phenomenon to be observed.The alternative model is built based on five variables: products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitudes which explain its influence on intention to use express delivery services. Thus, prediction models of individual behavior intention can be explained as follows: Product quality needs to be examined because these variables effectively to influence customer attitude (Stank et al., 2003; Richey et al., 2007; Rafid & Jaafar, 2007). However, different findings on influence customer behavior and product quality services performed by Mentzer et al.(2001) indicating customer perceptions about product quality is very relative and changeable nature because of individual psychological influence.1.1.Problem StatementConceptualization of variables to be studied, namely: product quality, price reasonableness, brand image and attitude influence intention to use express delivery services. To encourage practices this study addresses the following questions: Is product quality has a positive influence on express delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use express delivery services? What positive effects on brand image express delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use express delivery services?1.2.Research ObjectivesThe general purpose of this study is to look at the effect of product quality, pricereasonableness, brand image and attitude influence on intention. Especially, this study aims to figure product quality has a positive influence on attitude; price reasonableness positive influence attitude; brand image positive influence attitude; and attitude positive effect on the customers’ intent to use express delivery services.1.3.Research ContributionsThe contribution of this study is to offer a new approach that is more comprehensive, namely elaborate dimensions of product quality, brand image, price reasonableness, and attitude to assess the extent of its significance to customer’s intent to use express delivery services; contribute to the science of management. Especially to understand the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image, attitude to assess the extent its significance to customer’s intent on express delivery services. Then, show main factors that explain highest variation in customer’s intent on express delivery services company will help policymakers to reform corporate marketing service significantly and qualified; a pioneer in customer’s intent perspective to use express delivery services. The findings of study will fill chasms theoretical to explore role of attitudes that decide customer’s intent to use express delivery services and mainstreaming for further studies in marketing services.2.Research Framework and HypothesesThe approach used in assessing the influence of attitudes and intentions of customers are TRA of Fishbein & Ajzen (2010) and TPB developed by Ajzen (2001) with adding the perceived behavioral control as a determinant of behavioral intention. Dimensions intention to behave customers essentially determined by three factors: a person’s attitude toward behavior, the degree of social pressure one feels about the behavior and the degree of acceptance of control perceived in behavior. The third component of this belief interacts and be a decisive intention that determines a person’s behavior. In a study of the influence of the attitudes and intentions of customers in using express delivery services, the proposed research model as follows:2.1.Product Quality Positively Influence on AttitudeCustomers use express delivery services for reasons of timeliness submissions (Kannan & Tan, 2002; Cakravastia & Takahashi, 2004), at competitive prices (Bienstock & Royne, 2010; Rahman, 2006; Mentzer et al., 2007) reliable, safety and shipment security (Oxford Economic Forecasting, 2009). Parasuraman et al. (2005); Goode & Harris (2004) said that service quality is a significant predictor of attitudes (Cronin & Taylor, 1992) affects intention to behave. Indicate that intentions better than customer’s attitude towards products / services quality. The degree of intent describes customer state while attitude is perceived by degree assessment of products / services quality provided by providers. In accordance opinions by Fawcett et al. (1996); Colonna (1997) about product quality attributes this study used the Global Express Association Standard (2015), namely: Global Reach; Reliability; Transparency; Speed and Security are predicted to affect positive attitude. Based on these results, products / services quality included in model and proposed the first hypothesis as follows:H1: Product quality positively influence attitude to use express delivery services.2.2.Price Reasonableness Positively Influence on AttitudePrice is an important variable for positive attitudes toward express delivery services formation. Prices give positive or negative consumer perception (Zeithaml, 1988; Gerrard & Cunningham, 2004) to assess a product, both products services, and goods. Colgate & Hedge (2001) conclude behavioral effect on the price of customer attitudes about products / services (Peng & Wang, 2006) price (expensive) and pricing policy cannot be trusted. Based on Imran et al. (2010) studied price reasonableness will be assessed by a customer in accordance with service quality, both significantly with a positive attitude. Different studies Chitty et al. (2007) high-quality services would be considered good even pay more expensive than low-quality services so that services (Rahman, 2006; Mentzer et al., 2007) is difficult to reposition price. Based on the research above, following hypothesis is advanced:H2: Price reasonableness positively influence attitude to use express delivery services.2.3.Brand Image Positively Influence on AttitudeBased on research Aaker (2004); Anisimova (2007); Blomback & Axelsson (2007); Martenson (2007); Da Silva & Syed Alwi (2008) explained that brand image is customer attitudes perception when considering a particular brand, an image can be brand assured. The brand image role elaborating memories, belief and preference of customer’s attitude toward a brand (Hsieh et al., 2004; Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014). Keller & Lehmann (2003) explain that brand image and attitude affect customer’s intention. Nguyen & LeBlanc (1998) indicated attitude is more influential than a brand image on intention. Hsieh et al. (2004) indicate the company’s brand perception big influence on buying behavior. Noted that brand image positively influence attitude and intention to use a particular product. Vahid & Aidin (2012) indicating that it cannot predict actual behavior of products / services selection, due to various reasons, particularly situational reasons. Based on research above, following hypothesis is advanced:H3: Brand image positively influence attitude to use express delivery services.2.4.Attitudes Influence on IntentionsAttitude consistently affect on intentions (Tarkianen & Sundqvist, 2005). Customers’ positive attitude tends to realize intention (Ajzen, 1991). Based on research (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995; Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010) attitude predisposes behavior. A multi-dimensional as hierarchical sequence model of cognitive, affective and conative (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995). Chang (2011) is used to determine attitude effect by intention.Focus of this study aims to describe the model predictions about attitudes and intentions on express delivery services are to explain individual’s desire degree to determine attitude on express delivery services customer. Based on research Anoraga (2000) indicate intention based on experience and motivational factors influence behavior (Ajzen, 2001). Intention described attitude directing behavior and subjective norms and refers to individual’s perception that benefits against certain behaviors (Werner, 2004) and increasing the intention to use the services. Results of research Webb & Sheeran (2006) indicate that the intention is the determinant of behavior, in addition to the PBC can predict directly to behavior or mediate relationship betweenintention and behavior. Based on these studies proposed hypothesis therefore is: H4: Attitude to use express delivery services mediates the relationship between product quality, price reasonableness, and brand image on customer’s intention to use express delivery services.Based on these descriptions, research model on attitudes and intentions customers using express delivery services in Jakarta this basic framework can be arranged as shown in Figure 1 as follows:Figure 1. The conceptual model3.MethodsThe results are justified scientifically from source and truth, and then research methods are designed to provide a clear and structured basis instruments used to test a hypothesis. In order to achieve these objectives, this chapter will discuss scope, sampling techniques, operational definition and measurement of variables, and statistical methods.3.1.The Scope of ResearchThis study was designed as an exploratory research to explain a phenomenon (Maholtra, 2007). The research was conducted in Jakarta using survey techniques and data collected are cross-sectional.3.2.Sampling TechniquesThe target population in this study is customers who intend to choose express delivery service for shipments / packages / documents in Jakarta chosen as studysetting are expected to limit a scope of study so that results are relatively homogeneous. Non-probabilistic sample taken with following criteria: (1) sample must have knowledge of courier / courier service / mail / express delivery services intended use; (2) Sample never use a delivery service and intend to use express delivery service at PT. Nugraha path Ekakurir (JNE) during August to October 2015. The determined number of samples of 100 respondents, thus meeting the minimum eligibility criteria for consideration data analysis aspects of Structural Equation Model / SEM (Hooper et al., 2008).3.3.Operational Definition and Measurement of Variables3.3.1.Product QualityProduct quality is defined as an individual’s perception of product superiority (Aaker, 1997). In this study variable product quality adopted from Global Express Association (2015). Product quality variable was measured with dimension (a) Global Reach (knowing its wide range) measured using five indications: (1) unlimited range;(2) reach to all corners; (3) a broad range; (4) reach to corner and (5) spread range; (b) Reliability (knowing of reliable service) were measured using five indications: (1) timely service; (2) reliable services; (3) consistent; (4) tested services; (5) ministry assured. ; (c) Transparency was measured using five indications: (1) service is transparent; (2) service is open; (3) services are easily tracked; (4) service is easily detected and (5) explicit service. (d) Speed (fast delivery) was measured using 5 indications (1) fast delivery; (2) timely delivery; (3) delivery smoothly; (4) delivery efficient and (5) delivery reliable. (e) Security was measured using five indications: (1) safe delivery; (2) delivery is guaranteed; (3) are not damaged; (4) shipment is not lost, and (5) shipments protected. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.2.Reasonableness PricePrice is defined as an individual’s quality perception. The price factor is a sacrifice that must be paid to get some product type (Zeithaml, 1988; Rahman, 2006; Mentzer et al., 2007). This variable was measured by using 5 price reasonableness indicators (Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014): (1) reasonable rates; (2) reasonablerates; (3) affordable rates; (4) reasonable rates, and (5) usual fare. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.3.Brand ImageBased on the earlier studies, the researcher determined that this variable was measured by using brand image attributes. Brand image is elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer’s attitude toward a brand. So the brand image is measured using 5 indications (Hsieh et al. 2014): (1) popular brands image (2) superior brand image. (3) a good brand image. (4) brand image has a good reputation.(5) brand image has a good impression. Each item was measured using a 5-point scale Linkert from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.4.Positive Attitude towards Express Delivery ServicesAttitude is defined as a degree of evaluation like or dislike of a person against an object or product (Ajzen, 1991). This means that if a customer has a positive attitude towards a product, the customer tends to manifest intention. Attitude measure multi-dimensional (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995) as a construct in a hierarchical manner described through a cognitive, affective and conative sequence.In this study, express delivery services attitude is measured by using a 5 attitude indications, namely: (1) Glad to express delivery services; (2) Likes to express delivery services; (3) excited to express delivery services; (4) Happy on the existence of express delivery services, and (5) Think positive to express delivery services. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.5.Intention to use Express Delivery ServicesIntention to use express delivery services (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010) is measure of confidence, motivation; attitudes to direct behavior, subjective norm; intention to act, and perception of behavioral control. This variable was measured by using 5 indications: (1) It will use express delivery services; (2) Want to use express delivery services; (3) Tendency to use express delivery services; (4) Willingness to use to use express delivery services; (5) Regarding use of these services in the future. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.4.ConclusionInfluence between variables in structural equation modeling, in general, does not support the results of previous studies, such as product quality and price reasonableness is not consistent with the study (Cronin & Taylor, 1992) that product quality perceived and services are predictors of positive attitudes and behavior intention antecendent subscribers. The findings further showed no consistent also with findings (Keaveney, 1995; Colgate & Hedge, 2001) that price reasonableness influence positive attitude customers. However, results of studies on price reasonableness in line with (Mittal et al., 1998; Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014) studies indicating price does not affect customer’s purchase intention.The findings indicate that brand image positively influences attitudes. These results support previous studies (Aaker, 2004) that quality perception shows superior differentiation of products or services and customers to the brand and think selectively used services. These results are consistent findings (Hsieh et al., 2004; Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014) that brand image elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer’s attitude toward a brand, then brand image and perception of corporate image influence on intention and purchase behavior brand, in line with studies (Blomback & Axelsson, 2007; Ogba & Tan, 2009; Matthiesen & Phau, 2010) brand image influence positive customers attitude. Good customer perception will appear when the brand has a unique advantage / superior, good reputation, popular, nice and provide the best service (Aaker, 1997; Kotler & Keller, 2012). This shows brand image directly describes product quality.The study showed mediating role attitudes towards an intention to use express delivery services to sharpen study (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995) that a construct of cognitive, affective and conative able to explain desire individuals to determine a positive attitude. Construction positive attitude (Ehigie, 2006) is a critical factor closely related to customer expectations, perceived services quality. Similar findings (Donio et al., 2006; Brunner et al., 2008) which affect-laden of a brand that a positive attitude will enhance customer intention to use express delivery services.中文译文：客户为何打算使用快递服务摘要本研究的目的是更好地了解产品质量、价格合理性、品牌形象和态度对客户意向的影响。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their coreenergy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price atthe right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in thecompetition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development ofenterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。

快递服务业概述An Overview of Express Delivery ServicesMaterial Source :A Report By US—ASEAN Business Council,2005Author ： James I. Campbell Jr.A．Characteristics of an Express Delivery CompanyFour major integrators : UPS， FedEx， TNT， and DHL， account for almost 85 percent of the world's express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services：Door-to-door delivery ： this includes the seamless transfer across multiple modesof transport . the “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery。

Close custodial control ： Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security ，EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments。

快递服务英文作文Title: The Evolution of Express Delivery Services。

Express delivery services have become an integral part of modern life, facilitating the swift and efficient movement of goods across the globe. From the humble beginnings of postal services to the advent of sophisticated logistics networks, the evolution of express delivery has been remarkable. In this essay, we will explore the history, significance, and future trends of express delivery services.The origins of express delivery can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where messengers were employed to carry important messages over long distances. However, it was not until the establishment of formal postal systems in the 17th century that the concept of organized delivery services took shape. The introduction of postage stamps and standardized rates in the 19th century further streamlined the process, laying the groundwork for the modern expressdelivery industry.The rapid industrialization and globalization of the20th century spurred the growth of express delivery services. Companies like FedEx, UPS, and DHL emerged as leaders in the field, harnessing advancements in transportation and communication technologies to offer faster and more reliable delivery options. The introduction of air cargo planes revolutionized the industry, enabling packages to be transported across continents in a matter of hours.Today, express delivery services play a crucial role in facilitating e-commerce and international trade. With the rise of online shopping, consumers expect fast andefficient delivery of their purchases. This has led to fierce competition among delivery companies, driving innovation and the adoption of new technologies. From drone deliveries to self-driving vehicles, the future of express delivery promises to be even more exciting and transformative.One of the key benefits of express delivery services is their ability to expedite the movement of goods, reducing lead times and improving efficiency. Businesses can leverage express delivery to meet tight deadlines and satisfy customer demands for quick turnaround times. This not only enhances customer satisfaction but also strengthens brand reputation and loyalty.Moreover, express delivery services contribute to economic growth by facilitating trade and commerce. By enabling the timely delivery of goods, these services help businesses expand their reach and enter new markets. This, in turn, creates employment opportunities and stimulates economic activity at both local and global levels.However, express delivery services also face challenges and concerns, particularly regarding environmental sustainability and last-mile delivery. The carbon footprint associated with transportation and logistics operations raises environmental concerns, prompting companies to explore greener alternatives such as electric vehicles and sustainable packaging solutions. Additionally, thelogistics of last-mile delivery pose logistical challenges, especially in densely populated urban areas where traffic congestion and limited access can impede efficient delivery.In conclusion, express delivery services have come a long way since their inception, evolving from simple messenger systems to sophisticated logistics networks. Asthe world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demandfor fast and reliable delivery will continue to grow. By embracing innovation and sustainability, the expressdelivery industry can overcome challenges and pave the way for a more efficient and sustainable future.。

外文翻译原文China express industry development processMaterial source : WWw. CninajournaL net. cnThe scale of express delivery market in China has been more than 10 billion yuan and it is increasing with the rate of 30% every year Some experts predict that the express delivery business will grow with the speed of 10 or more than 10 times after 3 years. It is a big n cake M which is not maKing big enough.Recalling the development of express delivery in China , this business originated in international express delivery business in the early 80,s last century. In 2005, EMS of China Post has Started-up business for 25 years. Express delivery industry in China has gone through three phases.(1)The initial stageAt that time, according to the reform and opening up and strengthen contact with external, July 15, 1980, the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications startedthe international EMS business to arrive in Singapore, Hong Kong and other countries and regions in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Fuzhou， Shenzhen and other cities. And then they opened the domestic EMS business. In the early 80,s, the China Post,s express delivery shared almost 100% in the express delivery market, until 1987 it remained shared 95% until 1987 ∙ There is no denying that the birth of EMS has produced the rise of the express delivery industry in China.(2)The development stageIn the 1990s, with the development of foreign investment and foreign trade, the economic of China rise rapidly. Particularly, stimulating by domestic demand, it promoted the domestic express industry to flourish, combined with a low threshold of the domestic express industry, the results fast, high-profit, domestic express delivery companies have developed rapidly just like mushroome.The China's express delivery business has entered a period of rapid expansion. During this period, we can not ignored the existence of the international express delivery company which represented by DHL, UPS, FEDEX, TNT from beginning to end” With the franchise of the Cnina Post in thearea was broken, the relevant departments have begun to participate in this competition. A group of professional domestic express transportation company began to set foot in theexpress delivery industry, for example, Civil aviation, ZhongTie and so on, a number of private enterprises has also launched express delivery business. The express delivery market in China has a wide range of competition, primarily in the following areas.©The EMS of China Post lose the hegemonyWith the rapid development of the international courier companies and private express delivery companies in China, China Post f s market share decreased year by year (average annual loss of 4%), now it is down to about 40%. From the growth rate of express delivery business, China Post's express delivery business has significant growth from 1990 to 1994, but in 1995, due to the large-scale international express delivery company to enter the Chinese market, China Post Express divert a large number of business, the growth rate obviously became slowly. The four major express delivery giant,s business grew more than 20% every year or even up to 40%.②Air Express and the L hina Railway Express's growing depended on natural advantages and become more and more powerfulWith the air superiority of Civil Aviation, Air Express push forward to the express delivery market on a large scale. Air Express launched the "statute of limitations Express“ service , this was commended by people for the advantages of the Air Express .It s scope can arrived in Beijing, Shanghai and other 21 cities, in this way it can meet the different requirements of different customers. The main means of transport of China Railway Express is train , car and Railway and Maritime transport, railways and air transport, the M door-to-door M cargo Speed post service are ancillary. China Railway Express set up professional bodies Express in all the cities , to form a chain service network. Most of the national inter-city goods may arrive within 3 days from the next day from the carrier, and the price is very cheap. Express cargo can be quickly arrived in Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Korea and Hong Kong and other countries and regions.®M Black express11 squeezed the express delivery marketDespite the domestic express delivery service companies with big sweeping have extraordinary performance, but at the same time there are sorts of defects or inadequate, they can not control all of the express delivery market. Despite EMS is a substantia] network, but the mechanisms is not flexibility enough; Although China Railway Express is cheap, but only reach along the railway line; Though Air Express have air traffic advantages, but it lack of ground delivery. There are weaknesses in these big companies, making a number of small or private courier companies came into being. A part of these small companies do not have a significant portion of the business license ,and these companies are illegal courier companies. The prices of these companies is very cheap, flexibility and service for main customers, in this way, they won the main living space* they sent people the convenience, but also brought some of the hidden dangers for theinterests of consumers. The events againsting the interests of consumers always happen.(3)CroSS-border express delivery companies is eyeing the market in ChinaIn 1990s, four of the world,s largest express delivery companies DHL, TNT,UPS,FEDEX have set up branch offices in China, and it competed with EMS violently. After many years9 development, large-scale cross-border express delivery companies have adapted to China's land and water, and they have done the implementation of China,s market development plans. It is not a new thing that DHL, TNT, UPS, FtDEX had direct air links between Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, they are in their own operations to shorten the distance between China and the world, but they also to expand its express delivery in China Market share. The cross-border express delivery companies take a shine to Chinese vast market, they set a large-scale investment in the Chinese market. In addition to the purchase of a new large transport aircraft, the additional flights, they also established their own processing centers in China. In addition, DHL, TNT, UPS, FEDEX have been achieved with the Chinese customs declaration EDI, the technology is far ahead of EMS. They establish a common customs supervision Express Center with Shanghai Customs together, a modern and efficient means to achieve a series of business process, just like customs declaration, customs clearance and sorting, and trans-shipment, and so on. For them, China,s accession to the WTO is just like a stage curtain opened, they just go on stage to perform.(3)The mature stageIn the 21st century, express delivery market in china is more mature, We are not only familiar with the advertisements of DHL, TNT, UPS, FEDEX on television r newspapers and carriages, and We also admire the courage which EMS are committed to reforming the commitment to launch a variety of services. There is the multiple service option of using the Shun Feng, Da Tian, Da Tong, home delivery, the China Railway Express, Air Express,Shen Tong and so on ∙φThe demise of πbalck express” and the growth of private express delivery companiesIn the 21st century, with the market order regulation and the strengthen of consumers,s rational choice .The living space of ,,balck express“ has been getting smaller and smaller, after the the development in 1990s, some of the "black Express” has got their first fortune , completing of the primitive accumulation of capital, transformation and become a legitimate private courier companies, private express delivery companies have completed the restructuring and based on the local express delivery market, private express delivery companies are looking for developmentopportunities between the four international express delivery giants and EMS .②The emergence of ,,Union Express" and the expansion of the international express delivery giant,s,,Balck express“ ta ke a spontaneous form of co-operation in the transition, plus the increasingly fierce competition of delivery market. In order to enhance private courier companies5 strength, they have taken the initiative to join the way of cooperation ...,,Union Express“ to counter the pressure of competition from the four major international express delivery giants and EMS. Although the Q [ Union Express', development is not perfect, but it is the inevitable evolution of the development and growth for the national express delivery business- Through Union express, private express delivery companies expand the living space and achieve the deployment and use of the advantaged resources, greatly facilitated the private courier companies to promote intercooperation ,strengthen self-management initiatives. ,,The new authority of the rapid logistics ", ,,arrive at Asia and North America in one day” and ∙∙The next two years, building a distribution center in every city in China, ,, the slogan is not a bluff In fact, the transport network made by the aircrafts which contacts between Chinese and foreign frequently, it has already shows the strength and determination of the foreign express company to enter Chinese market. Several of the international express delivery giants have intensified to set up branch offices in China, TNT Express carry out medium-speed business with China Post in 2000,it is ready to take two hands: stepping up cooperation with China Post and expanding its agents ranks in China.译文中国速递业发展历程资料来源：中国期刊网作者：李伟目前中国速递市场的规模已经超过IOO亿元，并且以每年3 0%的速度递增。

1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost。

Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology， continued government deregulation， the shortening of product life cycle，proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional manufacturer—retailer relationships，many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition。

Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years。

物流服务介绍英文作文英文：Logistics services are an essential part of modern business operations. As a logistics service provider, our main goal is to ensure that our clients' goods aredelivered safely, efficiently, and on time. We offer a wide range of logistics services, including transportation, warehousing, and inventory management.Transportation is one of the most critical aspects of logistics. We have a fleet of trucks, ships, and planesthat can transport goods across the country or around the world. Our transportation services are flexible and can be customized to meet our clients' specific needs. For example, if a client needs to transport perishable goods, we can provide refrigerated trucks or air cargo services to ensure that the goods arrive at their destination in good condition.Another important logistics service we provide is warehousing. We have warehouses in different locations, which can help our clients store their goods temporarily or for a more extended period. Our warehouses are equipped with advanced security systems to ensure that our clients' goods are safe and secure. We also offer inventory management services, which can help our clients keep track of their goods and ensure that they are not lost or stolen.In addition to transportation and warehousing, we also offer value-added services such as packaging, labeling, and customs clearance. These services can help our clients save time and money by reducing the number of steps involved in the logistics process.Overall, our logistics services are designed to help our clients streamline their supply chain operations and improve their bottom line. We take pride in providing excellent customer service and ensuring that our clients' goods are delivered safely and on time.中文：物流服务是现代商业运营的重要组成部分。

文献出处:J.J o u r n a l o f T r a n s p o r t G e o g r a p h y,2015,152:30-34.原文TheResearchofRegionalLogisticsCompetitivenessMahpulaAAbstractAtpresent,thedevelopmentoflogisticsisthelogisticsdemandrapidincrease,th eexpandingmarketcapacity,acceleratestheconstructionoflogisticsinfrastru cture,third-partylogisticsfastgrowththetendency,thewholelogisticsindust ryisdevelopinginthedirectionoftheinformation,,withtherapidincreaseoflog isticsdemand,,theexistenceanddevelopmentofregionallogisticsisthepremise ofexistenceanddevelopmentofregionaleconomy,,iscloselyrelatedtothescalea ndthelevelofthedifferentregionaleconomicshape,sizeandindustry,determine sthelevelofregionallogistics,,adapttoreasonablelayoutofindustrialstruct ure,toreducelogisticscost,,theregionaleconomicdevelopmentisinseparablef romthedevelopmentofregionallogisticsandregionallogisticstoprovidesuppor tandguaranteeforthedevelopmentofregionaleconomy,,thedevelopmentofthereg ionallogisticshasbecometoimprovetheregionalinvestmentenvironmentandindu strydevelopmentenvironment,expandingthescopeoftheregionalinfluence,thek eytoenhancingregionalcompetitiveness.Keywords:Regionallogistics;Regionallogisticscompetitiveness;Evaluationi ndex1IntroductionTherapiddevelopmentofworldeconomyandtheprogressofmodernscienceandtechno logy,thelogisticsindustryasanemergingserviceindustry,,logisticsindustry isconsideredtobetheeconomicdevelopmentofthearteryandbasicindustry,itsde velopmentdegreebecometomeasureacountry'smodernizationdegreeandcomprehen sivenationalstrength,oneoftheimportantmarksisknownasthe"thirdprofitsour ce"oftheenterprise,itsroleismoreandmorebig,becamethecurrentaftertheITin dustry,financialindustry'shottestemergingindustryanewgrowthpointofnationaleconomy,,istheimportantforceintheformationanddevelopmentofregionalec onomy,itistoimprovetheefficiencyandeconomicbenefitinthefieldofregionalc irculation,improvethecompetitiveabilityofregionalmarket,etc.,,however,t herearestillmanyproblems;,sincethereisnouniformstandard,,withthetwoindi catorstomeasurelogisticsscalehascertainscientific,butitcan',,theproport ionofdifferentresearchersusedifferent,rangingfromteenstotwentypercent,, thelogisticsindustry'seconomicstatisticaldatashortage,thereisnocomprehe nsivelogisticsdemandstatistics,whichmadeusqualitativeunderstandingofthe levelofunderstandingoflogistics.2LiteraturereviewAbouttheCoreCompetencetheory,CoreCompetenceCoreCompetenceoftheoriginali ntentionistheCoreskillsorCoreskills,thisconceptisin1990bytheAmericanstr ategicmanagementexpertsmade'sstrategicmanagementexpertshamer,referstoth eenterpriseorganizationofaccumulatingknowledge,especiallyabouthowtocoor dinatedifferentproductionskillsandintegrateavarietyoftechnicalknowledge ,andonthebasisofadvantageoverothercompetitorsuniqueability,namelyCoreCo mpetenceisbuiltonthebasisofenterpriseCoreresources,istheenterpriseintel ligence,technology,products,management,:theabilitytheoryrepresentedbyRo ssbyandChristie'sschool;Schoolrepresentedbyporter'stheoryofmarketstruct ure;RepresentedbyWernerPhilandPenrose',theabilitytointegrated,uniquenes s,extensibilityandinherentcharacteristics.Relatedtheory,thestudyofregionallogistics,thelogisticsresearchofEuropea ndtheUnitedStates,Japanandotherdevelopedcountries,focusontheenterprisel evel,,,theregionalinternationallogisticsfieldofresearchmainlyincludesth efollowingaspects:1,,morefortheglobalnetworkofsupplychainfacilitylocati onpositioning,andcoordinatethefactorymoresupport,,thecommonlyusedmethod sincludemathematicalanalyticalmethod,systemsimulationmethodandheuristic methods,;Mixedintegerprogrammingsolvetheproblemofsiteselectionoflogisti cscenterandlogisticsplanning,etc.2fromtheperspectiveofurbaneconomyandth eenvironment,,usingadynamictrafficsimulationmodel,quantitativeresearche conomicgrowth,thetransportdemand,aswellastherelatedroadcongestionandenv ironmentalpollution.3fromthepointofviewofthecitygovernment,Flow,thethirdpartylogisticsenterprise,storageandtransportationenterpris e,,'sabilitytoprovidelogisticsservicesandmeetcustomerdemand,embodiesthe subjectoflogisticsoperationlevel,mainlyincludingtheenterprisecompetitio nability,profitabilityandperformancelevel,reflectacertainperiodoflogist icsenterprisesintheareaoftheoveralllevelofdevelopment,isthekeyfactorfor theformationofregionallogisticscompetitiveness.,,thedevelopmentlevelofinformationistheoneimportantfactorfortheformatio nofregionallogisticscompetitivenesslevel.Macroenvironmentreferstothelogisticsindustrydevelopmentoflogisticsindus trydevelopmentplanning,landusepolicy,taxpolicy,marketaccesspolicy,talen ttraining,suchasthesoftenvironment,affectingthedevelopmentoflogisticsin dustryreflectstheexternalenvironmentforthedevelopmentofthelogisticsindu strytoprovidefavorableconditionsandtheenvironmentsupport.译文区域物流竞争力研究作者MahpulaA摘要当前,物流的发展正呈现出物流需求快速上升、市场容量不断扩大、物流基础设施建设加速、第三方物流快速成长的趋势,整个物流产业正朝着信息化、全球化和专业化的方向发展;同时,随着物流需求的快速增加,区域物流的发展更加迅猛;区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分,区域物流的存在和发展是以区域经济的存在和发展为前提的,没有区域经济也就没有区域物流;区域物流与区域经济发展的水平、规模密切相关,不同区域经济的水平、规模和产业形态,决定了区域物流的水平、规模和结构形态;区域经济一体化能使区域内和区域间的物流趋向合理,适应产业结构的合理布局,从而降低物流成本,促进区域物流发展;反之,区域经济的发展也离不开区域物流的发展,区域物流为区域经济的发展提供支撑与保障,区域物流的发展将带动和促进区域经济的进一步发展;因此,区域物流的发展己成为改善区域投资环境和产业发展环境、扩大区域影响范围、提升区域竞争力的关键;关键词:区域物流,区域物流竞争力,评价指标1引言世界经济的快速发展和现代科学技术的进步,物流产业作为一个新兴的服务性产业,正在全球范围内迅速发展;在国际上,物流产业被认为是经济发展的动脉和基础产业,其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志之一,被誉为企业的“第三利润源泉”,其发挥的作用越来越大,成为了继IT业、金融业之后的当前最热门的新兴产业和国民经济新的增长点,引起了社会的普遍重视;区域物流是区域经济的重要构成要素,是区域经济形成与发展的重要力量,它对提高区域流通领域的效率和经济效益,提高区域市场的竞争能力等,发挥着积极的能动作用;然而,现代物流快速发展的背后仍然存在较多的问题,其中物流竞争力水平低于物流发展水平显得尤为突出;选择物流竞争力发展水平评价指标时,由于没有统一的标准,只能利用货运量或货运周转量来衡量物流规模;运输是物流过程中实现货物空间位移的中心环节,用这两个指标来衡量物流规模有一定的科学性,但不能真实反映地区物流的全貌;估计物流需求量时,通常的做法是根据GDP和社会消费品零售总额等国民经济核算指标;这仅仅是宏观层次上的一种简单估算,不同的研究人员采用的比例不同,从百分之十几到百分之二十不等,所得结果存在较大差异,给理论分析带来了较大的困难;同时,有关物流产业的经济统计资料极度缺乏,也没有全面的物流需求统计数据,这使我们对物流的理解始终处于定性的认识水平上;2文献综述关于核心竞争力理论,核心竞争力Core关于区域物流的相关理论研究,物流发达的欧美、日本等国研究,侧重于企业层面,即致力于提供企业优化策略;而区域层面的物流系统及竞争力研究,则涉及不多;根据文献查阅,国际上区域性物流领域研究,主要包括以下几个方面:1从跨国公司角度研究全球性物流资源配置和协调问题;具体包括物流基础设施、市场竞争机制及物流供应链运行等问题;此类研究多利用运筹学等数量化技术工具,为供应链的全球网络设施选址定位、多工厂协调、战略配送体系设计等问题提供支持;这是企业层面物流优化研究的扩展,常用方法包括数学解析法、系统仿真法和启发式方法等;如位分法和图解法解决一元网点的布局问题;混合整数规划解决物流中心的选址以及物流规划问题等;2从城市经济和环境角度,研究城市交通网络的设置问题;例如Tanjguchietal从城市层面,利用交通仿真动力学模型,定量研究经济增长、运输需求,以及道路拥挤和环境污染的相互关联;3从城市政府角度,研究其在宏观物流发展中承担的角色和效用;例如和Senblatt,研究了全球化供应链管理中设施融资、交通以及地区交易规则、企业税费法律中的政府补贴等全球生产和配送网络主要因素的效用等;3区域物流相关理论概述区域物流的定义学术界对区域物流的定义尚未统一,一个比较认可的观点是,区域物流是在一定的区域地理环境中,以大中型城市为中心,以区域经济规模和范围为基础,结合物流的有效服务范围,将区域内外的各类物品从供应地向接受地进行的有效实体流动;是将运输、仓储、装卸搬运、配送、包装、流通加工、信息处理等物流活动集成,以服务于本区域经济发展的综合体系;它要求集成的、一体化的物流管理,即以满足用户需要为目的,对物品、服务及相关信息从供应地向接受地的有效率流动进行计划、执行和控制的活动,是物资流、信息流及资金流的有机统一体;区域物流主体、客体和载体的关系区域物流结构具有多层次、多维度的特点,其基本要素包括物流主体、物流客体和物流载体,而基本要素又有其各自完整的结构体系,每一要素都表现出不同的功能,从而形成区域物流的整体功能;区域物流主体是直接参与或专门从事区域物流活动的经济组织,包括货主物流企业、第三方物流企业、储运企业等;物流主体是供应链物流渠道起点和终点的联接者,在整个区域物流活动过程中起着主导和决定性的作用;物流主体要素的集成是现代物流的本质特点;因此,集物流各要素为一体的物流主体,对于物流业发展具有决定性作用;与区域经济产业积聚相类似,区域物流也强调物流主体积聚,物流主体在空间上的积聚有利于促进物流活动的规模化、集约化、体化发展,这也是区域物流园区、物流中心、配送中心形成的客观基础,而区域物流园区、物流中心、配送中心决定了整个区域物流系统的空间结构;区域物流与区域经济的关系区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分,区域物流的存在和发展是以区域经济的存在和发展为前提的,没有区域经济也就没有区域物流;区域物流与区域经济发展的水平、规模密切相关,不同区域经济的水平、规模和产业形态,决定了区域物流的水平、规模和结构形态;物流总是伴随着商流而生,区域经济越发达,制造及商贸越活跃,作为服务行业的物流业就会有良好的客户群和市场基础,大规模发展的可能性越大;反之,区域经济的发展也离不开区域物流的发展,区域物流为区域经济的发展提供支撑与保障,区域物流的发展将带动和促进区域经济的进一步发展;由此可见,区域物流与区域经济是相互依存的统一体;区域经济是区域物流发展的前提和基础,是拉动区域物流发展的主导力量;区域物流是区域经济的重要组成部分,是区域经济的支撑系统,为区域经济服务;区域物流的发展目标和战略必须服从并服务于区域经济发展的目标和战略;4区域物流竞争力区域物流竞争力是指某空间范围内一般以行政区域为边界,也可跨区域,物流产业所具有的区别于其它区域的资源察赋优势、物流企业能力、政府政策支持和产业创新能力,最终体现为通过区域内部的良性竞争将以上各种资源、能力有效整合而形成的具有互补性、整合性的能力体系,反映了各区域在物流活动中相比较的竞争能力,体现了区域物流服务能力的大小和物流业发展水平的高低;区域物流的竞争力主要由六项基本要素共同构成:社会经济发展水平、物流需求规模、物流供给状况、物流企业发展水平、信息发展水平、物流业发展宏观环境;社会经济发展水平社会经济发展水平综合反映了区域物流竞争力水平的社会经济基础,是区域物流竞争力发展的保障,为区域物流的可持续发展提供支撑,也从另一侧面反映了区域物流竞争力发展的潜力与动力;物流需求规模物流需求规模主要指物流服务的生产、消费、流通等领域的数量和规模,在一定程度上受当地资源条件的限制,它综合反映了一个地区对物流服务的需求程度和规模:物流需求规模的大小,决定了物流市场容量的大小,是区域物流产业存在和发展的前提与基础;物流供给状况物流供给状况指为物流业发展所提供的物流基础设施、各种物流技术装备、从事物流服务的企业及相应的从业人员等的数量和规模以及地区的交通能力状况,综合反映了区域物流的供给能力和服务水平,体现了对物流业发展的促进作用和满足程度,是区域物流竞争力形成和发展的主要因素;物流企业发展水平物流企业发展水平综合反映了区域内物流主体提供物流服务及满足客户需求的能力大小,体现了物流主体的运作水平,主要包括企业的竞争能力、盈利能力及绩效水平,反映了一定时期区域内物流企业的总体发展水平,是区域物流竞争力形成的关键因素;信息发展水平信息发展水平主要是指区域的信息化程度及信息技术水平的高低;物流是依据信息来流动的,物流的整个过程已越来越依赖于对信息的获取;许多物流企业已把建立自身的信息管理系统作为发展其核心竞争力的关键,可见信息的发展水平是区域物流竞争力水平形成的一个重要因素;物流业发展宏观环境物流业发展宏观环境主要指物流产业发展规划、土地利用政策、税收政策、市场准入政策、人才培养政策等影响物流业发展的软环境,体现了外界环境为物流业发展所提供的有利条件和环境支持;。