IGCSE真题_20140116

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_body mass index, or BIMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem _9_, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit. _10_ others with a low BMI may be in poor _11_. For example, many collegiate and professional football players _12_ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a _13_ BMI.Today we have a(n) _14_ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes _15_ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_ in health concerns have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_, My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives, Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat!1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $559m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, un-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings or fulfillment. She could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these maternal purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was Once exciting and new becomes old hat; regret creeps in, It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dun and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stones or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected toothers.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.”It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world. and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers, But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that .[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to .[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing (to use the psychological terminology) strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving (across the ages and genders ) and 85% at getting on well others-all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We strut around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been morphed to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which most did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,”says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Eplet’s study, it makes sense that manypeople hate photographs of themselves so viscerally — on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the flukiest of flattering photos, the cream of their wit style Beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves”. (People are much more likely to out-and-out lie on dating websites, to an audience of strangers.)26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s .[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defense28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.6) is closest in meaning to .[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can .[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side ofa boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted”and “highly standardized”ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, sincewe are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.”That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices[B] Machines will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines[D] Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged. This government does not want to see a return to large-scale provision of council housing, so it is naturally wary of measures that will lead us down that route.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. The cap, introduced in 2012 as part of the Housing Revenue Account reform, hasbeen a major issue for the sector. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.Finally, they should look at the way in which public sector land is released. Currently up-front payments are required, putting a financial burden on the housing provider. A more positive stimulus would be to encourage a system where the land is made available and maintained as a long-term equity stake in the project.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. This means that affordable housing specialists like Wates Living Space have to create a whole new way of working in partnership with registered providers. Wehave to be prepared to take on more of the risk during the development phase, driving down the cost to deliver high-quality affordable housing and, most importantly, developing alternative funding models to help achieve this.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away. The comprehensive spending review provides the opportunity to start moving us in the right direction - stimulating investment in new supply and quickly delivering tangible benefits to local economies. It also helps create the space to develop a long-term sustainable strategy for housing.36. The author believes that the housing sector .[A] has attracted much attention[B] has lost its real value in economy[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A] suffered government biases[B] increased its home supply[C] offered spending opportunities[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[B] release a lifted GDP growth forecast[C] allow greater government debt for housing[D] stop local authorities from building homes39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] relieve the minister of responsibilities[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] lessen the impact of government interference40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] stop generous funding to the housing sector[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] review the need for large-scale public grantsPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked detailsgiven in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of eland itself as their medium.The British land artist, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The BoyleFamily, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny. Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottishartist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down- say, after giving a bad lecturehe grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷答案Section I Use of English1. [B] concluded2. [A] protective3. [C] Likewise4. [A] indicator5. [D] concern6. [A] in terms of7. [C] equals8. [C] in turn9. [D] straightforward10. [B] while11. [A] shape12.[B] quality13. [C] normal14. [D] tendency15. [B] pictured16. [D] associated17. [A] Even18. [D] grounded19. [C] policies20. [B] againstSection II Reading Comprehension21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[B]A special tour22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is[A]critical23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25. This text mainly discusses how to26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[C] intuitive response28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[B] believe in their attractiveness29. The word "Viscerally"(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[D] withhold their unflattering sides31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _____.[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that _____.[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often _____.[D]designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _____.[D] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines36. The author believes that the housing sector______.[D]involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_____.[A]suffered government biases38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may _____.[C]allow greater government debt for housing39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would _____.[C]contribute to funding new developments40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may _____.[B]stop generous funding to the housing sector41.Stone Cirele[D]represents the elegance of the British land art.42.Olaf Street Study[E]depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.43.Across the Park[G]contains images from different parts of the same photograph.44.Towards Avebury[C]reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.45.Seven Days[A]originates from a long walk that the artist took.Section III Translation大多数人认为乐观主义就是无休止的开心，就像在看到一个装了一半水的杯子的时候，会认为还差半杯就满了，而非空了一半。

第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60分）第一节（共15小题;每小题3分，满分45分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A 、B 、C 和D ）中，选出最佳选项，并在题卡上将该项涂黑。

AThe Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity ChallengeDare to Take the Curiosity Challenge!The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites , even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to createartwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity how it inspires them to explore their world.Students are being dared to draw a picture, write an article, take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about. To enter the challenge, all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival, MIT Museum, 265 Mass Avenue,Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honor at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday, April 21st. Guest speakers will also present prizes to the students. Winning entries will be published in a book. Student entries will exhibited and prizes will be given. Families of those who take part will be included in celebration and brunch will be served.Between March 10th and March 15h, each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration. The program guidelines and other related information are availableat :http:// .21. Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge?A. School students.B. Cambridge locals.C. CSF winners.D. MIT artists.22. When will the prize-giving ceremony be held?A. On February 8th.B. On March 10th.C. On March 15thD. On April 21st.23. What type of writing is this text?A .An exhibition guide. B. An art show review.C. An announcement.D. An official report.BPassenger pigeons (旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks (群)so large that they the sky forhours.It was calculated that when it populationzxxk reached its highest point ,they were more than 3billlion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds weremost abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands, Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.By the closing decades of the 19th century ,the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested hadbeen damaged by American’s need for wood, which scattered (驱散) the flocks and forced the birds togo farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contributed to their decline. Soon the great flockswere gone, never to be seen again.In 1897, the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons but by then,no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wi pigeon in the UnitedStates was shot by a boy in Pike County, Ohio, in 1900. For a time , a few birds survived under humancare. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1, 1914.24. In the 18th and early 19teh centuries, passenger pigeons____.A. were the biggest bird in the worldB. lived mainly in the south of AmericaC. did great harm to the natural environmentD. were the largest bird population in the Us25. The underlined word “ undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ ____.A. escapeB. ruinC. liberationD. evolution26. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?A. To seek pleasure.B. To save other birds.C. To make money.D. To protect crops.27. What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?A. It was ignored by the public.B. It was declared too late.C. It was unfair.D. It was strict.CA typical lion tamer（驯兽师）in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip( 鞭) at a chair. The whip gets all of the attention, but it’s mostly for show. In reality, it’ the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair n front of the lion’s face, the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided, the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion? How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g. lose weight., start a business, travel more)—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is been the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant’ focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things, and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving.It does n’t have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: All you need to do is focus on one thing,. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go, something you want to accomplish, someone you want to become…take immediate action. If you’re clear about where you want to go, the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.28. Why does the lion tamer use a chair? zxxkA. To trick the lion.B. To show off his skills.C. To get ready for a fight.D. To entertain the audience.29. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair?A. They feel puzzled over choices.B. They hold on to the wrong things.C. They find it hard to make changes.D. They have to do something for show30. What is the author’s attitude towards the expert mentioned in Paragraph3?A. Tolerant.B. Doubtful.C. Respectful.D. Supportive.31. When the world is “ waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to _____A. wait for a better chanceB. break your old habitsC. make a quick decisionD. ask for clear guidanceD.As more and more people speak the global languages of English, Chinese, Spanish, and Arabic, other languages are rapidly disappearing. In fact, half of the 6,000-7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the United Nations zxxkEducational , Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).In an effort to prevent language loss, scholars from a number of organizations _UNESCO and National Geographic among them—have for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect.Mark Turin, a scientist at the Macmillan Centre Yale University, who specializes in the languages andoral traditions of the Himalayas, is following in that tradition. His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and zxxkTheir Culture, grows out of his experience living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.Documenting the Thangmi language and culture is just a starting point for Turin, who seeks to include other languages and oral traditions across the Himalayan reaches of India , Nepal, Bhutan, and China . But he is not content to simply record these voices before they disappear without record.At the University of Cambridge Turin discovered a wealth of important materials-including photographs, films, tape recordings, and field notes—which had remained unstudied and were badly in need of care and protection.Now, through the two organizations that he has founded –the Digital Himalaya Project and the World Oral Literature Project __Turin has started a campaign to make suchzxxk documents, for the world available not justto scholars but to the younger generations of communities from whom the materials were originally collected. Thanks to digital technology and the widely available Internet, Turin notes, the endangered languages can be saved and reconnected with speech communities.32. Many scholars are making efforts to ______.A. promote global languagesB. rescue disappearing languagesC. search for language communitiesD. set up language research organizations.33. What does “that tradition’ in Paragraph 3 refer to ?A. Having full records of the languagesB. Writing books on language teaching.C. Telling stories about language usersD. Living with the native speaker.34. What is Turin’s book based on?A. The cultural studiesB. The documents available at Yale.C. His language research in Bhutan.D. His personal experience in Nepal.35. Which of the following best describe Turin’s work?A. Write, sell and donate.B. Record, repair and reward.C. Collect, protect and reconnect.D. Design, experiment and report.第二节（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

2012年广州市初中毕业生学业考试英语本试卷共五大题，满分135分。

考试时间120分钟。

一、听力（共两节，满分35分）第一节、听力理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）每段播放两遍。

各段后有几个小题，各段播放前每小题有5秒钟的阅题时间。

请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A．、B、C项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

听下面一段对话，回答第1—3三个小题1．What does the man give the woman?A．A birthday card．B．A birthday present．C．A birthday invitation．2．When will the woman go shopping?A．On Friday．B．On Saturday．C．On Sunday．3．Why does Arme think she is going to the man's home?A．To discuss his study problems．B．To help him with his computer．C．To attend his birthday party．听下面一段对话，回答第4—6三个小题4．Where does the talk place？A．At the ticket office．B．In the football stadium．C．In the street5．Why does the woman want to buy a ticket?A．To go to see the match．B．To give her son a reward．C．To sell it and earn money．6．What does the woman finally decide to do?A．To go to the ticket office．B．To buy the ticket from the man．C．To return home without a ticket．听下面一段独白，回答第7—9三个小题。

CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGEPaper 0523/01Reading and WritingKey MessagesIn Reading, candidates are expected not only to understand the information provided in the passages but also to b e ab le to distinguish b etween facts, ideas and opinions. They should demonstrate the ab ility to extract relevant specific information from forms, letters and articles and scan for particular information, then organise and present it in a logical manner.In Writing, candidates need to ensure that answers fulfil the task as well as displaying a development of ideas. Successful candidates should demonstrate the ability to employ a variety of grammatical structures and vocab ulary items. Register should b e appropriate. Writing conventions, such as paragraphing and punctuation, should be followed. The characters produced by the candidates should be accurate.General CommentsPerformance on this component was generally very good, and consistent with the previous year. A few candidates displayed the linguistic competence of a first language speaker. Almost all candidates attempted the whole paper.The majority of candidates coped very well with Section 1, showing a thorough understanding of the reading passages. In Section 2, almost all candidates were able to write with reasonable fluency and express their opinions. The area where the compositions could be improved was in the organisation and clarity of thinking shown, to ensure that candidates produce essays that engage the reader’s interest.Comments on Specific QuestionsSection 1Exercise 1 Questions 1-5In Question 1 candidates are required to identify the four true statements in a list of eight. Most candidates coped well with the format of the question, and realised they must only tick the required number of boxes. Performance on this opening question was good, with even the weakest candidates obtaining 2 or 3 marks. Questions 2-5 are 3-option multiple choice questions, and were answered well by most candidates, showing that they were ab le to understand this part of the passage fully. Question 4 proved to b e the most challenging in the exercise, as it required candidates to read the passage carefully and to pay close attention to both the passage and the question. To reach the correct answer, candidates needed to understand the reason why the app caught the attention of the wider public, not why the developer made the app in the first place.Exercise 2 Questions 6-12In this exercise, candidates are presented with a blank form template, and have to complete it according to their understanding of the passage.Most candidates could find the answer to Question 6 with ease. Candidates need to make sure that the full name, 李小晴, is present and not just the first name. Question 7 asks for the nationality of the protagonist. This has to be a country and not a province. The correct answer is that she is from China and not Sichuan or Guangzhou. The second part of this question asks for her place of birth. The passage says that she was b orn in Sichuan b ut grew up in Guangzhou. This was answered correctly b y most, b ut some candidatesneeded to read the passage more carefully to identify the place correctly. Question 8 asks for the name of the school that the protagonist attends. All three characters, 科里尔were needed to be awarded the mark. Question 9 was answered well by most candidates. Questions 9-12 tended to expose candidates who had not fully understood the passage, and this group of questions was found to be challenging by them. Question 10 asks for the protagonist’s hobby, and either, 曲棍球 or 运动 were accepted. Some candidates gave 棍球 which was not accepted as a correct answer. Question 11 was handled well by most candidates. Question 12 asked candidates to list three of the universities that the protagonist had applied for. A number of candidates wrote down that she might go to America, which was considered a harmless addition to the list of the correct three universities, Oxford, Leeds and LSE.Exercise 3 Questions 13-20Candidates should be reminded that answers to Exercise 3 need to be precise and accurate. They need to ensure that they communicate their answers clearly and without ambiguity.Question 13 was answered well b y many, b ut where candidates were not awarded the mark, this was usually b ecause they did not give sufficient information. Candidates needed to say that Ah Xi needed to prepare for his college entrance exam instead of spending time forming a band. Just saying that he needed to study was a full or accurate enough answer. Question 14 also needed a precise response. In this question, candidates needed to point out that Ah Xi’s decision to pursue a career in music was made after he had taken the college entrance exam / once he graduated from high school / before he started university. For Question 15, two elements were required, namely that Ah Xi’s parents supported his decision (1 mark) and that they thought he should learn more/broaden his horizons (1 mark). Question 16 was well-handled by most. For Question 17 two elements were once again required, indicating that the audience was small and they were not paid well. Question 18 required candidates to say that Ah Xi worked hard to learn English because he wanted to sing English songs well (为了唱好英文歌，他下了大力气去学英语). Questions 19 and 20 presented few problems for candidates.Section 2Question 21Most candidates did well in this part of the exam. They demonstrated their ability to write fluently in Chinese and convey b asic information in a short essay. Most of the Chinese characters produced were highly accurate which is a credit to both the candidates and their teachers.Candidates are expected to write a passage b etween 100-120 characters presenting an interesting discussion b ased on the given b ullet points. In order to ensure that candidates write within this limit, covering all the b ullet points, candidates are advised to avoid writing a lengthy introduction, exchanging pleasantries at the beginning of their essays/letters. They should focus instead on the topics listed in the bullet points and demonstrate their ability to develop ideas.Question 22This was found to be the most challenging part of the exam for many candidates. Candidates are asked to write an argumentative essay expressing their opinions ab out a given issue. Four speech b ub b les are provided as suggestions of the arguments which may b e put forward, b ut candidates are not ob liged to include these, and can use their own ideas and opinions as well.The key to success in this section is to make sure ideas are fully developed. It is better for candidates to try and provide an in-depth and focused discussion on fewer points, rather than covering a large numb er of issues superficially. The highest scoring essays contained interesting and sustained discussions with well developed ideas.For language, the best essays were characterised by being technically accurate and well-structured with at least three paragraphs, containing a clear beginning and ending. Candidates need to remember to provide clear links between paragraphs so that there are clear and logical transitions.CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGEPaper 0523/02SpeakingKey messages•Candidates need to show their ab ility to use a variety of structures and precise vocab ulary consistently, both in the presentation and in the conversation sections.•Discussion in both conversation sections should include opinions, explanations and comparisons,as well as facts, to enable candidates to show their command of the language.•Centres wishing to use more than one Examiner must seek permission from Cambridge before the Speaking Test period starts. Centres using more than one Examiner were not always aware of the correct procedure for internal moderation. Feedback to such Centres was provided by the Moderator and should be acted upon in future sessions.General commentsThe vast majority of Centres carried out the tests very well, and the full range of performance was heard. A variety of topics were chosen for the presentation and well-discussed with Examiners. Most Examiners had done the necessary preparation, and asked a series of excellent searching questions.Examiners need to ensure that their candidates are put at ease and given ample opportunity to demonstrate the full range of their abilities. In order to give candidates the best possible chance, Examiners should ensure that they have read the syllabus carefully so that both the tests and the relevant administration are carried out correctly.Candidates are reminded that this paper rewards their ability to communicate appropriately and demonstrate knowledge of a wide range of vocabulary and structures in order to promote their educational or employment prospects.It is important that candidates choose a topic for the presentation which reflects their interests, as well as being related to an aspect of Chinese culture. It is also crucial that the Examiner asks a series of questions appropriate to the candidate’s level. This should include questions that are more unpredictable, and enable candidates to show their ability to respond spontaneously.The b est performances from candidates of all ab ilities were heard in Centres where it was clear that oral work was a regular part of classroom activity and where candidates were familiar with the requirements of the Speaking test. In such Centres, candidates had prepared the presentation well and Examiners managed to pitch questions at a level and depth appropriate to this syllab us. The most successful candidates demonstrated a range and variety of structures and vocab ulary, and showed an ab ility to respond and contrib ute to the conversation with appropriate pronunciation and intonation. Such candidates covered a selection of different topics across both conversation sections, using a variety of structures and a solid range of vocabulary.● Recorded sample: quality and compositionMany Centres managed to select a good recorded sample which covered the full spread of performance in the Centre. Centres with permission to use more than one Examiner had taken care to ensure that both a good range of marks and different Examiners were represented on the sample.In order to ensure that recordings are clear and of good quality, Centres are reminded to conduct the Speaking tests in a quiet place, away from any noise which may cause disruption. The recording should be checked at intervals by the Examiner to ensure that it is clear and there are no extraneous noises. In someinstances this year, the recording on the CD was almost inaudible, making moderation difficult. Centres are reminded to spot check the quality of all recordings before sending to Cambridge.In occasional cases, candidate name and candidate number were announced by the candidate. Examiners are reminded that these should be announced by the Examiner, not by the candidates.Centres should note that the CD should not be stopped at any point during the recording.● Internal moderationAll Centres wishing to use more than one Examiner to conduct the Speaking tests for their candidates are reminded of the need to apply to Cambridge for permission well before the start of each Speaking test period. Permission is normally granted, on the understanding that internal standardisation/moderation takes place at the Centre before a sample is chosen for external moderation by Cambridge.Where Centres with large numbers of candidates have been granted permission by Cambridge to use more than one Examiner to conduct and assess Speaking tests, the coordinating Examiner is responsib le for checking that the mark scheme has b een applied consistently b y all of the Examiners in the Centre. If a particular Examiner’s marking is judged by his/her colleagues to be out of line with the other marking at the Centre, the marks for candidates examined b y that Examiner must b e adjusted b efore paperwork is submitted to Cambridge.● Clerical checksIn most Centres, the clerical work was completed accurately. Errors in addition were found and corrected in a small number of Centres. Centres are reminded of the importance of careful checking of clerical work, and to ensure that all additions on the Working Mark Sheet as well as the transfer of marks from the WMS to the MS1 mark sheet (or the electronic marks file) are checked before submitting them to Cambridge.● Application of the mark schemeThe mark scheme was generally well understood in most Centres. In cases where downward adjustments to marks were made, this was often because candidates needed to communicate and express their thoughts and opinions more clearly. Some needed to demonstrate their ability to use a wider range of structures and vocabulary more precisely, for example, the use of 还是 and 或者，国籍 and 国家，鼓励 and 吉利，环境 and 气氛， etc.Comments on specific questionsTopic PresentationThe vast majority of candidates were well-prepared the Topic Presentation, and demonstrated good knowledge of sayings and idioms as well as a wide range of different structures. Topics ab out Chinese culture and customs as well as social registers were heard in the presentations this year. Some interesting presentations included ‘Chinese Festivals in Different Countries’, ‘Pros and Cons of the Internet’, ‘Education in Taiwan’, ‘Environment in Hong Kong’, ‘Where has Malaysian Airlines Flight370 gone?’, etc.Topic ConversationA good range and quality of vocabulary and structures was heard in the Topic Conversations and the best performing candidates also gave correspondingly impressive performances in the discussions which followed. It is important that the Examiner listens carefully and pitches questions at an appropriate level, enabling candidates to show the full range of their ability.General ConversationA variety of topics was heard in the General Conversation- ‘en viron men t’, ‘cities an d public service’, ‘education and future plans’, ‘healthy eating habits’, ‘current affairs’, to name a few. Many Examiners were fully aware of the level of language and depth to which General Topics are discussed in this examination and pitched questions appropriately, well done.。

2014年上半年中小学教师资格考试英语学科知识与教学能力试题（高级中学）（精选）参考答案及解析一、单项选择题1．【答案】A。

解析：考查最小对比对。

最小对比对（minimal pairs）是指只有一个音素不同的一组单词。

sip[sIp]和zip[zIp]，tip[tIp]和dip[dIp]，map[mæp]和nap[næp]都是最小对比对。

其他选项，diphthong“双元音”，allophone“音位变体”，phoneme“音位，音素”，故选A。

2．【答案】C。

解析：考查句子语调。

一般情况下，陈述句和特殊疑问句用降调。

一般疑问句用升调。

选择疑问句or前面的词用升调。

一句话中列举并列单词时除最后一个用降调外，其余全用升调。

故选C。

3．【答案】C。

解析：考查名词辨析。

句意为“为了方便讨论，我们最好（）能力和表现”。

separation“分离”，division“分割，划分”，distinction“区分，区别”，difference“差异，差别”。

根据句意，应该是区分能力和表现，故选C。

4．【答案】B。

解析：考查动词辨析。

句意为“政府官员应（）他们的工资信息”。

dissent “不同意”；disclose“揭露，公开”，侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事；unfold“展开，展现”；uncover主要指移去遮盖物使东西显露出来，也可指揭露阴谋秘密等。

根据句意，应该是使工资信息公开化，故B符合语境及句意。

5．【答案】C。

解析：考查介词短语辨析。

句意为“学生们排成一队走出来"。

inperson“亲自”，in private“私下地，秘密地”，in order“按顺序”，in progress“进展”。

根据句意，应该是排成一队按顺序走出来，故选C。

6．【答案】A。

解析：考查强调句。

句意为“在西藏，直到黎明他们才看到远处被雪覆盖的白皑皑的山峰”。

该强调句型为：It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他部分，此句型中It is/was not．．．已经是否定句了，that后面的句子要用肯定式，且须用陈述句语序。

高中英语真题:2014年高中英语学业水平考试试题（6月份）第I 卷共 50 分第一部分：听力（共两节，满分20分）第二部分：英语知识运用（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）21. ---I’m taking an exam tomorrow.---___________.Good luck! B. It’s OK. C. Congratulations! D. With pleasu re.22.---What do you think of _____ film last night?---Wonderful!a B. the C. / D. an---__________ I come back before 9 o’clock.---No, you needn’t. The meeting starts at 10:00A. CanB. MayC. WouldD. Must---Would you like some tea ______ orange juice?--- juice, please.and B. or C. but D. forMay I have a talk with you, sir? I’ve got ______ important to tel l you.A. nothingB.anythingC. somethingD. everything From his wet coat I knew it _______ outside then.A. has rainedB. was rainingC. is rainingD. rainsI don’t know ______ John will help us.Why not call him?that B. what C. whether D. whichThere is a notice on the wall _____ reads: MIND YOUR STEP S!A. whereB. whichC. whoD. whatWhenever you have a chance ______ English, you should tak e it.A. to speakB.speakC. spokeD. speaks---Have you ever been to the Great Wall?---Yes, I ______ it when I was in .have visited B. had visited C. could visit D. visited 第三部分:阅读理解 (共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和 D)中选出最佳选项。

46th International Chemistry OlympiadJuly 25, 2014Hanoi, VietnamTHEORETICAL EXAMINATION WITH ANSWER SHEETS GRADINGCountry:Name as in passport:Student Code:Language:GENERAL INTRODUCTIONYou have additional 15 minutes to read the whole set.This booklet is composed of 9 problems. You have 5 hours to fulfill the problems. Failure to stop after the STOP command may result in zero points for the current task.Write down answers and calculations within the designated boxes. Give your work where required.Use only the pen and calculator provided.The draft papers are provided. If you need more draft paper, use the back side of the paper. Answers on the back side and the draft papers will NOT be marked.There are 52 pages in the booklet including the answer boxes, Cover Sheet and Periodic Table.The official English version is available on demand for clarification only.Need to go to the restroom – raise your hand. You will be guided there.After the STOP signal put your booklet in the envelope (do not seal), leave at your table. Do not leave the room without permission.Physical Constants, Units, Formulas and EquationsAvogadro's constant N A = 6.0221 × 1023 mol–1Universal gas constant R = 8.3145 J·K–1·mol–1Speed of light c = 2.9979 × 108 m·s–1Planck's constant h= 6.6261 × 10–34 J·sStandard pressure p° = 1 bar = 105 PaAtmospheric pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 760 mmHg Zero of the Celsius scale 273.15 KMass of electron m e = 9.1094 × 10–31kg1 nanometer (nm) = 10–9 m ; 1 angstrom (Å) = 10–10 m1 electron volt (eV) = 1.6022 × 10–19 J = 96485 J·mol–1Problem 1. Particles in a box: polyenesIn quantum mechanics, the movement of π electrons along a neutral chain ofconjugated carbon atoms may be modeled using the ‘particle in a box’ method. The energy of the π electrons is given by the following equation:2228mLh n E n = where n is the quantum number (n = 1, 2, 3, …), h is Planck’s constant, m is the mass of electron, and L is the length of the box which may be approximated by L = (k + 2)×1.40 Å (k being the number of conjugated double bonds along the carbon chain in the molecule). A photon with the appropriate wavelength λ may promote a π electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). An approximate semi-empirical formula based on this model which relates the wavelength λ, to the number of double bonds k and constant B is as follows:λ (nm) = B )12()2(2++×k k Equation 11. Using this semi-empirical formula with B = 65.01 nm calculate the value of the wavelength λ (nm) for octatetraene (CH 2 = CH – CH = CH – CH = CH – CH = CH 2).Code:Question 1 2 3 4 5 Total Examiner Mark 3 7 6 4 7 27 Theoretical Problem 1 5.0 % of thetotalGrade2.Derive Equation 1 (an expression for the wavelength λ (nm) corresponding to the transfer of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO) in terms of k and the fundamental constants, and hence calculate theoretical value of the constant B calc..3. We wish to synthesize a linear polyene for which the excitation of a π electron from the HOMO to the LUMO requires an absorption wavelength of close to 600 nm. Using your expression from part 2, determine the number of conjugated double bonds (k) in this polyene and give its structure. [If you did not solve Part 2, use the semi-empirical Equation 1 with B = 65.01 nm to complete Part 3.]Thus, k = 15.So, the formula of polyene is:CH 2 = CH – (CH = CH)13 – CH = CH 22 points4. For the polyene molecule found in Part 3, calculate the difference in energy between the HOMO and the LUMO, ΔE , (kJ·mol –1).In case Part 3 was not solved, take k = 5 to solve this problem.5. The model for a particle in a one-dimensional box can be extended to a three dimensional rectangular box of dimensions L x , L y and L z , yielding the following expression for the allowed energy levels:⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛++=2222222,,8z z y y x x n n n L n L n L n m h E zy xThe three quantum numbers n x , n y , and n z must be integer values and are independentof each other.5.1 Give the expressions for the three different lowest energies, assuming that the box is cubic with a length of L .Levels with the same energy are said to be degenerate. Draw a sketch showing all the energy levels, including any degenerate levels, that correspond to quantum numbers having values of 1 or 2 for a cubic box.Problem 2. Dissociating Gas CycleDininitrogen tetroxide forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide:N 2O 4(g) ⇌ 2NO 2(g)1.00 mole of N 2O 4 was put into an empty vessel with a fixed volume of 24.44 dm 3.The equilibrium gas pressure at 298 K was found to be 1.190 bar. When heated to 348 K, the gas pressure increased to its equilibrium value of 1.886 bar. 1a. Calculate ∆G 0 of the reaction at 298K, assuming the gases are ideal.1b. Calculate ∆H 0 and ∆S 0 of the reaction, assuming that they do not change significantly with temperature.Code: Question 1a 1b 2 3 TotalExaminerMark12 8 3 10 33Theoretical Problem 2 5.0 % of thetotalGrade∆S 0∆G 0348 = - 4.07 kJ = ∆H – 348∆S (1) ∆G 0298 = 4.72 kJ = ∆H – 298∆S (2) (2) - (1) → ∆S = 0.176 kJ·mol –1·K –1 ∆H 0∆H 0 = 4.720 + 298 × 0.176 = 57.2 (kJ·mol –1)4pts 4ptsIf you cannot calculate ∆H 0, use ∆H 0 = 30.0 kJ·mol –1 for further calculations.The tendency of N 2O 4 to dissociate reversibly into NO 2 enables its potential use in advanced power generation systems. A simplified scheme for one such system is shown below in Figure (a). Initially, "cool" N 2O 4 is compressed (1→2) in a compressor (X ), and heated (2→3). Some N 2O 4 dissociates into NO 2. The hot mixture is expanded (3→4) through a turbine (Y ), resulting in a decrease in both temperatureand pressure. The mixture is then cooled further (4→1) in a heat sink (Z ), to promote the reformation of N 2O 4. This recombination reduces the pressure, thus facilitates the compression of N 2O 4 to start a new cycle. All these processes are assumed to take place reversibly.out(a)To understand the benefits of using reversible dissociating gases such as N 2O 4, we will focus on step 3 → 4 and consider an ideal gas turbine working with 1 mol of air (which we assume to be an inert, non-dissociating gas). During the reversible adiabatic expansion in the turbine, no heat is exchanged .2. Give the equation to calculate the work done by the system w(air) during the reversible adiabatic expansion for 1 mol of air during stage 3 → 4. Assume that C v,m(air) (the isochoric molar heat capacity of air) is constant, and the temperature changes from T3 to T4.∆U = q + w; work done by turbine w(air)=-w 1 ptq = 0, thus w(air) = ∆U = C v,m(air)[T3-T4] 2 pts3.Estimate the ratio w(N2O4)/w(air), in which w(N2O4) is the work done by the gas during the reversible adiabatic expansion process 3 → 4 with the cycle working with 1 mol of N2O4, T3 and T4 are the same as in Part 2. Take the conditions at stage 3 to be T3 = 440 K and P3 = 12.156 bar and assume that:(i) the gas is at its equilibrium composition at stage 3;(ii) C v,m for the gas is the same as for air;(iii) the adiabatic expansion in the turbine takes place in a way that the composition of the gas mixture (N2O4 + NO2) is unchanged until the expansion is completed.Oxidation number of Ag1 : ……….+1 Oxidation number of Ag2 : ……… +3 2 pointsCode: Question 1 2 3 4 Total ExaminerMarks 8 14 2 12 36 Theoretical Problem 3 9.0 % of the totalGrade1c.What is the coordination number of O atoms in the lattice of A?The coordination number of O atoms =……… 3 1 point1d.How many Ag I and Ag III bond to one O atom in the lattice of A?Number of Ag I = (1)Number of Ag III = ……. 2 2 points1e.Predict the magnetic behaviour of A. Check the appropriate box below.S2O82-(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2H2O (l) 2SO42-(aq) + Ag I Ag III O2 (s) + 4H+(aq)1 point2. Among the silver oxides which have been crystallographically characterized, the most surprising is probably that compound A is not a Ag II O. Thermochemical cycles are useful to understand this fact. Some standard enthalpy changes (at 298 K) are listed:Atom Standard enthalpyof formation(kJ·mol–1)1st ionization(kJ·mol–1)2nd ionization(kJ·mol–1)3rd ionization(kJ·mol–1)1st electronaffinity(kJ·mol–1)2nd electronaffinity(kJ·mol–1)Cu(g) 337.4 751.7 1964.1 3560.2Ag(g) 284.9 737.2 2080.2 3367.2O(g)249.0 -141.0844.0Compounds ΔH o f (kJ ·mol –1) Ag I Ag III O 2 (s) –24.3 Cu II O (s) –157.3The relationship between the lattice dissociation energy (U lat ) and the lattice dissociation enthalpy (ΔH lat ) for monoatomic ion lattices is: nRT U H lat lat +=Δ, where n is the number of ions in the formula unit.2a. Calculate U lat at 298 K of Ag I Ag III O 2 and Cu II O. Assume that they are ionic compounds. U lat of Ag I Ag III O 2 Calculations:ΔH lat (Ag I Ag III O 2) = 2 ΔH o f (O 2-) + ΔH o f (Ag +) + ΔH o f (Ag 3+) –ΔH o f (Ag I Ag III O 2) = (2×249 – 2 × 141 + 2 × 844) + (284.9 + 737.2) + (284.9 + 737.2 + 2080.2 + 3367.2 ) – (–24.3)= +9419.9 (kJ·mol –1)U lat (Ag I Ag III O 2) = ΔH lat (Ag I Ag III O 2) – 4RT= + 9419.9 – 10.0 = + 9409.9 (kJ·mol –1)3 points(no penalty if negative sign)U lat of Cu II OCalculations for: U lat of Cu II OΔH lat (Cu II O) = ΔH o f (O 2–) + ΔH o f (Cu 2+) – ΔH o f (Cu II O)= (249 – 141 + 844) + (337.4 + 751.7 + 1964.1) – (–157.3)= 4162.5 (kJ ·mol –1)U lat (Cu II O) = ΔH lat (Cu II O) – 2RT = 4162.5 – 5.0 = 4157.5 (kJ ·mol –1)3 points(no penalty if negative sign)If you can not calculate the U lat of Ag I Ag III O 2 and Cu II O, use following values forfurther calculations: U lat of Ag I Ag III O 2 = 8310.0 kJ·mol –1; U lat of Cu II O = 3600.0 kJ·mol –1.The lattice dissociation energies for a range of compounds may be estimated using this simple formula:311C ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛×=m lat V UWhere: V m (nm 3) is the volume of the formula unit and C (kJ·nm·mol –1) is an empirical constant which has a particular value for each type of lattice with ions of specified charges.The formula unit volumes of some oxides are calculated from crystallographic data as the ratio between the unit cell volume and the number of formula units in the unit cell and listed as below:Oxides V m (nm 3)Cu II O 0.02030 Ag III 2O 3 0.06182 Ag II Ag III 2O 4 0.089852b. Calculate U lat for the hypothetical compound Ag II O. Assume that Ag II O and Cu II O have the same type of lattice, and that V m (Ag II O) = V m (Ag II Ag III 2O 4) – V m (Ag III 2O 3).2c. By constructing an appropriate thermodynamic cycle or otherwise, estimate the enthalpy change for the solid-state transformation from Ag II O to 1 mole of Ag I Ag III O 2. (Use U lat Ag II O = 3180.0 kJ·mol -1 and U lat Ag I Ag III O 2 = 8310.0 kJ·mol -1 if you cannot calculate U lat Ag II O in Part 2b).2Ag IIO (s)Ag I Ag III O 2(s)2Ag 2+(g)+2O 2-(g)Ag +(g)+Ag 3+(g)+2O 2-(g)H rxn2U lat (AgO)+4RT-U lat (Ag I Ag III O)-4RTIE 3(Ag)-IE 2(Ag)Calculations:ΔH rxn = 2U lat (Ag II O) + 4RT + IE 3 – IE 2 – U lat (Ag I Ag III O 2) – 4RT= 2 × 3733.6 + 3367.2 – 2080.2 – 9409.9= – 655.7 (kJ/mol) or - 663.0 kJ/mol using given U lat values 4 pts2d. Indicate which compound is thermodynamically more stable by checking the appropriate box below.3. When Ag I Ag III O 2 is dissolved in aqueous HClO 4 solution, a paramagnetic compound (B ) is first formed then slowly decomposes to form a diamagnetic compound (C ). Given that B and C are the only compounds containing silver formed in these reactions, write down the equations for the formation of B and C .For B :Ag I Ag III O 2 (s) + 4 HClO 4 (aq) 2Ag(ClO 4)2 (aq) + 2 H 2O (l) 1 pointFor C : 4Ag(ClO 4)2 (aq) + 2 H 2O (l)4 AgClO 4 (aq) + 4 HClO 4 (aq) + O 2 (g) 1 point4. Oxidation of Ag+ with powerful oxidizing agents in the presence of appropriate ligands can result in the formation of high-valent silver complexes. A complex Z is synthesized and analyzed by the following procedures:An aqueous solution containing 0.500 g of AgNO3 and 2 mL of pyridine (d = 0.982 g/mL) is added to a stirred, ice-cold aqueous solution of 5.000 g of K2S2O8. The reaction mixture becomes yellow, then an orange solid (Z) is formed which has a mass of 1.719 g when dried.Elemental analysis of Z shows the mass percentages of C, H, N elements are38.96%, 3.28%, 9.09%, respectively.A 0.6164 g Z is added to aqueous NH3. The suspension is boiled to form a clear solution during which stage the complex is destroyed completely. The solution is acidified with excess aqueous HCl and the resulting suspension is filtered, washed and dried (in darkness) to obtain 0.1433 g of white solid (D). The filtrate is collected and treated with excess BaCl2 solution to obtain 0.4668 g (when dry) of white precipitate (E).4a.Determine the empirical formula of Z and calculate the percentage yield in the preparation.4b. Ag (IV) and Ag (V) compounds are extremely unstable and found only in few fluorides. Thus, the formation of their complexes with organic ligands in water can be discounted. To confirm the oxidation number of silver in Z, the effective magnetic moment (µeff ) of Z was determined and found to be 1.78 BM. Use the spin only formula to determine the number of unpaired electrons in Z and the molecular formula of Z. (Z contains a mononuclear complex with only one species of Ag and only one type of ligand in the ligand sphere.)4c. Write down all chemical equations for the preparation of Z, and its analysis.Formation of Z:2Ag+(aq) + 8Py (l) + 3S2O82–(aq) 2[Ag II(Py)4](S2O8) (s) + 2SO42–(aq) 2 ptsDestruction of Z with NH3:[Ag II(Py)4](S2O8) (s) + 6NH3(l) [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + ½ N2(g) + 2SO42-(aq)+3NH4+ + 4Py (l) 2 pts(aq)(All reasonable N –containing products and O2 are acceptable)Formation of D:[Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + Cl– (aq) AgCl (s) + 2NH4+(aq) 1 ptFormation of E:Ba2+(aq) + SO42– (aq) BaSO4(s)1ptProblem 4. Zeise’s Salt1. Zeise's salt, K[PtCl 3C 2H 4], was one of the first organometallic compounds to bereported. W. C. Zeise, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, prepared this compound in 1827 by reacting PtCl 4 with boiling ethanol and then adding potassium chloride (Method 1). This compound may also be prepared by refluxing a mixture of K 2[PtCl 6] and ethanol (Method 2). The commercially available Zeise's salt is commonly prepared from K 2[PtCl 4] and ethylene (Method 3).1a. Write balanced equations for each of the above mentioned preparations of Zeise's salt, given that in methods 1 and 2 the formation of 1 mole of Zeise’s salt consumes 2 moles of ethanol.PtCl 4 + 2 C 2H 5OH → H[PtCl 3C 2H 4] + CH 3CH=O + HCl + H 2O H[PtCl 3C 2H 4] + KCl → K[PtCl 3C 2H 4] + HClK 2[PtCl 6] + 2 C 2H 5OH → K[PtCl 3C 2H 4] + CH 3CH=O + KCl + 2 HCl + H 2O K 2[PtCl 4] + C 2H 4 → K[PtCl 3C 2H 4] + KCl1pt for each (2 pts if the first two reactions combined), total of 4 pts1b. Mass spectrometry of the anion [PtCl 3C 2H 4]– shows one set of peaks with mass numbers 325-337 au and various intensities.Calculate the mass number of the anion which consists of the largest natural abundance isotopes (using given below data).Code: Question 1a 1b 2a 3a 3b 3c Total ExaminerMark 4 1 10 2 6 4 27Theoretical Problem 4 4.0 % of the totalGradeIsotopePt 19278Pt 19478Pt 19578Pt 19678Pt 19878C 126C136Natural abundance,% 0.8 32.9 33.8 25.3 7.2 75.8 24.2 98.9 1.1 99.99Calculations:195 + 3×35 + 2×12 + 4×1 = 328 1 pt2. Some early structures proposed for Zeise’s salt anion were:In structure Z1, Z2, and Z5 both carbons are in the same plane as dashed square. [You should assume that these structures do not undergo any fluxional process byinterchanging two or more sites.]2a. NMR spectroscopy allowed the structure for Zeise’s salt to be determined as structure Z4. For each structure Z1-Z5, indicate in the table below how many hydrogen atoms are in different environments, and how many different environments of hydrogen atoms there are, and how many different environments of carbon atoms there are?StructureNumber of differentenvironments of hydrogen Number of differentenvironments of carbonZ121pt 21 ptZ22 1pt 21 ptZ321pt 21 ptZ41 1pt 11 ptZ52 1pt 11 pt3. For substitution reactions of square platinum(II) complexes, ligands may be arranged in order of their tendency to facilitate substitution in the position trans to themselves (the trans effect). The ordering of ligands is:CO , CN- , C2H4 > PR3 , H- > CH3- , C6H5- , I- , SCN- > Br- > Cl- > Py > NH3 > OH- , H2OIn above series a left ligand has stronger trans effect than a right ligand.Some reactions of Zeise’s salt and the complex [Pt2Cl4(C2H4)2] are given below.3a.Draw the structure of A, given that the molecule of this complex has a centre of symmetry, no Pt-Pt bond, and no bridging alkene.Structure of A2 pt3b.Draw the structures of B, C, D, E, F and G.B1 ptCPtCl NH2C6H5Cl1 ptD1 ptE1 ptF1 ptG1 pt3c.Suggest the driving force(s) for the formation of D and F by choosing one or more of the following statements (for example, i and ii):i) Formation of gasii) Formation of liquidiii) Trans effectiv) Chelate effectStructure D FDriving force(s) i iii and iv2 pts 2 ptsProblem 5. Acid-base Equilibria in WaterA solution (X) contains two weak monoprotic acids (those having one acidicproton); HA with the acid dissociation constant of K HA = 1.74 × 10–7, and HB with the acid dissociation constant of K HB = 1.34 × 10–7. The solution X has a pH of 3.75.1. Titration of 100 mL solution X requires 100 mL of 0.220 M NaOH solution for completion.Calculate the initial (total) concentration (mol·L –1) of each acid in the solution X . Use reasonable approximations where appropriate. [K W = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K.]HAH HBH OH Code:Question 1 2 3 4 TotalExaminer Mark 6 4 4 6 20 Theoretical Problem 5 6.5 % of thetotalGrade2. Calculate the pH of the solution Y which initially contains 6.00×10-2 M of NaA and 4.00×10-2 M of NaB.Solution:Solution Y contains NaA 0.06 M and NaB 0.04 M. The solution is basic, OH– was produced from the reactions:NaA + H 2O HA + OH–K b,A = K w/K HA = 5.75 ×10-8NaB + H 2O HB + OH– K b,B = K w/K HB = 7.46 ×10-8H 2O H+ + OH–K w = 1.00 10-14and we have:3. Adding large amounts of distilled water to solution X gives a very (infinitely) dilute solution where the total concentrations of the acids are close to zero. Calculate the percentage of dissociation of each acid in this dilute solution.Solving the equation gives: α = 0.573- The percentage of dissociation of HA = 65.5 %- The percentage of dissociation of HB = 57.3 % 2 points4. A buffer solution is added to solution Y to maintain a pH of10.0. Assume no change in volume of the resulting solution Z.Calculate the solubility (in mol·L–1) of a subtancce M(OH)2 in Z, given that the anions A– and B– can form complexes with M2+:M(OH)2 M2+ + 2OH–K sp = 3.10 ×10-12M2+ + A– [MA]+K 1= 2.1 × 103[MA]+ + A– [MA 2] K2 = 5.0 × 102M2+ + B– [MB]+K’1 = 6.2 × 103[MB]+ + B– [MB 2] K’2 = 3.3 × 102MO H[MB][MBSolve this equation: [A -] = 8.42× 10 –3 M Substitute this value into Eq. 3 and Eq. 4:[MA +] = 0.651 × [A –] = 5.48 × 10 –3 M [MA 2] = 325.5 × [A –]2 = 2.31 × 10 –2 MSimilarly, [B –]total = 0.04 M][92.1][1010.3102.6]][[][432'1−−−−++×=××××==B B B M K MB Eq. 6222'2'12][3.634]][[][−−+×==B B M K K MB Eq.7[B –]total = [B -] + [MB +] + 2 × [MB 2] = 0.04 M Eq. 8 2ptsSubstitute Eq. 6 and Eq. 7 into Eq. 8: [B –] + 1.92 × [B –] + 2 × 634.3 × [B –]2 = 0.04 Solve this equation: [B –] = 4.58 × 10–3 M Substitute this value into Eq. 6 and Eq. 7: [MB +] = 1.92 ×[B –] = 8.79 × 10 –3 M [MB 2] = 634.3 ×[B –]2 = 1.33 × 10–2 MThus, solubility of M(OH)2 in Z is s’s’ = 3.10×10 – 4 + 5.48×10 – 3 + 2.31×10 – 2 + 8.79 × 10 – 3+ 1.33 ×10 – 2 = 5.10×10 – 2 M Answer: Solubility of M(OH)2 in Z = 5.10×10 – 2 M. 2 pointsProblem 6. Chemical KineticsThe transition-metal-catalyzed amination of aryl halides has become one of the mostpowerful methods to synthesize arylamines. The overall reaction for the nickel-catalyzed amination of aryl chloride in basic conditions is:in which NiLL’ is the nickel complex catalyst. The reaction goes through several steps in which the catalyst, reactants, and solvent may be involved in elementary steps.6a. To determine the reaction order with respect to each reactant, the dependence of the initial rate of the reaction on the concentrations of each reagent was carried out with all other reagents present in large excess. Some kinetic data at 298 K are shown in the tables below. (Use the grids if you like)Code: Question 6a6b 6c 6d 6e Total ExaminerMarks 6 8 4 12 2 32 Theoretical Problem 6 7.0 % of thetotalGradeDetermine the order with respect to the reagents assuming they are integers. -Order with respect to [ArCl] = = 1-Order with respect to [NiLL’] = = 1-Order with respect to [L’] = = -1 6pts6b. To study the mechanism for this reaction, 1H, 31P, 19F, and 13C NMR spectroscopy have been used to identify the major transition metal complexes in solution, and the initial rates were measured using reaction calorimetry. An intermediate, NiL(Ar)Cl, may be isolated at room temperature. The first two steps of the overall reaction involve the dissociation of a ligand from NiLL’ (step 1) at 50 o C, followed by the oxidation addition (step 2) of aryl chloride to the NiL at room temperature (rt):Using the steady state approximation, derive an expression for the rate equation for the formation of [NiL(Ar)Cl].(4 pts for rate calculation)The next steps in the overall reaction involve the amine (RNH2) and t BuONa. To determine the order with respect to RNH2 and t BuONa, the dependence of the initial rates of the reaction on the concentrations of these two reagents was carried with the other reagents present in large excess. Some results are shown in the tables below.6c . Determine the order with each of these reagents, assuming each is an integer. (Use the grids if you like)- Order with respect to [NaO t Bu] = 0 2 pts- Order with respect to [RNH 2] = 02 ptsDuring a catalytic cycle, a number of different structures may be involved which include the catalyst. One step in the cycle will be rate-determining.A proposed cycle for the nickel-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with amines is as follows:6d. Use the steady-state approximation and material balance equation to derive the rate law for d[ArNHR]/dt for the above mechanism in terms of the initial concentration of the catalyst [NiLL’]0 and concentrations of [ArCl], [NH 2R], [NaO t Bu], and [L’].NiLLNiLLApply the steady-state approximation to the concentrations for the intermediates:[NiL][L’] + k [NiL(Ar)HNR] (Equation 1) 1pt(Equation 2) 1pt6e.Give the simplified form of the rate equation in 6d assuming that k1 is very small. d[ArNHR]/dt = - d[ArCl]/dt =k2[ArCl] [NiL] = k1k2 [ArCl][NiLL’]0 / k-1[L’] (i.e. consistent with all the orders of reaction as found in the beginning) 2 ptsProblem 7. Synthesis of Artemisinin(+)-Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua L.(Qinghao, Compositae ) is a potent antimalarial effective against resistant strains of Plasmodium . A simple route for the synthesis of Artemisinin is outlined below.First, pyrolysis of (+)-2-Carene broke the cyclopropane ring forming, among other products, (1R )-(+)-trans -isolimonene A (C 10H 16), which then was subjected to regioselective hydroboration using dicyclohexylborane to give the required alcohol B in 82% yield as a mixture of diastereoisomers. In the next step, B was converted to the corresponding γ,δ-unsaturated acid C in 80% yield by Jones’ oxidation.7a. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds A-C .A B CMeMeHHO4 pts (2 pts if wrong stereochemistry) 4 pts 4 ptsCode: Question 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f Total ExaminerMark128 8 12 12 12 64Theoretical Problem 7 8.0 % of thetotalGradeThe acid C was subjected to iodolactonization using KI, I2 in aqueous. NaHCO3solution to afford diastereomeric iodolactones D and E (which differ in stereochemistry only at C3 ) in 70% yield.7b. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds D and E.The acid C was converted to diastereomeric iodolactones D and E (epimeric at the chiralcenter C3). Look at the number-indicated in the structure F in the next step.D E4 pts 4ptsThe iodolactone D was subjected to an intermolecular radical reaction with ketoneX using tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) and AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) in acatalytic amount, refluxing in toluene to yield the corresponding alkylated lactone F in72% yield as a mixture of diastereoisomers which differ only in stereochemistry at C7along with compound G (~10%) and the reduced product H, C10H16O2(<5%).7c. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of compound H and the reagent X.Because alkylated lactone F is known, we can deduce the reagent X as methyl vinylketone. H is the reduced product of D.X H2 pts 6 ptsThe keto group of F reacted with ethanedithiol and BF3•Et2O in dichloromethane(DCM) at 0o C to afford two diastereomers: thioketal lactones I and J in nearlyquantitative yield (98%). The thioketalization facilitated the separation of the majorisomer J in which the thioketal group is on the opposite face of the ring to the adjacentmethyl group.7d.Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds I and J.The keto group of lactone F reacted with ethanedithiol and BF3·Et2O in dichloromethaneto afford thioketal lactones, I and the major isomer J.I J6 pts (3 pts if I and J are swapped) 6 pts (3 pts if I and J are swapped)The isomer J was further subjected to alkaline hydrolysis followed byesterification with diazomethane providing hydroxy methyl ester K in 50% yield. Thehydroxy methyl ester K was transformed into the keto ester L using PCC (P yridiumC hloro C hromate) as the oxidizing agent in dichloromethane (DCM).A two-dimensional NMR study of the compound L revealed that the twoprotons adjacent to the newly-formed carbonyl group are cis to each other andconfirmed the structure of L.7e. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds K and L .Hydrolysis followed by esterification of J provided hydroxy ester K .Oxidation of the hydroxy group in K by PCC resulted in the keto ester L in which two protons adjacent to the carbonyl group are cis-oriented.K L6 pts 6 ptsThe ketone L was subjected to a Wittig reaction with methoxymethyl triphenylphosphonium chloride and KHMDS (P otassium H exa M ethyl D i S ilazid - a strong, non-nucleophilic base) to furnish the required methyl vinyl ether M in 45% yield. Deprotection of thioketal using HgCl 2, CaCO 3 resulted in the key intermediate N (80%). Finally, the compound N was transformed into the target molecule Artemisinin by photo-oxidation followed by acid hydrolysis with 70% HClO 4.LMN323231. O 2, h υ4。

2014National English Competitionfor College Students(Level A-Preliminary)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening Comprehension(30marks)Section A(5marks)1—5BACCASection B(10marks)6—8CCD9—10CB11—15ADBCASection C(5marks)16—20BDCDASection D(10marks)munication22.surrounding a message23.directly24.implied25.very different meanings26.Low27.message itself28.explicit29.External factors30.the same wayPart II Vocabulary,Grammar&Cultures(15marks)Section A(10marks)31—35ABCCB36—40CCDACSection B(5marks)41—45CAABBPart III Cloze(10marks)46.for47.hono(u)r48.which49.feasibility50.replacement51.original52.auditorium53.theatrical54.also55.formerlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(35marks)Section A(5marks)56—60TTFTTSection B(10marks)61—65EDAFBSection C(10marks)66.They are used to buy things with“loyalty points”people haven’t earned yet,but which then have to be repaid with increased customer loyalty.67.To achieve different aspects of local sustainability.68.People in the community are willing to help others and they get paid with Time dollars in turn.69.New ways to pay and how they change people’s life.70.Money issued by supermarkets and airlines,like frequent-flier miles and incentive cards;LETS money; local currencies,like Time dollars and Hours.Section D(10marks)71.media cultural exports73.flow of information74.promote multiculturalism75.difficult to resistPart V Translation(15marks)Section A(5marks)76.海洋覆盖地球表面的四分之三，地球上维持生命的氧气，90%来自海洋，整个天气系统变化的动力也是海洋。