材料导论-高材1006-冯祥俊-2010012166

复习题（1）HDPE、LDPE分子结构、聚集态结构的差别是什么，应用领域有那些特点？1 分子结构：HDPE：只有少量的短支链LDPE：存在大量的长支链和短支链LLDPE：短支链数目与LDPE详单，但没有长支链。

UHMWPE：为线性，与HDPE相同2聚集态结构： HDPE：分子链非常柔顺，结构单元对称规整，非常容易结晶，结晶度很高，80~95%，支化程度小，规整型高，结晶度高LDPE：分子链柔性小，结晶困难，55~65%（提高分子量对结晶度提高） LLDPE：结晶度70%UHMWPE：分子间缠结非常强烈，和HDPE一样，结晶度70~80%3性能：a聚乙烯的基本性质：无臭无味无毒乳白色蜡状固体名半透明或不透明透水率小但透气性大易燃，是最易燃的燃料之一 b聚乙烯力学性能一般拉伸强度比较低强度不高抗蠕性变差抗冲击性能较好c结晶度，密度、拉伸强度、硬度、抗蠕变性： LDPE<LLPE<HDPE 抗冲击性HDPE<LLDPE<LDPE 耐环境应力开裂性 HDPE<LLDPE<LDPE d热性能： PE耐热性能低 HDT：HDPE>LLDPE>LDPE&MFI（熔融指数）提高（分子量下降），HDT降低。

PE的耐热性在塑料里比较高膨胀系数大：HDPE<LLDPE<LDPE 导热性：HDPE>LLDPE>LDPE耐寒性：分子量大，耐寒性好。

MIF升高 e耐化学药性优异f电性能：优异的电绝缘性（>1016Ωm）可做高频高压绝缘材料g加工性能：吸水率低，加工前不必干燥分子量和支化度度熔体速率有很大的影响，分子量提高，MFI下降，分子量相同，支化程度上升，MFI上升熔体流动LDPE>HDPE挤出成型：LDPE 要求慢速冷却：HDPE要求快速冷却 UHMWPE:力学性能优良，良好的塑性工程塑料结晶度比HDPE低，70~80%密度比HDPE低熔体的粘度很高工程塑料中抗冲击强度最高即使在低温下也可以保持韧性和很高的耐磨性4应用：LDPE HDPE LLDPE:不承载复合或在使用温度不高下承载较小的负荷的塑料制品。

第四章材料的磁学 1. 垂直于板面方向磁化,则为垂直于磁场方向 J =μ0M = 1Wb/m 2 退磁场Hd = - NM大薄片材料,退磁因子Na = Nb = 0, Nc = 1所以Hd = - M = -0μJ =m H m Wb /104/172-⨯π=7.96×105A/m 2. 试证明拉莫进动频率W L = 002H m e eμ 证明:由于逆磁体中自旋磁矩相互抵消,只须考虑在磁场H 中电子轨道运动的变化,按照动量矩定理,电子轨道动量l 的变化等于作用在磁矩μl 的力矩,即:dtdl = μl ()00B H l ⨯=⨯μμ,式中B 0 = μ0H 为磁场在真空中的磁感应强度. 而 μl = - l me 2 上式改写成: l B m e dt dl ⨯=02,又因为L V dtdl ϖ==线 所以,在磁场B 0电子的轨道角动量l 和轨道磁矩均绕磁场旋转,这种旋转运动称为拉莫运动,拉莫运动的频率为00022H m e m eB W l μ==3. 答: 退磁因子,无量纲,与磁体的几何形状有关.对于旋转椭圆体的三个主轴方向退磁因子之和,存在下面简单的关系:Na + Nb +Nc = 1 (a,b,c 分别是旋转椭圆体的三个半主轴,它们分别与坐标轴x,y,z 方向一致)根据上式,很容易求得其三种极限情况下的退磁因子:1) 球形体:因为其三个等轴, Na = Nb = Nc 31=∴N 2) 细长圆柱体: 其为a,b 等轴,而c>>a,b Nb Na =∴ 而0=Nc 3) 薄圆板体: b=a>>c 0=∴Na 0=Nb 4. 何谓轨道角动量猝灭现象?由于晶体场导致简并能级分裂,可能出现最低轨道能级单态.当单态是最低能级轨道时,总轨道角动量的绝对值L 2虽然保持不变,但轨道角动量的分量L z 不再是常量. 当L z 的平均值为0,即0=⎰*τϕϕd L z 时,称其为轨道角动量猝灭. 5. 推导居里-外斯定律cT T C -=χ,说明磁化率与温度的关系0证明: 铁磁体中作用于本征磁矩的有效磁感应场M B B eff λ+=0其中M 为磁化强度,则M λ为内场,顺磁体磁化强度表达式:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=T k JB g JB Ng M B B J B 0μμ 把B 0用B eff 代替,则得到铁磁体磁化强度:()⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+=T k M B J g JB Ng M B B J B B )(00λμμ……………….(1) 当T>T c 时,自发磁化强度消失,只有在外磁场B 0作用下产生磁化强度当T>>T c 时,可令1)(0<<+T k M B J g B B λμ,则(1)式变为: )(3)1(022M B Tk J J Ng M B B λμ++=………………..(2) 又B B k J J Ng Tc 3/)1(22λμ+= 代入(2)式有 T M B T M c λλ)(0+=解得λ)(0c c T T B T M -= 令λc T C =' 则得c c cc T T C T T C H H T T C T T B C M -=-=∴=-=-='''000μχχμ当T c T ≤时,0<χ为铁磁性当T > T c 时,0>χ为顺磁性6. 自发磁化的物理本质是什么?材料具有铁磁性的充要条件是什么?答: 铁磁体自发磁化的本质是电子间的静电交换相互作用材料具有铁磁性的充要条件为:1) 必要条件:材料原子中具有未充满的电子壳层,即原子磁矩2) 充分条件:交换积分A > 07.超交换作用有哪些类型? 为什么A-B 型的作用最强?答: 具有三种超交换类型: A-A, B-B 和A-B因为金属分布在A 位和B 位,且A 位和B 位上的离子磁矩取向是反平行排列的.超交换作用的强弱取决于两个主要的因素: 1)两离子之间的距离以及金属离子之间通过氧离子所组成的键角ψi 2) 金属离子3d 电子数目及轨道组态.A-B 型ψ1=125°9’ ; ψ2=150°34’A-A 型ψ3=79°38’B-B 型ψ4=90°; ψ5=125°2’因为ψi 越大,超交换作用就越强,所以A-B 型的交换作用最强.8. 论述各类磁性χ-T 的相互关系1) 抗磁性.d χ 与温度无关,d χ<0 2) 顺磁性:c T T C -=χ,T c 为临界温度,成为顺磁居里温度,T>T c 时显顺磁性 3) 反铁磁性:当温度达到某个临界值T N 以上,服从居里-外斯定律4) 铁磁性: χf >0, T< T c ,否则将转变为顺磁性,并服从居里-外斯定律5) 亚铁磁性: 是未抵消的反铁磁性结构的铁磁性9. 比较铁磁体中五种能量的下列关系:答:铁磁材料的五种相互作用能分别为: 交换能F ex ,磁晶各向异性能F x ,磁弹性能F σ,退磁场能F d 和外磁场能F H1) 相邻原子电子自旋的单位体积内的交换能A>0时,电子自旋不平行,则会引起系统交换能的增加, F ex >0,只有当不考虑自旋轨道耦合时,交换能F ex 是各向同性的.2) 磁晶各向异性能F x ,是饱和磁化强度矢量在铁磁材料中取不同方向时随时间而改变的能量,仅与磁化强度矢量在晶体中的相对晶轴的取向有关磁晶各向异性来源于电子自旋与轨道的相互耦合作用以及晶体电场效应.这种原子或离子的自旋与轨道的耦合作用,会导致铁磁体的长度和体积的大小发生变化,出现所谓的磁致伸缩3) 铁磁体在受到应力作用时会发生相应的应变,从而引起磁弹性能F σ,包括由于自发形变而引起的磁应力能,包括外加应力和内应力4) 铁磁体在外磁场中具有位能成为外磁场能F H ,外磁场能是铁磁体磁化的动力5) 有限尺寸的铁磁体材料,受到外加磁场H 的变化,会在两端面上分别出现正负磁荷,从而产生减弱外磁场的磁场H d ,均匀磁化材料的退磁场能F d 为:10. 用能量的观点说明铁磁体内形成磁畴的原因答:根据热力学定律,稳定的磁状态一定是对应于铁磁材料内总自由能极小值的状态.磁畴的形成和稳定的结构状态,也是对应于满足总的自由能为极小值的条件.对于铁材料来说，分成磁畴后比分成磁畴前能量缩小,故铁磁材料自发磁化后必然分成小区域的磁畴,使总自由能为最低,从而满足能量最低原理.可见,退磁场能是形成磁畴的原因11． 解：单位面积的畴壁能量231/1098.32m J aA k S -⨯==πγ S 为自旋量子数=1 磁畴宽度m L M D s 641095.80.1710-⨯==γ L=10-2m 12 解：此题通过内应力分布为l x πσσ2sin0=，可见为90°畴壁位移，其为位移磁方程为σλμs s H M 230=，当外磁场变化H ∆，畴壁位移x ∆平衡时 H x M x x xH M s s s s ∆∂∂=∆∴∆∂∂=∇σλμσλμ232300 此时沿外磁场方向上磁矩将增加⊥∆=∆⊥S x S M s H (μ为单位体积90°畴壁的面积） 设磁畴宽度2l D =,在单位体积内将有2/D 个畴和畴壁数目,因而单位体积内畴壁面积应为)3....(....................442)11(l S l D =∴=⨯⨯⊥ 将(2)(3)代入(1),可得:0209034σλμπχs s i M =- 13. 证明: 用单弛豫来描述,磁场为交变磁场强度t i m e H H ω=作用下磁感应强度为)(c t i m e B B δω-=由t i m e H i H B ωμμμμμ)'''(00-==所以为半圆形14.15．讨论动态磁化过程中，磁损耗与频率的关系。

Module 51.Typical rubbers and plastics and their corresponding abbreviations.polybutadiene (BR) 聚丁二烯polyisoprene(IR)聚异戊二烯butyl rubber (IIR) 丁基橡胶ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPM) 乙丙橡胶polysulfide (PTR) 聚硫橡胶polychlorapene (CSM) 氯丁橡胶Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) 丁苯橡胶Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) 丁腈橡胶Neoprene氯丁橡胶isobutylene异丁烯isoprene异戊二烯Silicone elastomers硅橡胶Fluoroelastomers (FPR) 氟橡胶2.Define the terms of caulks and geosynthetics?Caulks and sealants like adhesives and protective coatings, fill gaps and seal against weather and liquids and have many commercial applications. Polymer caulks are classified by their expected service life, known as range.A planar product manufactured from polymeric material used on soil,rock,earth,or other geotechnical engineering related material as an integral part of a man-madeproject,structure,or system.3.What are the advantages of polymers over ceramics?toughness properties high modulus of toughness; processing propertyes,formability; fatigue strength;have more applications4. The processing methods for thermosetting plasticsCasting 铸塑Spraying 喷射成型Compression molding模压成型Transfer molding传递模塑成型Reaction injection molding (RIM)反应注射成型5-1 Define the term polymer. List the major groups of polymers.A、Polymers consist of smaller units joined together either naturally or synthetically to produce produce polymers or macromolecules.A polymer ( or macromolecule) is simply a very large molecule formed by joining many small molecules known as monomers. It is characterized by a structure made up of molecular chains with a large aspect ratio, that is, they are very long relative to their transverse dimensions.B、origins:Natural polymers(Leather, bone, cotton, silk, wood);Synthetic polymers(Plastics, synthetic rubber, adhesives)uses:Elastomers Plastics Adhensives Fibers Coatings Otherstypes of monomers :Homopolymers Copolymers5-5 Define the term monomer. List the prerequisites of monomers for polymerization.A low-molecular-weight substance consisting of molecules capable of reacting with like or unlike molecules to form a polymer.Monomers must have one or more multiple covalent bonds (unsaturated hydrocarbons) or be bifunctional(saturated hydrocarbons).5-6 Define the term isomer. What are the three categories of stereoisomers.Isomers are variation in the molecular structure of the same compositio.isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic5-8 Define the term polymerizaion. Describe the two main polymerization processes and list the typical products of each.Polymerization is the linking together of small units (monomer) into long chains.A Additional (chain reaction) polymerization: By use of heat and pressure in an autoclave or reactor, double bonds (reactive sites) of unsaturated monomers break loose and then link up into a long chain.No products other than the polymer are formed.Generally fit into the thermoplastic polymers,include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), poly(vinyl chloride) PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).Condensation (step reaction) polymerization:the by-product is often water but may a gas.Generally fit into the thermosetting polymers,include phenolic (PF), polyester (PET), silicone, and urethane (PUR). While nylon (PA) and Polycarbonates (PC ) are thermoplastic resins synthesized through step reaction polymerization.5-9 What is the name for a chemical that serves as a molecular matchmaker, holding chemicals together for a reaction?Catalysts5-11 Define the degree of polymerization (DP). How is the average molecular weight calculated for a polymer? How does the value relate to the polymer chain length and the degree of viscosity of chain polymers?DP: Is the ratio of the molecular weight of the molecule to its mer’s weightTo determine the molecular weight of the compound, it is necessary to multiply the weight of a molecule by the number of molecules or monomers. Involved chemical analysis is required to determine polymer chain lengths, and such analysis reveals that chains are not uniform in length. Consequently, the value given for a particular resin would be either its average molecular weight or degree of polymerization.Long-chained polymers have a greater molecular weight, which causes more entanglement of the chains and thereby increase viscosity. The degree of viscosity affects the processing of the polymer, so manufacturers must take it into account.5-13 Discuss the factors in fluencing the crystallinity in polymers.Degree of crystallinity is used to describe the crystallinity of polymers.The degree of crystallinity is determined by the following factors:Structuralregularity\Compactness \Amount of flexibility \Configuration\ Tacticity \Process method5-17 Why are additives compounded with plastics? What are the functions of colorants, plasticizers, flame retardants, fillers, foaming agents, lubricants, preservatives, and viscosity depressants, stabilizers, and carbon blackBecause of the many additives that are compounded with the resin to enhance plastics’ properties.Colorants: consist of both organic dyes and inorganic pigments that add color to plastics, and some serve dual roles.Plasticizers: are additives that increase flexibility, whereas cross-linking agents such as organic peroxides cause hardening and produce free radicals.Flame retardants: consist of additives such as boron, nitrogen, chlorine, antimony and phosphorus. They reduce the flammability of plastics by preventing oxygen reactions and improving charring.Fillers: improve plastics by increasing bulk, tensile strngth, hardness, abrasion resistance, and rigidity; they also improve electrical and thermal properties, appearance and chemical resistance, Decrease costFoaming agents: to produce cellular plasticsLubricants: to decrease friction and resin melt during processing.Preservatives: to retain physical and chemical properties and in some cases prevent growth of bacteria and algae.Viscosity depressants: to reduce viscosity during processingStabilizers :to prevent polymers from degradationcarbon black : block out ultraviolet light while strengthening the plastic.5-21 What is the property unique to polymers? What properties incorporate in the property? Explain how the property relates to the behavior of plastics. How is the property determined?最后一问P244 第一行ViscoelasticityViscosity and elasticity.Viscosity ---- the nature of a l iquid’s resistance to flow. Plastics behavior less viscous with increased temperature.Elasticity ---- the ability of a material to return to its original size and shape once a load is removed.With plastics, a sudden impact on the plastic will not result in immediate strain or immediate and full recoverywhen the stress is removed.Rather , there is a viscous flow internally as the force is absorbed through shearing of molecular bonds, much the way that a shock absorber work in an automobileViscoelastic properties are determined by measuring stress relaxation of a material subjected to a constant strain at different temperatures as specified by ASTM D29915-24 Define the terms: glass-transition temperature or glass point (Tg), and glass transition. How is the strength of a material related to Tg value?Glass transition is a reversible change that occurs when a resin polymer is heated to a certain temperature (Tg), resulting in a sudden change or transition from a rigid polymer to a flexible, rubbery material or a viscous liquid.Tg is the point at which polymers acts as glass, or become viscous liquids.When a resin polymer is heated to a Tg,resulting in a sudden change or transition from a rigid polymer to a flexible,rubbery material or a viscous liquid. Such a material suffers a major loss in strength when subjected to a temperature near its Tg value, leading to catastrophic failure even when the service temperature exceeds the Tg value for only a short time. (P244) Below Tg: hard and brittle, like glass.Near Tg: major loss in strength;Above Tg: flexible, viscous5-26 Exemplify the wide range of flammability for plastics. Compare the flammability of thermoplastics to that of thermosets.Phenolics, polyimides, and fluorocarbons without fire-retardant are considered nonburning, whereas the cellulosics are highly flammable.Generally, thermoplastics are more flammable than thermosets.5-28 What are the typical phenomena of plastic’s deterioration?weight gaining, discoloration, swelling, crazing with corresponding loss of tensile, impact, and flexural strength5-37 What does the process RTM refer to?Resin transfer molding1. Unpolymerized resin is placed in an cylinder2. Resin is heated and transferred under pressure into part cavity, cures5-40 Why are the properties of natural rubber required to improve? How are the properties changed through vulcanization? How is vulcanization accelerated?Natural rubber are that it is too soft and has too many reactive sites, which cause rapid oxidation and dry rot. It is also somewhat plastic and will not recover from high stress.increase hardness ;reduce susceptibility to oxidation and reduction with other chemicals 5% of the mer pairs crosslinked: flexible & resilient rubber,5%: increase hardness. (linking together the molecular chains at their double bonds.)Acceletators and activators added to the compound will result in vulcanization within minutes.5-44 Describe the functions of additives to synthetic rubbers: accelerators and activators, retarders, peroxides, peptizers, pigments, abrasives, hardeners, antioxidants and antiozonants, fillers, and carbon black.促进剂活化剂Accelerators and activators: speed sulfur vulcanizing.阻滞剂Retarders: prevent vulcanizing before it is required.过氧化物Peroxides: promote sulfur vulcanizing of saturated synthetic elastomers.胶溶剂Peptizers: soften raw rubber.颜料Pigments: add color研磨剂Abrasives: provide abrasing action for products such as erasers.Hardeners: increase rigidityAntioxidants and antiozonants: preventaging or dry rot from the sunlight and ozone. Fillers: help to increase the bulk of the compound while holding down cost. Improve strengthen and imparts hardness.Carbon black: serves as a strengthening filler and imparts hardness.5-45 What are the characteristics of thermoplastic rubbers? List two commercial thermoplastic rubbers.do not cross-link as do most elastomers, eventhough their properties are similar to many rubbers, so vulcanization is eliminated;To soften when heated and upon cooling, become solid yet maintain elastic behavior;Scraps can be ground and remolded, substituting for thermosetting rubber (automobile tires)苯乙烯类（SBS、SIS、SEBS、SEPS）、烯烃类（TP0、TPV）、双烯类（TPB、TPI）、氯乙烯类（TPVC、TCPE）、氨酯类（TPU）、酯类（TPEE）、酰胺类（TPAE）、有机氟类（TPF）、有机硅类和乙烯类等5-46 Is there a physical or a chemical cross-linking in the rubber network of thermoplastic rubber?Physical5-49 How are elastomers normally grouped by type and calss?1. Type类型reveals the maximum service temperatureranges from A (70ºc) to J (275ºc)2. Class等级indicates the maximum percentage of swell when immersed in oilranges from A (no requirement) to K (10% swell)5-52 What are the advantages of adhesive bonding over other joining methods? Name three applications.Provides more uniform distribution of stress and large stress-bearing area than conventional mechanical fasteners;Joins thick or thin materials of any shapeJoins any combination of similar or dissimilar materialsMinimizes or prevents electrochemical corrosion between dissimilar metals;Light weight load spreading join sealing第二问being able to join dissimilar materials: used by the aerospace industry: advances in microprocessors and computers resulted from improvements in semiconductors and ceramic substrates5-54 What nature must the adhesive have to achieve wetting of an adherend? Two prerequisites1. Must NOT have cohesive force that provide a very strong surface tension2. Surface tension must be less than the forces between the adherend and adhesive。

厦门大学“材料化学导论（一）”作业材料学院材料科学与工程系2010 级材料科学与工程专业主讲教师：曾人杰；助教：彭杰、范尚青2011年6~8月●交作业的时间作业可在相关的“课后第2次（隔次）”交齐，也可由班长和学习委员在征求大部分同学的意见后，“统一”制定时间交齐；但一般不要拖过相关课后的第4次。

●对抄袭作业的处理如发现同学间有明显的“抄袭”行为，两个相关同学的该次作业成绩，“皆”以零分计入期末总分；如发现有同学“抄袭”以前学长的作业，处理的原则同上。

●作业题的顺序、标题、内容和总数量下面有些作业题在正课前先列出，目的是为同学们的学习提供个线索和参考。

但是，相关的内容在讲课后，先前列出的作业题的顺序、标题和具体内容，都会做适当的调整；所以，同学们不必费时先做后面的题目。

此外，由于是开卷考，并且一年级的“导论”课，最后的考题必然与作业会有一定的联系；所以，为保证“国家精品课程”的教学质量，作业的总题数为40题左右。

●本课程的主要参考书[1] 曾人杰.无机材料化学（上）.厦门:厦门大学出版社.2001（获省优秀教学成果二等奖）[2] 曾人杰. 无机材料化学（下）. 2003（胶印本）[全书（含上、下册）为国家精品课程“材料化学导论”配套用书，将由“科学出版社”出版；曾被评为十一·五国家级教材](可按该书目录找到相应的参考文献，或相应的教科书)●第一次课后的作业1、试评述：有人认为用液相烧结制备结构陶瓷，会比用固相烧结获得性能更好的材料。

[注：结构陶瓷的概念、液相烧结和固相烧结的一般概念，课堂上已介绍过；更严格、详细的概念，请同学们从网上查看或参考本课程的教材下册（胶印本，或按其目录找到相应的参考文献）或相关的教科书]●第二次课后的作业2、请给出“f ine ceramics”适当的中文翻译，并写出对应该中文的至少另外2种英文名称？3、试解释与“中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所”相关的3个学术名称之间的联系：（1）硅酸盐研究所；（2）Inst. of Ceramics；（3）《无机材料学报》。

材料工程导论一：1材料的分类：金属材料，无机非金属材料，复合材料，高分子材料2材料学科二级分类：（1）钢铁冶金（2）有色金属冶金（3）金属物理化学（4）金属材料与热处理（5）金属压力加工（6）无机非金属材料（7）硅酸盐工程（8）高分子材料与工程（9）粉末冶金（10）粉末冶金（11）复合材料（12）材料科学与工程（13）腐蚀与防护（14）复合材料（15）铸造（16）焊接3材料科学与工程的四个基本要素（MSE四要素）（1）使用性能（2）材料的性质（3）结构与成分（4）合成与加工二：1材料力学性质（结构材料性质的表征）（1）强度：材料抵抗外应力的能力（2）塑性：外力作用下，材料发生不可逆的永久性变形而不破坏的能力（3）韧性：材料从塑性变形到断裂全过程中吸收能量的能力。

（4）刚度：外应力作用下材料抵抗弹性变形能力。

（5）疲劳强度：材料抵抗交变应力作用下断裂破坏的能力。

（6）抗蠕变性：材料在恒定应力（或恒定载荷）作用下抵抗变形的能力（7）硬度：材料在表面上的小体积内抵抗变形或破裂的能力。

2三类主要材料力学失效形式：断裂、磨损、腐蚀三：1传统意义上，材料的加工范畴包括四方面(1）材料的切削：车、铣、刨、磨、切、钻(2) 材料的成型：铸造、拉、拔、挤、压、锻(3) 材料的改性：合金化、热处理（4）材料的联接：焊接、粘接2如果按材料的流变特性来分析，则材料的成型方法分三种（1）液态成型：金属的铸造、溶液纺丝（２）塑性成型：金属的压力加工(3)流变成型：金属、陶瓷、高分子成型3材料的改性目的：通过改变材料的成分、组织与结构来改变材料的性能内容：（1）材料的“合金化”（2）材料的热处理4什么是材料热处理：通过一定的加热、保温、冷却工艺过程，来改变材料的相组成情况，达到改变材料性能的方法。

这种方法在金属材料和现代陶瓷材料的改性方面有广泛的应用。

注：典型热处理工艺：淬火、退火、回火、正火四：1碳钢的分类（1）按碳的质量百分数分：低碳钢（C：≤0.25％）、中碳钢（C：0.25％≤ C ≤ 0.6％）、高碳钢（C：＞0.6％）（含碳量越高，硬度、强度越大，但塑性降低）(2)按钢的质量分（主要是杂质硫、磷的含量）：高级优质碳素钢（S ≤0.030％，P ≤0.035％）、优质碳素钢（S ≤0.040％，P ≤0.040％)、普通碳素钢（S ≤0.055％，P ≤0.045％)(3)按用途分：（1）碳素结构钢：主要用于桥梁、船舶、建筑构件、机器零件等（2）碳素工具钢：主要用于刀具、模具、量具等2碳钢的牌号与用途（1）普通碳素结构钢：Q195、Q215、Q235、Q255、Q275等。

材料化学导论教案第一篇高分子材料导论目录第一章概论1.1 高分子科学的历史、现状和未来1.2 高分子科学的重要性1.3 高分子的定义、基本概念、分类和命名1.3.1 定义1.3.2 基本概念1.3.3 分类1.3.4 命名1.4 分子量和分子量分布1.5 高分子结构的一般特点1.5.1 一级结构1.5.2 二级结构1.5.3 三级结构和四级结构1.6 高分子性质的一般特点1.6.1 力学性质1.6.2 热性质1.6.3 溶解性第二章天然高分子2.1 多糖类2.1.1 纤维素2.1.2 淀粉2.1.3 甲壳素、壳聚糖2.2 天然橡胶2.3 蛋白质2.4 核酸第三章链式聚合反应3.1 概述3.1.1 一般特征3.1.2 链式聚合反应的单体3.2 自由基链式聚合反应3.2.1 自由基聚合的基元反应3.2.2 链引发反应3.2.2.1 引发剂种类3.2.2.2 引发分解动力学3.2.2.3 引发剂效率3.2.2.4 引发剂的选择3.2.2.5 其他引发作用3.2.3 聚合速率3.2.3.1 概述3.2.3.2 聚合动力学研究方法3.2.3.3 自由基聚合微观动力学3.2.3.4 自由基聚合基元反应速率常数3.2.3.5 温度对聚合速率的影响3.2.3.6 自动加速现象3.2.4 分子量和链转移反应3.2.4.1 无链转移时的分子量3.2.4.2 链转移反应对聚合速率和聚合度的影响3.2.5 阻聚和缓聚3.2.5.1 阻聚剂和阻聚机理3.2.5.2 烯丙基单体的自阻聚作用3.2.5.3 阻聚效率和阻聚常数3.2.6 反应速率常数的测定3.2.7 分子量分布3.2.8 聚合方法3.2.8.1 本体聚合3.2.8.2 溶液聚合3.2.8.3 悬浮聚合3.2.8.4 乳液聚合3.3 阳离子聚合反应3.3.1 阳离子聚合的单体3.3.2 阳离子聚合引发剂体系及引发作用3.3.3 溶剂3.3.4 阳离子聚合反应机理3.4 阴离子聚合反应3.4.1 阴离子聚合的单体3.4.2 阴离子聚合引发体系和引发作用3.4.3 阴离子聚合引发剂和单体的匹配3.4.4 溶剂3.4.5 聚合反应机理3.5 自由基聚合与离子聚合的比较3.6 配位聚合反应简介3.6.1 引言3.6.2 配位聚合的基本概念3.6.3 Ziegler-Natta引发体系3.6.4 α-烯烃配位聚合的机理3.7 链式活性聚合反应3.7.1 活性聚合的定义与一般特征3.7.2 活性聚合的实现3.7.3 活性聚合的应用第四章逐步聚合反应4.1 概述4.1.1 逐步聚合反应的一般特征4.1.2 逐步聚合类型4.1.3 缩聚合反应4.2 逐步聚合反应的单体4.2.1 逐步聚合反应常见的单体4.2.2 反应基团的数目与官能度4.3 线型缩聚反应4.3.1 线型缩聚和成环倾向4.3.2 线型缩聚机理－逐步和平衡4.4 线型缩聚动力学4.4.1 缩聚反应速率及其测定4.4.2 官能团等活性概念4.4.3 线型缩聚动力学4.4.4 其他逐步聚合的动力学问题4.5 线型缩聚物的分子量及分子量分布4.5.1 反应程度对聚合度的影响4.5.2 缩聚平衡对聚合度的影响4.5.3 线型缩聚物聚合度的控制4.5.4 线型缩聚物的分子量分布4.6 非线型逐步聚合反应4.6.1 一般特征4.6.2 凝胶化作用和凝胶点4.6.3 凝胶点的测定方法4.7 逐步聚合反应实施方法4.7.1 逐步聚合的热力学和动力学特征4.7.2 逐步聚合实施方法第五章聚合物的化学反应5.1 概述5.2 聚合物化学反应的分类、特征及其影响因素5.2.1 聚合物化学反应的分类5.2.2 聚合物化学反应的特征5.2.3 聚合物化学反应的影响因素5.3 聚合物的相似转变及其应用5.3.1 引入新基团5.3.2 基团的转化5.4 聚合度变大的化学转变及其应用5.4.1 交联5.4.2 接枝5.4.3 嵌段共聚5.4.4 扩链5.5 聚合度变小的化学转变－聚合物的降解5.5.1 水解、化学降解和生化降解5.5.2 热降解5.5.3 机械降解和超声波降解5.5.4 热氧化降解和稳定5.6 聚合物的防老化5.7 自然降解高分子的设计第六章聚合物的结构6.1 高分子链的二级结构6.1.1 高分子链的内旋转构象6.1.2 高分子链的柔顺性及其结构影响因素6.1.3 高分子链的构象统计6.2 高分子链的三级结构6.2.1 结晶结构6.2.1.1 樱状微束模型6.2.1.2 高分子单晶及折叠链模型6.2.1.3 高分子的晶胞结构6.2.1.4 球晶6.2.1.5 串晶和伸直链晶体6.2.1.6 结晶能力与结晶度6.2.1.7 结晶速度6.2.1.8 结晶的熔融6.2.2 取向结构6.2.3 液晶态结构6.2.4 高分子共混物的形态结构第七章聚合物的性质7.1 聚合物的溶液性质7.1.1 分子间相互作用和溶度参数7.1.2 溶剂的选择7.1.3 分子量及其分布测定方法7.1.3.1 端基分析法7.1.3.2 膜渗透压法7.1.3.3 气相渗透法（VPO法）7.1.3.4 光散射法7.1.3.5 粘度法7.1.3.6 凝胶色谱（GPC）7.2 聚合物的热性质7.2.1 形变－温度曲线7.2.2 玻璃化转变7.2.2.1 T g的测定和自由体积理论7.2.2.2 影响T g的因素7.2.2.3 聚合物的耐热性7.2.3 高弹态7.2.4 流动温度和粘流态7.2.4.1 流动温度7.2.4.2 粘流态7.3 聚合物的力学性质7.3.1 应力－应变曲线7.3.1.1 什么是应力和应变7.3.1.2 极限强度7.3.1.3 玻璃态聚合物拉伸时的应力－应变曲线7.3.1.4 结晶态聚合物拉伸时的应力－应变曲线7.3.1.5 影响聚合物强度的结构因素和增强增韧途径7.3.2 聚合物的力学松弛――粘弹性7.3.2.1 静态粘弹性现象7.3.2.2 动态粘弹性现象7.3.2.3 聚合物主要力学性质各参量之间的关系7.4 聚合物的电学性质7.4.1 聚合物的介电性7.4.2 聚合物的导电性7.4.3 聚合物的静电现象第一章 概论1.1 高分子科学的历史、现状和未来人类直接利用天然高分子，可以追溯到远古时期，比如利用纤维素造纸，利用蛋白质练丝和鞣革，利用生漆作涂料和利用动物胶作墨的粘合剂等等。