雅思阅读表格填空题讲解--Alternative Medicine in Australia

剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析分享给大家。

本篇阅读内容讲述的是医学的科技类的文章，所以理解起来有一定的难度，对于一开始备考雅思阅读的烤鸭们来说可能就会感觉很受挫，但是只要大家认真分析，弄得词汇，还是会发现这类题还是有一定的攻克技巧的。

首先，我们一起来认识一下本文的一些生词和高频词，这里有比较详细的词汇注解，大家在做题的时候可以参考一下。

1. alternative二者择其一，另类的 ;alternative medicine另类医学，另类疗法2. Therapies治疗3. Acupuncture针刺疗法4. Orthodox正统的，传统的5. loath勉强，不情愿6. Prescribe规定，开处方7. hand in glove合作，勾结，亲密的8. herbal草药的，草本的 9. remedies补救措施，10. turnover流通量，营业额11. scientifically系统地，合乎科学地 12. Disenchantment醒悟，清醒，不抱幻想13. empirically以经验为主的 14.eroded侵蚀，消弱 15.chiropractor按摩师，脊椎指压治疗师, naturopath理疗家，自然治疗医师, osteopath整骨医生, acupuncturist 针灸医生，herbalist草药医生 16. Clientele客户，委托人 17. exodus大批离去 18. Concurs同意，一致19. bottom line要点，关键之处 20. musculo-skeletal肌肉骨骼 21. respiratory呼吸的，与呼吸有关的22. chronic慢性的，长期的 22. adjunct附属的，附属物了解了词汇大关，小编觉得就不得不说说长难句的分析。

下面小编为大家带来了3个相对比较有难度的句子进行分析，一起来看看吧：1.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr. Paul Laver a lecturer in Public Heath at the University of Sydney.难句类型：主系表结构(现在完成时态)+介词短语(in having……)做后置定语修饰主语，+插入语(according to……)难词注解：conservative保守的难句翻译：悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver在一次演讲中说到，澳大利亚不管是在自然医学和另类疗法中都持有非常保守的态度，因此它在西方国家中是与众不同的。

2018年12月1日雅思阅读考情回顾
一、考试时间：2018年12月1日（周六）
二、考试概述：
第一篇Homeopathy，替代治疗法。

主要讲述了替代医学中的治疗方法，可参考剑四第二套第二篇Alternative medicine in Australia和剑六第三套第三篇The search for the anti-aging pill。

第二篇The history of motor car，汽车发展史。

发明发展史文章可参考剑八第一套第一篇A chronicle of timekeeping和剑六第三套第一篇The power of the big screen。

第三篇Tuatara，新西兰物种入侵。

可参考剑八第四套第二篇Biological control of pests。

三、文章简介
第一篇Homeopathy，替代治疗法
第二篇The history of motor car，汽车发展史
第三篇Tuatara，新西兰物种入侵
四、篇章分析：。

雅思阅读表格填空题型解题5大步骤讲解解题雅思阅读考试有一类小题型是雅思阅读表格填空(complete the table)。

这类填空题出题频率较低，且难度不大。

下面给大家带来了雅思阅读表格填空题型解题5大步骤讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧雅思阅读表格填空题型解题5大步骤讲解题型特点：顺序原则题目基本上按照*顺序排列字数限制一般填入的词最多不超过3个单词定位内容定位的内容相对比较集中考查内容考查内容均为细节答案特点所填答案基本唯一解题路线图：①明确字数限制?表格填空题解题过程中，考生必须培养第一步看字数限制的习惯。

②空格词性预判? 根据空格前后的词性进行判断，? 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构;? 也可根据句子成分进行判断，? 如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词? 定位关键词并分析定位句? 找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。

? 注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换;或空格所在句子的关键词是对原文定位句的同义概括。

? 理解原文与题干的同意替换? 词语的替换，即词与词之间的替换? 短语的替换，即短语之间的替换? 句子的替换，即句子之间的互换? 展开陈述形式，即以解释的方式来诠释某个词、短语或概念? 填出答案? 结合关键句和行列信息得出应该填写的内容。

雅思阅读机经真题解析-Life code:unlockedAOn an airport shuttle bus to the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, Calif, Chris Wiggins took a colleagues advice and opened a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. It had nothing to do with the talk on biopolymer physics he was invited to give. Rather the columns and rows of numbers that stared back at him referred to the genetic activity of budding yeast. Specifically, the numbers represented the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) expressed by all 6,200 genes of the yeast over the course of its reproductive cycle. “It was the first time I ever saw anything like this," Wiggins recalls of that spring day in 2002. "How to make sense of all these data?"BInstead of shirking from this question, the 36-year-old applied mathematician and physicist at Columbia University embracedit-and now six years later he thinks he has an answer. By foraying into fields outside his own, Wiggins has drudged up tools from a branch of artificial intelligence called machine learning to model the collective protein-making activity of genes from real-world biological data. Engineers originally designed these tools in the late 1950s to predict output from input. Wiggins and his colleagues have now brought machine learning to the natural sciences and tweaked it so that it can also tell a story—one not only about input and output but also about what happens inside a model of gene regulation, the black box in between.CThe impetus for this work began in the late 1990s, whenhigh-throughput techniques generated more mRNA expression profiles and DNA sequences than ever before, "opening up a completely different way of thinking about biological phenomena," Wiggins says. Key among these techniques were DNA microarrays, chips that provide a panoramic view of the activity of genes and their expression levels in any cell type, simultaneously and under myriad conditions. As noisy and incomplete as the data were, biologists could now query which genes turn on or off in differentcells and determine the collection of proteins that give rise to a cells characteristic features- healthy or diseased.DYet predicting such gene activity requires uncovering the fundamental rules that govern it. “Over time, these rules have been locked in by cells,” says theoretical physicist Harmen Bussemaker, now an associate professor of biology at Columbia. "Evolution has kept the good stuff." To find these rules, scientists needed statistics to infer the interaction between genes and the proteins that regulate them and to then mathematically describe this networks underlying structure-the dynamic pattern of gene and protein activity over time. But physicists who did not work with particles (or planets, for that matter) viewed statistics as nothing short of an anathema. "If your experiment requires statistics," British physicist Ernest Rutherford once said, "you ought to have done a better experiment."EBut in working with microarrays, "the experiment has been done without you," Wiggins explains. "And biology doesnt hand you a model to make sense of the data." Even more challenging, the building blocks that make up DNA, RNA and proteins are assembledin myriad ways; moreover, subtly different rules of interaction govern their activity, making it difficult, if not impossible, to reduce their patterns of interaction to fundamental laws. Some genes and proteins are not even known. "You are trying to find something compelling about the natural world in a context where you dont know very much," says William Bialek, a biophysicist at Princeton University. "Youre forced to be agnostic." Wiggins believes that many machine-learning algorithms perform well under precisely these conditions. When working with so many unknown variables, "machine learning lets the data decide whats worth looking at," he says.FAt the Kavli Institute, Wiggins began building a model of a gene regulatory network in yeast-the set of rules by which genes and regulators collectively orchestrate how vigorously DNA is transcribed into mRNA. As he worked with different algorithms, he started to attend discussions on gene regulation led by Christina Leslie, who ran the computational biology group at Columbia at the time. Leslie suggested using a specific machine-learning tool called a classifier. Say the algorithm must discriminate between pictures that have bicycles in them and pictures that do not. A classifier siftsthrough labeled examples and measures everything it can about them, gradually learning the decision rules that govern the grouping. From these rules, the algorithm generates a model that can determine whether or not new pictures have bikes in them. In gene regulatory networks, the learning task becomes the problem of predicting whether genes increase or decrease their protein-making activity.GThe algorithm that Wiggins and Leslie began building in the fall of 2002 was trained on the DNA sequences and mRNA levels of regulators expressed during a range of conditions in yeast-when the yeast was cold, hot, starved, and so on. Specifically, thisalgorithm-MEDUSA (for motif element discrimination using sequence agglomeration)—scans every possible pairing between a set of DNA promoter sequences, called motifs, and regulators. Then, much like a child might match a list of words with their definitions by drawing a line between the two, MEDUSA finds the pairing that best improves the fit between the model and the data it tries to emulate. (Wiggins refers to these pairings as edges.) Each time MEDUSA finds a pairing, it updates the model by adding a new rule to guide its search for the next pairing. It then determines thestrength of each pairing by how well the rule improves the existing model. The hierarchy of numbers enables Wiggins and his colleagues to determine which pairings are more important than others and how they can collectively influence the activity of each of the yeasts 6,200 genes. By adding one pairing at a time, MEDUSA can predict which genes ratchet up their RNA production or clamp that production down, as well as reveal the collective mechanisms that orchestrate an organisms transcriptional logic.Questions 1-6The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-GChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. The search for the better-fit matching between the model and the gained figures to foresee the activities of the genes ii. The definition of MEDUSAiii. A flashback of a commencement for a far-reaching breakthroughiv. A drawing of the gene mapv. An algorithm used to construct a specific model to discern the appearance of something new by the joint effort of Wiggins and another scientistvi. An introduction of a background tracing back to the availability of mature techniques for detailed research on genes vii. A way out to face the challenge confronting the scientist on the deciding of researchable dataviii. A failure to find out some specific genes controlling the production of certain proteinsix. The use of a means from another domain for referencex. A tough hurdle on the way to find the law governing the activities of the genesExample: Paragraph A iii1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph E5 Paragraph F6 Paragraph GQuestions 7-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage7. Wiggins is the first man to use DNA microarrays for the research on genes.8. There is almost no possibility for the effort to decrease the patterns of interaction between DNA, RNA and proteins.9. Wiggins holds a very positive attitude on the future of genetic research.Questions 10-13SummaryComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.Wiggins states that the astoundingly rapid development of techniques concerning the components of genes aroused the researchers to look at 10 from a totally new way. 11 is the heart and soul of these techniques and no matter what the 12 were, at the same time they can offer a whole picture of the genes activities as well as 13 in all types of cells. With these techniques scientists could locate the exact gene which was on or off to manipulate the production of the proteins.*题目：Life code: unlocked篇章结构体裁说明文题目生命密码解密结构（一句话概括每段大意）A.回忆基因研究突破的初始B.参考“机器学习”的工具构建基因活动的模型C.DNA芯片技术的介绍D.基因的活性研究中的数据障碍E.科学家很难从基因交互模式的研究中获取理想数据F.Wiggins和另外一个科学家的相关科学讨论G.研究基因模型和数据的配对，来预测基因的活动试题分析Question 1-6题目类型：List of HeadingsQuestion 7-9题目类型：True, False or Not GivenQuestion 10-13题目类型：Summary题号定位词文中对应点题目解析1Another domain，reference文中的第二句第二句话中，有提到一个“machine learning”的工具构建出了使用现实世界中的生物数据所反映出的基因整体合成蛋白质活动的模型。

科技类4-3-2 Volcanoes–earth-shattering news5-2-1 BAKELITE (人造树胶）-The birth of modern plastics 5-3-2 Disappearing Delta5-3-3 The Return of Artificial intelligence5-4-2 Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass6-3-1 Cinematography8-2-1 Sheet glass manufacture：the float process8-2-2 The little ice age8-3-1 Striking back at lighting with lasers9-1-1 William Henry Perkin (synthetic dyes)9-1-2 Is there anybody out there? In search for extra-terrestrial intelligence9-2-2 Venus in transit9-3-2 Tidal Power9-3-3 Information theory-the big idea9-4-1 The life and work of Marie Curie11-1-3 The FALKIRK wheel11-4-1 Research using twins11-4-2 An introduction to film sound12-4-1 The history of Glass13T2P2 Oxytocin （催产素）14-4-4 Rochman's studies on ocean debris人类学4-1-3 Visual Symbols and the Blind4-2-1 Lost for Words (Endangered languages)4-3-3 Obtaining Linguistic Data4-4-1 How much higher? How much faster? (sporting performance) 5-1-2 Nature or Nurture? (Milgram’s experiment)5-2-2 What’s so Fun ny? (On humour)5-2-3 The Birth of Scientific English5-3-1 Early Child Education6-2-2 Greying Population Stays in the Pink6-2-3 Numeration6-3-3 The Search for the Anti-aging Pill6-4-2 Do literate women make better mothers?7-3-2 Population movements and genetics8-2-3 The meaning and power of smell8-3-2 The nature of Genius9-2-1 auditory function deficit9-2-3 A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently9-3-1 Attitudes to language9-4-2 Young children’s sense of identity10-1-1 Stepwells10-1-3 The psychology of innovation10-2-2 Gifted children and learning10-4-2 Second nature11-2-3 Neuroaesthetics11-3-3 Preface to 'how the other half thinks:Adventures in mathematical reasoning11-4-3 'This marvellous invention' （language）12-1-2 Collecting as a hobby12-1-3 What's the purpose of gaining knowledge?12-2-3 The benefits of being bilingual12-3-2 The intersection of health sciences and geography12-3-3 Music and the emotions13T1P2 Why being bored is stimulating - and useful, too13T3P2 How baby talk gives infant brains a boost14-1-1 The importance of CHILDREN S PLAY14-3-1 The concept of intelligence14-3-3 The power of play14-4-1 the secret of staying young社会类4-2-2 ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA4-4-3 The Problem of Scarce health-care Resources 6-1-1 Australia’s Sporting Success6-2-1 Advantages of Public Transport6-4-3 School bullying7-1-3 Educating psyche7-2-3 Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project8-1-2 Air traffic control in the USA8-1-3 Telepathy8-4-1 The land of the rising sum （math teaching）10-1-2 EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 1990-20109-4-3 The development of museums10-2-3 Museums of fine art and their public10-3-1 The Context,Meaning and Scope of Tourism12-2-1 The risks agriculture faces in developing countries13T1P1 Case study: Tourism New Zealand website14-1-2 The growth of bike-sharing; schemes around the world 14-2-2 Back to the future of skyscraper design考古历史类4-4-2 The nature and aims of archaeology7-2-1 Why pagodas don't fall down7-4-1 Pulling strings to build pyramids8-1-1 A Chronicle of Timekeeping10-2-1 Tea and Industrial Revolution10-3-3 Beyond the blue horizon (peopling the Pacific Ocean) 11-2-1 Raising the Mary Rose11-2-2 What destroyed the civilization of Easter Island11-3-1 The Story of Silk12-2-2 The lost city （Machu Picchu）13T2P1 Bringing cinnamon to Europe13T4P1 Cutty Sark: the fastest sailing ship of all time13T3P3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilization14-2-1 Alexander Henderson生物环保类4-1-1Children’s ideas about rainforest4-1-2 What Do Whales Feel?4-2-3 PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS5-1-3 The Truth about the Environment5-4-1 The Impact of Wilderness Tourism5-4-3 The effects of light on plant and animal species 6-1-3 Climate Change and the Inuit7-1-1 Let's go bats7-1-2 Making every drop count7-3-1 Ant intelligence7-3-3 European forests protection7-4-2 Endless harvest (fishery in Alaska)7-4-3 Effects of noise8-3-3 How does the biological clock tick8-4-2 Biological control of pests8-4-3 Collecting Ant Specimens9-1-3 The history of the tortoise10-3-2 Autumn leaves10-4-1 The megafires of California10-4-3 When evolution runs backwards11-1-1 Crop-growing skyscrapers11-1-3 Reducing the effects of Climate Change11-3-2 Great Migrations12-3-1 Flying tortoises12-4-2 Bring back the big cats13T3P1 The coconut palm13T4P2 Saving the soil14-3-2 Saving bugs to find new drugs14-4-2 why zoos are good商业管理类4-3-1 Micro-enterprise Credit for Street Youth6-1-2 Delivering the Goods6-3-2 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions6-4-1 Doctoring Sales7-2-2 The true cost of food12-4-3 UK companies need more effective boards of directors 13T2P3 Making the most of trends14-1-3 motivational factors and the hospitality industry 14-2-3 why companies should welcome disorder文化艺术类5-1-1 Johnson’s Dictionary13T1P3 Artificial artists13T4P3 Book Review12-1-1 Cork。

预测四Animal’s self Medicating背景词汇：Chimpanzees n黑猩猩Detoxify n 给...解毒Geophagy n 食土的习俗Macaw n 金刚鹦鹉Alkaloid n生物碱；植物碱基Wrinkle n 皱纹；vi 起皱Perch v 栖息Strychinin n马钱子碱Clay n 黏土Intestinal worms n肠胃中的虫子Livestock n 牲畜Ingredients n 元素Microscopic adj微观的Herbivore n草食性同义替换：判断1-51、对应在A段第一句：For the past decade Dr. Engel,a lecturer in environmen tal sciences at Britain’s Open University, has been collecting examples of self -medicating behavior in wild animal. Ten years ago= for the past decade2、NG3、对应在C段：Davis. Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of che micals that...4、对应在H段第一行：Dr.Engel is now particularly excited about how knowle dge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used to improve t he health of livestock.= reforming drugs for livestock选择Summary5、对应在B段中间：many species, for example consume dirt a behavior know n as grephagy soil-consuming=consume dirt6、对应在C段第一句: clay helps to detoxify the defensive poisons that some plant produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten poisons= toxic compounds7、对应在F段：chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common 8、对应在E段倒数第三行：some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their n oses as they swallowed these leaves suggesting the experience was unpleasant.表格填空题9、10、由1987定位在B段第五行：dose themselves with the pith of a plant c alled Veronia this plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes.11、12、由1999和Macaw定位在C段第三行：Evidence for the detoxifying na ture of clay came in 1999 from an experiment carried out on macaws by Jam es Gilardi and his colleagues... Nature=toxic contents13、对应在G段：the factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that were covered with microscopic hooksDevelopment of public management theory 背景词汇：bureaucracy 官僚主义nEthic n伦理Capitalism n资本主义Formality n 礼节；规则Coordination n 协作Static adj 静态的Regulations n 规则Promotion n 晋升Loyalty n 忠诚Intangible adj 难以理解的Framework n框架；结构Pursuit n 约束Incentive n 动机；刺激Steer v控制Humanist tradition n人文传统Complimentary 赠送的Cooperative 合作的Utility function n 实用功能Hierarchy n 层级Constraint n约束Pursuit n 追求同义替换14-21 多选题14-15、对应在B段第三行：E:These servants dedicate themselves to the public in return for security of job tenure among the many advantages of public empl oyment.Contribute themselves to...=dedicate themselves to ...Stable position=security of job对应在倒数第四行B：selection and promotion i s based on technical qualificatio ns and these rules must be strictly followed16-17对应在C段A：对应在第6行：dedication and commitment of the employee is not consider edD：对应在倒数第三行：unnecessary delay in decision-making and the difficulty in coordination and communication due to formalities and rules make it only s uitable for static organization and organisations where change is very slow dynamic和static是反义词；only suitable for static =It is not applicable to fast.... 18-19对应在H和I段A：对应在I段倒数第三行：managers need only to steer employees in a coope rative manner toward goals that serve the organization.Steer employees=guide employeesB段：lazy humans prefer direction bordering micromanagement whenever possi ble.Internal Inertia=lazy20-21对应在J段：A：对应在倒数第四行：distance-de-personaliztion is impossible in Z-organizatio ns.C：对应在倒数第三行：there is high percentage of workers would like work f or the financial return than the job objectives. A high level of self-discipline is also necessaryPersonalization=high percentageWage=financial return人物信息matching22、对应在A段：23、对应在24、对应在F段：Low-level employees must have more incentive to remain wi th the organization for which they exchange their labor and loyalty....he describ ed four incentives including money and other material inducements25、对应在E段：they face(their budget constraint, limited choice) i n pursuit of their self interest26、对应在H段：Employees must therefore be coerced and controlled if mana gement expects to see resultKoalas 考拉熊背景词汇：Eucalyptus n桉树Retrovirus n逆转录病毒Scattered adj 分散开的Tumour-causing adj肿瘤引起的Insidious n阴险的Bush n灌木丛Furry bundles 毛皮捆nParasite n寄生虫Digestive system n消化系统Innocence n 无辜；清白Nip n小夹子Aggressive adj 有攻击性的Distress n危难Tumours 肿瘤Surgery n外科手术Succumb to 屈服于Inoffensiveness 不触犯人Swallow v 吞Claw n爪子Disposition 处置Ambassador n使者Marsupial adj 有袋动物Tannin n单宁酸Cellulose n纤维素Aromatic adj芬香的Poacher n偷猎者同义替换1-5选择1、2、immobile adj固定的对应在F段倒数第五行：to digest their food properly, koalas must sit still for 21 hours everyday=nearly whole day3、对应在G段倒数第三行：Koalas are just not aggressive.they use their claws to grip the hard smooth bark of eucalyptus trees4、由Australia wildlife parks可对应在I段some zoos allow koalas to be passed from stranger to stranger, many children who love to squeeze.5、对应在I段倒数第四行：Policy on koala handing is determined by state gov ernment authorities and members from Australia Nature Conservation Agency, with the aim of instituting national guidelines =regulations6-12判断题6、对应在C段考拉的死和人类活动有关：11,000 are killed by cars;thousands are killed by poachers；7、对应在C段第一句：Today koalas are found only in scattered pockets of so utheast Australia, where they seem to be at risk on several fronts 和all territor y of Australia不相符8、对于在D段第五行：The koalas will be aided by the eucalyptus, which gro ws quickly and is already burgeoning forth after the fires.和题目中spend a dec ade 矛盾9、对应在G段：题目中when food becomes scarce没有提到10、对应在H段：Koalas are stoic creatures and put on a Fur is light-grey to brown with white spots on neck, chest brave face until they are at death’s doo r11 NG12、对应在G段第二行：They are capable of ripping open a man’s arm with t heir needle-sharp claws, or giving a nasty nip, they simple wouldn’tCoastal Archaeology of Britain 背景词汇：2Submerged forests n 深埋的森林Concentration n注意力；焦点Glacial 冰冷的adjEncroachment 对海洋侵蚀Melt v融化Relative to the land 相对于地面Destruction n毁灭Regression n回归Terrestrial adj 地球的Zone n 区域Prehistoric adj 史前Unparalleled adj无双的Medieval n中世纪Dockland area n港区Marinas n 游船码头Sea level 海平面nMineral resources n 矿物资源同义替换15-17选择15、对应在A段：the so-called ‘submerged forests’, ....., had attracted the inter est of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century.Submerged forest=underwater forest16、对应在F段：the most striking evidence fro use of the sea is in the form of boats yet we still have much to learn about their production and use17、对应在H段：elaborate wooden fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water....（且H段主要讲fishing in dustry）18-24 判断题18、对应在C段第一行：the dominant process affecting the physical form of E ngland in the post-glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the landIn the post-glacial period=after the glacial periodRelative to the land相对于地面19、对应在C段中间：yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted t o these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in.....20、对应在C段最后一句：the detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important the me for future research21、对应在F段倒数第四行：Boats were some of the most complex artifacts p roduced by pre-modern societies 和very simple 不相符22、NG23、对应在H段倒数第四行：mineral resources such as.....these industries are p oorly documented, but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking=are f ound24、NGCommunication Styles And Conflict背景词汇：Self-assessment 自我评估工具Personality n性格Depersonalize v 使失去个性Team motivators n团队动力Nonchalant adj冷淡Melancholic n 忧郁的Sanguine adj 乐观的Phlegmatic adj 冷漠的Interpersonal relationship 人际之间的交流和关系Bold adj大胆的Considerate 考虑周全的Sympathetic 同情心的Effectiveness 有效nConflict n矛盾Temperament n气质同义替换：List of heading：27：Section A：as far back as Hippocrates’time(460-370.B.C)......His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen(130-200A.D.).28、Section B：very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are issues of style, information need222s, or focus.29、Section C：Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic t emperaments....1、the sanguine person 2、the phlegmatic person3、the melancho lic person 4、the choleric personBasic temperaments=basic types of personality30、Section D：vigorous and adventurous=they invest a lot of emotion and ene rgy in their communication and often speak quickly31、Section E：Phlegmatic people have an orderly,methodical way of approachi ng tasks=detailed and analytic32、Section F：the melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communic ation style33、Section G:the choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication.people with this style are brief in their communication the fewer words the better.Direct=straightforward pragmatic=focus on tasks and outcomes and often for get that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs34、Section H：A well-functioning team should have all of these communicatio n styles for true effectiveness.判断题35、对应在section C：the phlegmatic person who is unemotional, nonchalant, c ool persevering, and needing direction.The melancholic person who is softhearted, oriented toward doing things for ot hers, and is slow in responding(相比较两者都是较消极的性格)36、对应在Section C：the choleric person whose temperament is domineering, stubborn, opinionated, and self-confident和weary of challenges（惧怕挑战）不相符37、NG38、对应在Section H：some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand-whether the focus is on tasks or relationships=shift from one communication style to anotheradapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand=suit various conditions 39、对应在Section H：The work environment can influence communication sty les either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of on style reflected in that environment,选择40、对应在Section B：other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonal ize conflict interpersonal relationships=maintain and establish interpersonal relati onshipsTalc Powder-Applied on Food and Agricultural Industries背景词汇：Talcum powder 滑石粉末nOlive oil n 橄榄油Chewing gum n 口香糖PremiumAgronomic n 农业物理学Stirring process 搅拌过程Biodegrade v 生物降解Typical crop n热带作物Foam n泡沫；水泡Emulsion n乳剂Lamination n层片Cu-tin 角质的Hydrophobicity 疏水性nAcidic adj酸的Calcium carbonate 碳酸钙nOil droplets n油滴Centrifuge n离心机Inert adj惰性的同义替换物质信息配对matching1-61、2、对应在D段后部分：it absorbs the natural emulsifier at which again improv es the yield by increasing the size of the oil dropletsImproves the yield =boost production3、对应在C段倒数第三行：in the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum b ase pellets and to stop and chewing gum sticking during the lamination and pa cking process4、对应在D段：talc is chemically inert it doesn’t affect colors, tastes appearan ces or compositions of the resulting olive oil5、对应在E段：one such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned.In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 percent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stres s and sunburn6、对应在C段：our talc is used as a filler in the gum base.Summary7、对应在D段：for the past 20 years,olive oil processors in Spain have been talk advantage of talc’s unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives8、对应在D段中间：these olives are easy to recognize because they producea lot of extra foam during the stirring process.9、10、对应在D段：If the waste water is disposed of directly into local field s-often the case in many smaller processing operations the emulsified oil may t ake some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.11、对应在D段：take some time to biodegrade=can not biodegrade immediat ely12、对应在D段后部分：it absorbs the natural emulsifier at which again impro ves the yield by increasing the size of the oil droplets问答题：13、对应在C段倒数第三行：in the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop and chewing gum sticking during the lamination and p acking process14、对应在G段倒数第四行：apple growers are the primary target although Hu nter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential=d etermine to aim nextHuman Navigation-Finding our way背景词汇Navigation n导航Integration n集成；综合Prominent adj 显著的Cognitive system 认知系统Destination n目的地Sausage n肠Anthill n蚂蚁山Literal map 文字地图Metaphor 暗喻Storefront n店面；街角Inspection n监督；监视Notion n概念Spire n尖端同义替换信息matchingA: guidance B：path integration C：route following15、starting point=general direction they come fromPolarization of sunlight=light intensity16、对应在C段倒数第三行：in the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop and chewing gum sticking during the lamination and p acking process17、对应在B段：a person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gestureA prominent landmark=a well-known building18、对应在E段：but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot because you d o not know the general direction or have reference landmark for your goal. 19、对应在20-22选择题20、对应在C段: Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totall y different spot,the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined dire ction=original orientation21、对应在F段：It is even possible that maps derive from a universal way in which our spatial-memory networks are wiredSpatial-memory networks=brain memory22、对应在G段：observe your nearby surroundings to pick out a recognizable storefront or street corner that will send you toward that place判断题23、对应在A段第一句：The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Human positioning system=Biological navigation24、NG26、对应在E段：the route-following navigation strategy truly challenges the br ain.=more thoughts27、NGPlant scents 背景词汇：Vegetative adj 素食的V olatile n挥发物Pollination n 授粉Herbivore n草食动物Parasitic n寄生现象；寄生效应Caterpillar n毛虫Deterrent adj有震慑作用的Onslaught n猛攻；攻击Manipulation n操纵；控制Linalool n 里哪醇Transgenic adj 转基因的；基因改造的Threshold n 门槛；开端metabolic 新陈代谢的Ornamental adj 装饰的Floriculture n种花；载培花卉Perfume n香水Susceptibility n敏感性；感受性Pathogen n病原体Floral adj 花似的；花的同义替换：段落信息配对matching28、对应在B段：this defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remain of insects trapped in side.many other plants emit volatiles when injured and in some cases the emitt ed signal helps defend the plant.29、对应在A段：many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attr act pollinatorsFloral odors=Scent30、对应在F段：the loss of scent among ornamental,....,makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance31、对应在C段：Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses判断题：32、对应在B段：the physiological functions of the chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists=attracts pollinators33、NG34、对应在C段：mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also gen erally from non-damaged parts of the plant.35、对应在D段：pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality a nd efficiency of crop production.和题目中only....rather than 不相符36-40选择36、对应在C段：some parasitic wasp can detect the volatile signature of a da maged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar37、对应在D段最后一句：this problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States recent disease epidemics=spread illness38、对应在E段第三行：its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and con sequent susceptibility to pathogens......;the poor effectiveness of this strategy pro bably reflects inherent limitation of the artificial.....39、对应在F段：the loss of scent among ornamentals,which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billio n, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance40、对应在39题下：although the transgenic plants did create small amounts oflinalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose.Agriculture and Tourism背景词汇：Urban folk n城里人Inventory n存货Sustainability n可持续性Ink-ages n联系；结合Region n地区Rural communities 乡村社区同义替换1-5 人物信息matching1、对应在A段：More than 75 percent of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahe ad for the trip with 37 percentage planning at least two months in advance2、对应在B段：picnic visitors came specially to see the Chicago Bears practi ce.They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day v isitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner and viewing sports event=keen to watch sports activity...3、对应在B段第一句：More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two-or three-day visits.(visitors两者都包括)4、对应在B段第五行：They also wanted the opportunity to experience the co untry while there.5、various tour proposals近似等于variety of our recommendations6-7 选择6、对应在D段第三行：animal rights and the environment are example s of t wo issues that concern both urban consumer and farmers. Farm tours could hel p consumers get the farmer’s perspective on these issuesUrban consumer and farmers=farmers and urbanian7、对应在F段最后一句：Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products, crafts and recreational activities8-13 summary8、对应在A段：A pilot project has found that tourists, rural communities and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts promote and market agricultur al tourism thereTourists, rural communities and some farmers=a combination of targeted group and individuals.7、对应在A段：agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm Surveyed ....to.....10、对应在C段：the study identified three primary audiences for agricultural t ourism11、对应在D段：However, most agricultural tourism enterprises currently mark et their businesses independently, leading to a lack of a cooperation to promote agricultural tourism as an industrylack of=be short of12对应在E段倒数第五行：Green County farmers already have experience host ing visitors during the annual Monroe Cheese Days.13、对应在F段第四行：And hogs,Farm tours could be combined with other a ctivities in the area such as trip to the Mississippi River....E-training背景词汇：In person training n 当面的培训Standard delivery 标准化交付贸易Self-paced learning 自我分部学习Certification 证书Blended approach n 混合方法Interactive materials 交互式材料Scalability adj 可拓展性Consistency 一致性同义替换：Heading1、E-learning is the unifying term to describe the fields of online learning, we b-based training and technology delivered instruction, which can be a great ben efit-to corporate e-learning=major advangtage for the application of E-Training2、In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such a s convenience, .....（并列递进）首段讲的是benefit，所以这一段也讲的是好处=other benefits besides economic consideration3、much of the discussion about implementing e-learning has focused on the t echnology, but.....这一段主要描述传统授课阶段的介绍4、On the other hand, nobody said E-training technology would be cheap. E-tr aining serviece providers , on the average, charge from $10,000 to ...=financial investment5、E-training isn’t expected to replace the classroom entirely.不能代替传统课堂----提到了一些低效的缺点6、A go-between style of the blended learning which refers to a mixing of di fferent learning environments...... Blended methods=mixed learning style段落信息matching20、对应在D段：fast electronic deliver=online courses (these kinds of costs m ean that customized e-training is for the time being, an option costs mean that customized e-training is )21、对应在B段anywhere anytime =flexibilityE-learning is widely believed to offer flexible “anytime, any place”learning. 22、对应在A段：Basic Blue, whose purpose is to train new managers, saved the company in the range of $200 million in 199923、对应在F段：the combination of the traditional and e-training environments =blended method24-26Drawbacks 对应在E段：A：keep the course at the appropriate level of currency and usefulness Appropriate level =at the suitable levelC：first time employees=fresh employeesD：bandwidth limitation are still an issue in presenting multimedia over the Int ernet.Choices and happiness 选择和幸福的关系背景词汇Infinite adj.无穷的Assumption n 假设Option n 选择Indicator n 指示器Fabulous 难以置信的；极好的adjWell-being adj. 幸福；福利Diagnose 诊断vRating 等级Inspection n 视察；检查Subscription n捐款Questionnaire n 调查问卷Ruminate v 反复思考Evaluate v 评估Distinction n 区别Psychological adj.心理学的Alternative adj 可替换的Restrict v 限制同义替换人物信息matching28-3128、对应在C段倒数第五行：when satisficers find an item that meets their sta ndards=match their expection29、文中并没有提到30、对应在D段最后一句：consider repeatedly=tend to broad and ruminate31、对应在E段：we tested this by having people fill out a variety of question naires known to be reliable indicators of well being32-36判断题32、对应在B段：Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand.When their options expand=with the society’s advancementA段中也提到了：more is not always better than less.33、文中字体到了satisficer和maximizer，并没有提到性别上的对比34、对应在D段第四行：They are more prone to experiencing regret after a p urchase and if their acquisition disappoints themThe feeling of loss=experience regret35、对应在G段第二行：the ‘good enough’standard leads to much less searchi ng and inspection of alternatives than the maximizer’s best 和题目中good enou gh 就是搜寻最好的标准矛盾36、对应H段第二行：they may also suffer regret about the option they settle on.=certain correlations between the regret people and the maximizers37-4037、题目是happiness and choice well being=happiness38、对应在E段scores 高----satisfaction低-------happy低-----optimistic低39对应在I段倒数第五行：full-price payers would experience more regret if .....40、I段---39题后：to increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict ou r options when the decision is not crucial.Restrict option=reduce the choice or optionMalaria in Italy 疟疾在意大利背景词汇：Mosquito n虫子Malaria n 疟疾Hereditary adj遗传的Culprit n犯人Lucrative adj有利可图的Hostility n敌意；战争Quinine n奎宁Rampant adj猖狂的Dubbed 被称为nImpoverished 贫困的同义替换：1-4、判断题1、对应在A段：but did not make the further leap towards insects.2、由19世纪定位：miasma or unclean air 二者并列3、由22.5 years 定位：In malarial zones the life expectancy of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years.4、A段最后一句定位：Epidemics were blamed on southern Italians, given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditaryGive the widespread belief....=claimed that....5-8判断5、in the end of 19 century=in the 1880s 对应在A段最后一句：such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit.6、NG7、对应在B段：the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere ca rriers8、对应在C段倒数第四行：Malaria, as Snow-den shows, was not just, was no t just, a medical problem, but a social and regional issue, and could only be d efeated through multi-layered strategies.=combined strategies段落信息匹配：9-149、he did not distribute quinine是medicine 的下意词10、G段最后一句：struggling with the great present-day medical emergency11、B段：Rome that key discoveries were made =breakthrough12、F段：one of the final victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popul ar cyclist, Fausto Coppi13、C段：Despite its often terrible side of effects as the “quinine-buzz”=highly effective drug14、A段：But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by “miasma”or “unclean air”.....这是一种假设：疾病时由空气传播的The pearl背景词汇：Jeweler n 珠宝商Nobility n 贵族Calcum carbonate n碳酸钙Pearl n 珍珠Irritant n 刺激物Mollusk n软体动物Spherical n球形的Precipitate n沉淀物Recipient n容器Graft n 移植Nacre n珍珠层Lustrous adj有光泽的Concentric n同轴环Homogeneous adj均匀的Cavity n腔Diameter n直径Lagoons n泻湖Gonad n生殖腺Mantle n 斗篷Misshapen n畸形同义替换：28-31 段落信息匹配28、对应在B段：A natural pearl, often called an Oriental pearl, forms when a n irritant, such as a piece of sand, works its way into a particular species of oyster, mussel, or clam.29、对应在D段：By the end of a 5 to 10 year cycle, only 50% of the oyster s will have survived. And of the pearls produced, only approximately 5%are of substantial quality for top jewel30、对应在E段：the valuation factors include size,shape,color,quality of surface=elements of determining the value of .....31、对应在E段：X-ray 区分cultured 和natural的类型（one way that jeweler s can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform an x-ray of the pearl）32-34判断题32、NG33、Fake peals=imitation peals34、对应在E段：Australia tend to produce）没有进行而这比较NG35-4035、对应在A段：During the Roman Empire, the pearl was the favored gem of the wealthy.36、heal all disease=came anything from heart disease to....37、对应在E段：the island of Mallorca in Spain is known for its imitation pe arl industry.38、对应在E段：Akoya pearls from Japan are some of the most lustrous...=co nsidered as one of the most glittery cultured one.....39、对应在E段：the south sea water of Australia tend to produce the larger p earls nutrients from ocean floor.40、对应在F段第一句：the world’s best pearls came from the persian Gulf, e specially around what is now BahrainAntarctica----in from the cold 背景词汇：Blizzards n 暴风雪Prevailing westerly winds n盛行西风Katabatic 下降的风Reverberate n再生长；在种植Dedication n献身Integral adj 完整的Circulation n 流通；循环Bedrock n基础；根底Blast v爆炸Enhance v加强Unravel v解开Baleen whales n须鲸Penguins n企鹅Howling 极大的adjPolynyas 冰间湖nHemisphere n半球Circulatory system n循环系统Biota n生物区同义替换：15-16段落信息匹配matching15、对应在D段：CSIRO is developing this as a prototype forecasting system, but we can confidently predict that as we know more about the Antarctic and Southern Ocean we will be able to enhance and extend our reductive ability16、对应在E段：But in another way the extent of sea ice extends its influence far beyond Antarctica.17、对应在F段：the state of the northern oceans, and their biological producti vity, owe much to what happens in the Antarctic18、对应在C段：19、对应在A段：the image was one of a place removed from everyday realit y, of a place with no apparent value to anyone20-22 信息matching23-27 选择题23、对应在D段：Not only does this limit their losses but it prevents serious pasture degradation that may take decades to repair24、对应在E段最后一句：Many species of baleen whales and flighted sea bir ds migrate between the hemispheres and when the krill are less abundant they do not thrive.25、对应在C段：26、Since only fresh water freezes into ice, the water that remains becomes in creasingly salty and dense, sinking until it spills over the continental shelf 27、Cold water carries more oxygen than warm water so when it rises, well i nto the northern hemisphereMysterious extinction of the dinosaurs 背景词汇：Asteroid adj星状的Symmetry n对称性Footprints n脚印；足迹IchnotaxaTriassic n三叠纪Skeletons n骨架Iridium n铱（金属）Fern n羊齿植物;蕨spike n钉状物Meteorite n陨石；流星Jurassic n侏罗纪。

LanguageC4T2R1 Lost for WordsC5T1R1 Johnson’s DictionaryC5T2R3 The Birth of Scientific EnglishC4T3R3 Obtaining Linguistic DataC9T3R1 Attitude to LanguageEnvironmentC4T1R1 RainforestC5T1R3 The Truth about the EnvironmentC5T3R2 Disappearing DeltaC7T1R2 Making Every Drop CountC7T2R2 The True Cost of Food (Food)C7T3R3 DeforestationC5T4R1 The Impact of Wildness Tourism (Tourism) EducationC4T2R3 Play is a Serious BusinessC5T2R3 Early Childhood EducationC9T2R1 Children DevelopmentBiologyC4T1R2 What Do Whales Feel?C5T4R3 The Effect of Light on Plant and Animal SpeciesC7T1R1 Let’s Go Bats (Technology)C7T3R1 Ant IntelligenceC7T3R2 Population Movement and Genetics (Geography, Society) C8T2R3 The Meaning and Power of SmellC8T3R3 How Does the Biological Clock Tick?C8T4R2 Biological Control of PestsC8T4R3 Collecting Ant SpecimensC8T3R2 The Nature of GeniusPsychologyC4T1R3 Visual Symbols and the BlindC5T1R2 Nature or NurtureC5T2R2 What’s so Funny?C7T1R3 Educating PsychoC8T1R3 TelepathyC9T2R3 A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think DifferentlyC9T4R2 Young Children’s Sense of IdentityHealth/ MedicineC4T2R2 Alternative Medicine in AustraliaC4T4R3 The Problem of Scarce ResourcesC6T2R2 Greying Population Stays in the PinkC6T3R3 The Search for Anti-aging PillsC6T4R1 Doctoring SalesTechnologyC5T2R1 BakeliteC5T3R3 The Return of Artificial IntelligenceC5T4R2 Flawed Beauty: the Problem with Toughened Glasses C8T1R1 A Chronicle of TimekeepingC8T2R1 Sheet Glass Manufacture: the Float ProcessC9T3R3 Information Theory – the Big Idea GeographyC4T3R2 V olcanoes-earth-shattering NewsC6T1R3 Climate Change and the InuitC8T2R2 The Little Ice AgeC8T4R1 Land of the Rising SumC9T2R2 Venus in TransitC9T3R2 Tidal PowerC9T1R2 Is There Anybody out There?SportsC4T4R1 How much higher? How much faster?C6T1R1 Australia Sporting SuccessArchaeologyC4T4R2 The Nature and Aims of Archeology TransportC6T1R2 Delivering the GoodsC6T2R1 Advantages of Public TransportC8T1R2 Air Traffic Control in the USAScienceC6T2R3 NumerationMediaC6T3R1 CinemaSociety/ Social LifeC4T3R1 Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street YouthC6T3R2 Motivating Employees under Adverse ConditionsC6T4R2 Do Literate Women Make Better Mothers?C6T4R3 BullyingC7T2R3 Makete Integrated Rural Transport ProjectC7T4R2 Endless HarvestC7T4R3 Effects of Noise (Environment, Biology) ArchitectureC7T2R1 Why Pagodas don’t Fall downC7T4R1 Pulling Strings to Build PyramidsCultureC8T3R1 Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers (Physics) C9T1R1 William Henry PerkinC9T1R2 The History of the Tortoise (Biology)C9T4R1 The Life and Work of Marie CurieC9T4R3 The Development of Museums。

雅思培训丨雅思阅读选择题解析朗阁雅思培训中心孙亚楠在雅思阅读考试中，选择题可以说是一个让考生倍感亲切的题型，因为在国内的各种英语考试中选择题占了相当大的比例。

雅思阅读中选择题分为两类：单选题，即四选一；多选题，即选项数为5个以上，选出的答案为2个及以上的题目。

对于多选题，题目要求中有明确的说明要选的正确答案有几个，并且每一个正确答案算一道题目。

一、出题特点（1）细节型题目。

选择题除了位于题目末尾的全篇主旨题和title题考查考生对全文大意的理解外，主要考查的是考生对细节信息的定位和理解，也就是说，考生根据题干信息在原文中找到相关信息，只要精读该部分信息即可确定答案。

（2）顺序原则。

选择题的题目基本遵循顺序原则，因此可以从最好定位的那道题入手，进而推出相邻题目的位置。

（3）多选题答案相对集中。

综观雅思阅读真题，不难发现绝大多数多选题的答案都是集中出现的，一般集中在几段之内，考生只要定位到一道题的答案，剩下的题目一定就在附近。

因此多选题其实比单选题简单，基本上可以做到一次定位全部确定。

（4）同义转换仍是考点。

在选择题中，绝大多数选项和原文都存在着同义转换的关系，如surprised对应be taken aback, to represent movement对应to show motion, domestic buildings对应dwellings, shape对应round/square等，这便增加了选择的难度。

（5）选项干扰性强。

众所周知，做选择题的一个很重要的方法就是排除法，即排除干扰选项，但是这个排除的过程却不容易，很多考生常常在排除剩下的两个答案时，犹豫不决，很难做出正确的选择。

二、做题方法Step 1.阅读题目要求，看是单选还是多选，如是多选，选几项，还要注意多选题的每一个正确选项占用一个题号，在誊写答题纸的时候要注意。

Step 2.阅读题干，标出定位词。

对于定位词而言，考生应当首选形式上较为特殊的一些词，如专有名词（人名、地名等），时间/数字，特殊标点符号（如引号，连字符等），货币符号，长难单词，如果题干中并未出现以上特殊词汇，则选择题干中的名词/名词短语和动词。

阅读题考频考查的单词正确的选项词性中文含义abundant plentiful a.大量的accelerate increase v.加速；加大accessible available a.可用的account explain v.解释；说明2account for explain v.解释，说明accumulate collect v.聚集adhere stick v.黏附；胶着adjunct addition n.附加物administered managed v.管理adorn decorate v.装饰adversely negatively ad.不利地；有害地advocate proponent n.倡导者；辩护者aesthetically artistically ad.审美地；美学地aided helped v.帮助alert wary a.机敏的alter change v.改变；调整alternative option n.替代；替代物altogether completely ad.完全地ancillary secondary a.附属的；辅助的annihilate conquer v.消灭；征服antagonist enemy n.对手；敌人antecedent predecessor n.先辈anticipate look forward to v.期待；盼望appealing attractive a.吸引人的apply used for v.应用；适用appreciated recognized v.赏识arduous difficult a.艰巨的；艰苦的article object n.物品，物体ascend climb v.攀升；升高2assemble gather v.装配；组合2assemble bring together v.装配；组合assortment variety n.形形色色；各式各样assumption belief n.确信的想法attachment preference for n.依恋；偏好attained achieved v.达到attire/costume clothing n.衣着；盛装attribute credit v.被认为；被鉴定attribute characteristics n.特征avid eager a.渴望的；热心的barren infertile a.贫瘠的；不毛的2bias prejudice n.偏见；嗜好bind tie v.捆；绑；使结合boosted raised v.提高，推进bound limit n.范围；界限break departure from n.决裂；破裂brief look glance n.瞥视；浏览bring about cause v.导致；引起brittle easily broken a.易碎的calculate determine v.计算；确定carried on continued v.继续cease stop v.停止；结束celestial astronomical a.天空的；天上的chance/accidental unplanned a.偶然的；碰巧的characteristics qualities n.性质，特性chronicle describe v.记述classify categorize v.分类2clue information n.线索；信息cluster group v.成群coarse rough/crude a.粗糙的component parts n.部分compose focus on v.创作；创造comprise consist of v.包含；包括concealed covered a.隐藏着的conclusive definitive a.最后的concrete specific a.具体的；特定的confine limit v.限制；局限confine restrict v.限制confirm uphold v.证实；确认conflicting opposing a.冲突的；抵触的consequence result n.结果2conserve store v.保存；保护2conserve retain v.保存；保护3considerable substantial /many a.很重要的；很大的consistent constant a.持续的conspicuous noticeable a.显著的constituent component n.成分；要素constitute make up v.构成；组成contemporary existing a.当代的；现有的contemporary written at that time n.同时代convergence gathering n.聚集convert change v.转换converted changed v.转变correspondingly similarly ad.相应地；对应地count weigh v.有价值；有分量counteract negate v.抵消；反作用counterpart versionn.复本；对应物crisscrossmove back and forthv.穿梭；交错往来critical judge of fine arts connoisseur n.鉴赏家；评论家crucialimportant a.重要的cumbersome burdensome a.麻烦的；笨重的dampen moisten v.使潮湿daring bold a.勇敢的；大胆的deftskilled a.熟练的；灵巧的deliberate careful a.审慎的；仔细的demand require v.要求；需求demisedeath n.死亡demonstrate show v.表明；证实dense thick a.稠密的；浓厚的depresslower v.压低；使沮丧derive/acquire obtain v.得到derived from based on v.基于2detectable apparent a.可察觉的；易发现的detecting finding v.探测devastated ruined a.毁坏的；被破坏的developing evolving a.发展的；演化的2devote to dedicatev.致力于；献身于2devote to specializing in v.致力于；献身于dictate determine v.指示；决定dictate determine v.确定；决定diffuse travelv.扩散；传播disaster catastrophe n.灾难discard get rid of v.丢弃；抛弃dispute argument n.争论；争执disseminate spread/impart v.散布；传播2distinct separate/different a.清晰的；不同的distinguish differentiate v.区分；辨别divergence difference n.差异；变化diverse dissimilar a.多种多样的；不一样的diverse varied a.不同的diversedifferent a.不同的dividing lineboundary n.边界；分界线do sth. Repeatedly iterate v.重复；反复2domain field n.领域；范围2domain region n.领域；范围dominate be prevalent in v.支配；控制dramatic striking a.戏剧性的；显著的drastic radical a.激烈的；猛烈的drastically severely ad.激烈的2draw attract v.吸引2draw attract v.吸引draw instruct v.引导durability endurance n.经久，耐久durable long-lasting a.持久的；耐用的dwelling house n.住处；寓所eager enthusiastic a.热心的2easily moved portable a.轻便的；可携带的effect influence v.影响；效果efficiency effectiveness n.效力elevate promote v.提高；提升elicit bring out v.引出embraced welcomed v.欢迎emerge appear v.浮现；出现emit give off v.发出emitting producing v.生产，发行emphasize stress v.强调employ use v.雇佣；应用2enable allow v.使能够；使可能enactment performance n.演出；表演encompass include v.包含ensures guarantees v.保证(绝对性词)entire whole a.全部的entity object n.实体；存在entomb trap v.埋葬；设陷阱era period of time n.时期eradicate eliminate v.除去；消除erroneous ideas misconception n.误解；错误观念erroneously identified as mistake v.误以为；误认为essence basic nature n.基本essential fundamental a.基本的establish create v.设立；创作estimated judged v.鉴定evidence indicate n.迹象；预示exalted superior a.高贵的；崇高的execute create v.造成；制成；履行；执行exercise utilize v.行使，利用exert cause v.引起；产生exorbitant expensive a.昂贵的expendable unprofitable a.没有用的2expose subject to v.使暴露；暴露于2expose uncover v.使暴露；暴露于2extend stretch v.延长；扩展extol praise v.赞美2extract remove v.提取；取得extraordinary supreme a.非凡的；极度的fabricate make v.制作；装配fabricating constructing v.制作，构建faction side n.小派系fatal deadly a.致命的favor prefer v.喜爱favored perferred n.喜爱finding scientific discoveryfine tiny a.细小的finely minutely ad.精细的　flattering complimentary a.称赞的；奉承的flourished thrived n.茂盛formidable difficult a.艰难的forward-looking progressive a.向前看的；有远见的functional usable a.合用的fundamental/rudimentary basic a.基础的；基本的glowing shining a.光亮的good name reputation n.名声；名誉graphic vivid a.生动的hard firm a.坚硬的；牢固的hard to deal with stubborn a.执拗的；固执的herald announce v.预示；预报identical exactly alike a.同样的imitate copy v.模仿；伪造immutable unchangeable a.不变的impediment obstacle n.妨碍；阻碍imperceptibly subtly ad.不可觉察地；极缓慢地implement tool n.工具；器械implication significance n.含义；意义imposing demanding a.紧迫的；紧急的in place of instead of ad.代替　in reality actually n.实际上；事实上inaccessible unreachable a.难接近的；难达到的inception beginning n.起初incinerate burn up v.烧毁incised carved a.雕刻的inclination preference n.倾向；偏好incorporate combine v.结合；合并inhibit hinder/prevent v.阻止；阻碍2initiate start v.开始；引发innovative new a.创新的insignificant unimportant a.不重要的instance case n.实例；例证integral essential a.整体的；不可缺少的integral fundamental a.基本的intense extreme a.强烈的；剧烈的intensive concentrated a.加强的，集中的intent goal n.目的intent purpose n.目的interchangeable equivalent a.相等的；可互换的intervals periods n.周期intervention influence n.干涉；影响intricate complex a.复杂的intriguing attractive a.迷人的　inviting attractive a.吸引人的；诱人的justify prove v.辩护；证实laborious difficult a.费力的lie be located v.位于load weight n.重担lured attracted v.吸引，引诱magnify intensify v.放大；强化3maintain preserve v.维持；坚持major principal a.主要的；大型的make possible allow v.允许；使可能mandated required v.要求margin edge n.边；边缘marked noticeable a.显著的means method n.方法　merely only ad.仅仅地，只不过meticulously careflly ad.小心地minuscule tiny a.很小的；微小的modifying changing v.修改；变化monopolize dominate v.独占；占优势moreover furthermore ad.此外moreover in addition ad.另外motif design n.图案；花纹mundane ordinary a.世俗的；普通的myriad many a.许多的；无数的nascent immature a.新生的；初生的nevertheless however ad.然而；仍然norm standard n.标准noted observed v.注意到noticed announced v.宣告，通告notwithstanding despite prep.尽管noxious harmful a.有害的；有毒的obvious apparent a.明显的；显而易见的optimal best a.最佳的ornate elaborate a.华丽的outbreak beginning n.爆发；开始outline summarizing v.总结；概括outstanding excellent a.杰出的；显著的overtaken surpassed v.赶上，超越peak maximum a.最高的；高峰的peculiar strange a.奇特的penetrate go through v.穿透；透过periphery outer edge n.外围persist continue v.持续personal magnetism charisma n.个人魅力pertinent relevant a.有关的phenomena event n.现象；事件picture imagine n.图片plunge drop n./v.投入，陷入ponderous heavy a.笨重的position job n.职位；职务potential possible a.潜在的；可能的precarious uncertain a.不稳定的precise accurate a.精确的prefer favor v.偏好；喜欢preside manage v.负责；统辖presumably probably ad.大概prevailed dominated v.成功，统治prevailing most frequent a.盛行的；流行的prevailing dominant a.主要的，占优势的prevent avoid v.制止；阻止primarily chiefly ad.主要地primary fundamental a.基本的；初步的prior to preceding a.在先；居前prized valued a.贵重的probe explore v.探察prolific productive a.多产的prolific fruitful a.多产的prominent distinguished a.显著的；卓越的prominent famous a.著名的proponent supporter n.支持者prototype model n.原型；范例protrude project v.突出；伸出pry off locate v.查找puncture pierce v.刺穿；刺破pursue chase v.追赶raise rear v.饲养；养育random unpredictable a.不可知的rapidity swiftness n.迅速rare infrequent a.稀有的；罕见的rather instead ad.相反；相反地readily easily ad.容易地realization awareness n.认识；意识reap accept v.收获；接受rear raise v.培养；饲养reckless irresponsible a.不负责任的recorded documented a.已纪录的recruit enlist v.征募；补充refreshing unusual a.清新的；清爽的regardless of no matter what a.不管relate connect v.相关；关联reliance dependence n.依靠remarkable significant a.异常的；非凡的representative typical a.典型的resemble be similar to v.相似；类似resolve find a solution for v.解决resort to using v.采用revered respected v.尊敬revise change v.修正；改造robust strong a.强健的；坚强的roll back reduce v.压低；减少rotting decaying v.腐烂roughly approximately ad.概略地；大约rudimentary undeveloped a.原始的；简单的rupture burst v.破裂；裂开rushing rapid a.急流的sanitation health n.卫生；健康状态saturate soak v.浸透；饱和saying two opposite things paradox n.悖论；隽语scale measure n./v.刻度/测量scarce rare a.稀有的scarcely barely ad.稀缺；珍贵scope extent n.范围scorched burned v.烧焦score musicalcompositions n.乐谱scurrying rushing v.急赶secure acquire v.获得；取得secure safe ad.安全的sedentary inactive a.不移栖的sentiment opinion n.意见；观点serve as function as v.充当；担任set establish v.确定；安置settle decide v.决定；解决settledstabled a.固定的severe poverty indigence n.贫困；赤贫shield protect v.保护；避开significant meaningful a.有重要意义的sitelocation n.地点；场所skepticism doubt n.怀疑主义；怀疑态度sketch draw v.速写；素描skilled experta.熟练的；擅长的skyrocket increase rapidly v.猛涨，突增sleep brieflynapn.小睡；打盹smooth operation effective functioning snap break v.折断；拉断sole only a.唯一的；独一的sole only a.单独的solemn serious a.严肃的；庄重的sort outseparate v.挑选出source of energy fuel n.能源；燃料spanning covering v.包含spark bring about v.激发；发动speculate hypothesize v.推测；假设staggering overwhelming a.压倒的；压倒之势的standard customary a.标准的standing not flowing a.停滞的；不流动的staple popular edition?n.大宗物品；流行的东西staple basic element n.主要成分stimulate encourage v.激发；促进story leveln.楼层；层strain stress v.拉紧，重压strength basisn.实力；基础stress emphasize v.强调striking noticeable a.显著的stringent stricta.严格的；严厉的struggle competition n.竞争subject susceptible a.易受影响的；遭受影响的subjugated conquered v.征服subsequent later a.后来的subsidize finance v.资助；赞助subsidy finance n.补助金；补贴succinct concise a.简洁的；简练的　sufficient adequate a.足够的；充足的suitably appropriately ad.适宜地sumptuous luxurious a.豪华的；奢侈的sums amounts n.和supplant replace v.取代；替代supplement extension n.补充；补遗supplement add to v.补充，增加support holdv.支持；支撑supposedly seemingly ad.想象地；表面上supremacy dominancen.至高无上；支配地位supreme most outstanding a.最大的；极度的surge increase sharply v.急剧增加surging accelerating a.高涨的；跃进的suspend hang v.挂；悬挂sustainsupportv.支撑symmetrical proportionally balanceda.对称的；匀称的tangled twisted together a.混乱的telling challenging a.有效的；有力的tempting attractive a.诱人的thanks to because of n.由于；多亏thereby by that means think highly admire v.钦佩；羡慕tolerate endure v.忍受；忍耐trace imprint n.痕迹；遗迹trend tendency n.趋势；趋向typify characterize v.代表，表现ultimately eventually ad.最后2undergoing experiencing v.经历　2undergone experienced v.经历　undergone experiencedv.经历underscore emphasize v.强调underwater craft submarine n.潜水艇undoubtedly certainly ad.的确地unique particular a.独特的unique singular a.非凡的unprecedented never seen before a.空前的unravel discover v.解开；阐明unrestricted unlimited a.无限制的；自由的unsubstantiated unverified a.未证实的；未核实的urged encouraged v.催促，鼓励usher beginning v.引导；开始various different a.不同的vary differ v.变化；改变vast large a.巨大的；广阔的vast great a.大量的venture endeavor n.冒险；冒险行动very closely intimately ad.亲密；密切vestige evidence n.遗迹；残余virtually completely n.实质地wider more extensive a.宽广的witness observe v.目睹；目击yield provide v.产生；产生效果第 11 页，共 11 页。

雅思阅读归纳填空题解题技巧归纳填空题是雅思考试阅读理解部分的一线题型，几乎每场考试必有。

今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读归纳填空题解题技巧，希望可以帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

雅思阅读归纳填空题解题技巧一. 短文全文大意的帮助首先把短文的全文迅速通读一遍，掌握大意。

不要在没有掌握全文大意的情况下立即做题，看一句填一句。

虽然短文的词数不多，但作为一篇文章，总有一定的主体思想，句与句之间意思上是相连的，整篇短文就是一个有机的整体。

通读全文，有利于掌握文章的逻辑思维，顺着思路选词来填，就比较容易做对了。

许多考生往往不先通读短文全文，上来就匆忙去找词填空。

看似快，实际上选词时看来看去，思前想后，犹豫不决，不知选哪个才对，反而大大减慢了速度。

二. 利用信号词来定位和定词归纳填空题的形式为一篇短文，文中有若干个空，要求考生在其中填词。

空格前后往往会有信号词，我们可以借助之在原文中定位，再在所定位部位的附近范围内找出该采用的原文原词(对于1)或断定该填的单词表中的同义词(对于2)。

不少情况下，在空格前和后的信号词，相对应地也是出现在原文中正确的词的前和后的，前后信号词的“夹击”下，更方便我们选对词了。

所以信号词技巧也仍然是这种题的重要技巧。

三. 空格前后的上下文的帮助空格肯定是处于句子中的，亦即所谓空格无非是一个句子抽掉了其中的某个词(语)所形成的。

因此，在整篇短文大意的大背景下，再考虑空格前后的上下文意思，然后将在1或2中备选的数个词(语)进行比对，就不难确定该填入哪个了。

空格前后上下文的意义与全篇短文主体思想的结合分析，在决定选词上尤为重要，注意运用这点，能使我们做题快许多。

四. 语法知识的帮助一些基本的语法知识对于我们确定词性范围甚或选定具体的词都有直截了当的决定作用，又简单又快。

空格前后的词往往都提示了空格中的词是何种词性，是否比较级，谓语或非谓语，单数还是复数，及物动词或不及物动词，等等。

Name: LU He Ting (Kimi)Class: EAP IVEssay question: More and more people in Australia are now using alternative medicines (CAMs). What has led to this trend in Australia? Analyze what effects it is having on Australians.Nowadays, alternative medicine is flourishing all over the world, especially in Australia. Larsen (2009) states that about 57 percent of Australians prefer alternative medicine to orthodox medicine. The main reasons that lead to this trend are CAMs (Complementary and alternative medicine) being used increasingly in Australia because it reduces people’s fear when they have treatment and because of increasing support by the government. Further, some hospitals are trying to incorporate CAMs, as it is better for health; this has lead students to choose to learn herbal medicine in large members.However, the regulatory framework of alternative medicine in Australia is weak while the demand for CAMs is growing. But the positive effects outweigh the negative effects.Altshuler (2004, p.403) states the satisfaction with alternative practitioners is rising; compared with an increasing dissatisfaction with orthodox medicine, leading to alternative medicine becoming popular in Australia. According to Braun (2005) orthodox medicine cannot cure all the diseases and solve all the problems. Although it is good at treatingtrauma and acute disease, orthodox medicine cannot cure chronic illness. There are still so many people who suffer from chronic illness. The public is also demanding involvement in their own health care, and they want to make their own decisions about what to do rather than being told what to do. Braun (2005) said they want to prevent or slow down ageing and find the most efficient way to keep healthy. Additionally, Braun (2005) also said most conventional medical drugs have unwanted side effects and people want to avoid these. However, herbal remedies are considered to be “reasonably safe with less adverse reactions than conventional pharmaceutical treatments” (Cowper 2007). As said by Altshuler (2004), generally, alternative medical practitioners emphasize self-responsibility for health and prevention of disease. Not only do they use methods which are usually inexpensive and safe, but they also communicate with clients in a language the client can understand, so people are happy to talk with them.In addition, the increasing use of alternative medicine in Australia is because of government support. As Braun (2005) states, the government is considering granting degree status to schools of alternative medicine, as well as supporting private health insurance which covers complementary medicine. The government also established an Office of Complementary Medicine as part of the Therapeutic Goods Administration, so that alternative therapies have a formal recognitionby government. It makes Australians have a stronger trust in alternative medicine (Braun 2005).Since Australians prefer alternative medicine, one of the effects it is having on Australians is that they have no fear about treatments, are relaxed during treatment and can also get medicines easily without wasting time making an appointment with doctors. ‘Most people are afraid of hospitals due to drug treatment, hospitalization, and surgery’ (Altshuler 2004, p.103). As mentioned by Bausell (2006), doctors just treat your bodies as if they were machines. It is often heard some patients die after routine surgery, or people become disabled because of an adverse reaction to a drug. The treatments sometimes are painful. “Hospitals are now the third largest killer in Australia and over one million people are seriously injured in Australian hospitals every year” (Ian 1995).Larsen (2009) states alternative medicine uses natural remedies, such as exercise, yoga, meditation, massage, and herbs and practitioners of alternative medicine advise their patients on lifestyle and diet matters. People are willing to do what practitioners of alternative medicine advise them to do. If they do not have a severe illness, they don’t want to go hospital. Furthermore, according to Bausell (2006) practitioners of scientific medicine often work in large hospitals and see hundreds orthousands of patients. Patients must make an appointment in advance and sometimes wait for several days until they see the doctor or family doctors, because they have too many patients to see. However, alternative practitioners often work in small offices or clinics, and see fewer patients; people can go there any time. Alternative medicine changes the method of treatment, reducing people’s fear, and also makes it convenient for people to get treatment.Now some hospitals are trying to incorporate complementary medicine, so it gives Australians more choice for treatment. Braun (2005) said when alternative medicine was first used in Australia, every hospital refused to accept alternative medicine, thinking it was unscientific. But when they saw alternative medicine had a real effect on people’s bodies and that there were more people relying on it, they changed their minds. The Australasian Integrative Medicine Association, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and the Australian Medical Association are interested in incorporating alternative medicine in public hospitals. Therefore, ‘the focus of both western medicine and complementary medicine has broadened and started to overlap’(Braun 2005). When alternative medicine is used in hospitals, their practice is called holistic or integrative medicine. As Braun (2005) explained, holistic medicine can keep a balance between ‘art and science, theory and practice, mind and body, and prevention and cur e’. He also states that holistic medicinefocuses on patient autonomy and everyone is an individual whose health involves physical, psychological, social, spiritual parts; and it also incorporates general health-enhancing and supportive interventions to improve health. For example, meditation, relaxation training and exercise programs can improve physical activity. They are all good for Australians’ health (Parslow 2008, p.358).The popularity of alternative medicine in Australia has changed college education, letting more students choose to learn herbal medicine, and they probably will face job problems in the future (Cowper 2009). In Australia, western herbal medicine is one of the most popular forms of alternative medicine. There are many colleges throughout Australia teaching western herbal medicine. The National Herbalists Association of Australia (NHAA) was founded in 1920 and is the national body for practicing herbalists. Cowper (2009) said there are currently twelve colleges in Australia which have accredited courses. Moreover, now many private colleges offer courses in herbal medicine. Hence, a large number of students have started to learn herbal medicine. Although Australia is one of the leading countries in the world regarding the teaching of alternative medicine, the students will still face job problems in the future. According to a medical market survey, the jobs related to alternative medicine are nearly reaching the saturation point (Larsen 2009). Worse, in Australia, it is a fact that the students who graduatefrom herbal medicine colleges cannot work in large hospitals, because there are still so many hospitals which think that practitioners of alternative medicine are unscientific (Bausell 2006) It is a problem which Australians must pay attention to.Furthermore, the regulation framework of alternative medicine is weak while the demand for alternative medicine is growing. As Harvey (2008, p.22) said, for medicine, there are registered goods and listed goods. Registered medicines have higher risk, so they are individually evaluated by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) for quality, safety and efficacy before market entry. He states that most, but not all, alternative medicines are listed medicines. They are considered to be lower risk. As a result, the TGA does not require sponsors who produce listed medicine to have evidence to support the safety of their products. Harvey (2006, p.22) mentions some herbal ingredients can cause harm by themselves and also by interacting with conventional medicines. Furthermore, since the introduction of the electronic listing facility, it reduces the time from 5 months to 10 days or less to list a product, making it easier to place new alternative medicines on the market.The number of listed products is increasing each year at a great rate. For example, according to Harvey (2008, p. 22) some weight-loss products are easily displayed in the shelves of pharmacies and health food shopswithout checking for efficacy by the TGA staff. This study found over 1000 new weight-loss products listed in the market from 1996 to 2006. Harvey also claims consumers do not known that listed medicines do not have strict processes of checking for quality by the TGA. Sometimes they are blind to trust alternative medicines. Additionally, lack of regulation of the media sometimes will make people believe more in listed medicines. As Harvey (2008, p.23) stated, there are too many promotional advertisements made in media like TV, internet, radio, newspapers and magazines, and other advertising, such as pharmacy window displays, brochures and catalogues. Although some alternative medicines are hard to control, the government should try to solve the recent problems.To conclude, in Australians’minds, alternative medicine is safe and it really works, and it is also supported by government. Hence, alternative medicine is becoming popular in Australia. Even though it has brought some negative effects, for example, the explosion of students learning herbal medicine, who will cause job problems. It can also be dangerous for people’s health to get harmful alternative medicines because the regulation framework is weak. However, we cannot ignore the positive changes of using alternative medicines. It helps Australians to live healthy lives; they have more treatment choices and it is more convenient. The Australian government should strengthen the regulation framework of alternative medicine in order to make it safe.Reference listAltshuler, L 2004, Balanced healing, Harbor Press, Inc., America, p.103. Bain, I (ed). 1996, The Australian Encyclopedia, 6th edn. Vol.1, Australian Geographic, Australia.Braun, M 2005, Use of complementary therapies in Australia. In J, McAllan (ed). Herbs & natural supplements, Vaughn Curtis, Australia, pp.2-3.Braun, M 2005, Integrative and holistic medicine. In J, McAllan (ed). Herbs & natural supplements, Vaughn Curtis, Australia, pp.4-5. Braun, M 2005, Australian hospitals-policies and problems. In J, McAllan (ed). Herbs & natural supplements, Vaughn Curtis, Australia, pp.56-57.Cowper, A 2009, ‘The alternative and complementary medicine in Australia’, accessed 10 January 2010 , from</articles/twealtmd.htm>Harvey, K & Korczak, V & Marron, L & Newgreen, D 2008,Commercialism, choice and consumer protection: regulation of complementary medicines in Australia. Journal of MJA. 188(4). 21-24.Ian, A 1995, Hospital errors are number three killer in Australia assessed 15 January 2010,from</article/mg14619810.500-hospital-errors-are-number-three-killer-in-australia.html>Larsen, H 2009, Alternative Medicine: Why so popular? accessed January 2010, from</alternative_medicine.html>Parslow, R 2008, Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments. Journal of MJA. 188(6). 355-359.。