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Alevel 生物U5

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Turn over P46936A©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.1/1/1/2/1/*P46936A0128*Instructions•Use black ink or ball-point pen.•Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,centre number and candidate number.•Answer all questions.•Answer the questions in the spaces provided– there may be more space than you need.Information•The total mark for this paper is 90.•The marks for each question are shown in brackets– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.•Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of yourwritten communication will be assessed– you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, aswell as the clarity of expression, on these questions.•Candidates may use a calculator.Advice•Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.•Keep an eye on the time.•Try to answer every question.•Check your answers if you have time at the end.2*P46936A0228*DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA3*P46936A0328*Turn overD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E A4*P46936A0428*DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA(b) The formula below shows Fick’s law.rate of diffusion =area of diffusion surface difference ×in concentrationthickness of surface over which diffusionn takes placeUse the information in the formula to explain how the rate of diffusion is affectedby asthma.(2)............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(c) Suggest how drinking hot coffee can cause a change in the production of sweat.(2)............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)5*P46936A0528*Turn overD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E A D O N O T W R I T E I N T H I S A R E A D O N O T W R I T E I N T H I S A R E ABLANK PAGE6*P46936A0628*DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA⎫⎬⎪⎪⎭⎪⎪Magnification ×1In one investigation, a coleoptile was exposed to light from one direction.The diagram below shows the appearance of the coleoptile before and after exposure Before exposureAfter exposurenext to the correct description of the response of thiscoleoptile after exposure to light from one direction.negative phototropism to light shining from the left negative phototropism to light shining from the right7*P46936A0728*Turn overD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E A(b) The response of the coleoptile occurs because IAA (auxin) binds to membranereceptors. This promotes the active transport of hydrogen ions out of the cell cytoplasm.(i) Explain what is meant by the term active transport .(2)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(ii) Hydrogen ions provide the optimum pH for enzymes that break the bondsbetween adjacent cellulose microfibrils.Name the bonds that are broken by these enzymes.(1)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(iii) Suggest what happens to cells in the coleoptile, after the breaking of thesebonds, that allows the response to light from one direction.(2)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8*P46936A0828*DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA9*P46936A0928*Turn overD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E A D O N O T W R I T E I N T H I S A R E A(ii) The method used by the scientists made sure that a valid comparison couldbe made from the data collected.Suggest a method the scientists could use to make a valid comparison of the elongation of coleoptiles at each IAA concentration.(4)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 2 = 13 marks)10*P46936A01028*DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA© Washington University School of MedicineMagnification ×100Drugs can be used to treat people with gut parasites. These drugs are often highly toxic. Parasites resistant to these drugs have evolved.next to the statement that explains how parasitesresistant to these drugs have evolved.drugs affect selection of mutations in parasites good hospital hygienemutations in the human gut cells parasites reproduce rapidlyD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E A D O N O T W R I T E I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E A(b) An alternative to these drugs could be a protein called Cry5B, normally producedby the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . Cry5B has been shown to kill parasitic worms in animals. It works by forming protein channels in cell membranes.In the space below, draw a diagram of a fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane that includes a labelled protein channel.(2)(c) Scientists have developed genetically modified (GM) bacteria, Bacillus subtilis,containing the gene for Cry5B. In an investigation, hamsters were infected with hookworms. The hamsters were then given the GM bacteria in their food.The investigation showed that Cry5B protein released by the GM bacteria reduced the number of hookworms in hamsters by 93%.(i) Suggest a suitable control for this investigation.(2)......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA(ii) Describe the steps taken by the scientists to enable them to calculate a 93%reduction in the number of hookworms.(2)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) GM bacteria would have to undergo clinical trials before they could be used totreat hookworm infections in humans.Suggest two reasons why these trials are needed.(2)............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)D O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E ADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA(i) Explain the change in blood lactate concentration with an increasing level ofexercise in the non-athlete.(3)....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(ii) Suggest an explanation for the difference between the blood lactateconcentration of the athlete and the non-athlete.(2)................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................D O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E ADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREAD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AD O N O T W R I TE I N T H I S A R E AABABMagnification ×10000(i) The width of each mitochondrion is shown by the line A to B.Calculate the percentage change in the width of the mitochondrion after training. Show your working.(2)DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREADO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA*(ii) An increase in the width of mitochondria increases the surface area ofmembranes inside mitochondria.Explain how an increase in the surface area of these membranes will affect the synthesis of ATP in the muscle tissue of an athlete.(6)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)。

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alevel生物知识点总结

alevel生物知识点总结

alevel生物知识点总结A-level生物学的教学是对学生对生物学已经有一定基础的学习，所以扩充教学内容并让学生更深入的了解生物学的原理和知识。

本文将对A-level生物学知识点进行总结，方便学生和老师对相关内容进行复习和教学。

1. 细胞生物学细胞是生物体组成的基本单位，生物体的结构和功能都是通过细胞来实现的。

教学内容包括细胞的结构、功能和组成。

(1) 细胞的结构细胞主要由细胞质、细胞核和细胞膜组成。

细胞质包括细胞器和细胞骨架，细胞器包括内质网、高尔基体、线粒体等。

教学中需要让学生了解不同细胞器的结构和功能。

(2) 细胞的功能细胞的功能包括新陈代谢、分裂和有丝分裂等。

教学内容包括细胞的代谢过程、细胞的分裂过程等。

(3) 细胞的组成细胞主要由生物大分子组成，包括蛋白质、核酸、脂质和多糖等。

教学中需要对这些生物大分子的结构和功能进行讲解。

2. 遗传学遗传学是研究基因传递和表达规律的科学，包括基因的结构、表达和调控等内容。

(1) 基因的结构基因是决定生物遗传特征的基本单位，它是DNA的一部分。

教学内容包括基因的结构、基因的编码等。

(2) 基因的表达基因的表达是指基因在细胞内的转录和翻译过程。

教学内容包括转录和翻译的基本原理，以及基因表达的调控机制等。

(3) 基因的调控基因的调控是指细胞对基因表达的调控机制，包括启动子、转录因子和表观遗传学等内容。

教学中需要对这些调控机制进行讲解。

3. 生物进化生物进化是指物种在漫长时间内逐渐改变和适应环境的过程，包括进化原理、进化证据和进化机制等内容。

(1) 进化原理达尔文的进化理论是生物进化的基本原理，它包括自然选择、适者生存和物种演化等内容。

教学中需要对这些原理进行讲解。

(2) 进化证据进化证据包括化石记录、比较形态学和分子生物学证据等。

教学中需要让学生了解这些证据对生物进化的支持作用。

(3) 进化机制进化机制包括突变、基因流、遗传漂变和自然选择等。

教学中需要对这些进化机制进行讲解，并让学生了解它们在生物进化中的作用。

生物专业常用词汇IBIGCSEAlevel必备biology

生物专业常用词汇IBIGCSEAlevel必备biology

生物专业常用词汇IBIGCSEAlevel必备biologyAbsorption 吸收Accommodation 调节Acid Rain 酸雨Acne 粉刺Active site 活性部位Active transport 主动转运Adaptation 适应Additives 添加剂Adenine 腺嘌呤Amylase 淀粉酶Anemia 贫血症Angina 心绞痛Angiosperm 被子植物Anopheles 疟蚊Anorexia 厌食Antagonistic pair 相互拮抗的Anther 花粉囊Antibiotic 抗生素Antibody 抗体Monoclonal 单克隆Antigen 抗原Antiseptic 防腐剂Aorta 主动脉Aphid 蚜虫Coronary Artery 冠状动脉Hepatic Artery 肝动脉Pulmonary Artery 肺动脉Renal Artery 肾动脉Arthritis 关节炎Arthropod 节肢动物Artificial selection 人工选择Athlete’s foot 脚气Atmosphere 大气ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) 三磷酸腺苷Atrium 心房Autotroph 自养生物Axes 轴Axon 轴突Bactericide 杀菌剂Bacteriostatic 抑菌剂Bacterium 细菌Base pair 碱基对Bee 蜜蜂Bicarbonate indicator 碳酸氢盐指示剂Biceps 二头肌Bile 胆汁Biogas 沼气Biological control 生物防治Bioreactor 生物反应器Bladder 膀胱Blind spot 盲点Red blood cell 红细胞white blood cell 白细胞BOD（Biological Oxygen Demand）生物耗氧Caffeine 咖啡因Calcium 钙Cambium 形成层（植）Bladder cancer 膀胱癌Colon cancer 结结肠癌Lung cancer 肺癌Skin cancer 皮肤癌Cap（Diaphragm）子宫帽Capillary 毛细血管Carbohydrate 糖类Carbon cycle 碳循环Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carnivore 肉食动物Carrier proteins 转运蛋白Carrier 转运者，载体Carrying capacity 转运能力Cartilage 软骨Catalyst 催化剂Cell division 细胞分裂Cellulose cell wall 植物前卫细胞壁Cellulose 植物纤维Centromere 着丝粒Cerebellum 小脑Cerebral cortex 大脑皮层Cervix 子宫颈CFC（Chlorofluorocarbon 含氯氟烃Chlorophyll 叶绿素Chloroplast 叶绿体Cholesterol 胆固醇Choroid 脉络膜Chromatid 染色单体Chromosome 染色体Ciliary muscle 睫状肌Cirrhosis 肝硬化Clinistix 尿糖试纸cobalt chloride paper 氯化钴试纸coil 避孕环color blindness 色盲combustion 燃烧community 群落cone cell 视锥细胞constipation 便秘consumer 消费者cornea 角膜cotyledon 子叶cuticle 表皮cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化cytoplasm 细胞质cytosine 胞嘧啶DDT 滴滴涕（杀虫剂的一种）Deamination 去氨基Decomposition 分解腐烂Denaturation 变性denitrification 脱氮作用depression 抑郁diabetes 糖尿病dialysis 透析diaphragm 横膈膜diarrhea 腹泻adequate diet 足量饮食balanced diet 平衡饮食diffusion 扩散digestion 消化diploid 二倍体disease 疾病DNA 脱氧核糖核酸dominant 显性double helix 双螺旋Dow n ’s syndrome 唐氏综合症drugs 药物ecology 生态学ecosystem 生态系统egg 卵细胞embryo 胚胎emphysema 肺气肿endocrine gland 内分泌腺endonuclease 核酸内切酶endosperm 胚乳endothermy 温血状态，体温的生理调节energy 能量environmental resistance 环境的阻力enzyme 酶epidermis 表皮epididymis 附睾eutrophication 富营养作用excretion 排泄，分泌factor-8 因子8 （血友病的凝血因子）fair testing 客观的实验fermentation 发酵fermenter 发酵器fern 蕨类植物fertilization 受精fertilizer 肥料fever 发热fiber 纤维fibrin 纤维蛋白fibrinogen 纤维蛋白质filament 细丝fish farming 养鱼业flaccidity 软弱，枯萎fetus 胚胎food chain 食物链food preservation 食物保存fossil fuel 矿物燃料fruit 果实fungus 真菌，菌类gall bladder 胆囊gamete 配子gene probe 基因探针gene transfer 转基因gene vector 基因载体gene 基因genus 类，属geotropism 向地性global warming 全球变暖glucagon 胰高血糖素glucose 葡萄糖glycogen 糖原gonorrhea 淋病Graafian follicle 格拉夫卵泡，囊状卵泡graphs 线图greenhouse effect 温室效应grey and white matter 灰质和白质guanine 鸟嘌吟gut 消化道，内脏habitat 栖息地hemoglobin 血红蛋白hemophilia 血友病haploid 单倍体的hay fever 花粉热，干草热heat 热度，热量hepatitis 肝炎herbicide 除草剂herbivore 食草类动物heroin 海洛因heterotroph 异养生物heterozygous 咋合的homeostasis 平衡状态，稳态homologous pair 同源染色体对homozygous 纯合子的，同型结合的hormone 荷尔蒙horticulture 园艺human growth hormone 人类生长激素humerus 肱骨humidity 潮湿的，温度Huntingto n’s disease 杭廷顿氏舞蹈病hybridoma 杂交瘤hydrochloric acid 盐酸hyperglycemia 多糖症，高血糖症hypoglycemia 低血糖hypothalamus 丘脑下部hypothermia 体温过低hypothesis 假设active 主动passive 被动natural 天然artificial immunity 人工免疫independent assortment 自由组合，独立分配influenza 流行性感冒insect 昆虫insecticide 杀虫剂insulin 胰岛素iron 铁irradiation 放射，照射IUD（intra-uterine device）子宫内器件joint 关节karyotype 染色体组型key 关键kidney 肾脏kingdom 界，王国kwashiorkor 夸休可尔症，恶性营养不良lacteal 乳汁lactic acid 乳酸large intestine 大肠lead 铅leaf 树叶lens 晶体ligament 韧带ligase 连接酶light 光照limewater 石灰水limiting factor 限制因素Linnaeus 林奈lipase 脂肪酶lipid 脂类liver 肝脏loop of Henle 亨利氏襻louse 虱子LSD 麦角酸二乙基酰胺（致幻药）lung 肺lymphocyte 淋巴细胞lysozyme 溶菌酶magnesium 镁malnutrition 营养不良mammal 哺乳动物mammary gland 乳腺marasmus 消瘦，衰弱medulla 脊髓meiosis 减数分裂Mende l’s law孟德尔遗传定律meninges 脑膜meningitis 脑膜炎menstrual cycle 月经周期menstruation 月经meristem 分裂组织，生长点mesophyll 叶肉metabolism 新陈代谢methane 沼气，甲烷microorganism 微生物micropyle 珠孔mineral ions 矿物离子mitochondria 线粒体mitosis 有丝分裂moss 苔藓mould 霉菌mouth 口腔movement 运动muscle 肌肉mutagen 诱变剂mutation 突变myelin sheath 髓鞘natural selection 自然选择negative feedback 负反馈nephron 肾单位nervous system 神经系统neuron 神经元neurotransmitter 神经递质night blindness 夜盲nitrate 硝酸盐nitrification 硝化作用nitrogen fixation 固氮作用nitrogen cycle 氮循环nitrogen 氮气node of Ranvier 郎飞氏结nucleotide 核苷nucleus 细胞核obesity 肥胖esophagus 食道estrogen 雌激素oil 油optic nerve 视神经osmosis 渗透osteoporosis 骨质疏松ovary 卵巢，子房oviduct 输卵管ovulation ovule 胚珠oxygen debt 氧债oxygen 氧ozone 臭氧painkiller 止痛药pancreas 胰腺parasite 寄生虫pasteurization 巴氏灭菌法pathogen 病原体penicillin 青霉素penis 阴茎pepsin 胃蛋白酶peristalsis 蠕动pest 害虫pesticide 杀虫剂petal 花瓣PH 氢离子浓度phagocyte 吞噬细胞phenotype 显型pheromone 信息素phloem 韧皮部phosphate 磷酸盐photosynthesis 光合作用phototropism 趋光性Pill 口服避孕药pituitary hormones 脑垂体placenta 胎盘pulmonary 肺的radiation 放射radiotherapy 放射治疗radius 镭receptacle 容器，花托recessive 隐性的rectum 直肠reflex action 反射动作reflex arc 反射弧refrigeration 冷藏，制冷rennin 高血压蛋白酶，肾素reptile 爬行动物resistance 抵抗力，阻力respiration 呼吸aerobic respiration 需氧呼吸anaerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸respirometer 呼吸计restriction enzyme 限速酶retina 视网膜rhizobium 根瘤菌ribosome 核糖体rickets 软骨病，佝偻rod cell 视杆细胞root 根root nodule 根瘤roughage 粗粮Salmonella 沙门氏菌属saprotroph 腐生菌schizophrenia 精神分裂症SCP（single cell protein）单细胞蛋白质scrotum 阴囊scurvy 坏血症seed 种子selective breeding 选择育种sepal 萼片sewage 废水，污水sex 性别shiver 颤抖sickle cell anemia 镰状细胞血症skeleton 骨骼skin 皮肤sludge 泥浆，污泥small intestine 小肠smoke 吸烟solvent abuse 溶剂滥用species 种类，类型sperm 精子spermicide 杀精剂sphincter 括约肌spider 蜘蛛spinal cord 脊索sporulation 孢子形成stamen 雄蕊starch 淀粉stem 茎，干sterilization 灭菌，消毒stigma （花的）柱头stomach 胃stomata 口，气孔style 花柱sucrose 蔗糖surrogacy 代理sweating 排汗synapse 突触synovial fluid 骨膜液，关节液tables 表格tendon 腱testis 睾丸testosterone 睾酮，睾丸素thymine 胸腺嘧啶tobacco 烟草tooth decay 龋齿toxin 毒素transcription 转录transgenic organism 转基因生物体translation 翻译，转换transpiration 蒸发，蒸腾作用transplant 移植triceps 三头肌turgidity 肿胀，浮肿typhoid 伤寒ulna 尺骨umbilical cord 脐带unit 单位urea 尿素ureter 输尿管urethra 尿道uterus 子宫vaccine 疫苗vacuole 液泡vagina 阴道，叶鞘valve 心瓣膜variable 变量，变数vas deferens 输精管vascular bundle 维管束vasectomy 输精管切除术vasoconstriction and vasodilation 血管收缩和舒张vegetative propagation 无性繁殖vein 静脉hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉umbilical vein 脐静脉vena cava 腔静脉ventricle 心室vesicle （器官的）囊，泡villus 绒毛vinegar 醋剂，醋virus 病毒vitamins 维生素vulva 女阴water potential 水势能water 水weed killer 除草剂wilting 萎蔫X chromosome X染色体xylem 木质部Y chromosome Y染色体yeast 酵母yellow spot 黄斑zygote 受精卵。

A-level生物内容有哪些？

A-level生物内容有哪些？

三立教育
A-level生物内容有哪些？
生物科内有分类的，比如微生物、动物、植物等，看自己喜欢哪个方向!基本的专业课主要学习细胞，分子，微生物，生理学等。

英国A-Level生物学课程你了解多少？很多时候人们一想起生物学，就自然的和解剖挂上钩，就会想到解剖青蛙、解剖老鼠等等。

不过事实上也如此，英国A-Level生物学课程必须要通过非常多的实验来进行学习，各种各样的解剖试验大概也是最有挑战的部分了。

那么英国A-Level生物课都有哪些学习内容呢？首先，学生需要在GCSE时学习知识的基础上，更深入地了解和学习有关生物化学、生态学、遗传学、微生物学和生理学方面的知识；其次学习和练习试验方法，熟悉并自行掌握各种实验室技术，特别时显微镜的应用；最后通过这门课程的学习，学生需要学习和学会自我学习的一些方法，比如如何做研究、如何做数学分析、如何做有关学习内容的演示和讲解及修订方法等。

具体按照A-Level两年的课程设计，这门课程的主要内容一般有生物化学和器官组织的基础知识；生物的多样性和生理学方面的知识；第一年（AS）的实验室试验及评估。

第二年（A2 Level）内容：新陈代谢，微生物和生物体内的动态平衡学的知识；环境、遗传和进化论的知识；第二年（A2）的实验室试验及评估。

学习A-level生物课程的重点在于概念及理解，通过做一些生物实验，进行分析得出结论，总结做题方法。

a level 生物大纲

a level 生物大纲

A Level Biology SyllabusIntroduction:A Level Biology is a comprehensive course that covers various aspects of life sciences, aiming to provide students with a deep understanding of the fundamental principles of biology. This syllabus is designed to offer a solid foundation in biological concepts, while also ensuring students develop practical skills and analytical thinking.Cell Biology:Cell biology is the study of cells, the basic building blocks of life. Students will learn about cell structure and function, cell division, and the basic processes that occur within cells. Topics may include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell membrane structure and transport, organelles and their functions, and the cell cycle.Molecular Biology:Molecular biology explores the interactions between molecules that are essential for life. Students will study DNA structure and replication, gene expression, protein synthesis, and genetic engineering. Topics may include the structure and function of DNA, transcription and translation, genetic mutations, and DNA technology.Genetics:Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of traits in living organisms. Students will delve into Mendelian genetics, inheritance patterns, genetic disorders, and population genetics. Topics may include Punnett squares, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, sex-linked inheritance, and the Hardy-Weinberg principle.Ecology:Ecology examines the interactions between organisms and their environment. Students will explore topics such as ecosystems, energy flow, nutrient cycles, population dynamics, and conservation. Topics may include community ecology, biomes, ecological succession, and human impact on the environment.Evolution:Evolutionary biology seeks to understand the processes that have led to the diversity of life on Earth. Students will study natural selection, adaptations, speciation, and evidence forevolution. Topics may include Darwin's theory of evolution, genetic variation, fossil records, and comparative anatomy.Physiology:Physiology focuses on the study of how living organisms function. Students will learn about the major systems in the human body, such as the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and nervous systems. Topics may include gas exchange, blood composition, nutrient absorption, and nerve impulse transmission.Practical Skills:The practical skills component of A Level Biology is designed to develop students' laboratory skills, data collection and analysis, and critical thinking abilities. Students will have the opportunity to design and conduct experiments, analyze data using statistical methods, and evaluate scientific information.Assessment:Assessment for A Level Biology typically includes written examinations, practical examinations, and coursework. The written examinations may consist of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay questions. Practical examinations assess the students' ability to conduct experiments and analyze data accurately. Coursework allows students to investigate a specific topic in depth and present their findings.Conclusion:The A Level Biology syllabus provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts in biology. It offers a balance between theoretical knowledge and practical skills, preparing students for further studies in biology or related fields. By the end of the course, students should have a solid foundation in biological principles and be equipped with the analytical and critical thinking skills necessary for success in the field of biology.。