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《工程热力学》课程专业词汇中英文对照表thermodynamics热力学heat热work功irreversible process不可逆过程energylaw of energy conservation能量守恒定律temperature 温度thermal equilibrium热平衡Zeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律temperature scale温标thermometer温度计thermodynamics scale of temperature 热力学温标density密度mass质量pressure压力gauge pressure表压absolute pressure绝对压力system系统boundary边界surrounding外界closed system闭口系统open system开口系统quantity of state状态参数process过程reversible process可逆过程irreversible process不可逆过程quasistatic process准静态过程isovolumetric process定容过程adiabatic process绝热过程isothermal process定温过程polytrophic process多变过程P-V diagram P-V 图absolute work 绝对功technical work技术功kinetic energy动能potential energy势能internal energy内能specific internal energy比内能specific heat capacity比热容constant volume specific heat capacity定容比热容constant pressure specific heat capacity定压比热容flow energy流动能enthalpy焓specific enthalpy比焓latent heat潜热sensible heat显热law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律first law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律nozzle喷管heat engine热机perpetual-motion machine of first kind第一类永动机ideal gas理想气体imperfect gas非理想气体equation of state状态方程式universal gas constant通用气体常数ratio of specific heat capacity比热容比Joule-Thomson effect焦耳－汤姆逊效应partial pressure分压力Dalton”s law道尔顿定律humidity湿度dry air干空气absolute humidity 绝对湿度saturated steam pressure饱和蒸汽压relative humidity相对湿度dew point露点cycle循环reciprocating engine往复式发动机bottom dead center下止点top dead center 上止点thermal efficiency热效率refrigerator制冷机heat pump热泵72 irreversibility不可逆性second law of thermodynamic热力学第二定律Clausius statement克劳修斯表述Kelven-Plank statement 开尔文－普朗克表述perpetual-motion machine of second kind第二类永动机isenthalpic process定焓过程Carnot cycle卡诺循环Clausius integral克劳修斯积分Clausius inequality克劳修斯不等式entropy熵absolute entropy绝对熵principle of the increase of entropy熵增原理T-S diagram T-S图real gas实际气体steam蒸汽boiling 沸腾evaporation汽化saturation pressure饱和压力wet saturated steam 湿蒸汽convergent nozzle渐缩喷管critical pressure临界压力Mach number马赫数compression ignition engine压缩点火发动机Diesel cycle狄赛尔循环combined cycle混合加热循环gas turbine燃气轮机steam prime mover蒸汽原动机boiler锅炉《传热学》课程专业词汇中英文对照表heat transfer热传递heat conduction导热convection对流natural convection自然对流free convection 自由对流forced convection 强制对流heat transfer by convection对流换热phase change 相变evaporation蒸发boiling沸腾condensation凝结melting融化solidification凝固thermal radiation热辐射temperature field温度场steady-state conduction稳态温度场transient conduction非稳态温度场temperature gradient 温度梯度isotherms 等温线cartesian coordinates直角坐标系heat flux热流密度矢量Fourier’s law导热基本定律heat Diffusion Equation导热微分方程式initial conditions初始条件boundary conditions边界条件thermal contact resistance接触热阻isothermal place等温面heat transfer rate热流量heat flux lines热流线heat flux热流密度thermal conductivity 导热系数thermal diffusivity热扩散率heat transfer coefficient换热系数thermal resistance热阻thermal resistance of fouling污垢热阻overall thermal resistance总热阻overall coefficient of heat transfer传热系数convection heat transfer对流换热dimensional analysis量纲分析boundary layer边界层analysis of the order of magnitude in boundary layer边界层的数量级分析boundary layer integral equation 边界层积分方程boundary layer differential equation边界层微分方程boundary grid point边界节点boundary layer condition边界条件turbulent flow湍流Nusselt number努谢尔特数Reynolds number 雷诺数Prandtl number普朗特数Grashof number 格拉晓夫数external flow外部流动flow along a flat plate外掠平板reference temperature定性温度equivalent diameter当量直径boiling heat transfer沸腾换热flow across single tube横掠单管flow across tube bundles横掠管束pool boiling大容器沸腾flow boiling流动沸腾forced convection boiling强制对流沸腾subcooled boiling过冷沸腾surface boiling 表面沸腾subcool temperature过冷温度saturated boiling饱和沸腾bulx boiling容积沸腾superheat过热度maximum heat flux point最大热流密度点nucleation center核化中心nucleate boiling核态沸腾burn out烧毁minimum heat flux point最小热流密度点film boiling膜态沸腾transition boiling过渡沸腾spheroidal state 球形状态boiling curve沸腾曲线condensation凝结condenser冷凝器film condensation膜状凝结drop-wise condensation珠状凝结mixed condensation 混合凝结radiation heat transfer辐射换热absolute black body 绝对黑体gray body灰体view factor 角系数spectrum 光谱Planck radiation law 普朗克辐射定律Rayleigh formula雷莱公式emissivity辐射率reflectivity 反射比emissive power辐射力degree of blackness黑度irradiation投入辐射radiosity有效辐射diffuse reflection漫反射diffuse surface漫射表面thermal shield 遮热板heat exchanger换热器parallel-flow 顺流counter-flow逆流effectiveness of heat exchanger 换热器的效能log-mean temperature difference对数平均温差。
Heat Transfer 传热Heat, as a form of energy, cannot be created or destroyed. Heat can be transferred from one substance to another.热是能量的一种形式,不能创造也不能消灭。
热可以从一个物体传递到另一个物体。
Heat always tends to pass from warmer objects to cooler ones. When a warm substance comes in contact with a cold substance, the molecules of the warm substance collide （碰撞） whth the molecules of the cold substance, giving some of its energy to the cold molecules. This is only one way to transfer heat.热总是倾向于从较热的物体向较冷的物体传递。
当一个暖的物体与一个冷的物体接触时，暖物体的分子与冷物体的分子碰撞，把他们的部分能量传给冷物体的分子。
这仅仅是传递热的一种方式。
In a chemical plant, for example, in a refinery （炼油厂）, transfer of heat is very important , the successful operation of most processes is dependent on correct application of the principles (原理) of heat transfer. Where we are handling （处理；加工；操纵） a hot material, we may insulate（隔离，绝缘） the system to hold the heat in; where the material is cold, we insulate to keep the heat out. Efficient equipment, designed to take full advantage of (充分利用) processing heat, is in use on almost all chemical plants.在化工厂，例如一个精炼厂，传热是非常重要的，大多数过程的成功运行取决于传热原理的正确运用。
传热学英语词汇一、基础词汇。
1. heat（[hiːt]，名词/动词）- 名词：热，热量。
例如：The heat from the sun is very strong.（来自太阳的热量很强。
）- 动词：加热。
例如：We need to heat the water.（我们需要加热水。
）2. transfer（[trænsˈfɜː(r)]，动词/名词）- 动词：传递，转移。
例如：Heat can transfer from one object to another.（热量能从一个物体传递到另一个物体。
）- 名词：转移，转让。
例如：The heat transfer in this system is complex.（这个系统中的热传递很复杂。
）3. conduction（[kənˈdʌkʃn]，名词）- 意思：传导。
例如：Conduction is one of the three modes of heat transfer.（传导是热传递的三种方式之一。
）4. convection（[kənˈvekʃn]，名词）- 意思：对流。
例如：Convection occurs in fluids.（对流发生在流体中。
）5. radiation（[ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn]，名词）- 意思：辐射。
例如：The heat radiation from the fire can be felt from a distance.（从火发出的热辐射在远处就能感觉到。
）二、与物质相关词汇。
1. solid（[ˈsɒlɪd]，名词/形容词）- 名词：固体。
例如：Solids conduct heat differently from liquids.（固体传导热量的方式与液体不同。
）- 形容词：固体的，坚实的。
例如：A solid object has a definite shape.（固体物体有确定的形状。
热能工程专业英语Aadiabatic process －绝热过程aero engine －航空发动机afterburner －加力燃烧室air fuel ratio －空燃比air conditioning －空调aviation fuel －航空燃料Bboiling －沸腾Brayton cycle －布雷顿循环Ccapacity －功率，容量carburetor －化油器combustion －燃烧combustion chamber －燃烧室compressor －压气机condenser －冷凝器crank case －曲轴箱cylinder －气缸Ddiesel engine －柴油机diffuser －扩压器dry satured steam －干饱和蒸汽Eejector －喷射器engine －引擎enthalpy －焓entropy －熵evaporation －蒸发exhaust －废气Ffan －风机feed water －供水fundamental interval －基本间隔Ggas turbine －燃气轮机gas generator －燃气发生器generator －发电机guided missile －导弹Hheat －热heat pump －热泵Iimpeller －叶轮internal energy －内能intercooler －中间冷却器isothermal process －等温过程Jjet engine －喷气发动机KKelvin scale －开尔文刻度kinetic energy －动能Llatent heat －潜热Pphase －相piston －活塞power output －功率输出pressure －压强pressure ratio －压力比prime mover －原动机Sscavengine －扫气SFC=Specific Fuel Consumption －燃油消耗率stability －稳定性stator －定子stroke －冲程superheated steam －过热蒸汽Ttemperature －温度thermal capacity －热容量thermal efficiency －热效率thermal equilibrium －热平衡thermodynamics －热力学thermodynamic cycle －热力学循环thermometer －温度计thermometry －计温学turbofan －涡轮风扇发动机turboprop －涡轮螺桨发动机two-stage turbocharger －两级涡轮增压器Vvacuum －真空viscosity －粘性Wwaste-heat recovery －废热回收wet steam －湿蒸汽Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics －南京航空航天大学College of Energy & Power Engineering －能源与动力工程学院Thermal Energy and Dynamic Engineering －热能与动力工程Engineering Thermodynamics －工程热物理major ＝specialty －专业。
热学专业词汇absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absolute zero 绝对零度Acetone 丙酮adiabatic free expansion 绝热自由膨胀adiabatic process 绝热过程alcohol 酒精，乙醇Aluminum 铝analogy 类推approximation 近似asbestos 石棉asymmetric 不对称atmospheric pressure 大气压atom 原子average speed 平均速度Avogadro’s number阿伏加德罗常数Benzene 苯Beryllium 铍black body 黑体Boiling point 沸点Boltzmann distribution law 波尔兹曼分布定律Boltzmann’s constant波尔兹曼常数bond 结合Boyle’s law波义耳定律bronze 青铜Brass 黄铜British thermal unit (Btu) 英热单位calibrate 校准calorimeters 热量计calorimetry 热量测定carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carnot cycle 卡诺循环Carnot engine 卡诺热机Carnot’s theorem卡诺定理Celsius 摄氏centigrade scale 摄氏温度classical mechanics 经典力学Clausius statement 克劳修斯表述coefficient 系数coefficient of performance 制冷系数，性能系数collision frequency 碰撞频率compression 压缩Concrete 混凝土，水泥convection 对流Copper 铜cork 软木，软木塞cross-section 横断面cubic meters 立方米cyclic process 循环过程Diamond 金刚石Diatomic Gas 双原子气体diatomic molecule 双原子分子diesel engine 柴油机dimensionless quantity 无量纲量Eliminate 消除emissivity 发射率entropy 熵equation of state 状态方程evaporation 蒸发exponential function 指数函数Fahrenheit scale 华氏温标fiberglass 玻璃纤维first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律flask 长颈瓶，烧瓶force 力four-stroke cycle 四冲程循环Freezing point 冰点friction 摩擦力Gasoline 汽油gasoline engine 汽油机germanium 锗Glycerin 甘油gold 金gravitational potential energy 引力势能，重力势能heat 热heat capacity 热容heat engine 热机heat pump 热泵，蒸汽泵helium 氦气hydrogen 氢气ice point 冰点ideal gas 理想气体ideal gas law 理想气体定律in terms of 就…而言, 从…方面说来infinitesimal 无穷小量infinity 无穷大infrared light 红外光insulated 绝缘的，隔热的integral 积分interatomic force 原子间力internal energy 内能interrelate 相互关连Iron 铁irreversible 不可逆isobaric process 等压过程isotherm 等温线isothermal process 等温过程isovolumetric process 等容过程joule 焦耳Kelvin 开尔文Kelvin–Planck statement 开尔文—普朗克表述kilogram 千克kinetic energy 动能latent heat 潜热Latent heat of fusion 熔化潜热latent heat of vaporization 汽化潜热linear 线性macroscopic scale 宏观尺度mass 质量Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function 麦克斯韦—玻尔兹曼分布函数mean free path 平均自由程mean free time 平均自由时间mechanical 力学的mechanical energy 机械能Mechanical equivalent of heat 热功当量mechanics 力学membrane 薄膜mercury 汞，水银molar mass 摩尔质量molar specific heat 莫耳比热molecular 分子的molecule 分子momentum 动量Monatomic Gas 单原子气体monatomic ideal gas 单原子理想气体most probable speed 最概然速率motion 运动negative sign 负号neglect 忽略negligible 可忽略的neon 氖气nonconservative force 非守恒力numerous 很多的Otto cycle 奥托循环oxygen 氧气pascal 帕斯卡peak 最高点，峰值phase change 相变phenomenon 现象piston 活塞Polyatomic Gases 多原子气体positive 正potential energy 势能proportional to 与……成比例Pythagorean theorem 勾股定理Quantum 量子quantum-mechanical model 量子力学模型quasi-statically 准静态radiation 辐射radius 半径random collision 随机碰撞rectangular 长方形Refrigerator 制冷器reversible 可逆root-mean-square speed 均方根速率rotational kinetic energy 转动动能rotational motion 旋转运动schematic diagram 原理图，示意图second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律silicon 硅silver 银specific heat 比热state function 状态函数static equilibrium 静态平衡statistical mechanics 统计力学steam point 沸点Steel 钢substance 物质Sulfur 硫temperature 温度temperature gradient 温度梯度theorem of equipartition of energy 能量均分原理thermal conduction 热传导thermal conductivity 导热系数thermal contact 热接触thermal efficiency 热效率thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal expansion 热膨胀thermally insulated container 绝热容器thermodynamic variables 热力学变数thermodynamics 热力学thermometer 温度计thermostats 控温器tin 锡translational motion 平移运动triple point of water 水三相点Turpentine 松脂ultraviolet radiation 紫外线vacuum 真空vaporization 蒸发variable 变量velocity 速度vertical 垂直的vibration 振动vibrational kinetic energy 振动动能vibrational motion 振动运动volume 体积work 功zeroth law of thermodynamics 热力学第零定律《传热学》课程专业英语词汇1. heat transfer 传热学2. heat conduction 导热3. convection heat transfer 对流换热4. thermal radiation 热辐射5. condensation heat transfer 凝结换热6. boiling heat transfer 沸腾换热7. number of heat transfer unit 传热单元数8. heat exchanger 换热器9. temperature field 温度场10. Fourier’s law 傅里叶定律11. Isothermal surface 等温面12. temperature gradient 温度梯度13. unsteady heat conduction 非稳态导热14. Isotherms 等温线15. lumped method 集总参数法16. thermal conductivity 导热系数17. heat flux 热流密度18. thermal resistance 热阻19. Newton’s law of cooling 牛顿冷却公式20. boundary layer 边界层21. thermal boundary layer 热边界层22. continuity equation 连续性方程23. laminar flow in tube 管内层流24. turbulent flow in tube 管内湍流25. in-tube boiling 管内沸腾26. dimensional analysis 量纲分析27. flow boundary layer 流动边界层28. fin 肋片29. fin efficiency 热效率30. Reynolds number 雷诺数31. Nusselt number 努谢尔数32. Prandtl number 普朗克数33. Planck’slaw 普朗克定律34. boundary layer integral equation 边界层积分方程35．boundary layer differential equation 边界层微分方程36．boundary condition 边界条件37．finite difference 差分38.initial condition 初始条件39．transmissivity 穿透比40.mass transfer process 传质过程41.natural convection in infinite space 大空间自然对流42.poor boiling 大容器沸腾43.partial differential equation of heat conduction 导热微分方程44.numerical solution of heat conduction 导热问题数值解45.directional radiation intensity 定向辐射强度46.log-mean temperature difference 对数平均温差47.multidimensional steady state heat conduction 多维稳态导热48.emissivity 发射率49.analytical solution of transient heat conduction 非稳态导热问题分析解50.Fourier number 傅里叶数work method of radiation heat exchange 辐射换热的网络法52.emissive power 辐射力53.Grashof number 格拉晓夫数54.insulating material 隔热材料（保温材料，绝热材料）55.spectral emissive power 光谱辐射力56.excess temperature 过余温度57.nucleate boiling 核态沸腾58.black body 黑体（绝对黑体）59.flow across single tube 横掠单管60.flow across non-circular cylinder 横掠非圆形截面柱体61.flow across tube bundles 横掠管束62.gray body 灰体63.effectiveness of heat exchanger 换热器的效能64.mixed convection 混合对流65.Kirchhoff’s law 基尔霍夫定律66.cross strings method 交叉线法67.view factor ,angle factor 角系数68.heat conduction with internal heat source 具有内热源的导热erning equation 控制方程place equation 拉普拉斯方程mbert’s law 兰贝特定律72.discretized equation 离散方程73.critical insulation radius 临界绝缘直径74 diffuse surface 漫射表面75.film-wise condensation 膜状凝结76.internal flow 内部流动77.counter-flow 逆流78.gaseous radiation 气体辐射79.enhancement of heat transfer 强化传热80.forced convection 强制对流81.heat pipe 热管82.heat transfer rate 热流量83.time constant 时间常数84.numerical solution 数值解85.Stefan-Boltzmann’s law 斯特潘-波耳兹曼定律86.velocity boundary layer 速度边界层87.solar radiation 太阳辐射88.characteristic length 特征长度89.characteristic number 特征数（准则数）90.irradiation 投入辐射91.turbulent flow 湍流92.external flow 外部流动93.flow along a flat plate 外掠平板94.Wien’s displacement law 维恩位移定律95.green house effect 温室效应96.steady –state heat conduction 稳态导热97.thermal resistance of fouling 污垢热阻98.absorptivity 吸收比99.back difference 向后差分100.forward difference 向前差分101.similarity principle 相似原理102.shape factor 形状因子absorption n. 吸收absorptivity n. 吸收率adiabatic a. 绝热algebra n. 代数ambient a. 周围的analogy n. 比拟angle factor n. 角系数arbitrary a. 任意的arithmetic n. 算术asbestos n. 石棉axis n. 轴Biot number 毕渥数blanket v. 覆盖boiling n. 沸腾boundary layer 边界层bubble n. 气泡bulk n. 整体buoyancy force 浮升力burnout point 烧毁点capillary n.毛细管, a. 毛细作用cavity n. 凹穴characteristic a. 特征coalesce v. 结合coefficient n. 系数combination n. 组合component n. 分量condensate n. 凝结液condensation n. 凝结conduction n. 导热conductivity n. 导热系数configuration factor角系数contradiction n. 反驳convection n. 对流coordinate n. 坐标correlation n. 关联式counterflow n. 逆流criterion n. 标准Critical Heat Flux = CHF临界热流密度cylinder n. 圆柱体denote v. 代表derivative n. 导数diagonal a. n. 对角线diffuse a. v. 漫射diffusion n. 扩散distinct a. 不同droplet n. 液滴dropwise condensation 珠状凝结dynamic viscosity 动力粘度eddy n. 漩涡effectiveness n. 效能efficiency n. 效率elapse v. 流逝electromagnetic a. 电磁emissive power 辐射力emissivity n. 发射率empirical a. 经验的enthalpy n. 焓entrance n. 入口equivalent a. 等效error function 误差函数Euclidian 欧几理德exponential a. 指数film boiling 膜态沸腾fin n. 肋片flux n. 通量Forced convection 强制对流Fourier number 付立叶数free convection 自然对流function n. 函数Grashof Number 格拉晓夫数gray body 灰体glossy a. 有光泽的guarantee 保证Heat Exchanger 换热器hydraulic diameter 水力直径hydraudynamic boundary layer速度边界层identical a. 相同infinite a. 无穷的in-line arrangement 顺排insulation n. 绝缘integer n. 整数intensity n. 强度irradiation n. 投入辐射iterative a. 迭代laminar flow 层流latent heat潜热log mean temperature difference = LMTD对数平均温差logarithmic a. 对数函数Lumped-Heat-Capacity System集总参数系统Mechanism n. 机理Monochromatic emissive power 光谱辐射力notation n. 符号NTU = number of transfer units 传热单元数nucleate boiling核态沸腾Nusselt number 努塞尔数Off-design calculation 校核计算origin n. 源点parallel flow顺流parameter n. 参数perpendicular a. 垂直peak n. 峰值permeate v. 渗透platinum n. 铂plaster n. 灰泥polynomial n. 多项式Pool boiling 大容器沸腾power n. 幂Prandtl number 普朗特数pressure 压力prevail v. 建立product n. 乘积projection n. 投影protrudes v. 突出radiation n. 辐射radiosity n. 有效辐射reciprocal n. a. 倒数reflectivity n. 反射率refrigeration n. 制冷re-radiating surface 重辐射面resistivity n. 电阻系数reversal n. 颠倒ripples n. 波纹root n. 方根rotation n. 旋转R value 面积热阻saturation n. 饱和separation n. 分离shape factor 角系数shell and tube 壳管式shield n. 屏蔽sodium n. 钠solar a. 太阳的Solid angle 立体角spectrum n. 频谱specular a. 镜子的sphere n. 球stability n. 稳定性staggered arrangement 叉排steady-state a. 稳态的strategy n. 策略subscript n. 下标surface tension 表面张力symmetric a. 对称的theorem n. 定理thermal a. 热的thermal boundary layer 热边界层thermal diffusivity热扩散率，导温系数thermometer n. 温度计transformation n. 变换transient a. 瞬态的transition boiling 过渡沸腾transmissivity a. 透射率triangular a. 三角trigonometric a. 三角函数triple n. 三个Tube Banks 管束turbulent a. 湍流unknown n. 未知量unsteady a. 非稳态variable n. 变量viscousity n. 粘性系数wick n. 毛细灯芯emissivity 发射率。
制冷与空调专业英语词汇初级词汇环境surroundings热库hot source热源heat source冷源heat sink , cold source焓enthalpy熵entropy功work热量heat能量守恒energy conservation 理想气体idea gas真实气体actual gas沸点boiling point凝结condensation沸腾boiling池内沸腾pool boiling膜态沸腾film boiling相变change of phase压缩compression膨胀expansion节流throttling潜热latent heat显热sensible heat制冷refrigeration氟利昂11 freon 11氟利昂12 freon 12氟利昂13 freon 13氟利昂14 freon 14氟利昂22 freon 22制冷剂refrigerant氨ammonia二氧化碳carbon dioxide二氧化硫sculpture dioxide甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane乙烯ethylene稳态Steady state非稳态unsteady state传热学heat transfer传热heat transmission 换热heat exchange热流heat flow吸收率absorptive反射率reflectivity熔化fusion熔点melting point升华sublimation三相点triple point临界状态critical state临界温度critical temperature临界压力critical pressure凝固solidification凝固点solidification point沸点boiling point凝结condensation摄氏温度centigrade scale放气管air bleeder散气式通风air blow aeration鼓风机air blower吹气,空气吹污air blowing吹气管air blowpipe压缩空气瓶air bottle空气室air box空气制动器air brake排气孔air bleed hole空气室air barrel湿蒸气wet vapor过热superheat过热蒸气superheated vapor过热度degree of superheat过冷sub cooling过冷液体sub cooled liquid气-液混合物liquid-vapor mixture 干度quality冷凝点condensation point冷凝液condensate共沸混合物isentropic mixture共沸性zoetrope共沸点isentropic point辐射radiation核态沸腾nucleate boiling对流沸腾convective boiling膜状凝结film condensation珠状凝结drop condensation饱和状态saturation state饱和温度saturation temperature饱和压力saturation pressure饱和液体saturation liquid饱和蒸气saturation vapor饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure 过饱和supersaturating过饱和蒸气supersaturated vapor热力过程thermodynamic process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process绝热指数adiabatic exponent多变过程polytrophic process多变指数polytrophic exponent等焓过程isenthalpic process等熵过程isentropic process可压缩性compressibility热流量heat flow rate热流密度density of heat flow rate温度场temperature field导热heat conduction导热系数thermal conductivity热扩散系数thermal diffusivity对流换热convective heat transfer自然对流free convection强制对流forced convection等焓膨胀isenthalpic expansion热阻thermal resistance接触热阻thermal contact resistance 热滞后thermal lag传质mass transfer分子扩散molecule diffusion对流扩散convective diffusion绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion多变膨胀polytropic expansion节流膨胀throttling expansion 等焓节流isenthalpic throttling热力循环thermodynamic cycle工质working substance热机循环engine cycle制冷循环refrigeration cycle可逆循环reverse cycle卡诺循环Carnot cycle逆卡诺循环reverse Carnot cycle朗肯循环Rankine cycle斯特林循环Stirling cycle空气制冷循环air refrigeration池内沸腾pool boiling膜态沸腾film boiling核态沸腾nucleate boiling对流沸腾convective boiling膜状凝结film condensation珠状凝结drop condensation绝热压缩adiabatic compression多变压缩polytropic compression压缩指数compression exponent冰熔当量ice melting equivalent理论功率idea power指示功率indicated power指示效率indicated efficiency轴功率shaft horse power机械效率mechanical efficiency总效率Overall efficiency制冷系数coefficient of performance 空调负荷air conditioning load气流组织air distribution气流组织air distribution空气处理单元air handling unit风淋室air shower制冷工程refrigeration engineering 制冷工作者refrigerationist制冷工程师refrigeration engineer 制冷技术员refrigeration technician 制冷技工refrigeration mechanic 辐射换热radiation heat transfer对流放热系数the convective coefficient of heat transfer热力学thermodynamics统计热力学statistical thermodynamic 热力学系统thermodynamic system 孤立系isolated system热力学平衡状态thermodynamicequilibrium state 制冷剂循环量circulating mass ofrefrigerant可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process热力学第一定律first law ofthermodynamics热力学第二定律Second law ofthermodynamics热力学第三定律third law ofthermodynamics零定律zero principle内能internal energy理想气体状态方程idea gas stateequation理想气体常数perfect gas constant 压缩性系数coefficient ofcompressibility压力-比容图pressure and specificvolume diagram温度-熵图temperature - entropydiagram双级压缩制冷循环two-stage compression refrigeration cycle氨双级压缩制冷循环ammoniatwo-stage compression refrigeration cycle氟利昂双级压缩制冷循环freontwo-stage compression refrigeration cycle覆叠式制冷循环cascade refrigeration 辐射换热系数radiation heat transfer coefficient传热系数the coefficient of heat transfer 平壁传热heat transfer through a plate 圆管传热heat transfer through a tube 肋壁传热heat transfer through a fin wall吸收式制冷循环absorption refrigeration cycle蒸气压缩制冷循环vapor compression refrigeration cycle液态制冷剂过冷循环liquid refrigerat subcooled cycle蒸气过热循环vapor supor superheated cycle混合制冷剂制冷循环mixture cycle焦耳－汤姆逊效应Joule Thomson effect焦耳－汤姆逊系数Joule Thomson coefficient蒸气喷射制冷循环vapor jet refrigeration cycle制冷剂循环容积circulating volume of refrigerant单位压缩功compress work per mass 热力完善度thermodynamic perfect degree制冷安装技工refirgeration installation mechanic制冷维修技工refrigeration serviceman 单位轴功率制冷量refrigreation effect per shaft horse-power运转工况下的制冷量rating under working conditions产冷量refrigerating capacity制冷量refrigerating effect单位制冷量refrigerating capacity per weighing单位容积制冷量refrigerating capacity per unit of swept volume容积效率V olumetric efficiency冷凝热量condenser heat过冷热量heat of subcooling标准制冷量Standard rating直接回水系统direct return system。
Chapter 1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 主要内容1.Concepts:heat (thermal energy)、heat transfer、thermodynamics、total amount of heat transfer、heat transfer rate、heat flux、conduction、convection、radiation2.Equations:1) The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy principle)2) Heat balance equation: a) closed system; b) open system (steady-flow)3) Fourier’s law of heat conduction4) Newton’s law of cooling5) Stefan-Boltzmann law主要专业词汇heat transfer 传热、热传递、传热学thermodynamics热力学caloric 热素specific heat 比热mass flow rate 质量流率latent heat 潜热sensible heat 显热heat flux热流密度heat transfer rate热流量total amount of heat transfer总热量conduction导热convection对流radiation辐射thermal conductivity 热导率thermal diffusivity 热扩散率convection/combined heat transfer coefficient 对流/综合换热系数emissivity 发射率absorptivity 吸收率simultaneous heat transfer 复合换热Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation主要内容1.Concepts:temperature field、temperature gradient、heat generation、initial condition、boundary condition、steady\transient heat transfer、uniform\nonuniform temperature distribution2.Equations:1) Fourier’s law of heat conduction (§2-1)2) Heat conduction equation (inrectangular\cylindrical\spherical coordinates) (§2-2、§2-3)3) Boundary conditions: (§2-4)a)Specified temperature B. C.b) Specified heat flux B. C. [special case(dt/dx=0):insulation、thermal symmetry];c) Convection B.C.d) Radiation B.C.e) Interface B.C.4) Average thermal conductivity k ave(§2-7)5) Solution of one-dimensional, steady heat conduction inplane walls、cylinders and spheres (k =const)：a) no heat generation, specified B.C.: T(x) or T(r) (§2-5)Q(x) or Q(r), Q=constb) with heat generation, Specified B.C. or Convection B.C. : (§2-6)∆T max=T o-T s= gs2/2nk ; q(x)=gx/n; T s=T + gs/nh characteristic length S, shape factor n:plane walls —s = L (half thickness), n = 1cylinders ——s =r o, n = 2spheres ——s =r o, n =33.Methods: Solve a heat transfer problem1) Mathematical formulation (differential equation & B.C.)2) General solution of equation3) Application of B.C.s4) Unique solution of the problem主要专业词汇temperature field\distribution温度场\分布temperature gradient温度梯度heat generation热生成(热源)initial\boundary condition初始\边界条件transient heat transfer瞬态(非稳态)传热isothermal surface 等温面Heat conduction differential equation 导热微分方程trial and error method试算法iterate迭代convergence 收敛Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction主要内容1.Concepts:multilayer\composite wall overall heat transfer coefficient Uthermal resistance R t thermal contact resistance R c critical radius of insulation R crfin efficiency fin effectiveness2.Equations:✓Multiplayer plane wall、cylinders and spheres:✓Fin: fin equation——refer to the attachment.1) Uniform cross-section: refer to the attachment.2) Varying cross-section: refer to the attachment.主要专业词汇thermal resistance热阻parallel 并联in series串联thermal contact resistance 接触热阻composite wall 复合壁面thermal grease 热脂cross-section 横截面temperature execess 过余温度hyperbolic 双曲线的exponent 指数fin 肋(翅)片fin base 肋基fin tip 肋端fin efficiency 肋效率fin effectiveness 肋片有效度Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction主要内容1.Concepts:lumped system analysis characteristic length (L c=V/A)Biot number (Bi=hL c /k) Fourier number ( τ = at/L)2.Equations:●Bi≤0, lumped system analysis (§4-1)●Bi>0, Heisler/Grober charts OR analytical expressions1-D：a) infinite large plane walls, long cylinders and spheres (§4-2)b) semi-infinite solids (§4-3)multidimensional: product solution (§4-4)主要专业词汇lumped system analysis 集总参数法characteristic length 特征长度（尺寸）dimension 量纲nondimensionalize 无量纲化dimensionless quantity 无量纲量semi-infinite solid 半无限大固体complementary error function 误差余函数series 级数production solution 乘积解Chapter 5 Numerical Methods in Heat Conduction主要内容1.Concepts:control volume (energy balance) method、finite difference method、discretization、node、space step、time step、mesh Biot number、mesh Fourier number、mirror image concept、explicit/implicit method、stability criterion (primary coefficients ≥0)Numerical error: 1) discretization/truncation error; 2) round-off error2.Methods:Numerical solution:1) Discretization in space and time (∆x, ∆t);2) Build all nodes’finite difference formulations (including interior and boundary nodes);i.Finite difference methodii.Energy balance method (i.e.Control Volume method)3) Solution of nodal difference eqs. of heat conduction;i.Direct method: Gaussian Eliminationii.Iterative method: Gauss-Seidel iteration主要专业词汇control volume 控制容积finite difference有限差分Taylor series expression泰勒级数展开式mirror image concept 镜像法Elimination method 消元法direct/iterative method 直接/迭代方法explicit/implicit method 显式/隐式格式stability criterion 稳定性条件primary coefficients 主系数unconditionally 无条件地algebraic eq. 代数方程discretization/truncation error 离散/截断误差round-off error 舍入误差Chapter 6、7 Forced Convection and NaturalConvection主要内容1.Concepts:Nu、Re、Gr、PrForce/natural convection、external/internal flow、velocity/thermal boundary layerflow regimes、laminar/turbulent flowhydrodynamic/thermal entry region、fully developed regionCritical Reynolds Number (Re c)、hydraulic diameter (D h)、film temperature (T f)、bulk mean fluid temperature (T b)logarithmic mean temperature difference ( T ln)volume expansion coefficient (β= 1/T)effective thermal conductivity (K eff = K Nu)2.Equations:Drag force ：F D = C f AρV2/2Heat transfer rate：Q = hA(T s-T )3．Typical Convection Phenomena:1) Forced convection：external flow——flow over flat plates (§6-4)——flow across cylinders and spheres (§6-5)internal flow——flow in tubes (§6-6)2) Natural convection：flow over surfaces (§7-2)flow inside enclosures (§7-3)主要专业词汇Force/natural convection 自然/强制对流laminar/turbulent flow 层/湍流boundary layer 边界层laminar sublayer 层流底层buffer layer 缓冲层transition region 过渡区flow regimes 流态inertia/viscous force 惯性/粘性力shear stress 剪切应力friction/drag coefficient 摩擦/阻力系数friction factor 摩擦因子dynamic/kinematic viscous 动力/运动粘度wake 尾流stagnation point 滞止点flow separation 流体分离vortex 漩涡rotational motion 环流velocity fluctuation 速度脉动hydrodynamic 水动力学的hydraulic diameter 水力直径fully developed region 充分发展段volume flow rate 体积流量arithmetic/logarithmic mean temperature difference 算术/对数平均温差volume expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数interferometer 干涉仪asymptotic渐近线的effective thermal conductivity 有效热导率analogical method 类比法integral approach 积分近似法order of magnitude analysis 数量级分析法similarity principle 相似原理Chapter 9 Radiation Heat Transfer主要内容1.Concepts:black body、gray body、diffuse surface、emissive power (E)emissivity (ε)、absorptivity (α)、reflectivity (ρ)、transmissivity (τ) irradiation(G)、radiosity(J)、reradiating(adiabatic) surfaceview factor (F ij)、radiation network、space resistance、surface resistance radiation shieldgas radiation、transparent medium to radiation、absorbing and transmitting mediumws:Blackbody：(1) Plank’s law(2) Stefan-Boltzmann’s law(3) Wien’s displacement lawGraybody：(4) Kirchhoff’s lawActual body：E (T) = εE b(T) = εσT4W/m2Gas：(5) Beer’s law3．Calculation:1) View factor：reciprocity/summation/superposition/symmetry Rulecrossed-strings method2) Radiation heat transfer：Radiation networkOpen system：between two surface (e.g. two large parallel plates) Enclosure：2-surface enclosure；3-surface enclosureRadiation shield主要专业词汇thermal radiation热辐射、quantum theory量子理论、index of refraction 折射系数electromagnetic wave/spectrum 电磁波/波谱、ultraviolet (UV) rays紫外线、infrared (IR) rays 红外线absorptivity 吸收率、reflectivity 反射率、transmissivity 透射率、emissivity (ε) 发射率(黑度)、specular/diffuse reflection 镜反射/漫反射irradiation (incident radiation) 投入辐射、radiosity 有效辐射spectral/directional/total emissive power单色/定向/总辐射力fraction of radiation energy 辐射能量份额(辐射比)、blackbody radiation function 黑体辐射函数view factor 辐射角系数、crossed-strings method交叉线法、reciprocity/summation/superposition/symmetry Rule相互/完整/和分/对称性net radiation heat transfer 净辐射热流量radiation network 辐射网络图、space/surface radiation resistance 空间/表面辐射热阻、reradiating surface重辐射面、adiabatic 绝热的radiation shield遮热板transparent medium to radiation辐射透热体、absorbing and transmitting medium吸收-透过性介质Chapter 10 Heat Exchangers主要内容1.Concepts:heat exchanger type---- double-pipe、compact、shell-and-tube、plate-and-frame、regenerative heat exchangerparallel/counter/cross/multipass flowoverall heat transfer coefficient (U) fouling factor (R f)heat capacity rate capacity rationlog mean temperature difference (ΔT lm)heat transfer effectiveness (ε)number of transfer units (NTU)2.Equations:1) heat balance eq.: Q = C h (T h,in - T h,out)=C c(T c,out - T c,in)2) heat transfer eq.: Q = UAΔT lm( LMTD method)or Q = εQ max = εC min (T h,in ？C T c,in) ( ε-NTU method) 3．Methods:1) LMTD Method：select a heat exchangerKnown: C h、C c、3‘T’Predict: 1‘T’、Q、A2) ε-NTU Method：evaluate the performance of a specified heat exchangerKnown: C h、C c、UA、T h,in、T c,inPredict: Q、T h,out、T c,out主要专业词汇double-pipe/compact/shell-and-tube/plate-and-frame/regenerative heat exchanger套管式/紧凑式/壳管式/板式/蓄热（再生）式换热器parallel/counter/cross/multipass flow 顺流/逆流/叉流/多程流area density 面积密度tube/shell pass 管程/壳程static/dynamic type 静/动态型baffle 挡板header 封头nozzle管嘴guide bar 导向杆porthole 孔口gasket 垫圈lateral 侧面的/横向的fouling factor 污垢因子heat capacity rate 水当量heat transfer effectiveness (ε) 传热有效度number of transfer units (NTU) 传热单元数。
