专业英语原文和翻译

Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。

研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。

其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。

Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。

An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors , inductors ，and capacitors connected together in some manner .If the network contains no energy sources , such as batteries or electrical generators,it is known as a passive network.On the other hand, if one or more energy sources are present ，the resultant combination is an active network。

In studying the behavior of an electrical network，we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit. Since a network is composed of passive circuit elements，we must first define the electrical characteristics of these elements.电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成.如果网络不包含能源,如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。

换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。

在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。

因为网络由无源电路元件组成,所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。

In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law，which ststes that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. Mathematically, this is expressed as u=iR where u=voltage , V; i=current，A; R=resistance Ω。

1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。

Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。

生物专业英语——蒋悟生编第三版（Lesson One~Lesson Ten）河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院生物工程111班Lesson one：Inside the Living Cell:Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm:The Dynamic,Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance,which is bounded on the outside by the plasma anelles are suspended within it,supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients,ions,soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus:Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material(DNA)on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division.A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope,but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

U27 The acid-base titra‎tion start‎s with the disso‎lutio‎n of the solid‎ acid sampl‎e in deion‎i zed water‎. Add the end-point‎indic‎a tor, which‎is pheno‎l phth‎a lein‎, with two drops‎to each flask‎conta‎i ning‎the acid sampl‎e and deion‎i zed water‎.Prope‎r ly label‎the flask‎s. Be consi‎s tent‎in all of the sampl‎e s when addin‎g the indic‎a tor. Swirl‎the flask‎s until‎the solid‎acid is compl‎e tely‎disso‎l ved. Final‎l y, rinse‎with deion‎i zed water‎three‎times‎aroun‎d, which‎is criti‎c al to ensur‎e that all solid‎acid has been remov‎e d from the flask‎walls‎and disso‎l ved in the solut‎i on. All solid‎parti‎c les must be disso‎l ved prior‎to the titra‎t ion.7、酸碱滴定伴‎随着于固体‎酸溶解于去‎离子水中发‎生。

在每支装有‎酸样品和去‎离子水的试‎管中加入两‎滴终点指示‎剂——酚酞，并在试管上‎贴好标签。

在加指示剂‎的时候保持‎所有样品条‎件一致。

震荡试管直‎到所有固体‎酸完全溶解‎。

最后，用去离子水‎冲洗试管壁‎周围三次，确保试管壁‎上的固体酸‎从试管上脱‎落并溶解于‎溶液中。

第4章操作系统第一部分阅读和翻译A部分 Windows 71. 简介Windows 7是微软最新发布的windows版本,这一系列微软制造的操作系统主要用于个人电脑,其中包括家庭和商业台式电脑、笔记本电脑、上网本、平板电脑、和媒体中心电脑。

(见图4.1)Windows 7于2009年7月22日开始生产,并在2009年10月22日零售,这个时间距其推出其前任Windows Vista不到三年时间。

与Windows 7相对应的Windows server 2008 R2,也是同年发布。

不像其前一操作系统vista，windows7 引入了大量的新特性，更集中于增量升级的windows线，目标是兼容已经在vista中兼容的应用程序和硬件。

微软在2008年的报告中关注于对于多点触控的支持，以及一个重新设计的windows shell和一个新的任务栏，并将其称之为Superbar，还有一个称之为家庭组的网络系统，注重性能改进。

之前版本的windows 系统中的一些标准的应用程序，包括windows日历，windows邮件，windows movie maker，和windows相片画廊在windows 7中并没有包含进来，而大多数是作为Windows Live Essentials套件单独免费进行提供的。

2. 发展最初，微软计划用一个代号为Blackcomb的windows版本来继承Windows XP(代号惠斯勒)和Windows Server 2003。

微软计划在Blackcomb中设计的主要功能包括在搜索中的加强，查询数据以及一个先进的存储命名系统。

然而，一个临时的，更小的，代号为Longhorn 的版本在2003年发布了。

微软在2003年中旬推迟发布了Blackcomb，但是Longhorn获得了大部分当初试图在Blackcomb中实现的特性。

在2003年，相继有三个主要病毒暴露了windows操作系统的一些漏洞，微软改变了其的发展重点，搁置了Longhorn的主要开发工作，主要开发windows xp和windows server 2003的服务包。

1.2 总线互连总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。

总线的关键特征是，它是一条共享传输介质。

多个设备连接到总线上，任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。

如果两个设备同时传送，它们的信号将会重叠，引起混淆。

因此，一次只能有一个设备成功地（利用总线）发送数据。

典型的情况是，总线由多条通信通路或线路组成，每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。

一段时间里，一条线能传送一串二进制数字。

总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。

例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。

计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线，它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。

连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。

系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。

每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。

虽然有许多不同的总线设计，但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组：数据线、地址线和控制线。

此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。

数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径，这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。

典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线，线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。

因为每条线每次传送1位，所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。

数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。

地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。

例如，如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据，它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。

显然，地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。

控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。

由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享，因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。

控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。

定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性，命令信号指定了要执行的操作。

大多数计算机系统使用多总线，这些总线通常设计成层次结构。

图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。

一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器，而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。

Unit one ：Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmentalproblems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application towater，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding andcontrolling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by theapplication of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

大学英语专业精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译《Half a Day》一、①I walked alongside my father ,clutching his right hand.（走在父亲的身旁，我紧紧地抓住他的右手）②All my clothes were new : the black shoes , the green school uniform ,and the red cap.（那时，我穿着黑鞋子，绿校服，戴着红帽子，它们都是新的。

）③They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for first time.（然而，因为今天是我第一次被送去上学，所以这些衣服并没有给我带来一丝快乐。

）二、①My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help.（母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时地回头看她，希望会从她那里得到帮助。

）②We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms.（我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。

）三、①“Why school ?”I asked my father .“What haveI done ?”（“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么吗？”）四、①“I’m not punishing you,”he said ,laughing.“School’s not a punishment. It’s a place that makes useful men out ofboys. Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?”（“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。

第五单元A Types of DC Motors直流电机分类The types of commercially available DC motors basically fall into four categories: ⑴permanent-magnet DC motors, ⑵series-wound DC motors, ⑶shunt-wound DC motors, and ⑷compound-wound DC motors. Each of these motors has different characteristics due to its basic circuit arrangement and physical properties.[1]现在可以买到的直流电机基本上有四种：⑴永磁直流电机，⑵串励直流电机，⑶并励直流电机，⑷复励直流电机。

每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路和物理特性的不同而具有不同的机械特性。

Permanent-magnet DC Motors永磁直流电机The permanent-magnet DC motors, shown in Fig. 1-5A-1, is constructed in the same manner as its DC generator counterpart. The permanent-magnet DC motor is used for low-torque applications.When this type of motor is used, the DC power supply is connected directly to the armature conductors through the brush/commutator assembly. The magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets mounted on the stator. The rotor of permanent magnet motors is a wound armature.永磁直流电机，如图Fig. 1-5A-1所示，是用与直流发电机同样的方法建造的。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in various industries, including engineering. As a result, proficiency in both English and technical knowledge is essential for professionals in the field of automation. This article will provide an original text and its translation in English, focusing on the importance of automation in engineering.Original Text:自动化是一种通过使用计算机技术和控制系统来实现自动操作和控制的技术。

在工程领域，自动化被广泛应用于诸如创造、能源、交通、通信等各个方面。

自动化技术的发展使得工程师能够更高效地完成任务，提高生产效率，并减少了人为错误的发生。

自动化系统可以用于监控和控制各种设备和过程，从而实现自动化生产线、智能交通系统和智能家居等应用。

自动化在工程领域的应用非常广泛。

例如，在创造业中，自动化系统可以用于自动装配和生产线控制，从而提高产品质量和生产效率。

在能源领域，自动化系统可以用于监控和控制发电厂的运行，实现能源的高效利用。

在交通领域，自动化技术可以应用于智能交通信号灯控制和车辆导航系统，提高交通效率和安全性。

在通信领域，自动化系统可以用于网络管理和故障诊断，确保通信网络的稳定运行。

自动化专业英语翻译：Automation is a technology that enables automatic operations and control through the use of computer technology and control systems. In the field of engineering, automation finds extensive applications in various sectors such as manufacturing, energy, transportation, and communication. The development of automation technology allows engineers to efficiently complete tasks, enhance productivity, and reduce human errors. Automation systems can be used for monitoring and controlling various devices andprocesses, enabling applications such as automated production lines, intelligent transportation systems, and smart homes.Automation finds wide-ranging applications in the field of engineering. For instance, in the manufacturing industry, automation systems can be employed for automated assembly and production line control, thereby improving product quality and productivity. In the energy sector, automation systems can be utilized for monitoring and controlling the operation of power plants, facilitating efficient utilization of energy resources. In the transportation domain, automation technology can be applied to intelligent traffic signal control and vehicle navigation systems, enhancing traffic efficiency and safety. In the communication field, automation systems can be used for network management and fault diagnosis, ensuring stable operation of communication networks.Conclusion:The integration of automation in the field of engineering has revolutionized various industries, enabling efficient and reliable operations. Proficiency in both technical knowledge and English language skills is essential for professionals in the automation field to effectively communicate and implement automation solutions. By harnessing the potential of automation, engineers can optimize processes, improve productivity, and contribute to the advancement of the engineering industry.。

大学英语专业精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译《Half a Day》一、①I walked alongside my father ,clutching his right hand.（走在父亲的身旁，我紧紧地抓住他的右手）②All my clothes were new : the black shoes , the green school uniform ,and the red cap.（那时，我穿着黑鞋子，绿校服，戴着红帽子，它们都是新的。

）③They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for first time.（然而，因为今天是我第一次被送去上学，所以这些衣服并没有给我带来一丝快乐。

）二、①My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help.（母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时地回头看她，希望会从她那里得到帮助。

）②We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms.（我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。

）三、①“Why school ?”I asked my father .“What have I done ?”（“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么吗？”）四、①“I’m not punishing you,”he said ,laughing.“School’s not a punishment. It’s a place that makes useful men out of boys. Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?”（“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。

01 元素和元素周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.原子核内的质子数被称为原子序数,或质子数，Z。

一个电中性原子的电子数量也等于原子序数，Z。

原子的总质量接近核内质子数和中子数之和。

这个总数被称为质量数A。

中子在一个原子中的数量,中子数,给出了的数量为A-Z。

The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:单质是指,一个纯物质由一种原子组成的。

1. Electrical Measuring Instruments电子测量仪表Electrical personnel use many different types of measuring instruments. 电子技术人员使用许多不同类型的测量仪器。

Some jobs require very accurate measurements while other jobs need only rough estimates. 一些工作需要精确测量面另一些工作只需粗略估计。

Some instruments are used solely to determine whether or not a circuit is complete. 有些仪器被使用仅仅是确定线路是否完整。

The most common measuring and testing instruments are voltage testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, continuity testers, megohmmeters, wattmeters（功率计）, and watt-hour meters（电度表，电表）。

最常用的测量测试仪表有：电压测试仪，电压表，欧姆表，连续性测试仪，兆欧表，瓦特表还有瓦特小时表。

All meters used for measuring electrical values are basically current meters. 所有测量电值的表基本上都是电流表。

They measure or compare the values of current flowing through them. 他们测量或是比较通过他们的电流值。

The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。

Lesson 8 Rolling BearingsRolling bearings can carry radial, thrust or combination of the two loads. Accordingly, most rolling bearings are categorized in one of the three groups: radial bearings for carrying loads that are primarily radial, thrust bearings for supporting loads that are primarily axial, and angular conta ct bearings or tapered roller bearings for carrying combined radial and axial loads. Figure 8.1a sh ows a common single-row, deep groove ball bearing. The bearing consists of an inner ring, an out er ring, the balls and the separator. To increase the contact area and. hence permit larger loads to b e carried, the balls run in curvilinear grooves in the rings called raceway. The radius of the racewa y is very little larger than the radius of the ball. This type of bearing can stand a radial load as well as some thrust load. Some other types of rolling bearings are shown in Figs. 8. 1b, 8. lc and 8. 1d.Figure 8.1 Some type: of rolling bearings: (a) deep groove ball bearing; (b) thrust ball bearing;(c) tapered roller thrust bearing;(d) needle roller bearing.The concern of a machine designer with ball and roller bearings is fivefold as follows: (a) life in relation to load; (b) stiffness, i. e. deflections under load; (c) friction; (d) wear; (e) noise. For m oderate loads and speeds the correct selection of a standard bearing on the basis of load rating will usually secure satisfactory performance. The deflection of the bearing elements will become impo rtant where loads are high, although this is usually of less magnitude than that of the shafts or othe r components associated with the bearing. Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements be come necessary which may increase frictional drag. Wear is primarily associated with the introdu ction of contaminants, and sealing arrangements must be chosen with regard to the hostility of the environment.Because the high quality and low price of ball and roller bearings depends on quantity production, the task of the machine designer becomes one of selection rather than design. Rolling bearings are generally made with steel which is through-hardened to about 900 HV. Owing to the high stresses involved, a predominant form of failure should be metal fatigue, and a good deal of work is curren tly in progress intended to improve the reliability of this type of bearing. Design can be based on accepted values of life and it is general practice in the bearing industry to define the load capacity of the bearing as that value below which 90 per cent of a batch will exceed a life of one million re volutions.Notwithstanding the fact that responsibility for the basic design of ball and roller bearings restswith the bearing manufacturer, the machine designer must form a correct appreciation of the duty t o be performed by the bearing and be concerned not only with bearing selection but with the condi tions for correct installation.The fit of the bearing rings onto the shafts or onto the housings is of critical importance beca use of their combined effect on the internal clearance of the bearing as well as preserving the desir ed degree of interference fit. Inadequate interference can induce serious trouble from fretting corr osion. The inner ring is frequently located axially by abutting against a shoulder. A fillet radius at t his point is essential for the avoidance of stress concentration and the inner ring is provided with a corner radius or chamfer to allow space for this.Where life is not the determining factor in design, it is usual to determine maximum loading by the amount to which a bearing will deflect under load. Thus the concept of "static load- carryin g capacity" is understood to mean the load that can be applied to a bearing, which is either stationa ry or subject to slight swiveling motions, without impairing its running qualities for subsequent rot ational motion. This has been determined by practical experience as the load which when applied t o a bearing results in a total deformation of the rolling element and raceway at any point of contact not exceeding 0.01 per cent of the rolling-element diameter. This would correspond to a permanen t deformation of 0.0025 mm for a ball 25 mm in diameter.The successful functioning of many bearings depends upon providing them with adequate prote ction against their environment, and in some circumstances the environment must be protected fro m lubricants or products of deterioration of the bearing surfaces. Achievement of the correct functi oning of seals is an essential part of bearing design. Moreover, seals which are applied to moving parts for any purpose are of interest to tribologists because they are components of bearing system s and can only be designed satisfactorily on the basis of the appropriate bearing theory. Notwithsta nding their importance, the amount of research effort that has been devoted to the understanding of the behavior of seals has been small when compared with that devoted to other aspects of bearing technology.Words and Expressionsradial bearing向心轴承(主要用于承受径向载荷的滚动轴承)thrust bearing推力轴承(主要用于承受轴向载荷的滚动轴承) angular contact bearing角接触轴承 tapered roller bearing圆锥滚子轴承 deep groove ball bearing深沟球轴承thrust ball bearing推力球轴承(滚动体是球的推力滚动轴承)tapered roller thrust bearing推力圆锥滚子轴承(滚动体是圆锥滚子的推力滚动轴承) needle roller bearing滚针轴承(滚动体是滚针的向心滚动轴承) fivefold a.;ad.五倍(的)，五重的stiffness ['stifnis} n.刚性，刚度，稳定性 deflection n.偏差，偏移，弯曲，挠度 frictional a.摩擦的，由摩擦产生的drag v.拖，牵引，摩擦，拖着，阻碍;n，阻力，摩擦力，阻尼 wear v. n.磨损，磨蚀，消耗，耗损contaminant n.沾染，杂质，污染物质，污染剂 sealing n.密封，封接hostility n. 敌视，敌意，敌对 through-harden v.整体淬火HV= Vickers hardness维氏硬度notwithstanding prep.; ad.; conj. 虽然，尽管……(还是) clearance n.间隙，裕度，空隙，余地，间距interference n.干涉，干扰，妨碍，过盈，相互影响 fret v.侵蚀，腐蚀，磨损，损坏 fretting n.松散，微振磨损abut v.邻接，毗连，倚着，支撑;n.端，尽头，支架 chamfer n.;二在……开槽，倒棱，倒角，圆角 swivel n.旋转轴承，转体;v.旋转，用活节连接 raceway n.轴承座圈，滚道lubricant n.润滑剂，润滑材料;a.润滑的 deterioration n.变质，退化，恶化，变坏 tribology n.摩擦学Notes1. through-hardened意为“整体淬火的，，。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译英文原文：Automation in the field of engineering has brought about significant advancements and revolutionized various industries. With the help of cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions, automation has become an integral part of many processes, increasing efficiency and productivity.In the field of automation engineering, professionals are responsible for designing, developing, and implementing automated systems and machinery. These systems are designed to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, reducing the risk of errors and improving overall performance.Automation engineering involves the use of various tools and technologies such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), robotics, and computer-aided design (CAD) software. These tools enable engineers to design and control complex systems, ensuring smooth operations and optimal performance.One of the key benefits of automation in engineering is the ability to streamline processes and reduce manual labor. By automating repetitive tasks, engineers can focus on more complex and critical aspects of their work, leading to increased productivity and higher quality output.Moreover, automation plays a crucial role in enhancing safety in various industries. By replacing human workers with automated systems, the risk of accidents and injuries can be significantly reduced. Automated systems are designed to follow strict safety protocols and can perform tasks in hazardous environments that may be dangerous for humans.In addition to improving efficiency and safety, automation also offers cost-saving benefits. Although the initial investment in automation technology may be high, the long-term savings in labor costs and increased productivity outweigh the initial expenses.Automation can also lead to reduced material wastage and improved resource management.Automation engineering professionals play a vital role in the design and implementation of automated systems. They are responsible for conducting thorough analysis, developing system requirements, and ensuring seamless integration of automation technology into existing processes. They also provide technical support and troubleshooting expertise to address any issues that may arise.In conclusion, automation in the field of engineering has revolutionized various industries by increasing efficiency, productivity, and safety. Automation engineering professionals play a crucial role in designing and implementing automated systems, utilizing cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions. With the continuous advancements in automation technology, the future of engineering looks promising, with even greater possibilities for improved performance and streamlined processes.中文翻译：自动化在工程领域带来了重大的进步，并对各行各业进行了革命性的改变。

Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。

此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。

Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。