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中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Structural Systems to resist lateral loadsmonly Used structural SystemsWith loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology.Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:1.Moment-resisting frames.2.Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.3.Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.4.Tube-in-tube structures.5.Tube-in-tube structures.6.Core-interactive structures.7.Cellular or bundled-tube systems.Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. These combinations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is needed to formulate a truly extraordinary design of a high-rise building.While comprehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here .The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion.2.Moment-Resisting FramesPerhaps the most commonly used system in low-to medium-rise buildings, the moment-resisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a stand-alone system or in combination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads. In the taller of high-rise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a stand-alone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces.Analysis can be accomplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriatecomputer programs; analysis by the so-called portal method of the cantilever method has no place in today’s technology.Because of the intrinsic flexibility of the column/girder intersection, and because preliminary designs should aim to highlight weaknesses of systems, it is not unusual to use center-to-center dimensions for the frame in the preliminary analysis. Of course, in the latter phases of design, a realistic appraisal in-joint deformation is essential.3.Braced FramesThe braced frame, intrinsically stiffer than the moment –resisting frame, finds also greater application to higher-rise buildings. The system is characterized by linear horizontal, vertical, and diagonal members, connected simply or rigidly at their joints. It is used commonly in conjunction with other systems for taller buildings and as a stand-alone system in low-to medium-rise buildings.While the use of structural steel in braced frames is common, concrete frames are more likely to be of the larger-scale variety.Of special interest in areas of high seismicity is the use of the eccentric braced frame.Again, analysis can be by STRESS, STRUDL, or any one of a series of two –or three dimensional analysis computer programs. And again, center-to-center dimensions are used commonly in the preliminary analysis.4.Shear wallsThe shear wall is yet another step forward along a progression of ever-stiffer structural systems. The system is characterized by relatively thin, generally (but not always) concrete elements that provide both structural strength and separation between building functions.In high-rise buildings, shear wall systems tend to have a relatively high aspect ratio, that is, their height tends to be large compared to their width. Lacking tension in the foundation system, any structural element is limited in its ability to resist overturning moment by the width of the system and by the gravity load supported by the element. Limited to a narrow overturning, One obvious use of the system, which does have the needed width, is in the exterior walls of building, where the requirement for windows is kept small.Structural steel shear walls, generally stiffened against buckling by a concrete overlay, have found application where shear loads are high. The system, intrinsically more economicalthan steel bracing, is particularly effective in carrying shear loads down through the taller floors in the areas immediately above grade. The sys tem has the further advantage of having high ductility a feature of particular importance in areas of high seismicity.The analysis of shear wall systems is made complex because of the inevitable presence of large openings through these walls. Preliminary analysis can be by truss-analogy, by the finite element method, or by making use of a proprietary computer program designed to consider the interaction, or coupling, of shear walls.5.Framed or Braced TubesThe concept of the framed or braced or braced tube erupted into the technology with the IBM Building in Pittsburgh, but was followed immediately with the twin 110-story towers of the World Trade Center, New York and a number of other buildings .The system is characterized by three –dimensional frames, braced frames, or shear walls, forming a closed surface more or less cylindrical in nature, but of nearly any plan configuration. Because those columns that resist lateral forces are placed as far as possible from the cancroids of the system, the overall moment of inertia is increased and stiffness is very high.The analysis of tubular structures is done using three-dimensional concepts, or by two- dimensional analogy, where possible, whichever method is used, it must be capable of accounting for the effects of shear lag.The presence of shear lag, detected first in aircraft structures, is a serious limitation in the stiffness of framed tubes. The concept has limited recent applications of framed tubes to the shear of 60 stories. Designers have developed various techniques for reducing the effects of shear lag, most noticeably the use of belt trusses. This system finds application in buildings perhaps 40stories and higher. However, except for possible aesthetic considerations, belt trusses interfere with nearly every building function associated with the outside wall; the trusses are placed often at mechanical floors, mush to the disapproval of the designers of the mechanical systems. Nevertheless, as a cost-effective structural system, the belt truss works well and will likely find continued approval from designers. Numerous studies have sought to optimize the location of these trusses, with the optimum location very dependent on the number of trusses provided. Experience would indicate, however, that the location of these trusses is provided by the optimization of mechanical systems and by aesthetic considerations,as the economics of the structural system is not highly sensitive to belt truss location.6.Tube-in-Tube StructuresThe tubular framing system mobilizes every column in the exterior wall in resisting over-turning and shearing forces. The term‘tube-in-tube’is largely self-explanatory in that a second ring of columns, the ring surrounding the central service core of the building, is used as an inner framed or braced tube. The purpose of the second tube is to increase resistance to over turning and to increase lateral stiffness. The tubes need not be of the same character; that is, one tube could be framed, while the other could be braced.In considering this system, is important to understand clearly the difference between the shear and the flexural components of deflection, the terms being taken from beam analogy. In a framed tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the bending deformation of columns and girders (i.e, the webs of the framed tube) while the flexural component is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns (i.e, the flanges of the framed tube). In a braced tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the axial deformation of diagonals while the flexural component of deflection is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns.Following beam analogy, if plane surfaces remain plane (i.e, the floor slabs),then axial stresses in the columns of the outer tube, being farther form the neutral axis, will be substantially larger than the axial stresses in the inner tube. However, in the tube-in-tube design, when optimized, the axial stresses in the inner ring of columns may be as high, or even higher, than the axial stresses in the outer ring. This seeming anomaly is associated with differences in the shearing component of stiffness between the two systems. This is easiest to under-stand where the inner tube is conceived as a braced (i.e, shear-stiff) tube while the outer tube is conceived as a framed (i.e, shear-flexible) tube.7.Core Interactive StructuresCore interactive structures are a special case of a tube-in-tube wherein the two tubes are coupled together with some form of three-dimensional space frame. Indeed, the system is used often wherein the shear stiffness of the outer tube is zero. The United States Steel Building, Pittsburgh, illustrates the system very well. Here, the inner tube is a braced frame, the outer tube has no shear stiffness, and the two systems are coupled if they were considered as systemspassing in a straight line from the “hat” structure. Note that the exterior columns would be improperly modeled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat” to the foundations; these columns are perhaps 15% stiffer as they follow the elastic curve of the braced core. Note also that the axial forces associated with the lateral forces in the inner columns change from tension to compression over the height of the tube, with the inflection point at about 5/8 of the height of the tube. The outer columns, of course, carry the same axial force under lateral load for the full height of the columns because the columns because the shear stiffness of the system is close to zero.The space structures of outrigger girders or trusses, that connect the inner tube to the outer tube, are located often at several levels in the building. The AT&T headquarters is an example of an astonishing array of interactive elements:1.The structural system is 94 ft (28.6m) wide, 196ft(59.7m) long, and 601ft (183.3m)high.2.Two inner tubes are provided, each 31ft(9.4m) by 40 ft (12.2m), centered 90 ft (27.4m)apart in the long direction of the building.3.The inner tubes are braced in the short direction, but with zero shear stiffness in the longdirection.4. A single outer tube is supplied, which encircles the building perimeter.5.The outer tube is a moment-resisting frame, but with zero shear stiffness for thecenter50ft (15.2m) of each of the long sides.6. A space-truss hat structure is provided at the top of the building.7. A similar space truss is located near the bottom of the building8.The entire assembly is laterally supported at the base on twin steel-plate tubes, becausethe shear stiffness of the outer tube goes to zero at the base of the building.8.Cellular structuresA classic example of a cellular structure is the Sears Tower, Chicago, a bundled tube structure of nine separate tubes. While the Sears Tower contains nine nearly identical tubes, the basic structural system has special application for buildings of irregular shape, as the several tubes need not be similar in plan shape, It is not uncommon that some of the individual tubes one of the strengths and one of the weaknesses of the system.This special weakness of this system, particularly in framed tubes, has to do with the concept of differential column shortening. The shortening of a column under load is given by the expression△=ΣfL/EFor buildings of 12 ft (3.66m) floor-to-floor distances and an average compressive stress of 15 ksi (138MPa), the shortening of a column under load is 15 (12)(12)/29,000 or 0.074in (1.9mm) per story. At 50 stories, the column will have shortened to 3.7 in. (94mm) less than its unstressed length. Where one cell of a bundled tube system is, say, 50stories high and an adjacent cell is, say, 100stories high, those columns near the boundary between .the two systems need to have this differential deflection reconciled.Major structural work has been found to be needed at such locations. In at least one building, the Rialto Project, Melbourne, the structural engineer found it necessary to vertically pre-stress the lower height columns so as to reconcile the differential deflections of columns in close proximity with the post-tensioning of the shorter column simulating the weight to be added on to adjacent, higher columns.抗侧向荷载的结构体系1.常用的结构体系若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。
论析板式高层住宅户型的可变性设计策略1. 引言1.1 研究背景板式高层住宅作为城市住宅建筑形式的主要类型之一，受到了广泛的关注和应用。
随着城市化进程的加速和人口增长的需求，高层住宅成为了解决城市居住问题的重要选择。
传统的高层住宅户型设计往往存在着固定性较强、空间利用率不高、缺乏个性化等问题。
为了更好地满足居民的多样化需求，提高住房的适用性和灵活性，板式高层住宅的户型可变性设计成为了一个重要的研究课题。
在当前城市快速发展的背景下，板式高层住宅的户型设计需要更加灵活和多样化，以适应不同居民群体的需求。
对板式高层住宅户型的可变性设计策略的研究和探讨具有重要的实践意义和理论价值。
通过研究板式高层住宅户型的可变性设计策略，可以为未来的住宅设计提供有益的借鉴和参考，促进住房产业的可持续发展和城市居住环境的改善。
探讨板式高层住宅户型的可变性设计策略具有重要的现实意义和发展前景。
1.2 研究目的板式高层住宅作为城市中常见的建筑形式，其户型设计在满足居民居住需求的也需要考虑到空间利用的灵活性和建筑结构的合理性。
本研究旨在探讨板式高层住宅户型的可变性设计策略，通过分析现有户型设计原则和实际案例，寻求更加灵活和创新的设计方法，以提升居住体验和建筑品质。
通过研究可变性设计策略的重要性和未来发展趋势，可以为设计师和开发商提供更多的参考和启发，促进行业的进步和发展。
本研究的目的在于探讨如何通过可变性设计策略来实现板式高层住宅户型的更好设计，为城市居民提供更加舒适和灵活的居住空间。
1.3 研究意义板式高层住宅的户型设计在整个建筑设计中具有至关重要的地位，因为户型设计的好坏直接关系到居住者的舒适度和生活品质。
当前，随着人们生活水平的不断提高和对居住环境品质的追求，板式高层住宅的户型设计已经逐渐成为人们关注的焦点之一。
研究板式高层住宅户型的可变性设计策略，对于提高建筑物的使用灵活性和适应性，满足不同居住者的个性化需求具有重要的意义。
中文3220字附录：毕业设计外文翻译院（系）建筑工程学院专业土木工程班级姓名学号导师2011年4月15日英文：High-Rise Buildings and StructuralDesignAbstract：It is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .Key Words：High-Rise Buildings Structural Design Framework Shear Seismic SystemIntroductionThe vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal.Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire ineconomy .1、Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems . This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase , other things remaining cinstant . However , this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2、Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in the most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames .3、Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . For example , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4、Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .5、The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members .6、Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor . This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work together instead of separately .7、Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontal components such as two or more elevator shafts at multistory intervalswith a heavy floor subsystems , or by use of very deep girder trusses .Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentially vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground . When the above principles are judiciously applied , structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls , cores , rigid frames, tubular construction , and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity . Some of these applications will now be described in subsequent sections in the following .Shear-Wall SystemsWhen shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements , they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces in high-rise buildings . For example , apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls . When some of these are designed to be solid , they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well . For buildings up to some 20storise , the use of shear walls is common . If given sufficient length ,such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more .However , shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the walls ( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them ) . Therefore ,it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted . In addition , that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect .In design progress , two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-shaped subsystems . Indeed , internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently . If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and is excellent Shear-Wall Systems resisting lateral loads and torsion .Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type withopenings when necessary , steel shear walls are usually made of trusses . These trusses can have single diagonals , “X”diagonals , or“K”arrangements . A trussed wall will have its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view , and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view , and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members . Of course , the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as not to interfere with requirements for windows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls .As stated above , the walls of elevator , staircase ,and utility shafts form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces . Since these shafts are normally rectangular or circular in cross-section , they can offer an efficient means for resisting moments and shear in all directions due to tube structural action . But a problem in the design of these shafts is provided sufficient strength around door openings and other penetrations through these elements . For reinforced concrete construction , special steel reinforcements are placed around such opening .In steel construction , heavier and more rigid connections are required to resist racking at the openings .In many high-rise buildings , a combination of walls and shafts can offer excellent resistance to lateral forces when they are suitably located ant connected to one another . It is also desirable that the stiffness offered these subsystems be more-or-less symmertrical in all directions .Rigid-Frame SystemsIn the design of architectural buildings , rigid-frame systems for resisting vertical and lateral loads have long been accepted as an important and standard means for designing building . They are employed for low-and medium means for designing buildings . They are employed for low- and medium up to high-rise building perhaps 70 or 100 stories high . When compared to shear-wall systems , these rigid frames bothwithin and at the outside of a buildings . They also make use of the stiffness in beams and columns that are required for the buildings in any case , but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected to resist the lateral as well as vertical forces though frame bending .Frequently , rigid frames will not be as stiff as shear-wall construction , and therefore may produce excessive deflections for the more slender high-rise buildings designs . But because of this flexibility , they are often considered as being more ductile and thus less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failure when compared with ( some ) shear-wall designs . For example , if over stressing occurs at certain portions of a steel rigid frame ( i.e.,near the joint ) , ductility will allow the structure as a whole to deflect a little more , but it will by no means collapse even under a much larger force than expected on the structure . For this reason , rigid-frame construction is considered by some to be a “best”seismic-resisting type for high-rise steel buildings . On the other hand ,it is also unlikely that a well-designed share-wall system would collapse.In the case of concrete rigid frames ,there is a divergence of opinion . It true that if a concrete rigid frame is designed in the conventional manner , without special care to produce higher ductility , it will not be able to withstand a catastrophic earthquake that can produce forces several times lerger than the code design earthquake forces .Therefore , some believe that it may not have additional capacity possessed by steel rigid frames . But modern research and experience has indicated that concrete frames can be designed to be ductile , when sufficient stirrups and joinery reinforcement are designed in to the frame . Modern buildings codes have specifications for the so-called ductile concrete frames . However , at present , these codes often require excessive reinforcement at certain points in the frame so as to cause congestion and result in construction difficulties 。
外文资料及翻译Fire in high-rise building designFire in high-rise building design in recent years, the city's commercial and residential design process, encountered a new problem is the fire department for public security for a class of high-rise residential elevators and the Office of Public hallway with Automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing system. Past, Design for the present "Tall Buildings design of fire safety regulations" (GB 50045-1995) (hereinafter "high regulation"), automatic sprinkler system installed .6.2 scope of section 7 of the understanding of the domestic excluded. Fire in high-rise building design of the conventional practice of using the whole floor, generally located fire hydrant system, Skirt-building basement and the installation of automatic sprinkler systems. Therefore, the lift pump spray option is lower, the output is smaller. In practical projects have encountered this kind of example : a 28-storey buildings in the residential and commercial fire inspection, public security and fire prevention departments requiring layers of elevators and corridors to increase sprinkler system. That the owners have had to make fire sprinkler pump, the staircase installation of fire sprinkler pipes and sprinkler heads. The results will not only increase the construction costs, also affected the Office of the lift cosmetic and progress of the project. Under the "high regulation,"Section 2 of Chapter VII of the fire water, we can see a kind of high-rise building fire hydrant water for the indoor 20 L / s, and a category of high-rise commercial indoor water hydrant to 40 L / s, the difference was doubled. To a30-storey residential buildings and a composite of the same height (24m following skirt building for commercial purposes, for its residential) as an example, to analyze the fire danger. For composite skirt building, as shopping malls, restaurants, etc., because of their luxurious decoration, with central air-conditioning system Fuel more, the risk of fire is greater. Case of fire, the fire water needs are greater. But skirt building height of the building "24m, at the scope of fire engines to put out the firewithin, I can get external support. As long as the initial fires effectively controlled, it is easy to fight the fires. Therefore, the increased part of the skirt building fire water skirt building and the installation of automatic sprinkler systems appear to be necessary. On the residential portion of the composite, I believe with a purely residential buildings can be treated the same. But the fire design, the composite hydrant system is based on 40 L / s design. Meanwhile, ordinary residential buildings are based on 20 L / s design, it is clear the former fire in residential water layer is a surplus. Then, the fire department asked the Office of Residential Elevator layer and the public sidewalk installed sprinkler system, they can use the surplus in this part of the fire contained, In other words layer residential sprinkler system can use the fire hydrant system pumps, fire and the total water consumption unchanged.Most residential tower floor of the typical residential floor elevator and the Office of the general public sidewalk installation of 5 ~ 8 nozzle it will satisfy requirements , equal to a water gun fire of consumption, coupled with 20 L / s hydrant water usage. Residential water layer fire not more than 40 L / s. But residential layer spray Standpipe to set up independently, based in the First Floor Wet alarm valve, hydraulic alarms based on duty nearby. If the nozzle for each five dollars, the entire building housing the nozzle layer is not more than 150, the system is obviously very small. In order to reduce construction costs, I believe it may be possible to omit the typical gauges and flow control valves, In the bottom of the standpipe installed a total control valve and flow indicator. Once the fire floor, blasting sprinkler head, wet alarm valve hydraulic alarm after alarm signal will be issued. but each floor smoke detector will send out alarm signals to direct the fire site. If the nozzle mistaken burglary, the alarm will hydraulic action, instructions to staff on duty to inspect mistaken burglarylocations.For purely residential floor of a high-rise building category, residential elevators and the Office of sidewalk are required to spray for protection, I believe sprinkler system and fire hydrant system is also suitable for fire pump, but adjustments to the fire pump flow, Additional that is the typical number of nozzles can flow. Taking into account the role of sprinkler system time with the fire hydrantsystem, the pump should be separately installed pipeline, When the fire time to "cut off one hour after the water spray system. For ordinary residential buildings, as long as the roof water tanks fire high over the top Hydrant 7 m, enough to satisfy the most vulnerable point nozzle area refers to the minimum working pressure of 490kPa requirements. Therefore, the whole system on the fire without further Regulators pump.To maintain the residential elevators and the Office of the beautiful hallway, with no ceiling, use wall-nozzle, Spray deposition pipeline dark wall. Sprinkler system in the top end of trial should be established valve and pressure gauge.Above, the senior fire protection design, Residential layer spray system can use the fire hydrant system pump, and no up a separate spray pump, thereby saving investment and reduce the size of the pumping station. When the residential-only elevators and the Office of Public sidewalk installation of sprinkler systems, only a few of each nozzle closed, Spray only to the bottom of the standpipe installation of control valves and flow indicator, without the need to set up on each floor. References :[1] GB 50045-1995, fire protection design of tall buildings norms [S].高层商住楼消防设计探讨在最近几年广州市的商住楼设计过程中，遇到的一个新问题是公安消防部门要求对一类高层住宅的电梯厅和公共走道部分设自动喷水灭火系统。
外文翻译---高层建筑及结构设计High-rise XXX to define。
Generally。
a low-rise building is considered to be een 1 to 2 stories。
while a medium-rise building ranges from 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more。
While the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low-。
medium-。
or high-rise buildings。
the vertical subsystems XXX high-XXX requiring larger columns。
walls。
XXX。
XXX.The design of high-rise buildings must take into account the unique XXX by their height and the need to withstand lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes。
One important aspect of high-rise design is the framework shear system。
XXX。
braced frames。
or XXX the appropriate system depends on the specific building characteristics and the seismicity of the n in which it is located.Another key n in high-rise design is the seismic system。
IntroductionResidential space design is an intricate process that transcends mere aesthetics, encompassing functionality, sustainability, emotional well-being, and the integration of advanced technologies. Crafting a high-quality, high-standard living environment necessitates a comprehensive understanding of these diverse elements and their harmonious fusion. This essay presents a multifaceted analysis of designing such spaces, delving into the key aspects that define their excellence.1. **Contextual and Site-Specific Design**A paramount aspect of high-quality residential design lies in its responsiveness to the context and site. A thorough understanding of the locale's climate, topography, cultural heritage, and urban fabric guides architects in creating homes that seamlessly blend with their surroundings. For instance, a coastal residence may incorporate large windows to capture ocean views and harness natural ventilation, while a mountain retreat may emphasize earthy materials and a low-impact footprint. Furthermore, respecting local building codes, zoning regulations, and environmental protection guidelines ensures compliance with legal standards and contributes to sustainable urban development.2. **Functional Layout and Spatial Flow**Efficient spatial planning is fundamental to achieving a high-standard living space. A well-designed layout optimizes the use of available area, ensuring that each room serves its intended purpose without feeling cramped or disconnected. The fluidity of movement between spaces is equally crucial, as seamless transitions promote a sense of spaciousness and ease of daily routines. Open-plan designs, strategic placement of transitional elements like corridors or staircases, and the careful allocation of private and communal zones contribute to an intuitive and enjoyable spatial experience.3. **Adaptive and Flexible Spaces**In today's rapidly evolving lifestyles, residential spaces must be adaptable to accommodate changing needs and preferences. High-quality design embraces flexibility through multipurpose rooms, movable partitions, and convertible furniture. Such features enable homeowners to reconfigure spaces according to their current requirements, whether it be accommodating a growing family, setting up a home office, or hosting guests. Moreover, future-proofing the design with provisions for potential extensions or renovations ensures the long-term relevance and value of the property.4. **Light, Color, and Materiality**The interplay of light, color, and material choices significantly impacts the ambiance, mood, and overall quality of a residential space. Abundant natural light not only enhances visual comfort but also improves energy efficiency and mental health. Strategic placement of windows, skylights, and light wells can maximize daylight penetration, while thoughtful selection of artificial lighting systems ensures optimal illumination during darker hours. Color schemesshould reflect the occupants' tastes and foster the desired atmosphere, be it calming neutrality, vibrant playfulness, or sophisticated elegance. Material choices should prioritize durability, sustainability, and sensory appeal, with a focus on authentic textures, eco-friendly options, and low-maintenance finishes.5. **Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Design**Environmental consciousness is a hallmark of high-quality, high-standard residential design. Architects and designers should employ passive strategies – such as orientation, insulation, shading, and natural ventilation – to minimize energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting. Integration of renewable energy systems, like solar panels or geothermal heat pumps, further reduces the home's carbon footprint. Water-saving fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and greywater recycling systems contribute to water conservation. Additionally, the use of locally sourced, recycled, and low-VOC materials, along with green roofs, living walls, and permeable paving, promotes biodiversity and ecological resilience.6. **Technology Integration and Smart Home Features**Incorporating cutting-edge technology enhances the functionality, convenience, and security of a high-standard residence. Smart home systems enable remote control of lighting, temperature, appliances, and security, often via voice commands or smartphone apps. Home automation can also optimize energy usage, monitor indoor air quality, and provide predictive maintenance alerts. Advanced technologies like augmented reality, virtual assistants, and AI-driven personalization can further elevate the living experience, tailoring the environment to individual preferences and routines.7. **Wellness-Oriented Design**Designing for wellness involves creating environments that positively influence physical, mental, and emotional health. This encompasses aspects such as acoustic comfort, air quality, access to nature, and opportunities for physical activity. Sound-absorbing materials, strategic placement of bedrooms away from noise sources, and dedicated quiet zones promote tranquility. Indoor plants, natural ventilation, and air purification systems enhance air quality. Incorporating features like home gyms, yoga studios, or outdoor recreational areas fosters an active lifestyle. Moreover, biophilic design principles, which connect occupants with nature through elements like greenery, natural light, and organic patterns, have been shown to reduce stress and improve overall well-being.8. **Accessibility and Universal Design**Designing residences that cater to diverse abilities and life stages demonstrates a commitment to inclusivity and high standards. Universal design principles ensure that all users, regardless of age, size, or ability, can navigate and utilize the space comfortably and independently. This includes features like level thresholds, wide doorways, non-slip flooring, accessible switches and outlets, and ample maneuvering space in bathrooms and kitchens.Thoughtful consideration of accessibility not only enhances the quality of life for residents but also increases the home's market appeal and resale value.ConclusionDesigning high-quality, high-standard residential spaces requires a holistic approach that integrates contextual sensitivity, functional efficiency, adaptability, aesthetic appeal, sustainability, technology, wellness, and inclusivity. By meticulously addressing these multifaceted aspects, architects and designers can create living environments that surpass mere shelter, offering instead sanctuaries of comfort, inspiration, and enduring value. As lifestyles continue to evolve and new design innovations emerge, the pursuit of excellence in residential space design remains a dynamic and ever-rewarding endeavor.。
two-1evel unit复式单元single-loaded 外廊式double-loaded adj.内廊式Walk-up n.无电梯的公寓/adj.无电梯的skip-stop corridor 隔层设置的走廊corridor-every-floor 每层设置走廊的vertical circulation system 垂直交通系统low-rise adj.低层；high-rise adj.高层rowhouse adj.联排式住宅；slab n.板式住宅；tower n.塔式住宅Single-orientation unit单一朝向单元Double-Orientation Unit 90°转角单元Double-Orientation Unit, open-ended 双向开敞的单元natural light 自然采光natural ventilation 自然通风mechanical ventilation 机械通风transverse walls 横墙building codes 建筑规程staggered- plan 交错变化的平面auxiliary mean 辅助设施self-contained adj.设备齐全的single-run 单跑楼梯return stairs双跑楼梯英汉互译包含在以下加粗部分及最后一堂课讲到的例子中。
Unit 10 Section 1Intensive ReadingModern Housing Prototypes 《现代住宅的原型》Roger Sherwood （罗杰·舍伍德）Part IINTRODUCTIONThis book is presented in the belief that a reexamination of some of the great housing projects of this century is appropriate at a time when the design of housing commands the attention of architects the world around. The buildings offered here as case studies were selected because of their importance as prototypes, projects that set the standards and patterns of much that was, and is, to follow. Other considerations were diversity –so that a wide range of countries, buildings types and problems would be represented –and architectural quality. My assumption is that there is no excuse for poor architecture; that housing, like all buildings, to paraphrase Geoffrey Scott, must be convenient to use, soundly built, and beautiful.当今住宅设计受到全世界建筑师的关注，所以对本世纪一些伟大的住宅项目重新考究是无可厚非的，这本书就基于此观念做了一些介绍。
（完整版）建筑学专业英语modernhousingprototypes现代住宅的原型two-1evel unit复式单元single-loaded 外廊式double-loaded adj.内廊式Walk-up n.无电梯的公寓/adj.无电梯的skip-stop corridor 隔层设置的走廊corridor-every-floor 每层设置走廊的vertical circulation system 垂直交通系统low-rise adj.低层；high-rise adj.高层rowhouse adj.联排式住宅；slab n.板式住宅；tower n.塔式住宅Single-orientation unit单一朝向单元Double-Orientation Unit 90°转角单元Double-Orientation Unit, open-ended 双向开敞的单元natural light 自然采光natural ventilation 自然通风mechanical ventilation 机械通风transverse walls 横墙building codes 建筑规程staggered- plan 交错变化的平面auxiliary mean 辅助设施self-contained adj.设备齐全的single-run 单跑楼梯return stairs双跑楼梯英汉互译包含在以下加粗部分及最后一堂课讲到的例子中。
Unit 10 Section 1Intensive ReadingModern Housing Prototypes 《现代住宅的原型》Roger Sherwood （罗杰·舍伍德）Part IINTRODUCTIONThis book is presented in the belief that a reexamination of some of the great housing projects of this century is appropriate at a time when the design of housing commands the attention of architects the world around. The buildings offered here as case studies were selected because of their importance as prototypes, projects that set the standards and patterns of much that was, and is, to follow. Other considerations were diversity –so that a wide range of countries, buildings types and problems would be represented –and architectural quality. My assumption is that there is no excuse for poor architecture; that housing, like all buildings, to paraphrase Geoffrey Scott, must be convenient to use, soundly built, and beautiful.当今住宅设计受到全世界建筑师的关注，所以对本世纪一些伟大的住宅项目重新考究是无可厚非的，这本书就基于此观念做了一些介绍。
板式高层住宅建筑设计研究【摘要】正如大家所知，可持续发展的观念从提出到实践已经数十年了，现已成为世界各国的共识。
当今，危及人类社会可持续发展的有诸多问题，但从人类居住的范围来说，人口剧增与不可再生的土地资源的短缺成为最尖锐的矛盾，是人类社会所面临的最直接、最急迫的问题。
据联合国预测到，2050年世界人口将达到93亿，至2070年将相对稳定在100亿左右。
在中国尽管人口出生率已有明显回落，到2050年预测还将达到15亿，占世界人口的1/6。
我们不但要认真解决好今天城市建设中的人口与土地这一矛盾，而且还要切实为子孙后代在未来的居住问题做好规划，留有发展余地。
【关键词】板式高层住宅；建筑设计1.高层住宅建设是我国经济建设的重要组成部分具体到建筑领域，就是如何在同样的用地上解决好更多人的居住问题。
从规划建筑学的角度来讲有两个指标与此有直接关系，一是建筑密度，二是建筑容积率。
而住宅高层化无疑是解决这一问题行之有效的途径之一。
据资料显示：目前我国人均住宅面积已达到22m，在本世纪初的五年内住宅的建设量将达到每年4.59亿平方米，将为城市居民提供500万套的住宅，建设量之巨在世界各国中绝无仅有。
而其中，城市高层住宅占到了很大比重。
因此，新世纪对城市住宅，尤其是高层住宅的研究就具有极端的重要性和现实意义。
而近几年来，板式高层住宅在我国城市建设中占据越来越大的比重。
我们有必要对其进行研究探讨，在理论、研究上先行一步，冷静思考未来高层住宅的模式并寻找相应的答案。
2.板式高层住宅的定义具体到板式高层住宅，目前也没有一个严格的定义，许多人以“板楼”称之。
一种观点是从外观来对其进行定义：设高层住宅的高度为H，住宅宽度为L，当H/L<1/2.5，就称为板式高层住宅。
但这种定义并不确切，如上海世贸滨江花园超高层住宅小区，这种住宅从外形上来看，比例似乎和塔式高层更类似，高宽比不符合H/L<1/2.5，这些情况下就不能套用这个定义。
・房屋各部分Parts of house屋面roof屋脊ridge坡屋顶pitched roof单坡屋顶pent roof, lean-to roof 人字屋顶gable roof四坡顶hipped roof屋面排水沟valley卷材防水屋面membrane roof找平层screed-coat防水层damp-proof course 泛水flashing屋顶层garret阁楼penthouse, loft, attic天台roof-deck晒台drying stage组合烟囱chimney stack屋檐eave屋面排水roofing drainage檐沟，明沟gutter水落管down-pipe, downspout 雨棚canopy, awning 柱廊colonnade走廊corridor中庭atrium山墙gable女儿墙parapet山花pediment隅石砌quoins阳台balcony, veranda阳台栏杆balustrade阳台栏杆柱baluster, banister平台terrace台阶steps梯子ladder梯级step楼梯staircase(=step)楼梯踏步平板tread楼梯踏步竖板riser楼梯休息平台landing直角转弯平台quarter-space landing 梯宽run of stair梯高rise of stair楼梯扶手rail, railing回转梯 corkscrew staircase, caracole踏步突沿nosing窗子window百叶窗blinds, louvers 旋转窗balance window平开窗，窗叶casement窗扇sash中旋窗awning window上下推拉窗double-hung window 屋顶通气窗clerestory门窗亮子transom窗木框window frame窗台sill, cill采光顶sunroof天窗sunlight老虎窗dormer-window通风窗ventlight落地窗French window墙壁wall承重墙bearing wall隔间partition空心墙cavity wall防火隔断（分区）compartmentation 剪力墙shear panel墙裙wainscot窗间墙pier幕墙curtain wall电梯elevator, lift自动扶梯escalator地板，楼面 floor夹层楼面entresol， mezzanine 楼座balcony楼板slab天花板ceiling壁炉andiron， fireplace，grate地下室basement防火fire-cut防火门fire door耐热涂料heat-resisting paints绝热heat insulation 门槛head-rail, sill柱子column， post，pillar柱头column cap, head斜撑knee brace悬索catenary梁beam基础梁grade beam钢板梁plate girder工字梁I-beam过梁lintel, lintol, head 椽子purlin基础foundation碎石垫层hard core混凝土地基concrete foundation 基座、柱础pedestal独立基础isolated footing放大基础spreading footing条形基础strip footing筏式基础mat foundation浮筏基础floating foundation 沉箱基础caisson化粪池cesspool, septic tank伸缩缝expansion joint冷桥thermal bridge散水wash, apron披水板weathering-board 桁架truss组合桁架composite truss框架framework模板formwork拱券arch穹顶dome平拱flat arch筒拱vault, vaulted roof 半圆穹顶concha瓦shingle, tile砖brick瓷砖ceramic tile玻璃砖glass blocks大理石marble花岗岩granite水磨石terrazzo砌块masonry混凝土concrete预制混凝土pre- cast concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 钢筋steel reinforcement 水泥cement抹灰，灰泥plaster, stucco熟石灰 hydrate of lime, slaked-lime 砂浆mortar抹灰层floated coat饰面finish木砖grounds, timber brick 石膏gypsum石膏板plaster slab夹胶玻璃plyglass胶合板plywood, clip-board 脚手架scaffolding悬臂cantilever叠涩，牛腿corbel遮阳sun shading・制图与构图用语草图sketch, draft图纸drawing施工图working drawings工程project、 1 一:一, 方案plan总图grid总平面site平面floorelevation立面正立面facade剖面section详图detail门厅上部upper foyer比例尺scale二透视图，表现图rendering透视perspective轴测isometric perspectiveAxonometric projection轴线axis 建筑面积 floor area, architecture area 相对标高relative elevation/level层高，净空 headroom, headway室内interior室外exterior室内装修interior decoration 装饰ornament广场 square, plaza, public square 流线circulation解构deconstruction空间space, spatial比例proportion统一unity均衡balance协调harmony高层建筑high-rise building 社区housing complex 家舍house 茅舍cottage 平房 one-story house ， bungalow ，plain-house二楼 two-story house 公寓（建筑） apartment house公寓（房间） apartment （flat ）（英） 别墅villa 花园洋房garden house 寄宿舍 dormitory （美）出租房间room for rent （美） 乡村旅舍 country inn供膳寄宿舍 boardinghouse大厦mansions, edifice 大楼 building预制装配式房屋pre-fabricate house 小木屋尺度韵律风格功能关系・房屋 Housescale rhythm style function relationship 供膳出租房间board and lodgingshack一个单元one unit 车库garage报告厅auditorium, lecture hall多功能厅multi-use hall阅览室 browsing room, reading room茶室refreshment room操作间cab, utility room・居住 Dwelling套房suit主人套房master suit门厅，前厅lobby大厅hall, main hall过厅gallery起居间living RM， family RM 聚会厅 gathering RM, keeping RM休息厅lounge, sitting RM客厅parlor衣帽间cloakroom更衣、衣橱间 walk-in-closet, W.I.C.厨房kitchen餐厅dinning room早餐厅nook, breakfast room食品、餐具间 pantry, butlery浴室，洗手间bathroom盥洗室toilet room卫生间water closet, W.C.前室，门厅foyer寝室，卧房bedroom主人房master bedroom 书斋，书房study, library 工作室，画室studio私室，书斋den化妆室boudoir, dressing RM, powder RM婴儿室nursery客房guestroom壁厨closet, ambry 洗衣间laundry room地窖cellar储藏室storage健身房exercise RM服务入口service entry 换鞋处mud room游艺室games room活动室activities room 音乐室music alcove工人房maid bedroom台球室billiards room 温室greenhouse•家具 Furniture方桌square table圆桌round table长方桌rectangle table伸缩桌小桌凳子有肘的椅子摇椅，安乐椅藤椅塑料椅帆布椅折椅沙发长椅桌子，餐桌玻璃桌子塑料桌子木制饭桌table glass tableacrylic tablewooden-table extension table side tablestool armchair rocking chair rattan chair plastic chair deck chair folding chair sofa couch。
