朗阁新托福入学测试卷学员版——通用卷

新托福入学测试题READING:NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 13TIME ALLOWED: 40 minutesBASIC WRITING:Instructions●Choose only one of the most appropriate phrases or translations based on the Chinesemeaning given.●All the questions should be finished within 10 minutes.●Any use of dictionary is not permitted.Part 11.Unrestrained development of tourism ________________________________________.旅游业的无限制发展破坏生态平衡。

A.breaks the ecological balanceB.destroys the environmental balanceC.diminishes the biological balance2.Museums give people _______________________________________.博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感。

A. a feeling of national proud and embracingB. a sense of national pride and belongingC. a spirit of national proud and belonging3.The Internet enables us to ___________________________ the latest information worldwide.互联网使我们很容易接触到全世界最新的资讯。

A.have an easy access toB.touch easilyC.conveniently get to know4.Cloning is ___________________________.克隆技术是违背自然和不道德的。

文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 阅读1. What is the main reason that people developedmethods of refrigeration?They wanted to improve the flavor andnutritional value of food.They needed to slow the naturalprocesses that cause food to spoil.They needed a use for the ice thatformed on lakes and rivers.They wanted to expand the productionof certain industries.2. The word perishable in paragraph 1 is closestin meaning tocapable of spoilinguncookedof animal originhighly nutritious3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutcold storage before the invention of artificialrefrigeration?It kept food cold for only about a week.It was dependent on a source of ice orsnow.It required a container made of metal orwood.It was not a safe method of preservingmeat.4. Artificial refrigeration involves all of thefollowing processes EXCEPTthe pumping of water vapor through apipethe rapid expansion of certain gasesthe evaporation of a volatile liquidthe transfer of heat from one place toanother5. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlightedsentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choiceschange the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.It takes a lot of energy to transform aliquid into a vapor, especially when thevapor loses heat.Some gases expand rapidly and give offenergy when they encounter a very coldTHE DEVELOPMENT OFREFRIGERATIONCold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms—bacteria, molds, and veast—that cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice—filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled.Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in l748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In l805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In l842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow—fever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice andliquid.When kinetic energy is changed to heatenergy, liquid molecules turn into vapormolecules.During evaporation, the vapormolecules use energy, and the liquidbecomes colder.6. According to the passage, who was the firstperson to use artificial refrigeration for apractical purpose?William CullenOliver EvansJohn GorrieAdolphus Busch7. The word it in paragraph 3 refers toprinterrefrigeratortypeether8. Why does the author discuss the brewingindustry in paragraph 4?To compare cave storage withmechanical refrigerationTo describe the unique problems thatbrewers facedTo praise the accomplishments of aprominent brewerTo show how refrigeration changed awhole industry9. The word constrained in paragraph 4 is closestin meaning torestrictedspoiledimprovedalternated10. According to the passage, the first refrigeratedrailcar used what material as a cooling agent?EtherIceAmmoniaCFCs11. The word toxic in paragraph 5 is closest inmeaning to experimented with ice making, and in l85l he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.Brewing was the first industry in the United States to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1 870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines.The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until l929, refrigerators used toxic gases—ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HF134a, which is less harmful to the ozone.densepoisonousrareexpensivepassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Gorrie ’s basic principle of compressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is theone most often used in refrigerators today.’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, builtan ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor —compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.13—14. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor Answer ChoieesA refrigerator has an evaporator that makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.People used to preserve food by packing it with ice or snow in cold storage areas.Artificial refrigeration Was made possible by the compression and evaporation of a volatile substance.William Cullen developed a method of artificial refrigeration in 1748.Practicalusesofvapor-compressionrefrigeration were introduced in the nineteenth century.CFCs have not been used as refrigerants since they were found to damage the earth ’s ozone layer.15. According to the passage, how did CanadianEnglish become a distinct variety of North American English? Linguists noticed that Canadians spoke aunique dialect.A large group of Loyalists settled in one region at the same time.Growth of the middle class led to a standard school curriculum.Canadians declared their language to bedifferent from U.S. English.16. The word norms in paragraph 1 is closest inmeaning topatterns history wordsideas17. The phrase a great deal in common with inparagraph 2 is closest in meaning to different words for the same problems as many similarities toeasier pronunciation than18. In paragraph 2, what point does the author makeabout Canadian English? Canadian English is more similar toAmerican than to British English.American and British visitors defineCanadian English by their own norms.Canadian English has many words thatare not in other varieties of English.Canadians speak English with an accentthat Americans cannot understand.19. The phrase the two varieties in paragraph 3refers toPeople who live outside North AmericanCanadian English and American EnglishGeneral Canadian and North AmericanBritish English and Canadian English 20. The word spot in paragraph 3 is closest inmeaning todescribeignorepreferCANADIAN ENGLISHCanadian English is a regional variety of North American English that spans almost the entire continent. Canadian English became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution, when thousands of Loyalists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern Ontario in the l780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian, a definition based on the norms of urban middle-class speech.Modern Canadian English is usually defined by the ways in which it resembles and differs from American or British English. Canadian English has a great deal in common with the English spoken in the United States, yet many Americans identify a Canadian accent as British. Many American visitors to Canada think the Canadian vocabulary sounds British—for example, they notice the British “tap”and “braces”instead of the American “faucet”and “suspenders.” On the other hand, many British people identify a Canadian accent as American, and British visitors think the Canadians have become Americanized, saying “gas”and “truck”for “petrol”and “lorry.”People who live outside North America often find it difficult to hear the differences between Canadian and American English. There are many similarities between the two varieties, yet they are far from identical. Canadian English is instantly recognizable to other Canadians, and one Canadian in a crowded room will easily spot the other Canadian among the North Americans.There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influcaces. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed”rather than the American “zee” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand, 75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,”find21. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentencein paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave outessential information.Canadian English has been stronglyinfluenced by both British and AmericanEnglish.Canada is the only nation where peoplecan deliberately choose whichpronunciation they prefer.Canadians have tried to distinguishthemselves as a nation, and this effort isshown in their pronunciation.Many newcomers to Canada must workhard to master the national style ofpronouncing English.22. All of the following words originated in NorthAmerican Indian languages EXCEPTkeroseneparkaCanadakayak23. Which of the following can be inferred fromparagraph 5 about vocabulary?Vocabulary is the most distinctive featureof Canadian English.World Standard English has a very largevocabulary.Canadians use more Noth AmericanIndian words than Americans do.Much of the vocabulary for ice hockeyoriginated in Canada.24. The author discusses the expression “eh ” inparagraph 6 as an example ofan idiom that uniquely characterizesCanadian speechan expression that few people outsideCanada have hearda style of Canadian drama and literaturea word that cannot be translated intoother languages“tomato,” and “missile.” The most obvious anddistinctive feature of Canadian speech is probably itsvowel sound, the diphthong “ou.” In Canada, “out ” ispronounced like “oat ” in nearby U.S. accents. Thereare other identifying features of Canadian vowels ；forexample, “cot ” is pronounced the same as “caught ”and “collar ”, the same as “caller.”An important characteristic of the vocabulary ofCanadian English is the use of many words andphrases originating in Canada itself, such as“kerosene” and “chesterfield” (“sofa ”). Several wordsare borrowed from North American Indian languages,for example, “kayak,” “caribou,” “parka,” and“skookum ” (“strong ”). The name of the country itself has an Indian origin ；the Iroquois word “kanata ” originally meant “village.” A number of terms for ice hockey — “face-off,” “blue-line,” and “puck ”—have become part of World Standard English.Some features of Canadian English seem to be unique and are often deliberately identified with Canadian speakers in such andAmong the original perhaps the most famous is the “eh?” as a tag question, as in movie, eh?” “Eh ” is also used as a a narrative, as in “I ’m walking home eh, and I ’m thinking about dinner. I ” view holds that there are no English and that Canadians other Canadians are from just by there is a greater degree of in Canadian English compared with several dialect areas do existLinguists have identified distinctNewfoundland,Valley,southern Ontario, the Prairie：a speech sound that begins with oneThe word homogeneity in paragraph 7 is closestpassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, “out ” rhymes with “boat,” so the phrase “out and about in a boat ” sounds like “oat and aboat in a boat ” to American ears.There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influences. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed ” rather than the American “zee ” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the hand,75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,” “tomato,” and “missile.”“out ” is pronounced like “oat ” in nearbyU.S. accents.“cot ” is pronounced the same as “caught ” and “collar ” the same as “caller.27-28. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in Answer ChoicesCanadian English contains elements of both British and American English.Several unique varieties of English have evolved in North America.Canadians pronounce most words the same way as Americans do.Canadian English asserts its distinctiveness through pronunciation.Words and idioms originating in Canada also help to define Canadian English. Most Canadians cannot identify where other Canadians are from.29. The phrase branch out in paragraph 1 is closestin meaning to separate hurry lookoriginate30. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Physical anthropologists investigate howintelligent human beings evolved from creatures that lived in trees.There are unanswered questions about why some tree —dwelling animals have evolved only two legs.People want to know more about the behavior of animals and how some animals acquire the ability to learn.Some animal populations have the power to ask questions and to learn from theevents of the past.31. The word speculate in paragraph 2 is closest inmeaning toworry forget disagreethink32. Why does the author discuss the Leakey familyin paragraph 3? To argue for an increase in the amount ofresearch in AfricaTo contradict earlier theories of human evolutionTo give examples of fieldwork done by physical anthropologistsTo compare hominid evidence fromTanzania with that from Kenya33. Which of the following is of major interest toboth physical and cultural anthropologists? Methods of physiology and geneticsReligious beliefs and practicesTHE SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY Throughvariousmethodsofresearch,anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle —to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways but quite differently in otherways. Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes archaeology, social anthropology, and 1inguistics.Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with the power to lean—a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropologists study the fossils and organic remains of once-living primates. They also study the connections between humans and other primates that are still living. Monkeys, apes, and humans have more in common with one another physically than they do with other kinds of animals. In the lab, anthropologists use the methods of physiology and genetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues to the relationship of humans to various primates. Some study the animals in the wild to find out what behaviors they share with humans. Others speculate about how the behavior of non-human primates might have shaped human bodily needs and habits.A well—known family of physical anthropologists, the Leakeys, conducted research in East Africa indicating that human evolution centered there rather than Asia. In 1931, Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey began excavating at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where over the next forty years they discovered stone tool and hominid evidence that Child rearing in societies around theworldClues about human beings who livedlong ago34. According to paragraph 4, culturalanthropologists who do fieldwork usuallydiscover hominid evidence indicatingwhen humans evolvedwrite an account of the daily life of thepeople they studywork at universities and museumsinterpreting the work of othersdevelop new technologies for gatheringcultural data35. The phrase sift through in paragraph 4 is closestin meaning toavoidsortdiscusscontradict36. The word They in paragraph 4 refers toresearch universitiesethnologistsfield anthropologistsmuseums37. According to the passage, Margaret Mead wroteabout all of the following subjects EXCEPTthe nature of cultural changerelations between people of differentracesthe biological basis of gendereconomic systems of pioneer women 38. It call be inferred from paragraph 5 thatMargaret Mead’s workmade an impact on the field ofanthropologycontradicted that of the Leakey familyopened Samoa to outside influencesis not widely read by anthropologiststodaypushed back the dates for early humans to over 3. 75 million years ago. Their son, Richard Leakey, discovered yet other types of hominid skulls in Kenya, which he wrote about in Origins (1979) and Origins Reconsidered (1992).Like physical anthropologists, cultural anthropologists study clues about human life in the distant past; however, cultural anthropologists also look at the similarities and differences among human communities today. Some cultural anthropologists work in the field, living and working among people in societies that differ from their own. Anthropologists doing fieldwork often produce an ethnography, a written description of the daily activities of men, women, and children that tells the storyof the society’s community life as a whole. Some cultural anthropologists do not work in the field but rather at research universities and museums doing the comparative and interpretive part of the job. These anthropologists, called ethnologists, sift through the ethnographies written by field anthropologists and try to discover cross-cultural patterns in marriage, child rearing, religious beliefs and practices, warfare—any subject that constitutes the human experience. They often use their findings to argue for or against particular hypotheses about people worldwide.A cultural anthropologist who achieved worldwide fame was Margaret Mead. In 1923, Mead went to Samoa to pursue her first fieldwork assignment—a study that resulted in her widely read book Coming of Age in Samoa (1 928). Mead published ten major works during her long career, moving from studies of child rearing in the Pacific to the cultural and biological bases of gender, the nature of cultural change, the structure and functioning of complex societies, and race relations. Mead remained a pioneer in her willingness to tackle subjects of major intellectual consequence, to develop new technologies for research, and to think of new ways that anthropology could serve society.Glossary:primates: the order of mammals that includes apes and humanshominid: the family of primates of whichpassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of thehumanpuzzle—to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in and why separate societies behave similarly in some wayswhich emerged as an independent in the late eighteenth century, hastwo main divisions: physicalPhysical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variationCultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes40-42. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of anthropology that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesThe focus is on the similarities and differences among cultures.This field studies life on many different scales of size and time.Researchers observe similarities between humans and other primates.Scientists examine the fossils and skulls ofearly humans.Researchers live and work in other societies and write ethnographies.It is the study of the origin. history, and structure of the earth.The story of humanity’s origins is a major topic of investigation.Type of AnthropologyPhysical Anthropology ●●●Cultural Anthropology ●●。

新托福测试题及答案一、听力部分1. 听力对话A. 学生与教授讨论课程内容。

B. 图书管理员与学生讨论图书借阅。

2. 听力讲座A. 教授关于环境保护的讲座。

B. 学生介绍一个科学实验。

二、阅读部分1. 阅读文章A. 描述一个历史事件。

B. 讨论一种文化现象。

2. 问题与选项A. 根据文章A，以下哪项是事件的主要原因？a) 经济因素b) 社会因素c) 政治因素d) 自然因素B. 文章B中提到的文化现象主要影响了哪个群体？a) 年轻人b) 中年人c) 老年人d) 全社会三、口语部分1. 独立口语任务A. 描述一个你曾经克服的困难。

2. 综合口语任务A. 根据听力对话和阅读文章，讨论学生如何解决遇到的问题。

四、写作部分1. 综合写作任务A. 阅读一篇文章，然后听一个相关的讲座，最后写一篇文章总结两者的主要观点和论据。

2. 独立写作任务A. 你同意以下观点吗？“教育是个人成功的关键因素”。

请给出你的理由和例子。

五、答案1. 听力部分A. 正确答案：教授建议学生阅读额外的资料来加深理解。

B. 正确答案：学生需要在一周内归还图书。

2. 阅读部分A. 正确答案：b) 社会因素B. 正确答案：a) 年轻人3. 口语部分独立口语任务答案示例：我克服的困难是学习新语言。

起初，我感到非常困难，但通过不断练习和使用语言，我最终提高了我的语言技能。

综合口语任务答案示例：学生可以通过与教授讨论问题，寻求同学的帮助，或者利用图书馆资源来解决遇到的问题。

4. 写作部分综合写作任务答案示例：文章和讲座都认为环境保护很重要，但文章强调政府的作用，而讲座强调个人的责任。

独立写作任务答案示例：我同意教育是个人成功的关键因素。

教育不仅提供了知识和技能，还培养了解决问题的能力，这对于个人的职业发展至关重要。

请注意：以上内容为示例，实际测试题和答案可能会有所不同。

TOEFL ibt 测试卷R测试时间：测评教师：学生姓名：测评地点：学员成绩：/120Time: 60 minutesScore: READING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages in English. For most questions, you will choose the one best answer of four possible answers. You have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer all of the questions.Reading 1 “Layers of Social Class”Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people’s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.→Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”– the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made”were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into “old rich” circles.→The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earningscan be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class”because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.→The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people ten not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class include workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.→The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. [A] Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-roundAnd full time –a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. [B] The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments.[C] Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. [D]1. The word those in the passage refers to BA)characteristicsB)groupsC)classesD)continuum2. The word enormous in the passage is closest in meaning to AA) very largeB) very newC)very earlyD)very good3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlightedstatement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. AA)Although it is not generally accepted, your family provides the bestprediction of your future wealth.B)You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you mayhave been born.C)It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your futurewealth and level of social status.D)Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and socialstatus of your family.4.Why does the author mention the “Forbes 400” in paragraph 3? BA)To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB)To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their moneyC)To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthD)To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]5.In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people witheducational advantages are most often members of the BA)lower middle classB)upper middle classC)nouveau richeD)upper classParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]6.The word primarily in the passage is closest in meaning to AA)mostlyB)somewhatC)finallyD)always7.The word contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning to BA)unexpectedB)modernC)strategicD)reliable8.According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middleclass in the United States? DA)They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B)They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.C)They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear.D)They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]9. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States? BA) They are not able to find entry-level jobsB) They work in jobs that require little education.C) They are service workers and manual laborers.D) They do not try to find employment.10. According to paragraph 7,why has the underclass emerged? BA) The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higherlifestyle than it had previously.B) The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live byengaging in illegal activities.C) Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive bywelfare or crime.D) Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard levelin the economic system.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]11. All of the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPT DA) the level of education that a person has achievedB) the amount of money that an individual has acquiredC) the type of employment that someone pursuesD) the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis12. Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could beinserted in the passage.The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor.Where could the sentence best be added? AClick on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.13.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige determine social status in the United States.●●●Answer Choices[A] People who have made their money more recently tend not to be accepted bythose who have inherited their wealth from family holdings.[B] The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclassof people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.[C] The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the uppermiddle class has a high income that they earn in their professions.[D] Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it isdifficult for many people to maintain this standard of living.[E] Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workersand service workers as well as bureaucratic employees.[F] It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States byworking your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.cafReading 2 “THE ART OF THEATRE”The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus, sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature, the medium is written language. For theatre, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays, like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel, a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work; it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play—the scenery, lighting, and costumes—will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.The basic encounter in theatre is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people, characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theatre from other art forms.Theatre has several other distinctive characteristics. First, the subject matter of theatre is always human beings. Second, theatre is universal—there is an impulse toward creating theatre in all societies. Third, theatre is transitory in nature—a play is an event that occurs through time. Finally, theatre is set apart by its basic elements: audience, performers, director, dramatist, purpose, viewpoint, and setting.Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even when the performers play animals, object, or abstract ideas. In the medieval playEveryman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and Strength. The central character is Everyman, a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to come—a theme that is universal to humans. The focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been emphasized in different plays.In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience.One special quality of a theatre performance is its immediacy. In the theatre, we live in the perpetual present tense. Theatre is a transitory art. A performance changes from moment to moment, and each moment is a direct, immediate adventure for the audience. The transitory nature of theatre is a quality it shares with music and dance, and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed object; it exists as a finished product. The performing art, on the other hand, are not objects but events. Theatre occurs through time; it is an experience created by a series of sights, sounds, and impressions.14. How does the art of theatre convey its message? CA) An instrument or voice produces sound.B) A camera converts light to images on film.C)People perform a story for another group.D)A person writes a story for others to read.15. The author discusses literature in paragraph 2 in order to illustrate what point?BA)Literature and drama are both written forms of communication.B)Reading a novel and attending a play are different experiences.C）Both novelists and dramatists use an outline to organize ideas.D) Many actors prefer roles from classic works of literature.16.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. AA) A play’s scenery, lighting, and costumes contribute to the message of the play.B)Theatre is the only art form that mixes more than one medium in a singlework of art.C) A successful dramatist knows how to blend purpose, viewpoint, and themeinto a unique performance.D)Theatre is a distinct art form by the way it joins characters and audience in thetelling of a story.17.Why does the author mention Everyman in paragraph 5?BA)To show that definition of theatre has evolved over timeB)To give an example of a play in which abstract ideas are charactersC)To compare the importance of beauty, knowledge, and strengthD)To illustrate the universal human desire to create theatre18.The word theme in paragraph 5 refers to BA)performers playing animals, objects, or ideasB)death arriving before we want it to comeC)beauty, knowledge, and strengthD)Everyman as a central character19.The word urge in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toCA)moneyB)educationC)motivationD)patience20.The word realm in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toAA)formB)ritualC)scienceD)tool21.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the development of theatre?CA)In every human society, theatre appeared before other forms of art.B)Theatre could not have developed without the support of political leaders.C)People created theatre as a way to promote peace between rival groups.D)Theatre emerged as a distinct art form at different times around the world.22.The word transitory in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toDA)temporaryB)beautifulC)surprisingD)expressive23.How is theatre similar to the other performing arts?CA)It is based on works of literature.B)It exits as a finished product.C)It is an event that occurs through time.D)It is presented the same way every time.24.According to the passage, all of the following are true of theatre EXCEPTBA)The impulse toward theatre is universal.B)The medium of theatre is written language.C)Theatre is a distinct form of art.D)The focus of theatre is always human.25.Look at the four squares, [A] [B] [C] and [D], which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, theatre is a shared event, an experience that includes both those who perform and who observe.In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. [A] The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. [B] At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. [C] Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience. [D]D26.An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in this passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Several qualities distinguish theatre from other forms of art.● A● C● EAnswer ChoicesA)Theatre is a form of literature because we can read plays in books.B)Theatre requires a human story, performers, and an audience.C)An actor must change his voice to play certain characters.D)The tendency toward creating theatre occurs in all human societies.E)Theatre developed as a separate art very early in Greece and India.F)Each theatre performance is an immediate yet transitory experience.Time: 60 minutesScore:LISTENING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe listening section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in English. You will hear two conversations and one lecture, each only one time. After each conversation or lecture, you will hear some questions about it. Answer all the questions based on what the speakers state or imply.You may take notes while you listen and use your notes to help you answer the questions. You have approximately 15 minutes to complete this section. Please don’t look at the questions until the conversation or lecture is over.Listening 1 “Professor’s office”1. Why does the man go to see his professor?A) To take a makeup test for a class that he missedB) To explain why he has been absent from classC) To turn in an extra credit project to the professorD) To ask the professor how to bring up his gradeC)Why did Ernie get a low grade on the last test?a)He does not understand the material.b)He is not a very good student.c)He did not have time to finish it.d)He was in a hurry to leave the class.D)What do we know about the test?a)There were 100questions on it.b)It was worth 25 percent of the final grade.c)The test was an extra credit assignment.d)The questions were very difficult.E)Why does the professor say this:a)Because she doesn’t understand what the man wants her to dob)Because she has finished the discussion about the man’s problemc)Because she wants the man to be more specific about his pland)Because she does not want to do what the man suggestsF)What can be inferred about the professor?a)She tries to be fair to all of her students.b)She is not very flexible about her policies.c)She does not have very many students.d)She is not sure what she wants to do.Listening 2 “Anthropology Class”G)Which of the following is the main topic of the lecture?a) A progressive view of agricultureb)The conditions for the development of agriculturec) A comparison of hunter-gatherers and farmersd)The negative effects of agriculture on early farmersH)What are two key characteristics of hunter-gatherers mentioned in the lecture?a)They were taller than farmers.b)They ate less well than farmersc)They lived longer than farmers.d)They were less physically fit than farmers.I)Why does the professor say this:a)To emphasize the point that he has just madeb)To indicate that another point will be madec)To demonstrate that the point is his opiniond)To regain the student’s attention for the next pointJ)How does the professor organize his lecture?a)He contrasts older theories of agriculture with newer ones.b)He makes an argument for the revisionist view of agriculture.c)He defines revisionism by giving examples of early farmers.d)He provides a chronological account of early farmers.10. Which of the following statements best summarizes the position of therevisionists?A) The agricultural revolution affected all human activity.B) The development of agriculture had a positive influence on nutrition.C) Agriculture contributed to the health risks for early farmers.D) Agriculture people had to move from place to place to plant crops.11. In the lecture, the professor describes the relationship between health andagriculture. Indicate whether each of the following is true or false. Click in the correct box for each phrase.YES NOA Epidemics were spread by crowded towns and trade.B Crop failures threatened the entire population.C Wars with invading hunter-gatherers devastated them.D Unbalanced diets contributed to malnutrition.E Hard labor damaged their bones.Listening 3 “Business Class”12.What is the lecture mainly about?A)Commercials on televisionB)Marketing brand-name productsC)A book by Rob FrankelD)Selling Aunt Ruby’s chicken13.Why does the professor say this :A)To emphasize the importance of commercialsB)To correct something that he said earlierC)To identify the time limits for most commercialsD)To relate new information to a previous example14. According to the professor, why do consumers develop brand loyalty?A) They have a relationship with the personality that the product projects.B) They are able to recognize the brand easily when they see it.C) They tend to make decisions based on recommendations by friendsD) They find a product that they like and continue to buy it.15. How does the professor emphasize his point about branding?A) He uses Aunt Ruby’s chicken as an example.B) He defines it by contrasting it with related concepts.C) He refers to a book that he has written.D) He shows a familiar commercial in class.16. Why does the professor mention laundry detergent?A) To give an example of price warsB) To show that consumers buy different brandsC) To name an industry that introduces new brandsD) To explain the concept of brand loyalty17. According to the professor, what would be a good way to sell a product?A) Design a good logo to present the product to the publicB) Hire a celebrity that customers like and relate toC) Make it easy for consumers to recognize the packagingD) Increase the customer service for the productListening 4 “Students on Campus”18. What is the purpose of this conversation?A)The man wants to borrow the woman’s lab notes.B)The woman is helping the man to write a report.C)The man asks the woman to study for their test with him.D)The woman and the man are performing an experiment.19. What is the study about?A) Reaction times for drivers drinking alcohol in comparison with those ofnondrinkersB) The effects of drinking beer as compared with those of drinking gin and tonic.C) The time that it takes to stop a car going 35 miles per hour when the brakes areapplied.D) The problems of riding bicycles on college campuses that have 35mile-per-hour speed limits.20. According to the man, why is it important to mention that the subjects wererandomly selected ?A)The random selection explains why the results were so general.B)This information allows another researcher to repeat the experiment.C)The lab assistant included it in the example that the students received.D)Randomly selected subjects assure researchers of an accurate outcome.21. Why does the woman say this:A)She is not sure about her observation.B)She is insulting the man with this comment.C)She is certain the man agrees with her.D)She is asking for the man’s opinion.22. Which section includes the conclusions?A)DiscussionB)ResultsC)ChartD)IntroductionListening 5 “Biology Class”23. What aspect of blood does the professor mainly discuss?A)An explanation of stem cellsB) A process for blood transfusionC) A method for producing artificial bloodD) A discussion of blood typing24. Why does the student say this:A)She is apologizing for disagreeing with the professor.B)She is interrupting politely to ask a question.C)She is talking to herself during the lecture.D)She is changing the subject of the professor’s talk.25. Why does the professor mention fingerprints?A)To demonstrate that blood types are different for individualsB)To explain how most of the blood tests are performedC)To explain why O blood is considered universalD)To help students remember the different antigens26. In cross matching, how does a compatible match appear under the microscope?A)All of the cells are at an equal distance from each other.B)The arrangement of the cells looks like two parallel lines.C)The cells tend to group together in a large clump.D)The red cells and the plasma separate in an irregular pattern.27. Why does the professor mention artificial blood?A)She is referring to the textbook.B)She is answering a question.C)She is reporting her research.D)She is joking with the students.28. What does the professor imply when she says this :A)She is very uncertain about the risks of the research.B)She is somewhat interested in doing research in this area.C)She is with drawing her support for future research.D)She agrees that research should continue in spite of problems.Listening 6 “Orientation session”29. What is this discussion mainly about?A)Success in collegeB)How to read fasterC)Academic study skillsD)Research on college students30. How does the professor organize the discussion?A)She cites research to support her arguments.B)She gives a demonstration of her theory.C)She debates the issues with her students.D)She shares strategies that she developed.31. Why does the professor mention running?A)To digress from the topic with a personal storyB)To make a comparison between reading and runningC)To show that reading requires physical effortD)To clarify the times two rule32. Why does the professor say this:A)She doesn’t think the point is very important.B)She is trying to finish the lecture on time.C)She thinks the idea will fit in better later on.D)She doesn’t want the student to interrupt her.33. The professor mentions several negative habits. Match these habits to theexplanations. Click on the habit and drag it to the correct explanation.Habit ExplanationPauses that the eye makesReading the same words more than onceMoving your lips while redingA)FixatingB)Auditory readingC)Regressing34. What would the professor probably like the students to do?A)Spend more time studying outside of classB)Use their dictionaries when they are readingC)Take one of her classes at the collegeD)Get help at the Learning Center。

新托福阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心张姗姗考试日期2015.05.24Passage 1Title:动物的gliding大致内容本文描述了动物的gliding（滑行）。

一种动物可以在树与树之间穿行而不会掉下来。

这种动物存在于美国的一个地方，且数量很多，但其他地方的森林很少有这种动物。

解释了为什么gliding只发生在South Asia的rain forest。

第二段讨论了滑行动物是如何保持stability的。

之后提到了3个理论，但每个都在段落结尾被否定，比如树很高、且高度参差不齐，cane很多、森林里有毒的植物很多，而这种动物必须跋山涉水去其他地方寻找食物。

Passage 2Title:美国的crop land和soil的恢复大致内容有关U.S.的crop种植，开头讲了1930年的Dust Bowl, 属于environmental science。

这个沙尘暴席卷了Great Plain, 主要是wind erosion, 导致美国的crop种植的改革。

美国为了减少土地侵蚀，退耕护林，用了一个方法改革耕种方式。

后来又发现粮食供应不够，举了东京和美国几个城市解决这个问题的例子。

点评：本文为农业类文章，着重讨论了耕作的改革，理解文章的重点在于读懂具体采取了哪些措施。

Passage 3Title:海洋影响气候大致内容讲的是ocean如何影响了climate。

第一段介绍了climate model 是如何work的，提到iron可以让大海吸收更多二氧化碳，还有一种石灰石，有大量的某种气体，本来形成那种石头的过程会吸收很多二氧化碳，可是里面的气体跑出来却会增加温室效应。

还提到海洋产生的水蒸气会形成冰和雪。

讨论了ocean这个aspect是如何work的，主要探讨海洋通过洋流对赤道附近及赤道以外的地区发挥的作用。

点评：本次新托福考试重复2014年3月15日大陆考题。

词汇题：hence=therefore, particularly=especially, scarce=short, controversial=disagreement, induce=fuel, tremendous=enormous/numerous。

环球新托福考试院入学英语水平测试题ReadingExtinction of the DinosaursPaleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it contained.It has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. lt is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’soriginal chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of it in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of lt seems to require a special explanation.In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.[Passage End][Question]Paragraph 1 Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?☐Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.☐Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.☐The climate was very similar to today’s climate.☐The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.Paragraph 2 At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.2. Which of the following reasons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction of the dinosaurs? ☐Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous period☐Droughts caused by the movement of seaways back into the oceans☐The change from mild to severe climates during the Late Cretaceous period☐An extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,000 yearsParagraph 3 If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, andcrocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.3. Why does the author mention the survival of “snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles” in paragraph 3?☐To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals☐To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs☐To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs☐To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today4. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning to☐adapt☐move☐continue☐compete5. The word fluctuations in the passage is closest in meaning to☐extremes☐retreats☐periods☐variationsParagraph 4 Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium it contained.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.☐The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.☐Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.☐Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.☐Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.7. In paragraph 4, all the following questions are answered EXCEPT:☐Why is there a layer of clay between the rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic?☐Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end of the Cretaceous?☐What was the effect of the surprising observation scientists made?☐Why did scientists want more information about the dinosaur extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous?Paragraph 5. lt has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. lt is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s orig inal chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of lt in the boundary clay. ■These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. ■However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■So the unusually high concentration of lt seems to require a special explanation. ■8. Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Consequently, the idea that the lt in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be accepted.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.☐ 1☐ 2☐ 3☐ 49. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.To review passage, Click View TextFor a long time scientists have argued that the extinction of The dinosaurs was related to climatechange.●●●Answer choices1. A simple climate change does not explain some important data related to the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous.2. The retreat of the seaways at the end of the Cretaceous has not been fully explained.… 3. The abruptness of extinction s at the end of the Cretaceous and the high concentration of lr found in clay deposited at that time has fueled the development of a new hypothesis.… 4. Extreme changes in daily and seasonal climates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean basins.… 5. Some scientists hypothesize that the extinction of the dinosaurs resulted from the effects of an asteroid collision with Earth.… 6. Boundary clay layers like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are used by scientists to determine the rate at which an extinct species declined.Writing（改错）（满分30分）The author of the reading passage ①reaches three theories as likely ②explanation of the primary function of Chaco Canyon houses, ③a grant structures built in the ④12century. ⑤The lecturer points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories.The lecturer ⑥argue that the modest number of fireplaces ⑦on these structures is ⑧via contradiction with the huge size of these houses,⑨indicated that these structures ⑩cannot have been used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons ⑾from the Chaco houses and other similar large Residential structures ⑿at support of the “Residential” theory.The second theory, ⒀which the houses were used for food ⒁storaging, is also ⒂supported by the lecturer. He ⒃explaining that a place⒄had been used for storing maize would have many traces of scattered Maize, ⒅that is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the “food storage theory” is ⒆likely.Finally, ⒇regard the third theory, the “ceremony theory”, the lecturer (21) says that the presence of broken pots (22) closely to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this (23) is a place for (24) ceremony activities. He argues that there are other materials (25) for example pieces of construction trash (26) find along with the broken pots, which (27) suggesting that these pots (28) had been probably not used for ceremonial (29) activities but instead (30) were discard due to construction workers upon completion of the great houses.新托福口语测试题独立任务Speaking 1Talk about a popular gathering place in your town where people like to go. Describe the place and explain why people enjoy going there.准备时间：15秒答题时间：45秒Speaking 2Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Students benefit more from classes with a large number of students than they do from smaller classesUse specific examples and details to support your opinion准备时间：15秒答题时间：45秒Speaking 3Listening to two students discussing the notice.新托福口语测试题ConversationQ1: What do the speakers mainly discuss?A.Why the woman has little in common with her roommatesB.How the woman can keep up in her academic studiesC.The woman’s adjustment to life at the universityD.The woman’s decision to transfer to another universityQ2: Why does the woman mention her hometown?A.To draw a contrast to her current situationB.To acknowledge that she is accustomed to living in big citiesC.To indicate that she has known some people on campus for a long timeD.To emphasize her previous success in academic studiesQ3: What does the woman imply about incident that occurred in her sociology class?A.She was embarrassed because she gave an incorrect answerB.She was upset because the professor seemed to ignore herC.She was confused by the organization of the professor’ s lectureD.She was surprised by the comments of the other studentsQ4: According to the counselor, why should the wom an visit her professor’s office?Click on 2 answers.A.To offer a complimentB.To offer to help other studentsC.To introduce herselfD.To suggest ways of making the class more personalQ5: What does the woman imply about joining the string quartet?A.It would enable her to continue a hobby she gave up when she was tenB.It would allow her to spend more time in her major area of studyC.It would help her stop worrying about her academic studiesD.It would be a way to meet students with similar interests.Lectureaspect of Manila hemp fibers does the professor mainly discuss in the lectureA.Similarities between cotton fibers and manila hemp fibersB.Various types of manila hemp fibersC.The economic importance of Manila hemp fibersD. A use of Manila hemp fibersdoes the professor mention going away for the weekend?A.To tell the class a jokeB.To apologize for not completing some workC.To introduce the topic of the lectureD.To encourage students to ask about her tripdoes the professor imply about the name Manila hempA.It is a commercial brand nameB.Part of the name is inappropriateC.The name has recently changedD.The name was first used in the 1940'sdoes the professor mention the Golden Gate Bridge?A.To demonstrate a disadvantage of steel cablesB.To give an example of the creative use of colorC.To show that steel cables are able to resist salt waterD.To give an example of a use of Manila hempto the professor, what was the main reason that many ships used Manila hemp ropes instead of steel cables?A.Manila hemp was cheaperB.Manila hemp was easier to produceC.Manila hemp is more resistant to salt waterD.Manila hemp is lighter in weightto the lecture, what are two ways to increase the strength or rope made from Manila hemp fibers?Click on 2 answersA.Coat the fibers with zinc-based paintbine the fibers into bundlesC.Soak bundles of fibers in salt waterD.Twist bundles of fibers。

一、词汇和语法部分二、阅读部分Part one：（15分）（1）Accelerate ____________ （2）Accomplish _______________ （3）Accumulate _______________（4）Beneficial _______________ （5）Blame _______________（6）Capture _______________（7）Circumstance ____________（8）Civilization _______________ （9）Domestic _______________（10）Elastic _______________ （11）Eliminate _______________（12）Fertilizer _______________ （13）Guarantee _______________（14）Hostile _______________ （15）Identical _______________Part two：长难句翻译（20分）(1)During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th and 20thcenturies, the demand for water rose dramatically.————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(2)Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million yearsago were our ancestors about to emerge into the daylight in any substantial numbers.————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(3)Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of theexpansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(4)The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advancedmathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan's first skyscraper.————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————(5)Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytimetrades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade.————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Part three三、听力部分四、写作部分1，写作词汇（写出英文意思）（15分）（1）有毒的（adj）_____________（2）创新（n）_______________ （3）不现实的（adj）_____________（4）低估（v）_____________ （5）乐观的（adj）_____________（6）系统（n）_____________（7）独立（n）_____________（8）社会（n）_____________（9）消耗，消费（v）_____________（10）适应（v）_____________ （11）慢性的（adj）_____________（12）永久的（adj）_____________ （13）暂时的（adj）_____________（14）栖息地（n）_____________（15）比例（n）_____________2，句子翻译（20分）1）员工无需来回奔波于住所和公司之间，这样也节省他们很多的时间和精力。

aaaaaaaaaaPart 1 Vocabulary✠Choose the most appropriate answer A, B, C or D.1Some creatures were better at surviving and __ themselves than others, so they thrived at the others’ expense.A ad optingB subsistingC reproducingD germinating2 A 59-year-ol d man was executed by ___ _____ injection this morning.A lethalB inherentC animateD fertil e3Sometimes a ______ of ants will holl ow out a tree trunk leaving just the bark.A swarmB packC herdD col ony4Sheep and cows were two of the most important animals to be ___ _____.A spawnedB domesticatedC slaughteredD constituted5What began as an isolated outbreak of flu has now developed into a countrywide ___ _____.A phobiaB epidemicC toxinD contamination✠Fill in the blank in each sentence with the most suitable words from the box.6Feminism is about liberating women from enforced d omestic and _ ______ drudgery. 7We owe it to our ____ ___ to l eave them a cl ean worl d to live in.8She decid ed to turn vegan after watching a documentary about how __ ______ is raised. 9Many illnesses in the temporary refugee camps are the result of inadequate ____ ____. 10They hol d widely divergent opinions on controversial issues like ___ ____.Part 2 GrammarChoose the correct letter to complete the sentences below.11I d on’t enjoy __ ____ at by other people.A being laughedB to be laughedC being laughingD to be laughing12I hurt my back. I ___ ____ that heavy box up two flights of stairs.A must not carryB might not have carriedC coul d not carryD should not have carried13At the present time, the ol dest house in town ___ ____ by the History Society. When the restoration ________, the house is sure to be a popular tourist attraction.A is to be restored, finishesB is being restored, is finishedC is restored, will be finishedD is being restored, is going to be finished14According to a newspaper article which I read, the police arrested the man who _____ __ the First National Bank. The man who ________ a plaid shirt and blue jeanswas caught shortly after he had l eft the bank.A was robbing, had been wornB was robbed, had wornC had robbed, was wearingD had been robbed, was to wear15The crime rate has continued to rise ____ the l ocal police d epartment has implemented several new crime prevention programs.A simply becauseB even thoughC in spite ofD in the event that16___ _____ the secret of how to make silk remained insid e Asia, Europeans were forced to pay high sums of money for this mysterious material ________ overland to Europe.A Although, to have broughtB Only if, to bringC Due to, to be bringingD As l ong as, to be brought17The psychologist spoke to us about some of the _____ coincidences in the lives of twins ________ apart from each other from birth.A amazing, to liveB amazing, livingB amazed, to live D amazed, living18It is estimated by those _____ ___ in the hunger program that 3500 people ________ starvation in the worl d every day.A who work, die fromB that work, die ofC whose work, die outD which work, die fora19The house ____ ___ born and grew up ________ in an earthquake ten years ago.A where I was, has destroyedB in which I was, was destroyedC for which I was, was destroyedD among which I was, had been destroyed 20When Mr. Brown walked into the kitchen, he caught the children ______ some candy even though he’d tol d them ________ their dinners.A to eat, to be spoiledB to be eaten, spoilingC eating, not to spoilD being eaten, not spoil edPart 3 ReadingPassage 1 Birthday traditions in different countriesBirthdays are celebrated all over the world. Some traditions are fairly similar from country to country: candles, cakes and birthday wishes, birthday games andpinches for good luck. Other customs are quite different. Here are a few.Argentina –In Argentina, as in many Latin American countries, one of the most important birth day parties is a girl’s fifteenth. When girls turn 15, they have a huge party and dance the waltz first with their father, and then the boys at the party.China– The birthday child pays respect to the parents and receives a gift of money.Friends and relatives are invited to lunch, and noodl es are served to wish the birthday chil d a l ong life.Denmark– A flag is fl own outsid e a wind ow to show that someone who lives in that house is having a birthday. Presents are placed around the chil d’s bed while they a re sleeping so they will see them immediately when they wake up.The Netherlands –Special year birthdays such as 5, 10, 15, 20, 21 are called “crown” years and the birthday child receives an especially large gift. The family also decorates the birthday ch il d’s chair with fl owers or paper streamers, paper fl owers and ball oons.India–Usually Indian chil dren wear white to school. However, on their birthday children wear col oured clothes to school and give out chocolates to everyone in the class.Their best friend helps them to d o this.Japan–The birthday child wears new clothes to mark the occasion. Certain birthdays are more important than others and these are celebrated with a visit to the local shrine. These are the third and seventh birthdays for girls and the fifth for boys.Match the countries in the box with their descriptions.21 A country where l ongevity is celebrated by a special dish ______22 A country where candies are distributed among peers ____ __23 A country where the birthday is made known to the community _____24 A country where the household is full of birthday ornaments ____25 A country where religious worship is sometimes involved ____Passage 2 Intelligence across culturesWhat is intelligence? Is it about being clever and getting A grades in all your school subjects? Or is it more complicated than that? Recent research in Asia, Africaand Latin America suggests the concept of intelligence differs from culture to culture.This research has shown that people in non-Western cultures often have ideas about intelligence that differ fundamentally from those in Western cultures. The studies show that peopl e in Western cultures tend to see intelligence in terms of one’s ability to solve problems engage in rational debate. Meanwhil e, Eastern cultures see intelligence in terms of people’s ability to successfully play their roles within social hierarchies both at home and at work.Researchers at the National Chi-Nan University in Taiwan found that Chinese id eas of intelligence emphasize understanding and relating to others, including knowing when to show and when not to show one’s intelligence.In a study conducted in San Jose, California, immigrant parents from Cambodia, Mexico, the Philippines and Vietnam, as well as native-born Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans, were asked what they saw as important in the devel opment of their children’s intelligence. Parents from all groups – except Anglo-Americans – indicated that motivation and social skills were as important as, or more important than, academic skills in the devel opment of their children.Another study shows major differences in how much importance is given to verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Western cultures seem to value more highly the ability to say things clearly, whereas non-Western cultures seem to value the use and understanding of gestures and facial expressions. Intelligence expert David Lazear says that in the Western worl d we tend to think that the most important thing about being smart is to have skills in reading, writing and mathematics. ‘However, many Asian cultures place at least equal value on the devel opment of one’s interpersonal skills. These includ e being an effective team member, or the ability to create agreement within a group of people.Many Asian cultures also highly rate the development of a person’s introspective abilities. This is the ability to “go inside” and acquire knowledge about yourself and then to be able to act on this increased self-knowledge. When I lived and worked in Africa, I found great importance given to such things as dance, music, art and drama as ways to express the deep wisd om of the culture and to reinforce key personal and social values.All the intelligences were valued, but somehow capacity in these areas was seen as special and even more profound.’✠Complete the summary below with ONLY ONE WORD from the passage.The notion of intelligence varies significantly from one culture to another. In Western cultures, a person’s intelligence is shown in his or her skills in seeking answers and participating in 26________________ discussions. However, Eastern cultures emphasize a person’s capability to undertake their 27________________ rol es within a ranking system.One research has shown that most immigrant families regard 28________________ and interpersonal skills as more crucial than learning skills in their kids’personal development. In another study, many non-Western cultures are found to place a lot of importance on utilizing 29________________ communication techniques such as gestures and facial expressions. Moreover, many Asian cultures think very highly of a person’s 30 ________________ ability, which means getting to know more about oneself.Part 4 Writing✠Put the following sentences into the correct order to form a coherent paragraph.A With the arrival of rock and pop in the second half of the last century, theprotest song became more and more popular as artists discovered they couldget their message across immediately to a wide audience.B Music proved an extremely effective way of getting people to think andchallenge political d ecisions.C Music has always been used to express all the different human feelings, fromlove and happiness, to sadness and anger.D One of the most famous exampl es of this was the importance of music in the1960s counterculture movement –a movement which played an enormouspart in events such as getting American soldiers out of Vietnam and fighting forthe civil rights of African-Americans.E It is generally agreed that music as a form of protest probably originated in thecotton fields of America, with African slaves singing songs of freedom.The correct order of the above five sentences should be:31_____ ___32____ ____33_____ __34___ ____35_____For each of the items below, choose the most suitable sentence that makes sense to you.36 A Until you l earn to relax, you won’t improve your ability to speak English.B Until you relax to l earn, you aren’t improving your ability to speak English.C Until you l earn to relax, you haven’t improved your ability to speak English.D Until you relax more and l earn harder, you don’t improve your ability to speakEnglish.37 A Under the law, drivers and all passengers are permitted to wear seat belts whilea vehicl e is moving.B Under the law, while some drivers are encouraged to wear seat belts, otherpassengers might not d o so unless the vehicl e is moving.C Under the law, both drivers and all passengers are warned to wear seat belts nomatter whether the vehicl e is moving or not.D Under the law, drivers and all passengers are required to wear seat belts whil ein a moving vehicle.38 A The fact that he lacks interest in academic learning indicates his frequentabsence from class.B The fact that he is frequently absent from class indicates his lack of interest inacademic learning.C It is a fact that he is frequently absent from class; as a result, he is notinteresting in academic learning.D It is the fact that his frequent absence from class resulting from his lack ofinterest in academic l earning.39 A Some peopl e protest certain commercial fishing operations, consideringdolphins to be highly intelligent mammals, since they are killed unnecessarily.B Even though some people protest certain commercial fishing operations, theyconsider the highly intelligent mammals – d olphins – to be killed unnecessarily.C Some peopl e protest certain commercial fishing operations because dolphins,considered to be highly intelligent mammals, are kill ed unnecessarily.D Regardl ess of how some peopl e protest certain commercial fishing operations,dolphins are consid ered highly intelligent mammals to be killed unnecessarily.40 A The researchers are doing case studies of people that their family history hashigh blood pressure and heart disease to determine how important is heredityin health and l ongevity.B The researchers are doing case studies of people whose families have a historyof high blood pressure and heart disease to determine the importance ofheredity in health and longevity.C The researchers are doing case studies of peopl e’s family history whether ornot there is high blood pressure and heart disease to determine heredity isreally important in health and longevity.D The researchers are d oing case studies of family history in peopl e who havehigh blood pressure and heart disease to determine the important heredity intheir health and l ongevity.ANSWER SHEETPart 1 Vocabulary Part 3 Reading1_______C ________ 21_______B ________2_________A_____ 22_______ ___E_____3_____ _____A____ 23_______C_______4___________B___ 24____________D__5______ _______B__ 25_______ _F_______6_______ ______B___ 26 ______ ___ rational ____7____________C__ 27_______ ___social_____8_______ _____A____ 28 _____ motivation ________9___________D___ 29_______ non-verbal _______ 10_____________E_ 30________ introspective ______Part 2 Grammar Part 4 Writing11______A_ _______ 31________C________12______ ____C_____ 32________A________13______ ____B_____ 33________E________14_______ ______C__ 34__________D______15_______ ____B____ 35________B________16_______ ____C____ 36_______A_________17_____ _______B__ 37________C________18_______ _______A_ 38__________B______19______ ______B___ 39_________D_______20_______ ___C_____ 40_________C_______。

Part 1 Vocabulary✠Choose the most appropriate answer A, B, C or D.1Some creatures were better at surviving and ________ themselves than others, so they thrived at the others’ expense.A ad optingB subsistingC reproducingD germinating2 A 59-year-ol d man was executed by ________ injection this morning.A lethalB inherentC animateD fertil e3Sometimes a ________ of ants will holl ow out a tree trunk leaving just the bark.A swarmB packC herdD col ony4Sheep and cows were two of the most important animals to be ________.A spawnedB domesticatedC slaughteredD constituted5What began as an isolated outbreak of flu has now developed into a countrywide ________.A phobiaB epidemicC toxinD contamination✠Fill in the blank in each sentence with the most suitable words from the box.6Feminism is about liberating women from enforced d omestic and ________ drudgery. 7We owe it to our ________ to l eave them a cl ean worl d to live in.8She decid ed to turn vegan after watching a documentary about how ________ is raised. 9Many illnesses in the temporary refugee camps are the result of inadequate ________. 10They hol d widely divergent opinions on controversial issues like ________.Part 2 GrammarChoose the correct letter to complete the sentences below.11I d on’t enjoy ________ at by other people.A being laughedB to be laughedC being laughingD to be laughing12I hurt my back. I ________ that heavy box up two flights of stairs.A must not carryB might not have carriedC coul d not carryD should not have carried13At the present time, the ol dest house in town ________ by the History Society. When the restoration ________, the house is sure to be a popular tourist attraction.A is to be restored, finishesB is being restored, is finishedC is restored, will be finishedD is being restored, is going to be finished14According to a newspaper articl e which I read, the police arrested the man who ________ the First National Bank. The man who ________ a plaid shirt and bluejeans was caught shortly after he had l eft the bank.A was robbing, had been wornB was robbed, had wornC had robbed, was wearingD had been robbed, was to wear15The crime rate has continued to rise ________ the local police d epartment has implemented several new crime prevention programs.A simply becauseB even thoughC in spite ofD in the event that16________ the secret of how to make silk remained insid e Asia, Europeans were forced to pay high sums of money for this mysterious material ________ overland to Europe.A Although, to have broughtB Only if, to bringC Due to, to be bringingD As l ong as, to be brought17The psychologist spoke to us about some of the ________ coincidences in the lives of twins ________ apart from each other from birth.A amazing, to liveB amazing, livingB amazed, to live D amazed, living18It is estimated by those ________ in the hunger program that 3500 people ________ starvation in the worl d every day.A who work, die fromB that work, die ofC whose work, die outD which work, die for19The house ________ born and grew up ________ in an earthquake ten years ago.A where I was, has destroyedBin which I was, was destroyedCfor which I was, was destroyed Damong which I was, had been destroyed20 When Mr. Brown walked into the kitchen, he caught the children ________ some candy even though he’d tol d them ________ their dinn ers.A to eat, to be spoiledB to be eaten, spoiling Ceating, not to spoilDbeing eaten, not spoil edPart 3 ReadingPassage 1 Birthday traditions in different countriesBirthdays are celebrated all over the world. Some traditions are fairly similar from country to country: candles, cakes and birthday wishes, birthday games and pinches for good luck. Other customs are quite different. Here are a few.Argentina – In Argentina, as in many Latin American countries, one of the most important birthday parties is a girl’s fifteenth. When girls turn 15, they have a huge party and dance the waltz first with their father, and then the boys at the party.China – The birthday child pays respect to the parents and receives a gift of money. Friends and relatives are invited to lunch, and noodl es are served to wish the birthday chil d a l ong life.Denmark – A flag is fl own outsid e a wind ow to show that someone who lives in that house is having a birthday. Presents are placed around the chil d’s bed while they are sleeping so they will see them immediately when they wake up.The Netherlands – Special year birthdays such as 5, 10, 15, 20, 21 are called “crown” years and the birthday child receives an especially large gift. The family also decorates the birthday chil d’s chair with fl owers or paper streamers, paper fl owers and ball oons.India – Usually Indian chil dren wear white to school. However, on their birthday children wear col oured clothes to school and give out chocolates to everyone in the class. Their best friend helps them to d o this.Japan – The birthday child wears new clothes to mark the occasion. Certain birthdays are more important than others and these are celebrated with a visit to the local shrine. These are the third and seventh birthdays for girls and the fifth for boys.Match the countries in the box with their descriptions.21A country where l ongevity is celebrated by a special dish________22 A country where candies are distributed among peers ________23 A country where the birthday is made known to the community ________24 A country where the household is full of birthday ornaments ________25 A country where religious worship is sometimes involved ________Passage 2 Intelligence across culturesWhat is intelligence? Is it about being clever and getting A grades in all your school subjects? Or is it more complicated than that? Recent research in Asia, Africaand Latin America suggests the concept of intelligence differs from culture to culture.This research has shown that people in non-Western cultures often have ideas about intelligence that differ fundamentally from those in Western cultures. The studies show that peopl e in Western cultures tend to see intelligence in terms of one’s ability to solve problems engage in rational debate. Meanwhil e, Eastern cultures see intelligence in terms of people’s ability to successfully play their roles within social hierarchies both at home and at work.Researchers at the National Chi-Nan University in Taiwan found that Chinese id eas of intelligence emphasize understanding and relating to others, including knowing when to show and when not to show one’s intelligence.In a study conducted in San Jose, California, immigrant parents from Cambodia, Mexico, the Philippines and Vietnam, as well as native-born Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans, were asked what they saw as important in the devel opment of their children’s intelligence. Parents from all groups – except Anglo-Americans – indicated that motivation and social skills were as important as, or more important than, academic skills in the devel opment of their children.Another study shows major differences in how much importance is given to verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Western cultures seem to value more highly the ability to say things clearly, whereas non-Western cultures seem to value the use and understanding of gestures and facial expressions. Intelligence expert David Lazear says that in the Western worl d we tend to think that the most important thing about being smart is to have skills in reading, writing and mathematics. ‘However, many Asian cultures place at least equal value on the devel opment of one’s interpersonal skills. These includ e being an effective team member, or the ability to create agreement within a group of people.Many Asian cultures also highly rate the development of a person’s introspective abilities. This is the ability to “go inside” and acquire knowledge about yourself and then to be able to act on this increased self-knowledge. When I lived and worked in Africa, I found great importance given to such things as dance, music, art and drama as ways to express the deep wisd om of the culture and to reinforce key personal and social values.All the intelligences were valued, but somehow capacity in these areas was seen as special and even more profound.’Complete the summary below with ONLY ONE WORD from the passage.The notion of intelligence varies significantly from one culture to another. In Western cultures, a person’s intelligence is shown in his or her skills in seeking answers and participating in 26________________ discussions. However, Eastern cultures emphasize a person’s capability to undertake their 27________________ rol es within a ranking system.One research has shown that most immigrant families regard 28________________ and interpersonal skills as more crucial than learning skills in their kids’personal development. In another study, many non-Western cultures are found to place a lot of importance on utilizing 29________________ communication techniques such as gestures and facial expressions. Moreover, many Asian cultures think very highly of a person’s 30 ________________ ability, which means getting to know more about oneself.Part 4 Writing✠Put the following sentences into the correct order to form a coherent paragraph.A With the arrival of rock and pop in the second half of the last century, theprotest song became more and more popular as artists discovered they couldget their message across immediately to a wide audience.B Music proved an extremely effective way of getting people to think andchallenge political d ecisions.C Music has always been used to express all the different human feelings, fromlove and happiness, to sadness and anger.D One of the most famous exampl es of this was the importance of music in the1960s counterculture movement –a movement which played an enormouspart in events such as getting American soldiers out of Vietnam and fighting forthe civil rights of African-Americans.E It is generally agreed that music as a form of protest probably originated in thecotton fields of America, with African slaves singing songs of freedom.The correct order of the above five sentences should be:31________32________33________34________35________✠For each of the items below, choose the most suitable sentence that makessense to you.36 A Until you l earn to relax, you won’t improve your ability to speak English.B Until you relax to l earn, you aren’t improving your ability to speak English.C Until you l earn to relax, you haven’t improved your ability to speak English.D Until you relax more and l earn harder, you don’t improve your ability to speakEnglish.37 A Under the law, drivers and all passengers are permitted to wear seat belts whilea vehicl e is moving.B Under the law, while some drivers are encouraged to wear seat belts, otherpassengers might not d o so unless the vehicl e is moving.C Under the law, both drivers and all passengers are warned to wear seat belts nomatter whether the vehicl e is moving or not.D Under the law, drivers and all passengers are required to wear seat belts whil ein a moving vehicle.38 A The fact that he lacks interest in academic learning indicates his frequentabsence from class.B The fact that he is frequently absent from class indicates his lack of interest inacademic learning.C It is a fact that he is frequently absent from class; as a result, he is notinteresting in academic learning.D It is the fact that his frequent absence from class resulting from his lack ofinterest in academic l earning.39 A Some peopl e protest certain commercial fishing operations, consideringdolphins to be highly intelligent mammals, since they are killed unnecessarily.B Even though some people protest certain commercial fishing operations, theyconsider the highly intelligent mammals – d olphins – to be killed unnecessarily.C Some peopl e protest certain commercial fishing operations because dolphins,considered to be highly intelligent mammals, are kill ed unnecessarily.D Regardl ess of how some peopl e protest certain commercial fishing operations,dolphins are consid ered highly intelligent mammals to be killed unnecessarily.40 A The researchers are doing case studies of people that their family history hashigh blood pressure and heart disease to determine how important is heredityin health and l ongevity.B The researchers are doing case studies of people whose families have a historyof high blood pressure and heart disease to determine the importance ofheredity in health and longevity.C The researchers are doing case studies of peopl e’s family history whether ornot there is high blood pressure and heart disease to determine heredity is really important in health and longevity.D The researchers are d oing case studies of family history in peopl e who havehigh blood pressure and heart disease to determine the important heredity in their health and l ongevity.。

百度文库-让每个人平等地提升自我环球新托福考试院入学英语水平测试题Extin cti on of the Dino saursPale on tologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dino saurs was caused by climatic alterati ons associated with slow cha nges in the positi ons of continents and seas result ing from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which / \ dino saurs flourished), large shallow seas covered exte nsive areas of the continen ts. Data from diversesources,in cludi ng geochemical evide nee preserved in seafloor sedime nts, in dicate that the LateCretaceous climate was milder than today ' s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. Thesummers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperatureof the n earby air, keep ing it relatively con sta nt.At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurscould not tolerate these extremetemperature cha nges and became ext inct.s hard to un dersta nd why tweyld not be affected, whereasdinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and adva need on the continents numerous timesduring the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changesassociated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially hypothesis of a simple climatic cha nge related to sea levels is in sufficie nt to expla in all the data.Dissatisfact ionwithconven ti onalexpla nati onsfor dino saurext in cti onsled /toa surpris ingobservation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animalsdisappearabruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock docume nting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks represe nting the beg inning of the Ceno zoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Betwee n the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock,there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the ext inctions took by determ ining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determ ining the amount of the eleme nt iridium (lr) it contain ed.It has not bee n com mon at Earth' s since the very begi nning of the pla netusually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth and consolidated. lt is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar systemRead ingIf true, though, why did survive the freez ing wi nters and torridcold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, summers? These ani mals are at the mercy of the climate toturtles,and crocodilesmaintain a livable body temperature. It wereappeali ng, thes history.Becaus ， 's core as thorigi nal chemical compositi on is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites con ti nu ally bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observedamount of it in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million yearswould have been required. However, other reliable evidenee suggests that the deposition of theboundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of lt seemsto require a special expla nati on.In view of these facts, scie ntists hypothesized that a sin gle large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometersacross, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculationsshow that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sun light for several mon ths, in hibit ing photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised Iong-term global temperatures through thegree nhouse effect. This disrupti on of food cha in and climate would have eradicated the dino saurs andother orga ni sms in less tha n fifty years.[Passage End][Questi on]Paragraph 1 Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterati ons associated with slow cha nges in the positi ons of con ti nents and seasresult ing from plate tect oni cs. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, duri ng which dino saurs flourished), large shallow seas covered exte nsive areas of the con ti nen ts. Data from diverse sources, in clud ing geochemical evide nee preserved in seafloor sedime nts, in dicate that theLate Cretaceous climate was milder than today ' s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold.The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the n earby air, keep ing it relatively con sta nt.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?Summers were very warm and win ters were very cold.Shallow seas on the con ti nents caused freque nt temperature cha nges.The climate was very similar to today ' s climate.The climate did not cha nge dramatically from seas on to seas on.Paragraph 2 At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreatedfrom the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler ni ghts; hotter summers, colder win ters. Perhaps dino saurs could nottolerate these extreme temperature cha nges and became ext inct.2. Which of the follow ing reas ons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the ext inction of the dino saurs?Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous periodDroughts caused by the moveme nt of seaways back into the ocea nsThe cha nge from mild to severe climates duri ng the Late Cretaceous periodAn extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,000 yearsParagraph 3 If true, though, why did cold-blooded ani mals such as sn akes, lizards, turtles, andcrocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of theclimate to maintain a livable body temperature. It ' shard to understand why they would not beaffected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe,dino saurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advaneed on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.3. Why does the author mention the survival of “ snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles ”nparagraph 3?To argue that dino saurs may have become exti net because they were not cold-blooded ani malsTo questi on the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic cha nge related to sea levels caused theext inction of the dino saursTo prese nt examples of ani mals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily tha ndino saursTo support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in theCretaceous period as they are today4. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning toad aptmovecon ti nuecompete5. The word fluctuati ons in the passage is closest i n meaning toextremesretreats periods variati onsParagraph 4 Dissatisfacti on with conven tio nal expla nati ons for dino saur ext in cti ons led to asurprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animalsdisappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock docume nti ng the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determ ining the amount of the eleme nt iridium it contain ed.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outesse ntial in formati on.The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt ext in cti on of many pla nts and ani mals at theend of the Mesozoic era.Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the begi nning of the Ceno zoic era havebee n removed from the layers of rock that surroun ded them.Pla nts and ani mals from the Mesozoic era were un able to survive in the Ceno zoic era.7. I n paragraph 4, all the followi ng questi ons are an swered EXCEPT:Why is there a layer of clay betwee n the rocks of the Cretaceous and Ceno zoic?Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the endof the Cretaceous?What was the effect of the surpris ing observati on scie ntists made?Why did scie ntists want more in formati on about the dino saur ext in cti ons at the end of theCretaceous?Paragraph 5. lt has not bee n com mon at Earth ' s since the very begi nning of the pla net ' s Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth pla net cooled and con solidated. lt is found in high concen trati ons in some meteorites, in which thesolar system ' s orig inal chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteoritescontinually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of lt in the boun dary clay. ■ These calculatio ns suggest that a period of about onemilli on years would have bee n required. ■ However, other reliable evide nee suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■ So the unusually highconcen trati on of lt seems to require a special expla nati on. ■8. Look at the four squares ■ that in dicate where the followi ng sentence could be added to thepassage.Con seque ntly, the idea that the lt in the boun dary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannotbe accepted.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [ ■ ] to add the sentence to the passage.12349. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecti ng the THREE an swer choices that express the most importa nt ideasin the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not prese nted in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questi on is worth 2 poin ts.To review passage, Click View TextFor a long time scie ntists have argued that the ext in cti on of The dino saurs was related to climatechange.An swer choices1. A simple climate cha nge does not expla in some importa nt data related to the ext in cti on of the dino saurs at the end of the Cretaceous.2. The retreat of the seaways at the end of the Cretaceous has not bee n fully expla in ed.… 3. The abrupt ness of ext in cti on s at the end of the Cretaceous and the high concen trati on of lrfound in clay deposited at that time has fueled the developme nt of a new hypothesis.… 4. Extreme changes in daily and seasonal climates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major ocea n bas ins.… 5. Some scientists hypothesize that the extinction of the dinosaurs resulted from the effects of an asteroid collision with Earth.… 6. Boundary clay layers like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are used by scientists to determ ine the rate at which an ext inct species decli ned.Writing （改错）（满分理分）The author of the reading passage ① reaches three theories as likely ② explanation of the primaryfunction of Chaco Canyon houses, ③ a grant structures built in the ④ 12 century. ⑤ The lecturerpoints to the in accuracies in each of these theories.The lecturer ⑥ argue that the modest number of fireplaces ⑦ on these structures is ⑧ via con tradict ion with the huge size of these houses, ⑨ in dicated that these structures ⑩ cannot have bee nused for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons (11)from the Chaco housesand other similar large Residential structures (12) at support of the “ Residential ” theory.The sec ond theory, (13) which the houses were used for food (1A) storagi ng , is also (15) supported by the lecturer. He (16) explai ning that a place (17) had bee n used for stori ng maize would have many traces ofscattered Maize, (18)that is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the“ food storage theory "(19) likely .Fin ally, (20) regard the third theory, the “ ceremony theory ” , the (e1tuseys that the prese neeof broken pots (22) closely to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this (23) is a place for(24) ceremony activities. He argues that there are other materials (25) for example pieces of con structi on trash (26) find along with the broke n pots, which (27) suggest ing that these pots (28) hadbee n probably not used for ceremonial (29) activities but in stead (30) were discard due to con structi onworkers upon completio n of the great houses.新托福口语测试题独立任务Speak ing 1Talk about a popular gathering place in your town where people like to go. Describe the place andexpla in why people enjoy going there.准备时间：15秒答题时间：45秒Speak ing 2Do you agree or disagree with the follow ing stateme nt?Stude nts ben efit more from classes with a large nu mber of stude nts tha n they do from smaller classesUse specific examples and details to support your opinion准备时间：15秒\答题时间：45秒Speak ing 3只imamu ft/ne ^50 secondsMusic Coming to CafeteriasI JI ary Dixon. Direcl or orf the Student Life Committee, announced yesterday that beginning next semester untversftycafeterias will broadcast classical music durtiig mealtimes. "Music will foste r a more relaxed atmosphere.' said Dixon r"Students1lives are hectic, and mealtimes provide important opportunities to take a break and catch up with fiiends beforemoving on to the next class ar assignment/ Added Dixon. ,J We'i e also hoping that, if we provide Hie music, students willi unplug their perianal mu^ic devices― heir walkinans and mp3 players or whatever——and v/ill spend more time talking to each other.When students ha ve their headpliones on. they're not connecting with each other,'Liste ning to two stude nts discuss ing the no tice.The man expnsss^s his opinion of th© university's plan. State Fit opinion and explan the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.Preparation Time: 30 SecondsResponse Time: 60 Seconds新托福口语测试题Con versati onQ1: What do the speakers mainly discuss?A. Why the woma n has little in com mon with her roommatesB. How the woma n can keep up in her academic studiesC. The woman ' s adjustment to life at the universityD. The woman ' s decision to transfer to another universityQ2: Why does the woma n men ti on her hometow n?A. To draw a con trast to her curre nt situati onB. To ack no wledge that she is accustomed to livi ng in big citiesC. To indicate that she has known some people on campus for a long timeD. To emphasize her previous success in academic studiesQ3: What does the woman imply about incident that occurred in her sociology class?A. She was embarrassed because she gave an in correct an swerB. She was upset because the professor seemed to ignore herC. She was con fused by the orga ni zati on of the professor ' s lectureD. She was surprised by the comments of the other studentss office?B. To offer to help other stude ntsC. To introduce herselfD. To suggest ways of making the class more personalQ5: What does the woma n imply about joining the stri ng quartet?A. It would en able her to continue a hobby she gave up whe n she was tenB. It would allow her to spend more time in her major area of studyC. It would help her stop worry ing about her academic studiesD. It would be a way to meet students with similar interests.Lectureaspect of Man ila hemp fibers does the professor mainly discuss in the lectureA. Similarities betwee n cott on fibers and man ila hemp fibersB. Various types of man ila hemp fibersC. The econo mic importa nee of Man ila hemp fibersD. A use of Man ila hemp fibersdoes the professor men ti on going away for the weeke nd?A. To tell the class a jokeB. To apologize for not complet ing some workC. To in troduce the topic of the lectureD. To encourage students to ask about her tripdoes the professor imply about the name Manila hempA. It is a commercial brand n ameB. Part of the n ame is in appropriateC. The n ame has recen tly cha ngedD. The n ame was first used in the 1940'sdoes the professor men ti on the Golde n Gate Bridge?A. To dem on strate a disadva ntage of steel cables △B. To give an example of the creative use of colorC. To show that steel cables are able to resist salt waterD. To give an example of a use of Man ila hempto the professor, what was the main reas on that many ships used Man ila hemp ropes in stead of steel cables?A. Man ila hemp was cheaperB. Man ila hemp was easier to produceC. Man ila hemp is more resista nt to salt waterD. Man ila hemp is lighter in weightto the lecture, what are two ways to in crease the stre ngth or rope made from Man ila hemp fibers? Click on 2 an swersA. Coat the fibers with zin c-based paintB. Comb ine the fibers into bun dlesC. Soak bun dles of fibers in salt waterD. Twist bun dles of fibers。