干细胞在美容中的应用及展望

干细胞在美容中的应用及展望黄亚东、李校堃在自然界中，壁虎尾巴断了，过不了几天，又完整地长出来;螃蟹的大螯断了，也能很快长出来。

科学研究发现，壁虎的尾巴、螃蟹的大螯含有比例很高的成体干细胞！正是这些干细胞使壁虎和螃蟹具有神奇和强大的肢体损伤修复能力！自然界的神奇现象给科学家有益的思考和提醒：干细胞在人体医学上的应用会产生什么样的效果?利用干细胞具有的向机体其他细胞分化转变的潜在能力，再生性和再造性地修复各种变性、坏死性、损伤性、代谢性和退行性病变，恢复病损或退化组织器官结构和功能的一系列临床干细胞移植治疗技术和再生保健技术被称为再生医学 (Regeneration Medicine)，是托马斯.林博士提出和概括的新的再生医学概念。

再生医学是医学临床治疗学领域的革新，国际医疗界重点发展和研究的高科技医疗领域。

它是现代临床医学的一种崭新的治疗模式，对医学治疗理论、治疗和康复方针的发展有重大影响，必将会成为本世纪人类疾病治疗的支柱性医疗技术之一。

一、解读“干细胞”干细胞是一种具有复制能力，可以分化成各种功能细胞的早期未分化细胞。

干细胞的“干”（读gan去声）译自英文“Stem”，意为“树”、“干”和“起源”，干细胞即起源细胞。

人的机体在发展适应过程中，为弥补普通细胞在分化过程中由于高度分化而完全失去了再分裂的能力，最终衰老死亡的不足而保留了一部分未分化的原始细胞，也就是干细胞。

按其分化潜能大小，干细胞可分为三种类型：一类是全能干细胞，它具有形成完整个体的分化潜能，如胚胎干细胞；第二类是多能干细胞，它具有分化出多种细胞组织的潜能，但却失去了发育成完整个体的能力；第三类称为专能干细胞，只能向一种类型或密切相关的两种类型的细胞分化。

此外，根据来源，干细胞分为胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞，成体干细胞是出生后存在于机体各种组织器官内的干细胞，如造血干细胞、神经干细胞、皮肤干细胞、肌干细胞、肝干细胞等。

在众多类型的干细胞中与美容护肤保健最为密切是成体干细胞，尤其是间充质干细胞和皮肤干细胞等。

图1、成体干细胞多潜能性（分化图）二、干细胞与美容护肤干细胞与衰老人体是由大约1800万亿个不同生理特性的细胞组成的"细胞社会"。

每天都有1%-2%的细胞死亡，同时每天也有1%-2%的细胞新生。

而干细胞就是这个"细胞社会"的母亲。

随着个体生命的生长、成熟，体内各种成体干细胞逐步减少，甚至在某些组织器官中完全消失。

体内的干细胞凋亡后，组织就不能再制造新细胞，细胞的新陈代谢机能也就减弱，衰老细胞越来越多，机体就变老了，直到死亡。

所以，各种成体干细胞是维持机体器官生长和新陈代谢的源泉动力。

此外，唤醒或激活休眠的成体干细胞，恢复其再造和修复功能能产生下列功效：再造机体退行器官组织结构，修复机体亚健康临床状态，再生机体器官和系统功能，维持机体青春活力，延缓机体衰老进程，维护身体健康和提高生活质量。

干细胞与皮肤新陈代谢及微循环新陈代谢是人体生命活动的基本形式。

通过新陈代谢，机体同环境之间不断地进行物质交流和转化，同时机体内物质又不断地进行分解、利用与更新，为个体的健康生存提供物质和能量。

新陈代谢的生物基础是机体各器官和系统中健康、年青的具有不同生理功能的细胞。

而干细胞就是这个细胞社会之母，组织器官的各种成体干细胞的质和量决定新陈代谢的功能和水平。

干细胞对新陈代谢有重要的调节功能。

研究统计证明，干细胞保健治疗能提高皮肤的新陈代谢，改善微循环的功效具有着重大应用价值。

干细胞与护肤美颜干细胞是再造和恢复美丽容颜的根本细胞。

因此，干细胞保健有显著的美容美肤效果：能使松驰下坠的皮肤光滑收紧，恢复皮肤弹性，减少皮肤皱纹和色素沉着（图2）。

经统计发现，有相当多的保健者经干细胞保健获得的美容效果，不仅是皮肤得到再造的效果，更是机体多器官、多系统获得到再造修复，整体功能改善的外在表现。

图2 成体干细胞营养液对改善皮肤的弹性、光泽度及改善肤色的作用效果三、干细胞与医疗美容1、组织工程自体皮肤成纤维前体细胞注射除皱祛疤治疗技术随着年龄的增加，人皮肤内的成纤维细胞逐渐减少，成纤维细胞分泌的胶原蛋白也在逐渐减少，从而表现出皮肤的弹性降低、出现皱纹等现象。

活的自体成纤维细胞有能力产生胶原蛋白，特别是在其大量的存在于皮肤中时，这种效果更明显，可以有效的改善皮肤的弹性，使皱纹、凹陷性疤痕生理性填充。

有病理结果表明，真皮显著增厚，并且可持续3年以上。

临床实践证明，治疗真皮缺陷的最理想的方法是有较多的自体成纤维细胞存在于真皮中，并且在自体成纤维细胞和激光的协同作用下能产生出显著的效果。

目前，临床美容除皱主要采用以下三种方法:肉毒素注射除皱、胶原蛋白注射填充除皱和手术拉皮除皱术。

肉毒素是神经毒素，依靠对运动神经进行麻痹来消除皱纹，因而也容易对神经造成损害，导致面部表情肌运动失常，形成所谓"面具脸"；同时，肉毒素注射除皱疗效短暂，3-5个月即需要再次注射，对人的面部造成多次损害。

胶原蛋白属于异种蛋白，人体的排异反应会对异体蛋白进行排斥，因而牛胶原蛋白注射填充常常出现皮下串珠样结结和疗效短暂的情况。

手术拉皮除皱手术范围大，有可能出现感染、淤斑、脱发等多种并发症，一般适合老年人除皱。

组织工程自体细胞除皱治疗技术，是通过采取患者自体成纤维细胞经过分离、扩增，然后注射到皱纹和疤痕部位，这些活体细胞产生自体的胶原蛋白，产生的这些胶原蛋白可将皱纹和疤痕填充从而达到治疗的目的。

该技术在美国和欧洲已经有临床报告，经长达7年的应用研究，证明此技术尤其对55岁以下的参验者疗效明显，治愈后的满意率较高。

2、组织工程自体皮肤干细胞复合皮肤寻找理想的、易获得的永久性皮肤替代物是烧伤工作者多年来梦寐以求的目标。

大面积深度烧伤后，全身广泛瘢痕增生、挛缩畸形，瘢痕切除植皮后，供皮区又可形成新的瘢痕。

组织工程复合皮肤移植则用很小面积的皮肤，分离出皮肤干细胞进行体外培养，增殖和分化，在2~3周内使这些细胞增殖并在体外构建成具有真皮层和表皮层的类似正常皮肤的复合皮肤。

解决了临床中缺少正常皮肤的患者的植皮问题及取皮后供皮区又可形成新的瘢痕问题。

组织工程自体皮肤干细胞复合皮采用自体上皮细胞和真皮细胞在体外扩增后，接种到可降解的皮肤支架上进行培养，在体外构建组织工程皮肤，其和天然皮肤具有类似的结构和功能。

然后再移植到病人自体，用于大面积烧伤患者和皮肤溃疡患者的皮肤移植和修复。

到目前为止美国FDA已经批准同种异体细胞生产的组织工程皮肤在临床使用，具有良好的临床效果，但异体细胞仍然存在着存活周期短、交叉感染等问题。

组织工程自体复合皮肤采用患者自体的细胞，采用自体细胞在体外扩增培养制成，不存在免疫排斥反应和传染性疾病的交叉传染问题，是目前治疗皮肤烧伤病人非常有效的方法。

可以广泛应用于治疗皮肤烧伤、溃疡、创伤等多种原因造成的皮肤缺损，尤其是能用于大面积皮肤烧伤的急救及康复治疗。

四、干细胞应于保健护肤的作用机理干细胞护肤是通过正向平衡调节和抑制细胞凋亡两种方式来实现回复年轻皮肤状态的目的，这正是干细胞美容的精髓所在。

强化皮肤干细胞动态平衡营养液通过多种干细胞信号肽、营养多肽、诱导因子等物质，激活皮肤干细胞的分裂和增殖，促进多潜能皮肤干细胞向角质细胞、汗腺细胞等终末功能细胞分化，强化皮肤干细胞动态平衡正向倾斜，促生皮肤功能细胞，如分化为成纤维细胞，加速胶原蛋白的合成，恢复细胞弹性，平复细纹；如分化为皮脂腺细胞和汗腺细胞，恢复分泌功能，重现皮肤光泽。

减缓皮肤功能细胞凋亡营养液还包含多种抑制细胞凋亡的物质，通过一系列信号传递系统，将抑制信号传导至细胞内，启动抑制凋亡基因，提高抵御导致细胞凋亡的外来因素的抵抗力，增强皮肤细胞的抗干扰能力。

五、干细胞应用展望干细胞在医学美容中的应用，虽然仍然处于实验室研究的初步阶段，但是它带来的前景让很多业内人士都非常关注。

在日前举行的第三届国际美容皮肤科学学术大会，由国内外专家介绍的干细胞毛发移植、自体干细胞治疗疗减皱、干细胞移植丰胸等新兴项目就是目前正处于基础研究阶段的医学美容尖端科技，虽然目前仅限于实验室研究阶段，离市场推广应用还有一段距离，但是这一新的趋势已经预示了医学美容的广阔前景。

也许就在不久的将来，我们的生活中将出现真正还老返童的美容化妆品，而这种划时代的美容技术，必定是依靠生物克隆干细胞技术，激活体内干细胞，改善生理性早衰，逆转衰老推迟更年期，改善人体各系统机能，起到健康生命，驻颜美容之功效！（作者单位：暨南大学医药生物技术研究开发中心暨南大学药学院药物化妆品研究室E-mail:*******************）The expectation and using of the stem cell in cosmetologyIn natural, if the gecko’s tail is broken, it can grow a new one. So does the crab’s pincers. In the research of science, the gecko’s tail and the crab’s pincers have a high proportion of the adult stem cells! As these stem cells, gecko and crab have a mysterious and powerful rehabilitation of themselves. The natural phenomenon gives the scientists helpful reflection and awakening: what’sI’ve regained it. Oh, it’s growing. gradually growing up regenerationThe skill to repair various kinds of degendiative necrosis, thanatosis, lesion ,metabolic and regression disease by applying stem cells, which have to potential to differerentiate transform to the others cells in the body, in order to restore the structure as well as the function of the impaired and degenative tissue and organs is a new regeneration clinical conception put forth by Dr. Thomas . Such a series of clinical stem cell transplantation therapatic and regeneration health skill is called Regeneration Medicine.Regeneration Medicine is a new reform in clinical medicine, the vital development in international medical area and the research in the hi-tech medicine field. It is the new treatment form in which has the great effect on the theory of treatment, treatment and the method of recovering in modern medicine. Regeneration will become one of the promising medical skills in curing human disease in this century.ONE：The explanation of “stem cell”The stem cell is the early undifferentiated cells which has the reproductive ability and differentiate to various function cells. “干”(g`an) means “stem” in English, that is “tree”, “pole”and “origin”. So stem cell means original cell.To make up the original cell redivision skill which lost completely as cells hypervariable differentiation, the human body reserves a part of undifferentiated original cells in the process of accommodation, that is stem cells. According to the cells potential, the stem cells can be divided into three types: a. almighty stem cell which have the potential to form a whole unit, such as embryo stem cell; b. multifunction stem cell which can differentiate the potential of various cytohistogenesis, but it lose the ability of the whole unit; c. The sole function stem cell which can differentiate to one type or two related types cells. Besides, according to the original, stem cells can be divided into embryo stem cell and adult stem cell. The adult stem cell is the cell which in the various tissue organs, such as hematopoietic stem cell, nerve stem cell, skin stem cell, muscle stem cell, liver stem cell.(the differentiation picture)1.The stem cell and beautification~ The stem cell and senileThe human body is a “cell society” which is made up of approx. 1800000 billion cells that have different physiological feature.1%-2% cells pass away and regenerate everyday. Stem cell is the mother of “the society of cells ”. As individuaty growth, maturity, various adult stem cells is reducing in our body, even disappear in some tissue organs. When stem cells pass away, tissue cannot have the reproductive skill of the new cells. The metabolism function of cells decline, then more and more senile stem cells come, thus the body become old before death. Therefore, various adult stem cells is the original power of the organs growth and metabolism. Besides, arouse and activate the dormant adult stem cell, regain its function of regeneration and rehabilitation, the effect is: regenerate tissue and structure of the degenerative organs, rehabilitate the subhealth, regenerate the body organs and system function, keep organism active, stay organism senile, keep health and improve the living quality.~ stem cell, the metabolism of skin and microcirculationMetabolism is the basic form of human life. The body constantly exchanged and transformed by the metabolism the substance in the environment, meanwhile, the substance breaks down, uses the body, renews, the substance and provides energy for its health existence. The biological basic of metabolism is the healthy, youthful and various physiological function cells in the body organs and systems. The stem cell is the mother of “the society of cells”, the function and level of metabolism depend on the quality and quantity of various adult cells in tissue organs. The stem cell has a vital function of accommodation to metabolism. It is proved that the stem cell can improve the metabolism of skin and microcirculation well.~ The stem cell, beautification and skin protectionThe stem cell can regenerate and rehabilitate the beautification. Therefore, stem cell has a good effect on cosmetology: make the flabby tenesmus skin tight, recover the skin elasticity, reducing wrinkle and pigmentation. More and more people get the cosmetology effect from stem cell health by statistics, not only the effect of skin restoration, but also the rehabilitation of organsbefore the treatment after the treatmentthe effect of skin healthPicture 2 The nutrient solution of adult stem cell has a good effect on the elasticity, luster andcolor of skinTWO：stem cell and cosmetology1．The therapeutic technique of removing wrinkle and scar by injection from self-skin to fibrous precursor cell in tissues. The adult fibrous cells and the collagengradually reduce as one becomes older and older. In this case, the skin becomes lesselastic and rises wrinkle. The live fibrous cells have the ability to produce collagenwhich once exists enough in the skin. The elasticity of skin improves and winklebecomes less and less in addition, the hollow of scar will be filled physiologically.And some evidence from pathological experience proof that true skin clearlybecomes thicker and it can keep for more than 3years.Also,clinical practice tell usthat the most effective therapy to the deficiency of true skin is to make the fibrouscells from one’s own body abandon in true skin as well as affect clearly upon thetarget tissue under the help of laser.At present, there are three ways mainly used in clinical cosmetology to get rid of wrinkles: creotoxin injection, collagen injection padding and have face –lift operation, creotoxin is neurotoxin, depending on palsying motor nerve to get rid of wrinkles, so it is easily to do harm to nerve, causing dyskinesia in facial expression muscle, forming what is called mask-like face; meanwhile, the curative effect of creotoxin injection is fugacious, it needs to be reinject three to five months later and it does harm to our face repeatedly. Collagen is part of foreign protein. There would be xenogenous protein reaction in human body, so there is often subcutaneous beading nodules and fugacious curative effect when injection padding with bovine collagen. The operating area is large when have face-lift operation, may be causing injection, ecchymosis, baldness, etc. many kinds of complication, fitting for the elder people to get rid of wrinkles.Organization project auto-cell treatment technology of getting rid of wrinkles, by means of taking the sufferer’s auto-fibrous cell after separation, multiply, then inject to the position of wrinkles and scar, these living cells produce auto-collagen, the collagen can padding the wrinkles and scar so as to achieve the treatment propose. This technology has already have clinical reportsin the United States and Europe. After lengthen out to seven years’ applied research, proving this technology have apparent curative effect especially to the experimenter who is under fifth-five, the satisfactory rate of the restore health is very high.anization project auto-skin compounding skinSearching for ideal available permanent skin succesaneum is the burn worker’s vainly hope. After large area deeply burning. The whole body extensively keloidasis contracture deformity, cicatrectomy dermatoplusty, the skin supply area can form new scar. Organization project compound skin grafting technology, use little skin, separating skin stem cell, making culture invitro, multiply and differentiation, making these cells multiply and build similarity compound skin made of true skin and cuticular layer like normal skin in two to three weeks. Solving clinical dermatoplusty problem that the patient who is lacking of normal skin and the skin supply area forming new scar problem after extracting skin.Organization project auto-skin cell compound skin employing auto epithelial cell and true skin cell multiply out of human body, vaccinating to degradative cytoskeletal skin to culture, build organization project skin out of human body, it has the similar structure and function as normal skin. Then grafting to the patient’s auto-body, fitting with patient who is suffering renovation skin transplantation and large area burn and skin ulcer.Till now, American FDA has already ratified the producing of homologous cells organization project skin using in clinic has received well clinical effect, but heterogeneous cells still have the problem of short access style and cross infection. Organization project auto compound skin taking the patient’s cell, make them multiply out of human body, there is no immunoreactions and the cross infection problem of contagious disease, is the most effective treatment to cure the burn disease. It can be extensively used in burning treatment, ulcer, wound and so on, defective skin caused by many reasons, especially could be used in first-aid large are skin burn treatment and rehabihtation.FOUR: mechanism of action applied in stem cell hygiene skin caringStem cell skin caring take advantage of forward equilibrium central and inhibiting cells dying these two ways to achieve to reply the propose of young skin condition, this is none but cell cosmology quintessence.Strengthen skin stem cell dynamic equilibrium nutrient sdution take advantage of many kinds of materials, such as: stem cell signal peptidase, nutritive polypeptidase, mutagenic agent and so on, activating more latent energy skin stem cell regenerating to terminal function cells: cutin cells, sweat gland cells.Strengthen skin stem cell dynamic balance forward inclination, somatotrophic skin function cells, such as regenerate to fibrocyte, speed up synthesis collagen recovery elasticity, lift small wrinkles, such as regenerate to sebaceous glands cells and sweat gland cells recovery secretion function, reappear skin gloss abirritating skin function cells dying.Nutrient sdution contains many materials to restrain cells dying, take advantage of series of signal transmission system, conducting restrain signal into the cells, stant restrain dying gene, improve resist ability of resist the external factors causing cells dying, strengthen skin cell anti-interference ability.FIVE: prospects of stem cell applicationThe application of stem cell in medical cosmology, on the step of experimental researching, but the foreground attracts many experts. On the third national cosmology skin scientific learning meeting, many experts from internal and external introduced stem cell hair grafting, auto-cell treatment to get rid of wrinkles to new projects medical cosmology technology, the most advanced basic researching level.Although it is still on the experimental researching level, still has some distance to market popularizing, this new tendency forbodes the vast prospects of medical cosmology.Perhaps in the not too distant future, there would be the make up really change the elder into the young, and this epoch-making technology, must depend on bio-clonetechnology, activating the stem cell in the body, improve physiological presenility, delayclimacteric, improve function of human body, have the effect of making human bodyhealth。