英语句子成分
主语谓语宾语定语状语表语同位语.
*主语*
主语是句子的核心成分之一。与其它成分比较，主语相对来说变化比较少，位置通常位于句首，倒装句时除外。大部分主语由名词、代词或名词短语充当，表示动作的施动者。但除了名词及代词之外，还有一些结构可以充当主语.
1)名词做主语
My love for you is deeper than the sea.我对你的爱比海深.
Many students didn't pass the exam.许多学生没有通过考试。
The young should show respect to the old.年轻人应该尊重老年人。*注*the young为形容词名词化)
代词做主语
That isn’t what I meant at all.那根本不是我的意思。
Yours is the best answer.你的答案最佳。
He broke the window immediately.他立即打破窗。
It will just take a few minutes.只需要几分钟。
3)数词做主语
Three is the ideal number for our small team.我们的小组三个人最为理想。
Two of them survived the accident.他们中的两个逃过了这场意外事故。
4)动名词做主语
Smoking can cause cancer.吸烟可致癌。
Talking to local people is a good way to learn English.与本土人讲话是学习英语的一个好方法。
5.)不定式做主语
To say something is one thing,to do it is another.说是一回事，做是另一回事。
To compromise should be advisable.妥协应该是明智的。
6）从句(即主语从句)
What you think is not right.你所想的是不对的。
Where we should go tomorrow is still not decided.我们还没决定明天去哪？
以上的词和结构覆盖了主语的绝大部分情况，但实际应用中，由于表达的需要，主语还可以是其它形式，比如副词，介词短语等。Before seven will be too early.七点钟之前太早了。
Slowly is exactly how he speaks.他说话就是慢吞吞的。"Power to the people"is their slogan.“一切权力归人民”是他们的口号。
当句子的主语是不定式、动名词或主语从句时，常常可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后部。
*注*疑问代词也可以作主语，
e.g:What produce the energy?什么产生能量？
Which of the two methods is superior?这两种方法哪一种好？
用it作形式主语的好处是避免句子由于主语太长而显得头重脚轻。it作形式主语的各种英语句型。
1)*it作不定式的形式主语*
a)it+be+形容词+不定式
It is difficult to get there before dark.天黑以前赶到那里很困难。
It is better to get up early.早起会更好。
b)it+be+名词+不定式
It was his duty to attend to this matter.处理这个问题是他的责任。It is the file system's job to manage writing data between the disks and memory.在内存和磁盘上管理数据是文件系统要处理的东西。c)it+动词+宾语+不定式
It takes a lot of effort to recover the system.恢复系统不是一件容易的事情。
It makes me sad to hear that you have to go away.听说你一定要走，我很难过。
d)it+be+介词短语+不定式
It is against the law to steal.偷窃是犯法的。
2)it作动名词的形式主语
a)it+be+名词+动名词(常用的名词有no good,no use,nuisance, a waste,a wonder等)
It’s a wonder meeting you here!在这里遇见你真是个奇迹！
It’s no use doing a lot of work without thoughtful planning.没有考虑周到的计划而做一大堆工作是没用的。
b)it+be+形容词+动名词
It was very difficult getting everything ready in time.要及时做好一切准备很难。
Is it worthwhile hating each other over such a trifle?为了这么点事儿，你俩至于结冤吗？
c)其他情况
It doesn’t matter putting these two files together.把这两份文件放在一起没关系。
It doesn’t make any difference my being here.我是否在这儿并不能改变什么。（注:这里my为动名词的逻辑主语）
3)it作主语从句的形式主语
a)it+be+形容词+从句
It is clear that the chosen pattern is not the correct one.显然，所选择的图式是错误的。
It is doubtful whether this method is more scientific.这个方法是否更科学值得怀疑。
b)it+be+名词+从句
It is a pity that we shall have to leave tomorrow.我们明天必须离开，真是遗憾。
It is a complete mystery what caused the accident.是什么引起这场事故完全是个谜。
c)it+动词(+宾语或状语)+从句
It matters little who does it so long as it is done.只要事情做了，谁做都行。
It happens that his sister is a closed friend of mine.碰巧她姐姐是我的一个好朋友。
d)it+动词的被动语态+从句
It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by the moon.据说潮汐的涨落受月亮的影响。
It is estimated that the output will increase by20%this year.今年预计产量将提高20%。
e)it+介词+从句
It is out of question that China's economy will keep growing for40 years.中国经济增长40年应该不成问题。
注:it还可以用于强调句型
*谓语*
谓语一般由动词或动词短词充当，用于表示一个句子（或者从句）中主语的行为动作或状态。谓语是句子主干(主谓宾)三个核心成分之一。
这个解释可以更清楚地写为以下三点
1)谓语的位置通常是在主语的后边。
2)谓语用于表示主语的动作、行为或状态。
3)谓语是构成句子主干的核心成分之一（而非修饰或补充等的句子成分）。
一条句子中，无论在意思上还是在结构上，谓语往往是最关键的成分。阅读时抓住谓语往往是看清一条句子的关键。无论是英语还是汉语，可以说谓语都具有以上的共同特点。而就英语而言，其谓语在语法上则有以下几个主要特点：
1）谓语有一套清楚的表达格式，包括时态，被动语态，虚拟语气等，用于表达动词发生的时间，动作是否为被动，以及说话人的语态。这一套表达格式是谓语独有的，所以也成了我们阅读时可用于区分谓语动词和非谓语动词的一个很好的参考。这也意味着，英语学习者熟练掌握谓语的时态、语态、语气必不可少。
**：They are doing some exercise.他们正在做练习。(现在进行时态) **：He was killed by a single bullet in his heart.他被一颗子弹射中心脏而死。(过去时被动语态)
**：If he had read any of those books,he would have known the answer.他若是看了这些书中的任何一本，就知道答案了。（虚拟语气）
2)谓语动词前可以有情态动词，非谓语动词则没有。记住这个特点也有助于我们看清句子。阅读的过程中，如果遇到情态动词，那么可
以肯定随后出现的动词就是谓语了！我们在写作时也要注意这一点。比如，在表达“能”的意思时，谓语动词可以直接在前面加“can”,来表达，而不定式（非谓语动词）要表达这个意思就只能用另一种方式（“be able to”）来表达。
如下面的**子：
We can finish this job on time if everyone does his bit.每一个人都尽自己的本分,我们就能按时完成这项工作。
I was very pleased to be able to help.我能够帮上忙感到很高兴。
一条主句或一条从句只能有一个谓语（并列谓语的情况除外），所以在阅读时，如果能确定谓语的位置，则句子的主心骨（主干）就基本抓住了。同样道理，除了谓语之外，句子中如果出现其他动词，则都必顺采用非谓语动词的形式。
*谓语动词的单复数形式*
在英文句子中，谓语的写法应该与主语的数保持一致。当主语在意义上为复数时，谓语动词必须采用相应的复数形式。当主语在意义上为单数时，谓语动词须采用相应的单数形式。
1)谓语动词的复数形式一般使用动词的原形来表示。另外，be(助)动词复数形式在一般现在时和现在进行时中写为are,在过去时态写为were。
These books belong to me.这些书是我的。
They are absolute beginners.他们完全是生手。
The workers are pushing for higher wages.这些工人在争取增加工资。
The streets were filled with people.街上到处都是人。
These roses have beautiful blooms.这些玫瑰花开得真美。
These facilities have benefited the whole town.这些设施使全城受益。
2)谓语动词的单数形式的写法规则如下:
a.通常在动词词尾加s,如:work--works create--creates
b.动词如果以ch,sh,s,x或o结尾时，需加es,如:teach--teaches fix--fixes
c.动词以辅音加y结尾时,先变y为i,再加es,如:cry--cries reply--replies
d.be(助)动词单数形式在一般现在时和现在进行时中写为is,在过
去时态写为was。
e.(助)动词have的单数形式写为has。
f.当主语为I时,be动词单数形式写为am（过去时用was）。She works hard from morning to night.她从早到晚辛勤工作。
He teaches modern Chinese literature in the university.他在大学教现代中国文学。
When the curtain rises,Juliet is writing at her desk.幕启时，朱丽叶在办公桌旁写东西。
He is a genius.他是个天才。
The water is boiling.水正开着呢。
He was only three years old when his mother died.他母亲去逝时他才三岁。
The river was threatening to overflow its banks.河水大有决堤之势。The notice was put above the door.布告贴在门的上方。
She has three kids.她有三个小孩。
He has cheated me.他骗了我。
I am afraid of him.我很怕他。
Hearing that news,I was really sad.听到那个消息后，我真的很伤心。
3)当谓语动词前有助动词时，则单复数形式应体现在助动词上。Some boys don't like to bath regularly.有些男孩不喜欢经常洗澡。She doesn't eat much breakfast.她早点吃得不多。
Peter has been there before.彼得以前去过那里。
They have been there before.他们以前去过那里。
He is working on the report.他正在做报告。
They are working on the project.他们正在做报告。
*主谓一致*
在英文句子中，谓语的写法应该与主语的数保持一致。当主语在意义上为复数时，谓语动词必须采用相应的复数形式。当主语在意义上为单数时，谓语动词须采用相应的单数形式。谓语的单复数形式的具体写法可见谓语动词单复数形式一章，本文主要讲解主语与谓语在数上如何保持一致。
1.主语为复数时，谓语用复数形式，
如：The workers want him as their leader.工人们都想让他当领袖。
A group of boys were playing football in the street.一帮小伙子当时正在街上踢足球。
2.主语为单数时，谓语用单数形式，
如：Your hair is longer than mine.你的头发比我的长。
She knows how to do this.她知道这个怎么做。
3.当主语为由并列连词and连接的名词时，谓语动词通常用复数，如:Saturday and Sunday are public holidays.周六和周日为公共假日。Peter and his brother have been to London twice.彼得和他的哥哥去过伦敦两次。
但以下情况时，谓语动词用单数形式。
1)并列的主语表示同一事物、同一概念或同一个人时。
Iron and steel is the backbone of industry.钢铁是工业的支柱。
The writer and professor has agreed to take me as his student.那位作家兼教授已经同意收我做他的学生。
2)并列主语前分别由each,every,many a或no等修饰时。Every boy and every girl in our village is given a gift every Christmas Eve.每年圣诞夜我们村的每个男孩与女孩都会收到一份礼物。
No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.久已声息全无。
4.第二人称you作主语时,谓语用复数形式,如:
You are right.你是对的。
You have been wrongly informed.你得到错误的消息。
You look beautiful.你看上去很美。
5.第一人称(I)与其谓语的主谓一致规则如下:
1)当谓语时态结构中含有be时，在一般现在时态和现在进行时态应写为am(而不用is或are)。在过去时态则用was。
I am a student.我是一名学生。
I am writing a book.我正在写一本书。
I was amazed at the news.我听到这个消息感到惊讶。
I was asked to a wedding party.我被邀请参加婚礼。
I was trying to help,but I screwed up again.我原想帮忙,反而又把事情搞糟了.
2)当谓语为一般的动词时，谓语动词用复数形式，如:
I have only three dollars in my pocket at that time.那时我口袋里仅有三美元。
I live near an airport.我住在机场附近。
I beat him in the match.我在比赛中胜了他。
I have been here since Sunday.我上星期天以来一直在这里。
I have turned the box upside down.我把箱子给倒过来了。
注:在特殊情况下，I有时与were搭配。**如虚拟语气条件句中会用were来表示语气，
如：If I were you,I'd start looking for another job.我要是你,就去另找工作了。
6.主语由不定式充当时,谓语动词用单数形式。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语不容易。
To stop the work now seems impossible.现在停止工作似乎是不可能的。
7.主语为动名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Growing roses is her hobby.种玫瑰是她的喜好。
Improving the production process is necessary.改进生产工具是必要的。
Working with one's head causes a sensation of hunger as much as muscular work.用脑工作引起与体力劳动时一样的饥饿感。
8.主语为主语从句时,谓语动词用单数形式。
What you say is not right.你说的不对。
That he hasn't phoned is odd.他没来电话很奇怪。
When she'll be back depends on the weather.她什么时候将会回来取决于天气。
9.时间，货币单位，度量单位作主语时:
1)当把复数主语看成一个整体时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Five minutes is enough.五分钟就足够了。
Two million dollars is a big sum of money.两百万元是一笔很大的钱数。
Ten kilometers was covered in two hours.两小时走了7公里。
2)当把复数名词看成具体所指的一个个的个体时,谓语动词用复数形式。
The past four weeks have been the driest in the country's history.过去的四个星期是该国历史上最干旱的。
10.分数作主语时，谓语动词形式应与of后的名词保持一致。Two-fifths of the books here are worth reading.这里有五分之二的书值得看。
Two-thirds of the crop was damaged during the storm.三分之二的庄稼被暴雨毁坏。
11.百分比percent(或per cent,%)作主语时的主谓一致。
1)百分比加不可数名词或单数名词时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。70percent of the fund was supplied by the government.70％的资金由政府提供。
2)百分比加集体名词，则谓语动词可以用单复数形式均可。What per cent of the population read/reads books?识字的人占人口的百分之几?
3)百分比加复数名词，则谓语动词用复数形式。
65%of children play computer games.65%的小孩子玩电脑游戏。
12.or,either…or,neither…or,not only…but also,not…but,nor等并列结构作主语时，谓语动词的主谓一致应按照就近原则，即动词的单、复数形式以靠近它的名词的单、复数形式而定。
Peter or his assistants are to blame.彼得或者他的助手们应该受到责备。
Either his brother or his friends are wrong.不是他的兄弟就是他的朋友错了。
Neither the teacher nor the students were informed of the result of the test.老师和学生们都没有得到考试结果的通知。
Not only you but also he is wrong.不只是你,而且他也是错的。Not you but your father is to blame.不是你，而是你的父亲应该受到责备。
13.all,some,any,more,most,enough,half作主语时，有可能表示复数意义，也有可能表示单数意义。如果表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数。如果表示单数意义，则谓语动词用单数。
All have arrived on time except Tom.除了汤姆外，所有人都按时到达了。
All is ready except the opening speech.除了开幕词外，所有一切都准备就绪。
Most students are in California,but some are sent to Texas.大多数学生留在加利福尼亚州,但有一些去了德克萨斯州。
Most of the scene is written in verse,but some is in prose.这场戏大
部分内容是用韵文写成的,但也有一些是散文形式的。
14.all,some,any,more,most,enough,half+of作主语时的主谓一致。all,some,any,more,most,enough,half+of作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与of后的名词单复数保持一致。
All of the money is spent.所有钱都花光了。
All of his novels were against society.他所有的小说都是反社会的。Some of his ideas are quite good.他的一些主意很不错。
Some of the furniture in this old house has been removed.这个旧房
子的一些家具已经搬走了。
15.None of作主语的主谓一致如下:
1)none of+可数名词复数（或集体名词单数）作主语时，谓语动词用单复数形式均可。
None of the guests want/wants to stay.没有一个客人想留下来的。None of her family has/have been to school.她的一家都没有上过学。
2)none of+不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
None of the work was done.什么工作也没干。
16.The rest of,the remainder of作主语时的主谓一致。
The rest of或the remainder of作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与of后的名词单复数保持一致，如:
The rest of the money is his.其余的钱是他的。
The rest of the students stay in the classroom.其余的学生留在教室里。
17.a/one+单数名词+and a half作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A year and a half has passed.一年半的时间过去了。
18."more than one+名词"作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。More than one person was absent.不止一个人缺席。
*定语*
*定语分为前置定语和后置定语*
前置定语位于所修饰的名词之前。
1）形容词作定语
*It was a small table.那是一张小桌。
*He is a responsible man.他是一个可以信赖的人。
2）代词作定语
*Do you see this newspaper in my hand?你看到我手里的这张报纸吗？
*Do you see that book over there?你看到那边那本书吗？
*These pens cost twenty pence.这些钢笔价值20便士。
*Those children should not play in the street.那些小孩不该在街上玩。*Life was difficult in those days.那些日子生活艰难。
3）数词作定语
*Three boys are running along the bank.三个男孩沿着河岸跑
*You are the first one here.你是第一个到这里的人
4）名词作定语
*My father once worked in a car factory in Changchun.我父亲曾在长春一家汽车厂工作。
*He dropped the coffee cup and broke it.他掉下咖啡杯，打破了。5）名词所有格作定语
He is my brother's teacher.他是我弟弟的老师。
That is Peter's car.那是彼得的车。
6）现在分词作定语
*We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日
*Can you stop the running horse?你可以阻止那辆正在奔跑的马吗？
7）过去分词作定语
*The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料。
*They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
8）动名词作定语
*We hope to have a swimming pool inside the garden.我们希望在花园里有个游泳池。
*Let's take everything to the living room.我们把东西都放到起居室去。
*后置定语*
后置定语位于所修饰的名词之后。可以充当后置定语的词语有形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式和从句。
1)形容词作后置定语
*Who is the greatest poet alive?谁是当今世界上最伟大的诗人？
*There is something important in today's newspaper.今天报纸上有
条重要新闻。
*Are there any tickets available?还有票吗?
2)副词作后置定语
*The people there are very friendly.那里的人们非常友好。
The design above is made by Mr.Brown.上述的图样是由布朗先生制作的
3)介词短语作后置定语
*The weather in that area is very hot.那个地方的天气很热。
*The day after tomorrow will be sunny.后天晴天。
4)现在分词作后置定语
*There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里
*They lived in a room facing the east.他们住在一间朝东的房间里。5)过去分词作后置定语
*Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.受邀到会的大部分是著名的科学家。
*Who were the so-called guests invited last night?昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀?
6)不定式作后置定语
*The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。
*He has too many things to do.他要做的事太多了。
*There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担忧的。
*The time for everyone to arrive is8p.m.各人应到的时间是上午8点。
*状语*
状语是一种修饰成分，用于修饰动词，形容词，其他状语或整个句子。下面详述状语在句子中的主要作用。
1)修饰动词
状语在句子中很多时候用于修饰动词。
表示动词发生的时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、伴随等。
You can put it down anywhere.你可以随便放哪里都行。(表地点)
L6U n i t1-1L i s t e n i n g事故和身体恢复 Harry Beecham works for a hi-tech German company based in the Munich. Last month, he was in an automobile accident. He was on his way to attend an important meeting in New York City. He had just arrived on a flight from London and was taking a taxi into the city. The weather was terrible and the road was icy. He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi driver to get him into the city as soon as possible. The taxi driver agreed and sped up but just as they left the airport, the car was out of control. It spun around and skidded into(滑入) the path of an oncoming truck. Fortunately, the truck was going too fast, so nobody was killed. But the taxi was severely damaged and both passengers were injured. The taxi driver survived with only a few injured because he was wearing a seatbelt. The car accident wouldn’t have been happened had the weather been better. Had he put on his seatbelt, he might not have been injured so badly. Had the weather been better, the accident wouldn’t have been happened. The taxi airbag had also been deployed(使展开), absorbing much of the impact. However, Harry, who was in the back seat, having put on his seatbelt. As a result, he was severely injured, and had to be rushed to the hospital. Now, a month later, Harry still can’t remember much of what happened. When he first woke up in the hospital, it was several hours after the accident and he wasn’t sure where he was. The bad news was that he couldn’t move his legs. This was because his back had been broken in the accident. The doctor later told him that he might never regain the use of his legs. Some of his nerves in his spine(脊柱) and legs had been damaged but everything else was OK. Now, Harry is trying to figure out what to do. If he works hard and exercises every day, there will still a chance that he legs will recover on their own. There are also some new treatments that might help his nerve regenerate. Still, he should be prepared for the long recovery and possibility that he might never walk again. Without the use of his legs, he wouldn’t be able to continue working in the same way. it wouldn’t be possible to travel, so he would have to find another way to attend the meeting. Either that or he would have to look for another way to make a living. Harry has a good disability insurance, so mon ey won’t be problem for a while. But sooner or later, he wants to be able to earns a living again. Of course he isn’t planning to give up on his legs. If he works hard, he might still be able to regain the use and learn to walk again. Some of his nerves had been damaged but there was a chance that they were healed. The new drugs being developed might make it possible for the nerves to grow back. Still, he has to face the possibility that nothing will work. Whatever happens, Harry is determined to think posi tively. Even he can’t walk, he can still attend the meeting all over the world. With technology, he could be anywhere and there is much that he can still do. Luckily, he still has to use his arms and hands and his brain is still functioning. With the right attitude, he can find a way forward. There is no reason to despair in or feeling sorry for oneself. That kind of think won’t solve anything. He just hopes that his company or another will get him a chance to prove himself. He could still be a valuable asset for them, come or make. Spun around使…旋转( spin的过去式和过去分词) L6 Unit 1-1 Dialogue 衣着和礼仪 Hey, what do you think? do you like it? No, it’s too short. We can’t wear that to the office. If you do, nobody will be able to concentrate.
初中复习资料 目录英语词组总结for 和1.比较since 的四种用法2.since 延续动词与瞬间动词3. 重点部分提要词汇一. 单词⑴ 2冠词a / an / the: 3.some和any 4.family 5. little的用法 三. 语法 1. 名词所有格 2. 祈使句 1.英语构词法汇 2.英语语法汇总及练习 第1讲：名词 第2讲：代词 第3讲：形容词
第4讲：副词 第5讲：动词 第6讲：不定式 第7讲介词 第8讲：连词 第9讲：时态一 第10讲：时态(二) 第11讲：动词语态 第12讲：句子种类（一） 第13讲：句子的种类(二) 讲：宾语从句14第 第15讲：状语从句There be句型与中考试题第17讲ABC 被动语态复习第18讲 【初中英语词组总结】1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）
4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随……eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……
高一英语必修一重要知识点总结笔记 对于刚刚升入高中的高一学子来说，每一个科目的学习都是一项挑战。高一的英语的难度与深度都不是初中英语可以媲美的，所以在这个阶段要学会归纳总结，融会贯通。根据英语老师的要求努力学习，整理出来的这些句型都是高一英语的重点句型，从中掌握英语的精髓。下面是的小编为你们整理的文章，希望你们能够喜欢 高一英语必修一重要知识点总结 一.重点句型 1. What should a friend be like? 询问对方的看法 2. I think he / she should be表示个人观点的词语 3. I enjoy reading / Im fond of singing / I like playing computer games. 等表示喜好的词语 4. Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes. when作并列连词的用法 5. What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 强调句的 特殊疑问句结构 6. With so many people communicating in English everyday, ... with+宾语+宾补的结构做状语 7. Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 带连接副词
(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法 二.重点词汇 1. especially v. 特别地 2. imagine v. 想像 3. alone adv. / adj. 单独，孤独的 4. interest n. 兴趣 5. everyday adj. 每天的，日常的 6. deserted adj. 抛弃的 7. hunt v. 搜寻 8. share v. 分享 9. care v. 在乎，关心 10. total n. 总数 11. majority n. 大多数 12. survive v. 生存，活下来 13. adventure n. 冒险 14. scared adj. 吓坏的 15. admit v. 承认 16. while conj. 但是，而 17. boring adj. 令人厌烦的 18. except prep. 除之外 19. quality n. 质量 20. favourite adj. 最喜爱的 三.重点短语 1. be fond of爱好
L4——U2——1/4listening Earthformsandextinction A 1.Theearthwasformedaboutfourpointsixbillion(46亿)yearsago. 2.Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillion(10亿)yearslater. 3.Thefirstplant-like didn’tappearuntilaround twobillion(20亿)yearsago. 4.Untilaboutfivehundredeightymillion(五亿八千 万)yearsagolifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic(极小的，微小的). 5.Sincethattime,lifehasevolved(进化)intomanydifferenttypesorspecies. 6.Howeverscientistsestimate(估计)thatmorethanninetyninepercent（99%） ofthemarenowextinct(灭绝的). B 1.Therehavebeenseveralextinction(绝种)eventsinthehistoryoftheearth. 2.Inanextinctioneventsmanylifeformsorspeciesoflifedieout. 3.Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries(未解之谜). 4.Theseeventsarenotpredictable(预告)andcanhappenatanytime. 5.Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装 机)orvolcaniceruptions(火山爆发). 6.Eventslikethis,canchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson. C 1.Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedaboutsixty-sixmillion(6600万)yearsago. 2.Thateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheearth. 3.Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspecies(物种，种类，类型)ontheplanetdieout. 4.Whentheasteroidshittheearth,itstartedachainofevents. 5.Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogetherlikeachain. D 1.Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears. 2.Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoentertheatmosphere. 3.ThiscloudofdustblockedtheSunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths. 4.Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.
U1.重点知识笔记整理 1.How many animals can you name? 你能说出多少动物的名字？ 注意：How many+可数名词复数 2.--------Would you like a pie? 短语：would you like....你想要。。。 --------你想要一个派吗？ 一般疑问句两种回答-----Yes,please. --------是的，请 ----- No,thanks. ------- 不了，谢谢 3.-------What would you like ? ------I would like some cakes. 注：I’d=I would -------你想要什么？-------我想要一些蛋糕。 注意：Some用于肯定句，或者请求或希望得到肯定回答。 例：I have some cakes. 例：would you like some cakes? Any用于疑问句和否定句 例：Do you have any cakes? 例：I don’t have any cakes. Any也可以用于肯定句，此时Any后面接可数名词单数，意为“任何一个”，起强调作用。Eg: Any student can answer this question. 4.---------what’s that? -------It’s a toy monkey ------那是什么？---------它是一个玩具猴子 This （这个）+可数名词单数对应的词that,复数是these That （那个）+可数名词单数 注意指示代词 these （这些）+可数名词复数 those （那些）+可数名词复数对应的词these,单数是that 5.-------Do you like dogs? ----------Yes,I do. No, I don’t. -------你喜欢狗吗？-------是的，我喜欢。--------不，我不喜欢 肯定句改为一般疑问句：看句子中有没有be动词或情态动词1.如果有，则放于句首；如果没有，则借助动词Do，放于句首。2.把第一人称改为第二人称，some 改为any,其余部分位置不变。 注意：借助动词Do时，Do要根据原句中动词的适当形式进行对应的变化，此时，动词还原。 6.--------What do you like? ---------- I like elephants. --------你喜欢什么？-------我喜欢大象 +可数名词复数例：I like tiger s 注意：Like的用法+不可数名词例：I like milk. +that/this/a/an/the +可数名词单数例：I like this white cat 7.感叹句 What 开头的感叹句，其结构为： What a/an +形容词+可数名词单数例;What a nice book（it is）! What +形容词+可数名词复数例：what besutiful flowers(they are)! How 开头的感叹句，其结构为; How +形容词/副词（主语+动词）例：How nice(the pictures are)! 8.Be动词的一般现在形式有三个：am is are. 其中am is是单数，其复数是are Am主要和I连用：例I am Su Hai.（下例，改为一般疑问句） 注意：在有I和am出现的句子，改为疑问句时，要把I改为you ,am改为are.例Are you Su Hai? Is作谓语动词，主语为第三人称单数:He,She,It.或者名词单数 Are作谓语动词，主语为第一人称复数we,第二人称you，第三人称复数they,或者复数名词 9.a/an的用法：an--用于单数名词首字母发音为元音音素a,e,i,o,u，或首字母不发音，第二字母发元音，如hour，前面用an,例an egg,an apple,an elephant,---an hour(一小时）
初一年级（上） 【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II. 重要句型 1. help sb. do sth. 2. What abo ut… 3. Let’s do sth. 4. It’s time to do sth. 5. It’s time for … 6. What’s… It is…/ It’s… 7. Where is… It’s…. 8. How old are you I’m….9. What class are you in I’m in…. 10. Welcome to…. 11. What’s …plus… It’s…. 12. I think… 13. Who’s this This is…. 14. What can you see I can see…. 15. There is (are) …. 16. What colour is it (are they) It’s (They’re)… 17. Whose …is this It’s…. 18. What time is it It’s…. III. 交际用语 1. Good morning, Miss/Mr…. 2. Hello! Hi! 3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. 4. How are y ou I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you 5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! You’re welcome. 7. Goodbye! Bye! 8. What’s your name My name is …. 9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Who’s on duty today 11. Let’s do. 12. Let me see. IV. 重要语法 1. 动词be的用法； 2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法；
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外， 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语 里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first
L2-U1-1/5 Listening Jackson family 1 A 1. This is the Jackson family. 2. It’s a family of four. 3. Bill and Helen are the parents. 4. They have two children. 5. Both of their children are girls. 练：1. They don’t have any boys. B 1. Lisa is the oldest of the girls. 2. She’s twelve years old. 3. Angela is the youngest. 4. She’s nine. 5. They also have a dog. 6. Its name is Jumper. 7. Its name is Jumper because he likes to jump. 8. Jumper can jump rope! C 1. The Jackson family lives in Shanghai. 2. They live in a large apartment building. 3. Their apartment building has many apartments. 4. Their apartment is on the 5th( fifth) floor. 5. They usually take the elevator to the 5th(fifth) floor. 6. Sometimes the elevator doesn’t work. 7. Then they take the stairs. D 1. There are many trees outside their apartment building. 2. There is also a small pond.
英语句子成分 主语谓语宾语定语状语表语同位语.
*主语* 主语是句子的核心成分之一。与其它成分比较，主语相对来说变化比较少，位置通常位于句首，倒装句时除外。大部分主语由名词、代词或名词短语充当，表示动作的施动者。但除了名词及代词之外，还有一些结构可以充当主语. 1)名词做主语 My love for you is deeper than the sea.我对你的爱比海深. Many students didn't pass the exam.许多学生没有通过考试。 The young should show respect to the old.年轻人应该尊重老年人。*注*the young为形容词名词化) 代词做主语 That isn’t what I meant at all.那根本不是我的意思。 Yours is the best answer.你的答案最佳。 He broke the window immediately.他立即打破窗。 It will just take a few minutes.只需要几分钟。 3)数词做主语 Three is the ideal number for our small team.我们的小组三个人最为理想。 Two of them survived the accident.他们中的两个逃过了这场意外事故。 4)动名词做主语
Smoking can cause cancer.吸烟可致癌。 Talking to local people is a good way to learn English.与本土人讲话是学习英语的一个好方法。 5.)不定式做主语 To say something is one thing,to do it is another.说是一回事，做是另一回事。 To compromise should be advisable.妥协应该是明智的。 6）从句(即主语从句) What you think is not right.你所想的是不对的。 Where we should go tomorrow is still not decided.我们还没决定明天去哪？ 以上的词和结构覆盖了主语的绝大部分情况，但实际应用中，由于表达的需要，主语还可以是其它形式，比如副词，介词短语等。Before seven will be too early.七点钟之前太早了。 Slowly is exactly how he speaks.他说话就是慢吞吞的。"Power to the people"is their slogan.“一切权力归人民”是他们的口号。 当句子的主语是不定式、动名词或主语从句时，常常可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后部。 *注*疑问代词也可以作主语， e.g:What produce the energy?什么产生能量？ Which of the two methods is superior?这两种方法哪一种好？
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
九年级下册英语知识点总结_初三学霸英语学习笔记内容 学业的精深造诣来源于勤奋好学，只有好学者，才能在无边的知识海洋里猎取到真智才学。常对所学的知识点进行归纳总结，是提高学习效率的关键一步。下面我给大家带来九年级下册英语知识点总结，希望能帮助到大家。 九年级下册英语知识点总结 【篇一：Unit1】 1.by+doing通过……方式如：bystudyingwithagroup by还可以表示：“在…旁”、“靠近”、“在…期间”、“用、”“经过”、“乘车”等 如：Ilivebytheriver.Ihavetogobackbyteno’clock. Thethiefenteredtheroombythewindow.Thestudentwenttoparkbybus. 2.talkabout谈论，议论，讨论 如：Thestudentsoftentalkaboutmovieafterclass.学生们常常在课后讨论电影。 talktosb.===talkwithsb.与某人说话 3.提建议的句子： ①What/howabout+doingsth.? 如：What/Howaboutgoingshopping? ②Whydon’tyou+dosth.?如：Whydon’tyougoshopping? ③Whynot+dosth.?如：Whynotgoshopping?
④Let’s+dosth.如：Let’sgoshopping ⑤Shallwe/I+dosth.?如：Shallwe/Igoshopping? 4.alot许多常用于句末如：Ieatalot.我吃了许多。 5.too…to太…而不能常用的句型too+adj./adv.+todosth. 如：I’mtootire dtosayanything.我太累了，什么都不想说。 6.aloud,loud与loudly的用法 三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。 ①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大, 常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级 形式。如:Hereadthestoryaloudtohisson. 他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 ②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak,talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: Shetoldustospeakalittlelouder.她让我们说大声一点。 ③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往 含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。如:Hedoesnottalkloudlyorlaughloudlyinpublic.他不当众大声谈笑。 【篇二：Unit2】 https://www.doczj.com/doc/1115000385.html,edtodosth.过去常常做某事 否定形式：didn’tusetodosth./usednottodosth. 如：Heusedtoplayfootballafterschool.放学后他过去常常踢足球。 Didheusetoplayfootball?Yes,Idid.No,Ididn’t.
L2-U2-1/5 Listening Den’s family/ Lisa’s class A 1. Dan is a pilot. 2. He works for Global airlines. 3. Global airlines is an airline company. 4. Dan flies airplanes all over the world. 5. He’s tall and he has brown hair. 6. He often wears sunglasses. B 1. Lisa is a student. 2. She has black hair. 3. She has a round face. 4. She’s wearing a yellow dress. C 1. Cathy lives in Canada. 2. she has 3 children. 3. Her husband is Paul. 4. She has brown hair and blue eyes. D 1. This man is 65 years old. 2. He has 3 grandchildren. 3. He has grey hair. 4. He also has a grey beard. 5. He always wears glasses. 6. He wears glasses because he can’t see very well. E 1. This is Lisa’s class schedule for today. 2. She gets to school at 7:55(seven fifty-five). 3. Her first class starts at 8:00. 4. It’s her math class. 5. It lasts for 50 minutes. 6. It finishes at 8:50(eight fifty). 7. She has a 10-minutes break from 8:50 until 9:00. F 1. Her second class stars at 9:00. 2. It finishes at 9:50.
Unit 1 重点知识归纳 Where’s your pen pal from? 一、重点词汇 1.澳洲，澳大利亚n. 2.日本n. 3.加拿大n. 4.法国n. 5.国家n 6.语言n. 7.居住v. 8.世界n. 9.日语，日本人n. 10.法国人，法语n. 11.任何一个，无论哪个adj. 二、重点短语 1.来自 2.笔友 3.一点儿 4.给…写信 三、重点句型 1.-- 你的笔友来自哪里？-- 来自美国。 2. 3. Where’s the post office? 一、重点词汇 1.餐馆，饭店n. 2.图书馆n. 3.超级市场n. 4.银行n. 5.公园n. 6.街，街道n. 7.中央，中心n. 8.邮件，邮政n. 9.桥n. 10.向左，左边adv. & n. 11.向右，右边adv. & n 12.房子,住宅n. 13.(菜,花)园n. 14.散步,步行n. 15.开始n. 16.旅行,游历n. 17.地方,地点n. 18.向下,下去,沿着adv.& prep. 19.出租车,的士,计程车n. 20.私人飞机,小型民用机场n. 21.开着的,营业中的adj. 22.清洁的,干净的adj. 23.宁静的adj. 24.肮脏的adj. 25.享受…的乐趣，欣赏v. 26.穿过，通过prep. 27.如果（表条件）conj. 28.饥饿的adj. 29.到达，抵达v. 30.通过v. 31.希望，盼望，期待v. 二、重点短语 1.邮局 2.投币式公用电话 3.在…对面 4.在…前面（外部） 5.紧挨着，在…旁边 6.在临近地区 7.散步，步行 8.玩得高兴，过得愉快 9.去…的路 10.到达 三、重点句型 1.-- 附近有银行吗？-- 是的，有。/不，没有。 2. 3.哪一条路是去超市的路？ 4.我怎么才能到达红星旅馆？ 5.沿着大桥街走，在第二个十字路口向左拐，银行就在 公园的对面。 6.沿着这条大街直行，公用电话就在前方500米处的右 侧。 7.过桥后继续走直到马路的尽头，公园就在你的面前， 你不会错过的。 8.大桥街是个能玩得高兴的好地方。 Unit 3 重点知识归纳 Why do you like koalas？ 一、重点词汇 1.动物园n. 2.熊猫n. 3.地图，图n. 4.睡，睡觉v. 5.老虎，虎n. 6.大象n. 7.狮子n. 8.友好的adj. 9.害羞的，怕羞的adj. 10.狗n. 11.草n. 12.因而，所以conj. 13.在…期间prep. 14.动物n. 15.其他的，另外的adj. 16.美丽的，美好的adj. 17.聪明的，机灵的adj. 18.（食用）肉，肉类n. 19.叶，树叶n. 20.懒惰的，懒散的adj. 21.放松，休息v. 二、重点短语 1.南非 2.在白天 3.入睡 4.再五个，又五个 5.（两个中的）另一个 6.（两部分中的）另一些 7.（无范围的）一个…，另一个… 8.（无范围的）一些…，另一些… 9.（三个中的）一个…，又一个…，再一个 10.对某人友好 三、重点句型 1.-- 你喜欢什么动物？-- 我喜欢熊猫。 2.你还喜欢什么别的动物吗？我还喜欢狮子。 I want to be an actor. 一、重点词汇 1.给，授予v. 2.穿，戴v. 3.谈话，谈论v 4.演员n. 1
初中英语知识归纳总结 第一课时名词 一、概述 1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。 2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写） 二、可数名词与不可数名词 1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses; book---- books 2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。 如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。 3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。 Light travels faster than sound; (light：光线，不可数) The lights are on. (light：灯，可数) 4、不可数名词的量的表示 不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。 如：a glass of milk ------ four glasses of milk a piece of paper ------two pieces of paper a bag of rice ------three bags of rice 三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用） 1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 规则变化 policeman---policemen; man---men; woman---women; tooth---teeth; foot---feet; sheep---sheep; deer---deer; Japanese--- Japanese; Chinese --- Chinese; fish --- fish 四、名词所有格（运用） 名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。 1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加’ s; 2、复数名词的词尾已有s，只需加’即可； 3、复数名词的词尾若没有s ，则应加’ s ; 4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加’ s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Mao’s room 如果不是两人共有，则在每个人后面都加’ s; 如：Li Lei’s and Tom’s mother 5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family