工商管理英语

一、名词解释1. The plan of action is, at one and the same time, the result envisaged, the line of action to be followed, the stages to go through, and methods to use.2. Human needs are states of felt deprivation. Humans have manly complex needs. These include basic physical needs for food, clothing, warmth, and safety; social needs for belonging and affection; and individual needs for knowledge and self-expression.3. Customer value is the difference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product.4. Place, another key marketing-mix tool, includes the various activities the company undertakes to make the product accessible and available to target customers.5. Group technology is a concept that currently is attracting a lot of attention from the manufacturing community.6. Issuing bank is obligated to honor drawings under the L/C regardless of the buyer’s ability or willingness to pay.7. Letter of credit is an instrument issued by a bank on behalf of the importer (buyer) promising to pay the exporter (beneficiary)upon presentation of shipping documents in compliance with the terms stipulated therein.8. Leader ship is a personal relationship in which one person directs, coordinates, and supervises others in the performance of a common task.9. Advising bank. The correspondent bank in the beneficiary’s country to which the issuing bank sends the L/C is commonly referred to as the “advising”.10. Marketing mix is one of the key concepts in modern marketing theory. Marketing mix is the set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market.11. Total quality management means a comprehensive approach to quality by everyone in an organization to provide customers with reliable products and services.二、简答1. What are the features of a good plan of action? P30一个好的行动计划有什么特点：（1）统一性，即一个既能面向整体又能顾及各个部分的行动计划。

Unit 1 The Evolution of Management as a Field of Studyevolution n.the process of developing发展generaliz e v. to infer from many particulars 概括autobiography n.the biography of a person written by thatperson 自传memoir n. an account of the person experiences of anauthor 回忆录，自传extremely ad. Being in or attaining the greatest orhighest degree 极度地anthropologist n.someone who studiesanthropology 人类学家perspective n. the way in which a situation or problem in judged so that proper considerationis given to each part 合理观察，视角turnover n. the number of workers hired by an establishment to replacethose whohaveleft in a given period oftime 人员更替数approach n.the method used in dealing with oraccomplishing 方法contingency n. a possibility that must beprepared for可能事件，可能出现的情况dynamic a. characterized by continuouschange 不断变化的confrontation n. discord or a clash of opinionsand ideas 观点或思想的不断冲撞incur v. to acquire or come into 获得compromise v.something that combines qualities or elements of different things 折中interdependent a. mutuallydependent互相依存的characteristic n. a feature that helps toidentify 特性popularity n. the quality or state of being popular普及sole a. of or relating to only one individualor group 单独的reliance n. the act of relying or the state ofbeing reliant依赖，依靠sufficient a. being as much as is needed 充足的alliance n. the act of becoming allied or the condition ofbeing allied 结盟demographic n. of or relating todemography 人口统计complement v.to serve as a complementto 补足Unit 2 The Scope of Managemententail v. to have, impose, or require as a necessary accompaniment or consequence 伴随conform v. to act or be in accord or 使和谐一致agreementenvision v. to picture in themind 想象affordable a. that can beafforded 买得起的strive v. to exert much effort or energy 努力mission n. special assignment given to a person or group 任务informercial n.a commercial television program orrelatively long commercial segment offering consumerinformation商业信息片franchise n. authorization granted tosomeone tosell or distribute a company ’sgoods orservices in a certainarea 特许经营权tactical a. of, relating to, orusing tactics 战术的departmental a. 部门的peer n. a person who has equal standing with anotheror others 同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人interpersonal a. relating to, occurring among, or involvingseveral people 人与人之间的foster v. to promote the growth anddevelopment of 促进pervasive a.having the quality or tendency to pervade orpermeate 渗透性的stakeholder n. one who has a share or aninterest 股东flourish v. to be in a period of highest productivity 活跃automotive a. moving by itself 自动的nonroutine n. 非常规程序analogue n.something that bears an analogy to something else 类似情况Unit 3 What are Orgnizations ? beast n. something a thing 事物organization n. a group of people with special purpose, such as a club or business 团体，组织，机构，社团invention n. something invented 发明物contrivance n. device or tool, esp. one made by an individual for aparticular puipose 发明物；器械patronage n.all the patrons of a shop, hotel, etc,as a group 为了赞助而产生的impact n. the force of an idea, invention, system, etc.影响力perspective n. the way in which a matter is judged, so thatconsideration andimportanceis five to each part 判断事物的方法association n. the act of joining or the state of being joined with somebody or something 联合；结合；结交very a. (used for giving force to an expression)(用于强调)正是；完全；实在whim n. a sudden idea or wish, often not reasonable 突起的（怪）念头；一时的兴致fancy n. an image, opinion, or idea imagined and not basedon fact无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法achieve v. to finish successfully 完成；实现soul n. a person 人；灵魂guidelines n.the main points about something which is to bedealt with指导方针；行动纲领bridge v. to build a brige across 架桥gap n. an amount of distance prdifference 差异；差距；歧异by virtueof in virtue of 依靠；由于surviva l n.something which has continued to exist from anearlier time 生存behavior n. way of behaving 行为；举动subset n. a set contained within a set 子集maintenance n.the act of maintaining 维持；维护；保养；赡养turnover n. the number of workers that are hired by a firmto fill the places of workers who have left in a particularperiod 人员更新efficiency n. the state or quality of being efficient 功效；效率；效能intellectual a. concerning the intellect 智力的limitation n. the fact or conditions of limiting orbeing limited 限制事实或状态chart n. information written ordraw inthe form of a picture graph,etc. ,usu. Withthe intention of making itunderstood 图表predict v. to see or describe in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 预言；预测Unit 4 Developing Qpality and Competitive Advantageinnovative a. marked by or given to innovations 革新的，创新的optimize v. to make as perfect or effective aspossible使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效medieval a. relating or belonging to the MiddleAges 中世纪的tenant n. one that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property ownedbyanother 佃户usher v. to precede and introduce 宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创exotic a. intriguingly unusual ordifferent 异乎寻常的；奇异的strenuous a.requiring great effort, energy, orexertion 艰巨的，需要巨大努力、能量或投入的hazardous a. marked by danger 带有危险性的；危险的artificial intelligence the ability ofmachine toperform those activities that arenormally thought to requireintelligence 人工智能navigational n.an original type,from,or instance that serves as a model on whichlater stages are based or judged原型chassis n.the rectangular steel frame,supportedon springs and attached to theaxles, that holds the body and motor of an automotivevehicle 底盘carousel n. a circular conveyor on which objects are displayedor rotated 旋转式传送带outmaneuver v. to overcome by artful, clevermaneuvering智胜，在机智、谋略上胜过CEO Chief Executive Officer 执行总裁Unit 5 Competitive Industry Environment Analysislong-term a.involving, maturing after, or being in effect fora long time 长期的aggregation n. a group or formed bythis 集合体carbonated a. containing carbondioxide 充了碳酸气的root beer n. 以黄樟油、冬青油为香料的无醇饮料ale n. any of various type of beer, esp. one that ispale in color麦酒caffeine n. a bitter white alkaloid,C8H10N4O2 咖啡因alignment n.the act of aligning or the condition of being aligned 结盟meaningless a.having no meaning orsignificance 无意义的，无价值的withdrawal n. retreat of military force in the face of enemy or after a defeat撤退verticalintegration垂直统一管理interactive a. acting or capable of acting oneach other互相作用的deli a delicatessen 熟食店n.buffet n. a meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed in a table orsideboard 自助餐nutrition n. the process of nourishing or being nourished 营养slacken v. to make or become less vigorous 缓和pharmaceutical a. of or relating to pharmacy orpharmacists 制药的neuroscience n. any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal withthe nervous system 神经科学inflammatory a. characterized or caused by inflammation 发炎的niche n. a special are of demand for a product or service 产品或服务所需的特殊领域preemptive a. undertaken or initiated to deter or prevent an anticipated, usually unpleasantsituation or occurrence 先发制人的entrant n. one that enters, especially one that enters a competition 参加竞赛者cellular phone n. 便携式电话dramatically ad. catching and holding theimaginationby unusual appearance oreffects 戏剧地，引人注目地replenishment n. something added to complete a thing, make up for adeficiency补给，补充backward integration后向合并alleviate v. to make morebearable 减轻oleomargarine n. margarine 人造黄油，人造奶油tinplate n. very thin sheets of iron or steelcovered with tin 镀锡铁皮；马口铁maturity n. the state or quality of being fully frownor developed 成熟shakeout n.经济衰退cereal n.a grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which areused as food 谷物razor n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument usedespecially forshaving the face orremovingother bodyhair剃刀Unit 6 Materials and Process ~ Management of a Companyinventor y n. the quantity of goods and materialson hand 库存submit v. to commit to the consideration or judgment ofanother 使⋯⋯听从bidder n. one who attempts to win a contract bybidding 投标人obsolete a. outmoded in design, style, orconstruction 过时的establis h v. to set up 建立resource n. the total means available to acompanyfor increasingproductionorprofit, including plant, labor, and raw material储备力量stockpil e v.a supply stored for future use, usually carefully accruedand maintained 储存calculat e v.to make an estimateof 计算interchange v. to give and receive mutually 交换telecommunication n. the electronic systems used in transmitting messages, as by telegragh,cable, telephone, radio, ortelevision电讯executive n. a person or group havingadministrative or managerialauthority in anorganization 经营管理人simulation n. representation of the operation orfeaturesof one process or systemthroughthe use ofanother 模拟principl e n. a fixed or predetermined policy or modeof action 准则eliminat e v. ti get ridof 消除multifunction a. 多功能的flexible a . responsive to adelay 可变通的；灵活的holdup n . an interruption or a delay 停顿incentiv e n. something, such as the fea r of punishment or the expectati onof reward, that induces action or motivates effort 诱因；动机coordinate v . to harmonize in a common action oreffort 调整Unit 7 Operating Statement of aCompanywholesale a. of, relating to, or engaged in the sale of goods in largequantities for resale批发clarity n. clearness of thought orstyle 清晰readabilit y n . interesting or easy toread 易读，可读性concise a. expressing much in few words 简明的，简洁的inventor y n. the quantity of goods and materialson hand 库存grosssales销售总额netsales扣除销货折扣和退货后净额margin n. the minimum return that an enterprise may earn still payfor itself 最低利润grossprofit毛利，总利润，利润毛额salessalaries销售人员的工资advertising expense 广告费用officesalaries办公室或一般文秘人员工资miscellaneous a. made up of a variety of parts or ingredients 混杂的seemingly ad. apparently; ostensibly 表面上地skeleton n. a supporting structure or framework 构架invoice n.a detailed list ofgoodsshipped or services rendered, with an account ofall costs发货清单refund n. a repayment offunds退款cancellations n. the act or an instance of canceling 取消Unit 8 Human Resource Management: An Overviewutilization n. making use of 利用；使用mesh v. to connect结合；相合representative n. a person acting in place of one or more other 代表；代理capitaln. money used for starting a business 资金primary a.chief; main 主要的supervisor n.one who is in charge of a particular department orunit, as in a governmental agency or school system 监督；管理人员cosmetic n. a preparation such as face-cream, body-powder, etc. , intended to make the skinor hair more beautiful 化妆品substantive a. expressing existence表示存在的insight n. the power ofusingone’s mind to understand something deeply,without help from outside information 洞察力；见识catalyst n.a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemicalactivity to quicken 催化剂energizer n. something or somebody that gives energy to 使活跃的人或物quit v. infml to stop andleave 停止；辞职recruitment n. 招聘，招工mission n.a group ofpeople,esp. people acting for their country, who are sentabroad forspecial reason 使团，代表团；任务，使命plague v. to cause continual discomfort, suffering, or trouble to, to makerather angry折磨，烦恼；使得灾祸compensation n. 赔偿金，赔偿费，赔偿物self-esteem n. one’sgood or too good opinion of one ’sown worth 自尊心；自大，自负。

工商管理专业英语答案【篇一：工商管理专业英语(郑琦,华东师范大学出版社)课后习题及翻译】翻译contingent dynamic conflict compromise interdependent reliancepopularitysufficientinsightsgeneralizememoirsclassic management sciencebehavioralintegrate sole1、the managers described their own experiences and triedto (generalize) the principles they believed could be applied in similar situations.管理人员描述了自己的经历和试图推广的原则，他们认为可以应用在类似的情况下。

2、even today ,a great deal of what we know about management comes from the autobiographies and （memoirs）of men and women who are or have been practicing managers.甚至在今天, 我们所了解的管理学也都出自于那些管理人员的自传和论文集。

3、according to the text ,the three well-establishedapproaches to management thought are the (classical) approach ,which focuses on the task of managing work and organizations ;the (behavioral) approach ,which focuses on the task of managing people;and the (managementscience)approach,which focus on the task of production and operations.根据本文，管理思想中有三个行之有效的方法，分别是古典方法、行为方法和管理学科学方法，其中古典方法专注于管理工作和组织的任务,行为方法专注于管理人的任务，管理学科学方法专注于生产和运营的任务。

工商管理专业英语第一篇：工商管理专业英语工商管理专业英语重点一．名词解释：1.whatisamanager?答：Amanager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals.2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers?答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers.3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work?答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent)planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense.4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing?答：Modular corporations come into being.二．选词填空1.Adrian was in charge of theallocation of available funds.2.Our firm is orientedtowards the export side of the business.3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.4.Thegraphic displays will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output.panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovativepersonnels.6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management.8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of anorganization.9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production.10.general managers areresponsiblefor the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division.11.He carried out a number offraudson trusting people who lent him money..12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates.14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place.15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision.16.Half of the medical supplies have already beenallocated to the victims of the earthquake.17.Can youdifferentiatethis kind of rose from the others?18.The factory haslaid offworkers because of the drop in sales.19.They were blame for their failure to hold downexpenditure.20.The companyhas slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive.21.The company is trying todiversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares.22.Mr.Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went beyond him to deal with the whole situation.23.Tom, my next door neighbor, isexemptform military service because of his poor health.24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis.25.Mr.White declared that he was notli able for his partner’s debts.26.The employees sued their manager for breach of contract.27.If we cannot keep on holding the edge in the services, we’ll lose our share in market.28.Nowadays, the manufacturing industry cannotmake do without services.29.T o merge or not to merge—that’s the question.The board of the company hasdeferred the decision to do it.30.A country’sinfrastructureservices must develop with its economic growth because no advanced society can be without these services.31.三．翻译英译汉：1.Sometimes, though, a first-line manager is a recent college graduate who is responsible for the work of both hourly employees and professionals.Such a first-line manager is likely to have little hands-on ck of experience isn’t a problem if the new manager is willing to learn and has the competence to communicate with diverse types of people , to coach and counsel subordinates, and to provide constructive constructive feedback.答;然而有时一个第一线经理是新来的大学毕业生，负责管理计时雇员和专业人员的工作。

回答问题汇总(U1A-U6A)Are all corporations publicly held? Can you give some examples? 17Define “line function. 60For America, why is business both a means of livelihood and a focus of one’s life at the same time? 1How do you determine the value of a business? 71How do you determine who should be hired and who should not be hired? 46How do you make a decision among mutually exclusive projects? 76How does advertising differ from personal selling? 67How does the function of job analysis differ from that of human resource planning? 36How is base compensation system? 40How is NPV calculated? 74How might job analysis increase organizational effectiveness and efficiency? 35How should sales representatives view customers? 58How to do a job advertisement? 44How to make a good compensation system? 41Is profit maximization the primary goal of a business? Why? 70Is the supply and demand issue the only concern of pricing decisions? Why? 64Is there a best legal system? Give an example if you think there is, and explain why if you think there is not.13Usually who are involved in strategic decision making process? 27What are the “4Ps” in marketing activities? 62What are the advantages of Sole Proprietorship? 14What are the components of compensation? 39What are the differences between a limited partner and a general partner? 15What are the differences between civil law and criminal law? 12What are the differences between finance accounting? 9What are the factors that affect the optimal capital structure? 79What are the five eras of marketing identified by Perreault and McCarthy? 50What are the five eras of marketing identified by Perreault and McCarthy? 55What are the five key functions of business? 7What are the main responsibilities of a financial manager? 51What are the main responsibilities of a financial manager? 69What are the major factor affecting successful strategies? 20What are the six steps in strategic management? 19What are the stages of changing function of Human Resource Management? 32What are the steps in human resource planning? 37What are the theoretical frameworks of strategic management? 21What are the traditional activities in promotion? 65What are the two kinds of sales promotions? 68What are the two primary methods of financial forecasting? 72What does “place” mean in “4Ps”? 63What does common lay emphasize? 11What does validity mean? 48What is compensation? 38What is employee placement? 47What is Human Resource Management? 30What is job analysis? 33What is marketing`s function? 8What is meant by stakeholders? 5What is meant by the concept of “middlemen”? 56What is recruitment? 42What is risk? Can you identify some risks that businesses face? 80What is the base of recruitment? 43What is the condition for professionals to form a professional partnership? 16What is the core view of contingency theory? 25What is the difference between an independent project and a mutually exclusive project? 75 What is the difference between the function of a line manager and that of a staff manager? 61 What is the difference between training and development? 49What is the focus of IO theory? 22What is the influence of the Internet on strategic management? 54What is the most important capital in an organization? 31What is the reason that many markets are not as competitive as they should be? 28What resources can be used for sustained competitive advantage? 26What were the characteristics of the production era? 57What will a financial manager do if the value of liabilities and equity exceeds the value of assets? 52What will a financial manager do if the value of liabilities and equity exceeds the value of assets? 73What are two key trends that changed the context of strategic management? 29When does an initial public offering or a seasoned offering occur? 77When is personal selling of great importance? 66Where to advertise the job opening? 45Why are businesses not isolated entities? 4Why are strategies, resources and competencies are assumed to be fairly similar among competitors within a given industry? 23Why does resource-based theory focus primarily on individual firms rather than on the competitive environment? 24Why is control important for business? 3Why is debt financing bencficial? 53Why is debt financing beneficial? 78Why is strategy important? 18Why is the information systems function important? 10Why is the job analysis important? 34Why is the role of marketing in the company changing? 59Why must business sustain a profit? 2回答问题答案1、Individuals and groups pursue business for both monetary gain and for personal identificationand recognition.2、Business must sustain a profit for the livelihood of the business as well as the individuals whoare dependent upon the business for their livelihood.3、The control will provide for successful operation of the business.4、But impact and are impacted by other businesses.5、Stakeholders mean that somebody has rights in a business.6、×7、The five key functions are Management, Marketing, Accounting, Finance and InformationSystems.8、Marketing is responsible to see that the right product is available to the right customer, at theright time, in the right place, and at the right price.9、Finance is the process of acquiring, controlling, and planning the use of a business’ funds inorder to accomplish the goals and objective of the business effectively and efficiently. This is different from the accounting function which records the business transactions.10、The objective is to ensure that the right information is available to make the decision thatneeds to be made now. Without accurate information, the success of the business is by random chance. Information systems enable companies to create competitive advantages and to excel in the marketplace.11、It emphasizes the principle of stare decisis, that is , the authority of prior decisions in resolvingcurrent cases.12、The role of court decisions is minimized.13、It is impossible to answer the question of which of these legal systems is the best. Most tendto favor the system used in our own nation and culture. An evidence of a mature society, however, is its willingness to question and criticize its own system and attempt changes and improvements when possible.14、An individual simply owns and runs his own business.15、A limited partner has no right to participate in partnership management. Unlike a generalpartnership, a limited partnership must file its articles of partnership with the State. General partnerships can be formed without doing this, or any other formalities for that matter. 16、As a condition for forming this type of organization, state laws typically require the partnersto show evidence of liability insurance to protect consumers.17、No, not all of them. Larger companies are often publicly held corporations, which trade itsshares on the stock markets.18、Strategy refers to top management’s plans to develop and sustain competitive advantage sothat the organization’s mission is fulfilled. Following this definition, it is assumed that an organization has a plan, its competitive advantage is understood, and that its members understand the reason for its existence.19、1) Analyze the opportunities and threats or constraints.2) Analyze the organization’s strengths and weaknesses in its internal environment.3) Reassess the organization’s mission and its goals in light of the previous two steps.4) Formulate strategies.5) Implement the strategies.6) Engage in strategic control activities.20、1) Strategic managers thoroughly understand the competitive environment.2) The mission and goals of the organization are simple and consistent with the strategy.3) Strategic managers understand the organization’s resources and how they translate intostrengths and weaknesses.4) Plans for putting the strategy into action.5) Possible future changes in the proposed strategy.21、Industrial organization, Resource-based theory, Contingency theory22、The central tenet of industrial organization theory is the notion that a firm must adapt toinfluences in its industry to survive and prosper, and thus its financial performance is primarily determined by the success of the industry in which it competes.23、Because IO focuses on industry forces。

高考英语职业名词分类汇总在高考英语中，职业名词是一个常见的题型，涉及到各个行业和职业。

了解职业名词的分类和相关知识，对于高考英语的备考非常重要。

下面将详细介绍高考英语职业名词的分类。

一、工商管理类1. 管理者/主管 - manager/supervisor2. 行政人员 - administrative staff3. 会计师 - accountant4. 接待员/前台 - receptionist5. 财务经理 - financial manager6. 人力资源专员 - human resources specialist7. 市场营销经理 - marketing manager8. 国际业务经理 - international business manager9. 销售代表 - sales representative10. 项目经理 - project manager二、教育类1. 教师 - teacher2. 幼儿园老师 - kindergarten teacher3. 学校校长 - school principal4. 教育顾问 - education consultant5. 辅导员 - counselor6. 教育研究员 - educational researcher7. 高中生辅导员 - high school guidance counselor8. 大学教授 - university professor9. 课程设计师 - curriculum designer10. 校外培训员 - extracurricular trainer三、医疗保健类1. 医生 - doctor2. 护士 - nurse3. 外科医生 - surgeon4. 牙医 - dentist5. 心理咨询师 - psychologist6. 助产士 - midwife7. 药剂师 - pharmacist8. 康复治疗师 - physical therapist9. 保健专家 - health specialist10. 医学研究员 - medical researcher四、科技类1. 工程师 - engineer2. 计算机程序员 - computer programmer3. 网络管理员 - network administrator4. 数据分析师 - data analyst5. 软件开发人员 - software developer6. 电子工程师 - electrical engineer7. 信息安全专家 - information security specialist8. 网络安全专家 - network security specialist9. 科学家 - scientist10. 技术支持 - technical support五、艺术类1. 演员 - actor/actress2. 歌手 - singer3. 舞者 - dancer4. 画家 - painter5. 摄影师 - photographer6. 剧作家 - playwright7. 设计师 - designer8. 影视制作人 - filmmaker9. 音乐家 - musician10. 雕刻家 - sculptor六、法律类1. 律师 - lawyer2. 法官 - judge3. 检察官 - prosecutor4. 法律顾问 - legal advisor5. 合同专员 - contract specialist6. 仲裁员 - arbitrator7. 司法调查员 - forensic investigator8. 刑事辩护律师 - criminal defense lawyer9. 知识产权律师 - intellectual property lawyer10. 法案撰写员 - bill drafter七、体育类1. 运动员 - athlete2. 教练 - coach3. 裁判 - referee4. 体育记者 - sports journalist5. 运动理疗师 - sports physical therapist6. 足球运动员 - soccer player7. 游泳教练 - swimming coach8. 体育评论员 - sports commentator9. 体育营销经理 - sports marketing manager10. 体育科学家 - sports scientist八、媒体与传播类1. 记者 - journalist2. 编辑 - editor3. 出版商 - publisher4. 广播主持人 - radio/TV host5. 公关专员 - public relations specialist6. 社交媒体经理 - social media manager7. 广告创意总监 - creative director8. 摄影记者 - photojournalist9. 网络内容创作者 - content creator10. 传媒分析师 - media analyst九、公共服务类1. 警察 - police officer2. 消防员 - firefighter3. 社会工作者 - social worker4. 心理咨询师 - psychologist5. 社区服务人员 - community service worker6. 图书馆管理员 - librarian7. 公园管理员 - park ranger8. 城市规划师 - urban planner9. 环境保护专家 - environmental protection expert10. 海关官员 - customs officer十、其他职业1. 翻译 - translator2. 导游 - tour guide3. 飞行员 - pilot4. 宇航员 - astronaut5. 军事人员 - military personnel6. 宗教领袖 - religious leader7. 艺术家 - artist8. 作家 - writer9. 发明家 - inventor10. 探险家 - explorer以上是高考英语职业名词的分类汇总。

一、英译中1．Vertical integration –垂直统一管理2．Markup –涨价3．Lead time –订货和交货之间的时间4．Status Quo—现状现存情况或事态5．Market positioning–-市场定位6．Market segment—市场细分7．Executive –主管、高级执行人员8．Supervisor –监督9．Elasticity –弹性10．Differentiation –差异化11．Wholesale–批发商12．Retailer –零售商13．Discount –折扣14．Margin –最低利润15．Media advertising –媒体广告16．Point of Purchase Advertising –售卖场所广告17．Sales representative –销售代表18．Compensation –薪酬19．Gross profit –毛利20．Bidder –投标人二、中译英1. 如今的消费者要面对大量的产品、品牌、价格和生产厂商。

Today’s customers face a vast array of product and brand choices, prices, and suppliers.2. 零售商们需要考虑目标市场和产品定位。

Retailer must consider target markets and product positioning.3. 人员招聘是人力资源管理中的一个重要部分。

Recruitment is a significant part of Human Resource Management (HRM).4. 顾客的满意度和产品质量有关。

Customer satisfaction is relative to product’s quality.5. 每个企业都应该找到自身的竞争优势。

工商管理英语(以下内容均为text A的课后题答案）Unit1一、调整，整理coordinate关系，关联Relationship处理，操作，操纵manipulate为。

配备职员；任职于staff决策，决定decisionStrategy策略Contract合同Supervisory监督performance性能profit利润executive directors执行董事top manager高级经理human capital人力资本internal auditors 内审员branch manager 分公司经理二、1. A manager's job is complex and multidimensional, and requires a range of skills经理的工作是复杂和多维的，需要一系列的技能2. Conceptual skills are needed by all managers but are especially important for managers at the t op.所有管理者都需要概念技能，但对高层管理者尤为重要3. One of the most important goals that organizations and their members try to achieve is to prov ide some kind of good or service that customers desire.组织及其成员努力实现的最重要的目标之一是提供客户所期望的某种商品或服务4. The outcome of leadership is highly motivated and committed organizational members.领导的结果是高度激励和忠诚的组织成员5. The controlling function allows managers to evaluate how well they themselves are performing the other three functions of management and to take corrective action.控制功能允许管理人员评估他们自己执行管理的其他三个功能的情况，并采取纠正措施6. In reality, being a manager often involves acting emotionally and relying on gut feelings.在现实中，作为一名经理常常需要感情用事，依靠直觉7. Organizations increase their efficiency when they reduce the quantity of resources they use to produce goods or services.当组织减少用于生产产品或服务的资源数量时，它们就提高了效率8. Today, companies can win or lose the competitive race depending on their speed-how fast they can bring new products to market-or their flexibility-how easily they can change the way they pe rform their activities to respond to the actions of their competitors.今天，公司在竞争中的成败取决于他们的速度——他们将新产品推向市场的速度有多快——或者他们的灵活性——他们改变自己活动的方式以应对竞争对手的行动有多容易9. Managers use conceptual, human, and technical skills to perform the four management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in all organizations.管理人员使用概念、人力和技术技能来执行所有组织规划、组织、领导和控制的四个管理职能10.Quick, immediate reactions to situations rather than deliberate thought and reflection are an important aspect of managerial action迅速、立即对局势作出反应而不是蓄意的思考和反思是管理行动的一个重要方面三、Organization performance is a measure of how efficiently and effectively managers use resources to satisfy customers and achieve organizational goals. Organizational performance increases in direct proportion to increases in efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is a measure of how well or how productively resources are used to achieve a goal. Effectiveness is a measure of the appropriateness of the goals that managers have selected for the organization to pursue, and of the degree to which the organization achieves those goals.组织绩效是衡量管理者如何高效、有效地利用资源满足客户和实现组织目标的指标。