小型五轴数控机床设计评价及结构动态特性分析

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硕士学位论文小型五轴数控机床设计评价及结构动态特性分析EV ALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A FIVE-AXIS MINIATURIZED MILLING MACHINE TOOL左常迪哈尔滨工业大学2009年6月国内图书分类号:TG547+.1 学校代码:10213 国际图书分类号: 621.914.32 密级:公开工学硕士学位论文小型五轴数控机床设计评价及结构动态特性分析硕士研究生:左常迪导师:孙雅洲 副教授申请学位:工学硕士(应用研究型)学科、专业:机械制造及其自动化所在单位:机电工程学院答辩日期:2009年6月授予学位单位:哈尔滨工业大学Classified Index:TG547+.1U.D.C.:621.914.32Dissertation for the Master Degree in Engineering EV ALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF AFIVE-AXIS MINIATURIZED MILLINGMACHINE TOOLCandidate:Zuo ChangdiSupervisor:Associate Prof. Sun Yazhou Academic Degree Applied for:Master of EngineeringSpecialty:Mechanical Manufacturing and AutomationAffiliation: School of Mechatronics Engineering Date of Defence:June,2009Degree-Conferring-Institution: Harbin Institute of Technology摘要随着民用和国防等众多领域对微小型化产品需求的不断增加,人们开始越来越关注微小零件的设计与加工问题。

微细铣削加工技术在制造复杂三维几何形状微小零件中具有重要的作用。

然而,目前许多由金属材料制成的三维微小零件都是在常规尺寸的超精密机床上加工而成的,这些机床成本高、效率低、能耗大、主轴转速相对较低,微小型机床的诞生就是为了解决这些问题。

微小型机床不仅有助于提高空间利用率和降低成本,而且由于惯性减小,从而容易达到高速加工和高精度运动控制。

目前,许多研究工作都集中在建造与小型零件尺度相匹配的小型机床,并且已有不少有关小型机床设计原型的报道,然而在小型化机床结构设计方法方面的报道并不多见。

本文针对自行研制的五轴小型精密数控铣床,从空间误差控制和结构动态性能控制两方面进行机床结构设计参数分析和动态特性分析。

首先,建立了基于刚体运动学的五轴小型机床系统空间误差模型,采用基于损失模型的稳健设计方法,以机床实际设计参数和局部几何误差为控制因素和噪声因素,以正交试验为工具安排了多组仿真试验;通过对试验结果的统计与分析评价了各设计参数对空间误差的影响及其稳健性。

然后,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对机床整机进行结构静动态特性分析,并对机床整机的动态特性作出评价,通过逐步缩短运动链的方法,找出重力作用下对刀具装夹处变形影响最大的部件,并提出修改建议,其中重点研究了零件结合部对装配体结构动态特性的影响。

最后,采用试验模态分析的方法对分析结果进行验证,分析了仿真结果和试验结果出现偏差的原因,为以后无样机条件下的机床虚拟设计打下基础。

关键词:微小型机床;稳健设计;有限元;结合部;动态特性IAbstractWith the increasing need for miniaturized products in diverse fields such as civil market and national defense, people become more and more interested in the issues involved in the design and manufacturing of micro components .Micro milling technology plays an important role in complicated 3D micro parts manufacturing. However, at present, most of 3D micro parts made of metal materials are manufactured with conventional ultra-precision machines, which have high cost, low efficiency, large energy expenditure and low spindle rotational speed. Moreover, miniaturized machine tools can not only be good at improving space utilization ratio and reducing cost, but also excellent in capturing high speed machining as well as high-precision motion control due to less inertia. At present, many studies focus on construction of miniaturized machine tool which matches the scale of small parts, also many prototypes have appeared, but there are few reports on design methods.In this paper, self-developed five-axis miniaturized and precise milling machine tool is analyzed from its volumetric error and structure dynamics in order to control both of them.First, its volumetric error model is derived using rigid body kinematics, from which geometric errors are chose as noise factors and design parameters are chose as control factors according to the idea of robust design, after simulation using the tool of orthogonal experiments, robustness of design parameters and its effect on volumetric error can be concluded.Then, dynamic and static analysis of assembly is conducted using finite element method (FEM) and dynamic characteristics of machine tool are evaluated. By adopting the method of gradually reducing the kinematic chain, component which contributes most to the deformation of assembly inducing by gravity is found. Results of modal analysis can be verified by experimental modal analysis (EMA). Dynamics of assembly affected by joint dynamics is also studied.At last, reasons for deviation between results of simulation and experiment are analyzed, which lay foundation for virtual design of machine tool.Keywords: miniaturized machine tool, robust design, finite element analysis, joint, dynamic characteristicsII目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 课题来源及研究的背景和意义 (1)1.2 国内外研究现状及分析 (3)1.3 主要研究内容 (5)第2章五轴精密小型铣床的设计稳健性评价 (6)2.1 引言 (6)2.2 机床设计评价 (7)2.2.1 机床设计稳健性评价概述 (8)2.2.2 五轴机床空间综合误差模型的建立 (8)2.2.3 小机床的设计参数评价 (12)2.2.4 仿真试验结果分析 (13)2.3 本章小结 (14)第3章五轴精密小型铣床的动静态特性分析 (15)3.1 模态分析的理论基础 (15)3.2 小机床有限元建模 (16)3.2.1 模型的建立 (16)3.2.2 建模考虑的问题 (16)3.2.3 小机床有限元模型 (19)3.3 小机床模态分析结果 (19)3.4 小机床静态特性分析 (22)3.5 本章小结 (25)第4章机床螺栓结合面动态特性研究及整机试验模态分析 (26)4.1 结合面特性的影响因素 (26)4.2 结合面动态特性的研究方法 (27)4.3 结合面动态特性的有限元分析 (28)4.3.1 瞬态动力学分析的理论基础 (28)4.3.2 小机床三角架螺栓组合件的瞬态动力学分析 (28)4.4 小机床的试验模态分析 (38)4.4.1 支承方案的确定 (39)III4.4.2 试验频段的选择和采样频率的确定 (39)4.4.3 激振锤和加速度传感器的选择 (39)4.4.4 测点布置 (40)4.4.5 测试系统的组成 (40)4.4.6 试验结果 (41)4.4.7 试验结果和仿真结果对比分析 (43)4.5 本章小结 (44)结论 (46)参考文献 (47)哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文原创性声明 (50)哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文使用授权书 (50)致谢 (51)IV第1章绪论1.1课题来源及研究的背景和意义本课题来源于×××科研项目“×××××机械制造技术”。