2017年广西民族大学写作与翻译考研真题A卷(Word版)

广西民族大学2017年考研专业课初试真题
广西民族大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题
试卷代号：A卷科目代码：828科目名称：民族教育学
考生须知
1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

一、简述题（每小题25分，共75分；任选3题作答）
1．试从不同角度简述民族教育的基本概念。

（25分）
2．简述民族教育实施的基本要素。

（25分）
3．简述我国少数民族现代教育体系的主要构成。

（25分）
4．简述民族地区双语教育的基本功能。

（25分）
二、论述题（共75分）
1.请结合我国或他国民族教育政策及发展历程，自行从政策取向、培养目标、经费
保障等不同方面谈谈民族教育政策的基本趋势（35分）
2．请从文化的视角论述民族教育的个性与共性.（40分）
第1页共1页
精都考研（）——全国100000考研学子的选择。

2017考研英语一翻译真题解析.doc Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional languagecapabilities.David Graddol concludes that moonlit English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, (48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish , Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related exploresearn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage. The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46)翻译：但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。

2017年广西民族大学基础英语考研真题A卷一、Grammar, Vocabulary and General KnowledgeDirections: Find the ONE choice that best completes the sentence（.每小题 1 分，共 40 小题，共40 分）1.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A.They have enough time to finish the paper.B.Dad says the meat is not enough cooked.C.You are not old enough to buy alcohol.D.She plays well enough for a beginner.2.In “She felt sick from tiredness”, the italicized word is used to indicateA. comparison.B. purpose.C. cause.D. direction.3. Which of the following sentences has an object complement?A. I will buy you a present.B. Mom gave me a necklace.C. I’m going to paint it pink.D. Tom is teaching children Japanese.4. Smoking is so harmful to health that it kills ____ each year than automobile accidents.A. more seven times peopleB. seven times more peopleC. more people seven timesD. people seven times more5. Sorry I’m late. I ____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.A. mightB. shouldC. mustn’tD. couldn’t6. Mr. White, together with all his colleagues, ____ for Europe this morning.A. are leavingB. leaveC. is leavingD. are to leave7. The new designed bedroom seems to be a great deal larger than ____.A. it is necessaryB. being necessaryC. to be necessaryD. is necessary8. He was determined to sail around the world ____ his illness and old age.A. givenB. althoughC. despiteD. in spite9. Mr. White has become bad-tempered since he indulges in Gambling. He is no longer theman ____ used to be.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that10. You ____ call your father’s name directly. It’s impolite in China.A. oughtn’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. wouldn’t11. It is not ____ much his appearance I like as his personality.A. asB. veryC. soD. that12. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if13. They did the experiment ____ their chemistry teacher had instructed.A. asB. thoughC. untilD. when14. He was listening attentively in class, his eyes ____ on the blackboard.A. fixingB. fixedC. are fixingD. are fixed15. I don’t think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A. thatB. thisC. youD. it16. Mary was ____to tears by their criticism.A. sunkB. reducedC. forcedD. declined17.The police fortunately gained the key clew according to the foot mark in the____ of the road.A. clayB. dirtC. mudD. soil18. These magnificent ____ buildings demonstrate the great intelligence of the laboringpeople.A. antiqueB. ancientC. primitiveD. remote19. I don’t remember meeting him, but the name John Smith rings a bell. The underlined partmeans ____.A. is omittedB. is warnedC. is appearingD. isfamiliar20.These goods are ____ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the homemarket.A. essentiallyB. completelyC. necessarilyD. remarkably21. Food will ____ if the temperature in your freezer rises above 8℃.A. decayB. rotC. spoilD. corrupt22. The small company isn’t ____ of handling an order that large.A. ableB. capableC. competentD. qualified23. Sometimes it’s good to stop for a while to think about the past and ____ the future.A. contaminateB. contemplateC. consolidateD. contradict24.School fees, illness, house repairs and other ____ have reduced his bank balanceto almost nothing.A. paymentB. amountC. figuresD. expenses25.Many people, including college students of all ages, spend little time in ____of physical fitness.A. searchB. viewC. lightD. pursuit26. There’s no denying that as we age ____, our body ages right along with us.A. chronologicallyB. significantlyC. deceptivelyD.deliberately27.We made an effort not to leave my friend out in the cold when we were planningthe birthday party. The underlined part means ____.A. embarrassB. humiliateC. ignoreD. exhaust28. The company has to make its accounts and operations as ____ as possible.A. distinctB. evidentC. explicitD.transparent29. His ability to absorb information was astonishing, but his concentration ____ was short.A. gapB. intervalC. spanD. distance30. She is generally ____ as one of the best modern poets.A. classedB. gradedC. rankedD. rated31. ____ is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.A. The Glorious RevolutionB. The English ReformationC. The RenaissanceD. The English Civil War32. In the US, the largest city along the Pacific Coast is ____A. San FranciscoB. Los Angeles.C. Seattle.D. Chicago.33. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used the technique of ____, in which the wholestory was told through the thoughts of a character.A. imagismB. stream of consciousnessC. naturalismD. symbolism34. Percy Bysshe Shelley did not write ____A. Song of Myself.B. Prometheus Unbound.C. Ode to the West Wind.D. Queen Mab.35. ____ is not a modernist novelist of Britain.A. James JoyceB. Virginia WoolfC.wrence D. Henry James____ is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which don’t change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.A. Word formationB. InflectionC. CompoundD. Derivation37. One way to analyze lexical meaning isA. predication analysis.B. stylistic analysis.C. componential analysis.D. proposition analysis.38. ____ is NOT the characteristic of conversational implicature.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. DetachabilityD. Non-conventionality39. A sound pronounced with the vocal cords vibrating is said to be ____ sound.A. voicelessB. voicedC. consonantD. resonant40. Which function is the major role of language?A. Informative.B. Interpersonal.C. Performative.D. Emotive.二、ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank thereare four choices marked [A]，[B]，[C] and [D] .You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.（每小题 1 分，共 20 小题，共 20 分）According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1, 000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.Pearson has __1__ together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a __2__ millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates whenwe can expect hundreds of key __3__ and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an __4__ life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs __5__ into use between now and 2040.Pearson also __6__ a breakthrough in computer human links. “By linking __7__ to our nervous system, computers could pick up __8__ we feel and, hopefully, simulate __9__ too so that we can start to __10__ full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says.But that, Pearson points __11__, is only the start of man-machine __12__: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will __13__ lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.” __14__ his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no __15__ for when faster-than-light travel will be __16__, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does __17__ social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, __18__ problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic __19__ robots will mean people may not be able to __20__ between their human friends and the droids. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.1. [A] taken [B] pieced [C] kept [D] made2. [A] complicated [B] delicate [C] subtle [D] unique3. [A] breakthroughs [B] findings [C] events [D] incidents4. [A] expanded [B] extended [C] enlarged [D] enriched5. [A] being [B] becoming [C] carrying [D] coming6. [A] schedules [B] plans [C] predicts [D] designs7. [A] directly [B] instantly [C] precisely [D] automatically8. [A] that [B] how [C] what [D] all9. [A] thinking [B] hearing [C] sight [D] feeling10. [A] form [B] develop [C] find [D] undertake11. [A] out [B] at [C] to [D] toward12. [A] program [B] production [C] experiment [D] integration13. [A] finally [B] ultimately [C] utterly [D] absolutely14. [A] Through [B] Though [C] During [D] By15. [A] forecasts [B] articles [C] stories [D] meetings16. [A] advisable [B] affordable [C] available [D] valuable17. [A] solve [B] arose [C] exercise [D] expect18. [A] confront [B] cause [C] witness [D] collect19. [A] lovely [B] likely [C] lifelike [D] lively20. [A] distinguish [B] differ [C] diagnose [D] deviate三、Reading Comprehension （选择题每小题 1 分，共 10 小题；填空题每小题 1 分，共 8 小题；简答题每小题 2 分，共 11 小题；共 40 分）PASSAGE ONEThe Work-Life BalanceThis month the TUC is campaigning against, what it calls, Britain's "long hours culture". But do the British actually work too long? And if we do, is it doing us, or society at large, any harm?Over the past 150 years working hours across the developed world have beenfalling. In the mid-nineteenth century men in Britain, in paid employment, workedfor at least 55 hours per week. Hours worked then began a steady drop -- the riseof trade unionism is one explanation, but then, after the First World War theyplateaued. From 1951 onwards they dropped again but this fall was brought to a suddenhalt in 1981 with the onset of the deregulatory economic policies of the Thatcheryears. Working hours reached a high in 1997 when the UK average number of hoursworked hit 45.8 per week, falling to 44.3 hours per week in 2004.The main reason for this recent decline has been the impact of EU's WorkingTime Directive which stipulated that no one could work more than 48 hours in a week,unless special exemption had been jointly applied for by both employers andemployees. Nonetheless, in European terms, we are still doing badly in terms ofhours worked -- British workers are at the top, or bottom, of the hours charts,depending on your point of view. In 2004 British workers put in almost two and ahalf hours more per week than the average European worker -- although that was animprovement on 2001 when the gap was three and a quarter hours.In terms of actual hours worked, for those fortunate enough to be living andworking in the Netherlands the average was just 38.8 hours a week, whilst for thoseunfortunate enough to be working in Britain, the average was 43.5 hours. Workersin our closest European competitors, France and Germany, worked 38.9 hours and 39.6hours per week respectively. And yet, according to research both French and Germanworkers are around 20% more productive than their British counterparts. And we doequally badly when it comes to holidays. The European average for annual paid leaveis 26.5 days per year -- again the UK is near the bottom of the league with an averageof 24.5 days of annual leave.However, these raw figures don't tell the whole story. During the 1980s and1990s it was fashionable to predict that the "revolution in work" had begun.Business gurus were forecasting that the then current work norm, in which themajority of the workforce were in full-time employment at places of work away fromhome would give way to the majority having portfolios of part-time, temporary jobs,with many working either from home or from mobile office environments. This wouldresult in a blurring between work and home, leisure, and employment -- thus concernsabout hours worked would become little more than of historical interest.This view is backed up by Michael Moynagh in Working in the Twenty-First Century.After examining trends in working time over the past twenty years, and casting theirfindings forward, they conclude: "On balance it is likely that contracted workingtime will continue to drop, if slowly and intermittently".According to the research project "The Future of Work" led by Professor Peter Nolan of Leeds University, the notion that the nature of work is changing radically is systematically demolished.Based on a nationwide survey of employees Professor Nolan reports that the project found that, contrary to this conventional wisdom, the "end of work" scenario had not come to pass. In fact the 1990s had seen a growth, not a contraction, in the proportion of employees in full-time permanent jobs. In 2000, 92% of workers were in permanent work compared with 88% eight years earlier. And in 2000 only 5.5% said they were working on a temporary contract, compared with 7.2% in 1992. "Such startling figures do not suggest Britain is rapidly developing a more flexible labour market when measured by the extent of employment stability. Indeed, the permanent job remains very much the overwhelming norm and this is true across every occupational category."Nor was the notion of "going to work" in decline. The researchers found that most people still leave their homes for paid employment, only 3% of employees said they worked partly at home and a further 1.1% said they worked solely or mainly at home.Thus, arguments about working time are still very central to debates about the nature of the work experience. The Future of Work survey found that dissatisfaction with the hours that people were having to work had increased dramatically. In 1992 35% of men were satisfied with their hours, by 2000 this had fallen to 20%; the decline among women employees was even sharper, down from 51% in 1992 to 29% in 2000. And this decline was, in terms of social class, across the board.Professor Jonathan Gershuny is an expert on the work-life balance. He paid particular attention, not just to paid work but to two related issues -- women's unpaid work and leisure time. Gershuny notes how leisure time itself has become increasingly congested as people have less and less time to "consume" more and more leisure. He quotes from American sociologist Steffan Linder, who noted that as part and parcel of their "success" the harried executive might buy themselves a yacht; and yet the time they make available to enjoy their leisure activities diminishes the more successful they become. Gershuny paints a picture of the harried executive having to plan their leisure time almost as rigorously as they plan their working day.He also casts his eye over the unpaid work that is mainly done by women in the home. He notes how, despite the spread of "labour-saving" devices, the time women spend on domestic chores had not reduced, if anything it had gone up. This is because, as domestic work has become easier so "standards" have risen -- rooms that wereswept once a week are now swept once a day and meals that were cooked simply to be nourishing now had to be "interesting" as well. Gershuny reports that women on average spend 45-hours a week on unpaid domestic work; but where they had a full-time job this time went down to 22 hours a week. For men, his research showed that irrespective of whether or not they were in full-time work they spent an underwhelming 30 minutes a day on domestic chores. No doubt many of those same men would privately applaud the sentiments expressed in a Japanese research report that concluded: "Housewives by nature enjoy doing housework. For housewives, it is difficult to distinguish between housework and leisure." Then again, perhaps not, as times have moved on somewhat.Questions 1-4Choose the best answer.1.Which statement best describes the change of British working hours?A. Over the past 150 years, British working hours fluctuated by as long as 10hours.B.British workers worked 3 hours longer every week than their Europeancounterparts in 2001.C.British workers worked longer than French and German workers with higherproductivity.D. British workers have the least annual paid leave.2.What does the sentence "thus concerns about hours worked would become little morethan of historical interest" imply?A.Since there is no wild change in British working hours, the forecasting ofwork norm lost meaning.B.There is no point in concerning about working hours since it is hard to separateemployment and leisure.C.The notion that the nature of work has changed is not right.D.The end of work scenario makes research impossible.3.What can we see from the research findings of Michael Moynagh and Peter Nolan?A.They agreed that in the future, contracted working time will decrease.B.They agreed that more British would like to work from mobile officeenvironments.C.They have different conclusions and forecasts about British working time.D.Both are against conventional wisdom that the end of work has come.4.Professor Jonathan Gershuny notes that ______.A.men take over most housework when women are in full-time workB.people work harder in free time to consume what they produce in work timeC.if you are top managers, you have more leisure time availableD.women spend less time on domestic chores latelyQuestions 5-9Answer the following questions briefly by using NO MORE THAN TEN words.5.What is the result of working from home or mobile office environments?6.What are the percentages of people working partly at home and solely at homerespectively?7.What is the dominant working norm?8.Which phrase expresses the meaning that both managers and manual workers complainabout the long hours culture?9.What is one of the two issues that Professor Jonathan Gershuny paid specialattention to.Questions 10-12Complete the following sentences with NO MORE THAN THREE words.10.According to the Future of Work survey, women are______________________dissatisfied with their working hours.11.The more successful people are, the _____________________ time they have toenjoy themselves.12.The appearance of _____________________ actually increased time of doingdomestic chores.PASSAGE TWOAlready penitent for his angry action, but too stubborn to make amends, Mason toiled on at the head of the cavalcade, little dreaming that danger hovered in the air. The timber clustered thick in the sheltered bottom, and through this they threaded their way. Fifty feet or more from the trail towered a lofty pine. For generations it had stood there, and for generations destiny had had this one end in view--perhaps the same had been decreed of Mason.He stooped to fasten the loosened thong of his moccasin. The sleds came to ahalt, and the dogs lay down in the snow without a whimper. The stillness was weird;not a breath rustled the frost-encrusted forest; the cold and silence of outer spacehad chilled the heart and smote the trembling lips of nature. A sigh pulsed throughthe air--they did not seem to actually hear it, but rather felt it, like thepremonition of movement in a motionless void. Then the great tree, burdened withits weight of years and snow, played its last part in the tragedy of life. He heardthe warning crash and attempted to spring up but, almost erect, caught the blowsquarely on the shoulder.The sudden danger, the quick death--how often had Malemute Kid faced it! The pine needles were still quivering as he gave his commands and sprang into action. Nor did the Indian girl faint or raise her voice in idle wailing, as might many of her white sisters. At his order, she threw her weight on the end of a quickly extemporized handspike, easing the pressure and listening to her husband's groans, while Malemute Kid attacked the tree with his ax. The steel rang merrily as it bit into the frozen trunk, each stroke being accompanied by a forced, audible respiration, the 'Huh!' 'Huh!' of the woodsman. At last the Kid laid the pitiablething that was once a man in the snow. But worse than his comrade's pain was the dumb anguish in the woman's face，the blended look of hopeful，hopeless query. Little was said； those of the Northland are early taught the futility of words and the inestimable value of deeds. With the temperature at sixty-five below zero，a man cannot lie many minutes in the snow and live. So the sled lashings were cut，and the sufferer，rolled in furs，laid on a couch of boughs. Before him roared a fire ，built of the very wood which wrought the mishap. Behind and partially over him was stretched the primitive fly -- a piece of canvas ， which caught the radiating heat and threw it back and down upon him -- a trick which men may know who study physics at the fount.And men who have shared their bed with death know when the call is sounded. Mason was terribly crushed. The most cursory examination revealed it. His right arm，leg，and back were broken；his limbs were paralyzed from the hips；and the likelihood of internal injuries was large. An occasional moan was his only sign of life.No hope ； nothing to be done. The pitiless night crept slowly by -- Ruth's portion ，the despairing stoicism of her race，and Malemute Kid adding new lines to his face of bronze. In fact ，Mason suffered least of all，for he spent his time in eastern Tennessee，in the Great Smoky Mountains，living over the scenes of his childhood. And most pathetic was the melody of his long-forgotten Southern vernacular，as he raved of swimming holes and coon-hunts and watermelon raids. It was as Greek to Ruth，but the Kid understood and felt -- felt as only one can feel who has been shut out for years from all that civilization means.Morning brought consciousness to the stricken man ， and Malemute Kid bent closer to catch his whispers.“You remember when we foregathered on the Tanana ， four years come next ice run?I didn't care so much for her then. It was more like she was pretty，and there wasa smack of excitement about it，I think. But d'ye know，I've come to think a heap of her. She's been a good wife to me，always at my shoulder in the pinch. And when it comes to trading，you know there isn't her equal. D'ye recollect the time she shot the Moosehorn Rapids to pull you and me off that rock，the bullets whipping the water like hailstones -- and the time of the famine at Nuklukyeto -- or when she raced the ice-run to bring the news？Yes，she's been a good wife to me，better'n that other one. Didn't know I'd been there？Never told you，eh? Well，I tried it once，down in the States. That's why I'm here. Been raised together，too. I came away to give her a chance for divorce. She got it.”“But that's got nothing to do with Ruth. I had thought of cleaning up and pulling for the Outside next year -- her and I -- but it's too late. Don't send her back to her people，Kid. It's beastly hard for a woman to go back. Think of it! -- nearly four years on our bacon and beans and flour and dried fruit，and then to go back to her fish and caribou. It's not good for her to have tried our ways，to come to know they're better'n her people's，and then return to them. Take care of her，Kid -- why don't you -- but no，you always fought shy of them -- and you never told me why you came to this country. Be kind to her，and send her back to the Statesas soon as you can. But fix it so she can come back -- liable to get homesick，you know.”“And the youngster -- it's drawn us closer，Kid. I only hope it is a boy. Think of it -- flesh of my flesh，Kid. He mustn't stop in this country. And if it's a girl，why，she can't. Sell my furs；they'll fetch at least five thousand，and I've got as much more with the company. And handle my interests with yours. I think that bench claim will show up. See that he gets a good schooling；and Kid，above all，don't let him come back. This country was not made for white men.”“I'm a gone man，Kid. Three or four sleeps at the best. You've got to go on. You must go on! Remember，it's my wife，it's my boy -- O God! I hope it's a boy! You can't stay by me -- and I charge you，a dying man，to pull on.”Questions 13-15Choose the best answer.13.What is NOT true about Mason’s accident?A.He was struck by an old pine on the shoulder and crushed.B.It was possible his organs had been injured in addition to broken bones.C.He suffered a great deal as he lay waiting for death.D.He was laid on some branches by a great fire in an attempt to recover.14.What do we know about Mason’s wife according to the text?A.She is white like him.B.She is not Mason’s only spouse in life.C.She has been to his hometown.D.She understands Greek.15.What is implied about the character’s lives from the passage?A.Sleds were the main method of transportation.B.The major source of income was fur trading.C.They had to be calm and resourceful in the wild.D.The far north is not suitable for white people.Questions 16-17Answer the following questions briefly by using NO MORE THAN TEN words.16.Why does Mason think Ruth is a good wife?What was “fly” in paragraph 3 used for?PASSAGE THREENature versus cultureTo what extent have indigenous peoples suffered at the hands ofconservation?When US primatologist Dian Fossey arrived in Rwanda to study the mountain gorillas of the Parcs des Volcans in September 1967, her immediate concern was that their habitat was being eroded by human activity. As the government and wildlife authorities were turning a blind eye, she took the law into her own hands and organised patrols to drive out those she considered to be intruders in the park.Many of those targeted were local farmers who were grazing cattle and growing crops, collecting water, wood and bamboo or hunting small mammals. But the VirungaMountains were also home to the Batwa, pygmy hunter- gatherers who, for thousands of years, had lived on their forested slopes. Fossey took an instant dislike to the Batwa and adopted-vigilante tactics to ensure they stayed away from "her" gorillas.While Fossey's actions represented a huge inconvenience for the Bahutu and Batutsi farmers, for the Batwa they proved devastating. The forest was integral to their lifestyle: it provided them with food and medicine and was the centre of their cultural activities. Without it, they became destitute. They had neither the skills nor the resources to become farmers and were given no compensation or alternative. Considered second-class citizens -- unclean, stupid, untrustworthy -- by their neighbours, they were forced to live in hovels on the fringes of villages, scratching around in wasteland to eke out a living. By the early 1990s, begging was the main source of income for 70 per cent of Rwandan Batwa.The experience of the Batwa is one shared by millions of indigenous peoples around the world who have suffered at the hands of conservation. "Historically the impact of protected areas has been very negative because the rights of the local communities of indigenous peoples haven't been taken into account," says Marcus Colchester, director of the Forest Peoples' Programme, a UK organisation that promotes the interests of indigenous peoples around the world. "The establishment of parks and reserves has often required their forced removal and placed severe limits on their rights of access and use of natural resources. Hence, there has been a lot of conflict, impoverishment, suffering and cultural loss."The traditional fence-and-guards approach to conservation grew out of the US national parks movement of the late 19th century, which began preserving areas of 'natural' wilderness for recreational purposes. Ecologists subsequently decided that nature should be preserved in a pristine form, uncontaminated by human activity.Over the past 40 years, conservation of biodiversity has become an increasingly high-profile topic and there has been a corresponding rise in the number of protected areas. According to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) there were just over 1,000 in 1962; today there are more than 102,000, covering a terrestrial area of 17.1 million square kilometres, 11.5 per cent of the world's land.To date, there hasn't been any conclusive research into the extent to which establishing these areas affects indigenous peoples. But most protected areas were inhabited at one time. In 2000, WWF estimated that 86 per cent of South America's national parks were inhabited by people, most of them indigenous, and 90 per cent of protected areas in the Americas as a whole hosted indigenous peoples. However, it isn't just the indigenous peoples who have lost out to the traditional。

2021年广西民族大学汉语根底考研真题A卷壹汉语语言学根底知识〔共80分〕一、填空题〔每题1分，共30小题，共30分〕1．语言是一种〔〕结合的符号系统。

2．2001年1月1日起施行的〔〕是中国历史上第一部关于语言文字的专门法。

3．〔〕是有意义内容的语言成分的外部形式。

4．非周期性出现重复波形的音波叫( )。

5．音色的差异主要决定于物体振动所形成的音波波纹的〔〕不同。

6．普通话声母b、p、d、t、g、k从发音方法上看属于〔〕。

7．韵腹是韵母的主干，也叫〔〕。

8．去声调类对应的调值是〔〕。

9．一个现代汉语普通话音节最多可以由4个〔〕构成。

10．“四呼〞包括开口呼、〔〕、合口呼和撮口呼。

11．重音分为语法重音和〔〕两种。

12．汉字的形体在历史上出现过甲骨文、金文、篆书、〔〕、楷书五种正式字体。

13．〔〕是构成汉字的预制构件，是比笔画高一级的构字单位。

14．采用〔〕给汉字归类，始于东汉许慎的?说文解字?。

15．表示事物、现象的意义叫〔〕，只表示语法作用的意义叫语法意义。

16．区别词和短语的方法是〔〕。

17．“奥运会〞这样的词属于缩略语中的〔〕。

18．“为难〞是联绵词中的〔〕。

19．词根加词缀构成的词叫〔〕。

20．〔〕附着在词的概念义之上，表达人或语境所赋予的特定感受。

21．词的义项多少，是从该词出现的〔〕观察出来的。

22．根本词汇的特点是稳固性、能产性和〔〕。

23．外来词也叫〔〕，指的是从外族语言里借来的词。

24．语法有两个含义：一是〔〕，一是语法学。

25．词的语法功能主要是指实词在语句里充当〔〕的能力。

26．疑问句根据提问的手段和语义情况，可以分为是非问、特指问、选择问和〔〕四种。

27．在口语中，一般采用〔〕法来连接复句的各个分句。

28．量词短语分为数量短语和〔〕两类。

29．表示提示性话语后或总括语前的停顿的标点符号是〔〕。

30．辞格的综合运用常见的有连用、〔〕和套用三种类型。

二、判断题〔每题1分，共20小题，共20分〕1．老人发音消沉，孩子发音清脆高亮，是因为他们声带的厚薄不同。

2017年广西民族大学基础法语考研真题A卷I. Trouvez les noms d’action correspondant aux verbes suivants et n’oubliez pas l’article indéfini. 10%:interrompre bricoler approuverapprendre dégrader apparaîtrecomprendre calculer tenterréfléchirII. Complétez les phrases suivantes avec le pronom qui convient. 15 %1. Les enfants ……........... il a la responsabilité sont ............. légèrement sourds. Son travailconsiste à ............. apprendre à articuler les sons qu'ils n'entendent pas.2. Je te prête le livre ......................... le professeur a fait allusion dans sa conférence.3. ................. n'est plus désagréable que de …….... voir fermer la porte au nez.4. J'ai interrogé trois étudiantes mais .................... d'elles n'a su répondre.5. Je vous passe le journal d'hier, ............ d'aujourd'hui n'est pas encore arrivé.6. Voici la principale raison de mon désaccord, mais il y en a...................., moinsimportantes.7. Aucun de.............. que la police a interrogés n'a pu donner le signalement du voleur.8. ............ ne me concerne pas.9. Vous devez répondre àtoutes les questions sauf à ...............qui sont soulignées en rouge.10. ............. ............. les ont remplacés, n'ont pas la même compétence.11. Je n'ai pas pu trouver de chemise à ma taille : ................. n'était assez grande.III. Complétez les phrases suivantes avec la préposition qui convient, et ajoutez un article si nécessaire. 15 %1.Si vous multipliez 55 ……… 12, qu’obtenez-vous ?2.Je suis payé……….. mois et non ……… semaine.3.Où est le rayon de la nourriture …………. animaux ?4. Elle se tenait ............. du trottoir.5. Quand il est rentré, j'étais ............ douche.6. Ils ont mis leur fils aîné ........ pension.7. C'est Joseph qui était ……..... volant, moi j'étais ........ Arrière.8.Ses trois enfants sont ……...... colonie de vacances ................. Alpes.9.Il est sorti ................. la rue, il a glissé ................une peau debanane et il s'est cogné la tête ............... un poteau.10.Vous avez le choix ............... le modèle courant et le modèle de luxe.IV. Mettez les verbes entre parenthèses au temps et à la forme convenable.25%Vendredi dernier, je devais prendre un train pour Nancy. Je ………………..(compter)passerle week-end chez une copine. Arrivée à la gare, j’………………..(traverser)le hall encourant. Je ……………….. (imaginer) que j’…………………(être) en retard.Quand je ………………….. (arriver) sur le quai, le train ……………… (être) prêt à partir.J’……………….(avoir) la chance de trouver une place libre. Je …………………….(s’installer) et je ……………………..(se mettre) àfeuilleter une revue.Mais au moment oùle train ……………….(aller) partir,je …………………(entendre)quelqu’un appeler mon nom dans le haut-parleur. On me …………………(demander)de meprésenter d’urgence au bureau d’accueil de la gare.Très inquiète, je …………………….(descendre) du train. Quandje ………………..(arriver)àl’accueil, mon portefeuille m’y ………………………(attendre). Je le…………………….. (perdre) dans le hall de la gare quelques instants avant.Par chance la personne qui le…………………….(ramasser) , le………………….(confier) à un employé. A l’intérieur demon portefeuille, il y ……………….(avoir) 1000euros destinés àl’amie chezquije …………………(aller) passer le week-end. Elle me les …………………..(prêter) troismois plus tôt et je ………………(devoir) les lui ……………(rendre).Finalement, je ………………….(rater) mon train, mais,heureusement,je…………………..(retrouver) mon portefeuille !V. Transformez les phrases suivantes, pour utiliser une autre façon d’exprimer.20%1.Prévoyez des vêtements chauds, il risque de faire froid. (au cas où)2.Si elle était venue plus tôt, elle aurait évité de faire la queue. (gérondif)3.Je veux bien vous écouter mais vous devez être bref. (à condition que)4.Nous irons faire du ski, s’il y a de la neige. ( pourvu que)5.Sans réparation sérieuse, cette voiture ne pourra pas marcher.(sauf si) police n'a pas pu prouver le vol, elle a dû relâcher le suspect.(faute de)7.Même si vous insistez, je n’accepeterais pas . (quand bien même)8.Vous pouvez continuer à utiliser ce bout de terrain. En effet, personne nel'a réclamé.(du momemt que)9.Xavier n'a pas eu la moyenne : il avait fait trop de fautes. (propositionrelative)10.J'ai été débordée de travail. Je n'ai pas répondu à votre lettre.(tellementque)VI Lecture 10 %Isabelle Huppert : Barrage contre la banalitéOù en a-t-elle puisé l’énergie ? Dans l’oeuvre de Duras ? Elle m’oppose sa légendaire petite moue : « Je n’avais pas lu le livre ! » Tant de franchise étonne, d’autant qu’Huppert trimballe une solide réputation d’actrice intello. Elle s’en fiche éperdument. Et n’est pas du genre à se faire mousser : la diva du nouveau roman, confesse-t-elle sans afféterie, elle ne la connaissait pas plus que ça.Et, chaque fois, ce furent de bons moments, pas prise de tête pour un centime d’euro : « C’était une femme très généreuse de son temps, affectueuse et très attentive à l’autre, très éloignée de sa caricature. Elle n’avait rien d’intimidant. » Le fait que le courant soit si bien pa ssé avec cette chère Marguerite l’a-t-il aidée àincarner le personnage du film ? « La mère de Duras, dans le livre, est une femme très usée et beaucoup plus dure que moi. J’ai préféré insister sur son incohérence. Et il n’était pas question pour moi de l’aimer ou de ne pas l’aimer. » Dans un français à l’image de ce qu’elle dit—limpide et exigeant—, pour Isabelle Huppert, à l’évidence, un mot est un mot : « Je me laisse guider par mon envie et mes intuitions. Je m’abandonne aux images que j’ai en tête. Mais je ne donne pas tout d’un seul coup. Je garde des réserves d’intensité dramatique pour des moments bien définis, de peur de devenir emphatique. »Mais il n’y a pas que le cinéma dans la vie ; et comment en sort-on, de ces personnages tous plus névrotiques, lorsqu’il faut en revenir à la famille, aux enfants, aux exigences beaucoup moins échevelées du quotidien ? « J’ai souvent connu des longues plages loin des plateaux, mais cette fois-ci, je savoure particuli èrement la pause. Les journées se déroulent sans que je m’en aperçoive. C’est délicieux d’être spectatrice et de jouir d’un luxe pareil. » Tout juste consent-elle àlâcher qu’un de ses loisirs préférés, c’est d’observer les autres. « En toutes circonstances, ça évite de s’ennuyer. Ni un travail ni une activité. Un état de porosité très grand aux situations. »D’un seul coup, phrases brèves et sèches : « Le monde, j’ai fait le choixde ne pas en parler. Un acteur n’a pas à dire ce qu’il en pense. On ne questionnerait pas un peinture, alors pourquoi un acteur ? » Manque de chance, le mot lui hérisse le poil encore plus : « L’humain ne m’intéresse pas. Je déteste ce terme et la compassion qu’il implique. J’ai de l’intransigeance avec la vie. Les bons sentiments ne sont pas mon truc！» Mais qu’on ne s’y trompe pas : nulle méchanceté dans le ton.IrèneFrainParis Match Janvier2009Vocabulairetrimballer v.t. : mener, porter partout avec soiéperdument adv. : follementéchevelé,e adj. : désordonnéintransigeance n.m. : caractère inflexible, qui n’admet aucun compromis1.Le personnage qu’incarne Isabelle Huppert est inspiré par ................ .A.sa lecture des romansB.ses intituitions et ses réservés d’intensité dramatique vie de l’auteurD.sa vie intime2. « n’est pas du genre à se faire mousser » signifie ici ................. .A. est d’humeur changeanteB. ce n’est pas son style de sefaire valoirC. est digne de se faire valoirD. n’est pas d’humeur à se fairevaloir3.« Un étéde porositétrès grand aux situations. » reflète chez cetteactrice ................... .A.un tempérament flexible aux circonstancesB.un caractère aussi sensible que changeantC.un tempérament difficile à supporterD.un tempérament hésitant en toute circonstance4. Ce qui distingue l’interprétation d’Isabelle Huppert des autres actrices consisteen ................ . performance qui focalise le drame de la vie performance éloignée de l’incandescence du sentiment performance qui reflète la vie au lieu de se plongerdans l’humanité D. la performance égocentriquement pourrait-on définir le caractère de l’article ?A. Intuitive et résolue.B. Sensible et changeante.C. Rigide et inflexible.D. Sympatique et bénévole.VII. Traduction. 40%A. Traduisez en chinois : 20 %Et si Françoise s’amusait de l’air épouvanté de ma tante quand de son lit elle avait aperçu dans la rue du Saint-Esprit une de ces personnes qui avait l’air de venir chez elle ou quand elle avait entendu un coup de sonnette, elle riait encore bien plus, et comme d’un bon tour, des ruses toujours victorieuses de ma tante pour arriver à les faire congédier et de leur mine déconfite en s’en retournant sans l’avoir vue, et, au fond, admirait sa maîtresse qu’elle jugeait supérieure à tous ces gens puisqu’elle ne voulait pas les recevoir. En somme, ma tante exgeait à la fois qu’on l’approuvât dans son régime, qu’on la plaignît pour ses souffrances et qu’on la rassurât sur son avenir.—Marcel Proust, Du côté de chezSwannsB. Traduisez en français：20%中国画是不同于西方油画的一种绘画艺术，它以东方的艺术美，吸引着国外的艺鉴赏家和收藏家。

广西民族大学2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试自命题科目试题试卷代号：A科目代码：817科目名称：写作与翻译考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

I.Translating the following text into English.(每小题20分，共2小题，共40分）（1）我们赶时间。

最爱“快进”，狂点“刷新”。

评论，要抢“沙发”。

寄信，最好是特快专递。

拍照，最好是立等可取。

坐车，最好是高速公路、高速铁路、磁悬浮。

坐飞机，最好是直航。

做事，最好是名利双收。

创业，最好是一夜暴富。

结婚，最好有现房现车。

可是，我们同时又是世界上最耐心的人。

我们以前排队炒股，头天晚上就排队买认购证。

现在我们排队买房，提前三天就全家轮班开始排。

（2）我现在居住的地方，风景并不坏，从扶疏绿柳中望过去，可以看见旭日下黄浦江闪射的金色光辉，水上常有船驶过，白帆映着荡漾水光，有如银浦流云。

打开窗子，可以听见风送来浩渤宏壮江涛激石的声响。

宇宙是静谧的，但跳跃着永久生命的脉搏，唱颂着永久生命的歌声。

不过在我烦闷的时候，这些景色，都成了灰暗的一片，所给我的只有一种漠然的感觉。

II.Translating the following text into Chinese.(每小题20分，共2小题，共40分）（1）I climbed the heights above Yosemite Valley,California in order to see the splendid granite mountain,Half Dome,in its fullest view.Approaching the edge through the woods I was filled with heightened expectation.I saw the ruin of a cabin and my approach caused the alignment of the chimney on this side of the valley with the shorn mountain across the valley.I stopped.Something happened.The stone verticals corresponded,one human-shaped,the other natural.The human site was still engaged in sightseeing.I was on its side.I saw the famous sight through the eyes of the ruin.I had come expecting beauty;I discovered an unexpected dimension to the beauty of the scene.（2）The international community should conscientiously sum up the lessons of the financial crisis.It should conduct necessary reform on the international financial system and create a new system environment conducive to healthy global economic development.This should be conducted on the basis of full consultation among all parties concerned,by grasping the direction for building a new international financial order which is fair,just,inclusive,and第1页共2页。

广西民族大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题试卷代号：A卷科目代码：357科目名称：英语翻译基础考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

Part I.Terminology and Phrase Translation(30%)1.Translate the following terms,phrases or acronyms into Chinese(15points).（1）retail therapy（2）maternity leave（3）closet psycho（4）crowd funding（5）group interview（6）wardrobe hoarder（7）adverse drug reaction（8）livelihood issues（9）brand copycats（10）ride sharing（11）clean eating（12）selfie stick（13）tit-for-tat giving（14）IOU note（15）multi-level marketing 2.Translate the following terms,phrases or acronyms into English(15points).（1）节操（2）豆腐渣工程（3）中国式过马路（4）底线思维（5）裸官（6）土豪金（7）人口红利（8）广场舞（9）中国东盟博览会（10）幸福指数（11）退休双轨制（12）科学发展观（13）亚太经合组织（14）社会主义初级阶段（15）海上丝绸之路Part II Passage Translation(120%)1.Translate the following into Chinese(60points).One evening I look out the window of my secluded cabin,and there are soft flakes falling in the golden lamplight.They fall all night,while the voice of the river becomes more and more hushed and the noises of the forest die away.By dawn,the whole world of stream and wood and mountain has been kindled to a white flame of beauty.I go out in the morning and there is such silence that even breath is a profanation.The mountain to the north has a steel-blue light on it,and to the west the sky still holds something of the darkness of the night.To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.I look up and see the morning star keeping white watch over a white world.After heavy snowfalls,it is the evergreens that are the loveliest,with their great white branches weighted down until they are almost parallel with the trunks.They seem like giant birds with their wings folded against the cold.The sky is clear blue now and the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood.Beauty,the virgin,walks here quietly,no sign upon the immaculate snow.The silence is dense and deep.Even the squirrels have stopped their ribald chattering.And fain snowbird第1页共2页。

2017年广西民族大学广播电视概论考研真题A卷
考生须知
1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

一、名词解释（每小题6分，共5小题，共30分）
1．手机广播
2．音效
3．拉镜头
4．《一口菜饼子》
5．视听率
二、问答题（每小题20分，共3小题，共60分）
1．我国人民广播事业的发展历程分为哪几个阶段？每个阶段的主要特点是什么？2．根据话题内容和表现形式，广播电视谈话节目可大致分为哪几类？
3．举例说明什么是硬新闻？什么是软新闻？
三、论述题（每小题30分，共2小题，共60分）
1．你最关注的2016年广播电视业热点问题是什么？谈谈你的认识和见解。

2．请结合实例，论述情景喜剧的基本模式。

广西民族大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题试卷代号：A卷科目代码：810科目名称:英语教学论考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

I.Explain the following terms(40points,8points for each)1.Classroom Management2.The Inductive Method of Grammar Teaching3.Assessment4.Interactional View of Language5.StructuralismII.Answer the following questions.(50points,10points for each)1.What is Task-based Language Teaching?and what are the four components of a task?.2.What is a lesson plan?and why is lesson panning important?3.What is a process approach to writing?and what are the main procedures of process writing?4.What make listening difficult and what are the three stages of teaching listening？5.What is Communicative Competence?and what are the main components of communicative competence?III.Lesson Plan Evaluation(30points)The following are the objectives and the procedures of a lesson plan,comments on the lesson plan in terms of：1）teaching methods,include:type of the lesson(2points),teaching methods employed（4 points)2）strengths of the lesson planning(8points),weaknesses(8points)3）your suggestions of improvement(8points)ObjectivesBy the end of this lesson students will be able to1.to know another use of the present perfect tense.The action began in the past and continues inthe present time;2.to understand the use of the time adverbials:“for”is followed by a period of time,“since”isfollowed by a point of time;3.to know the use of the following expressions:be afraid of,introduce sb to sb else,show sbaround…,no longer.ProceduresStep1.The student on duty reporting and free talk.a).One student on duty talks about English studyb).Free talk according to the following between the teacher and the students:1.Have you read the text?When did you read it?2.How many English lessons have you learned this term?3.Have you been to the Berhai Park?When did you go there?Step2.Revisiona)Give the past and past participle forms to the following:begin,buy,break,eat,fall,giveb)Make new sentences after the exampleExample:I bought a book yesterday.I bought a book today.(this week)---------I’ve bought two books this week1.We learned a song last weekWe learned a song two weeks ago.(this week)Step3.Presentation of the new drillsa)Today day we are going to learn something more about the present perfect tense.The action began in the past and continues to the present.b)The teacher shows some sentences on the small cards and saysI bought the pen in1985,and I have the pen now.We can say:I have had the pen since1985c)Students do some oral exercises after the modelsStep4.Read Drills A and Ba)Students read after the tape recordingb)Individual reading,chorus readingStep5Summary;If the action began in the past and continues to the present time,we should use the present perfect tense.The sentence structure:S+have(has)+P.P+for(since)In this kind of sentences,there is always an adverbial of time that represents a point of time or period of timeFor example:“since”is followed by a point of time.“since1985”“for”is followed by a period of time“for ten years”Sometimes“since”is followed by a clause,and in this clause we often use the past formStep6.Drill for consolidationStep7.Home work1.Recite the Drills2.Do Ex.5IV.Designing a lesson based on the following requirements(30points)Directions:In this part,you are to design a40-minute speaking lesson according to the information provided.Information:Type of the lesson:speakingStudent level:40junior middle school students,Grade7Lesson duration:40minutesThe aim of the lesson:by the end of this lesson,student will be able to ask the way inan unfamiliar place and give directions to strangers.Your answer should include:1.A lesson plan which includes:1）Teaching objectives(at least3objectives,6points,2points for each)2）Teaching important and difficult points(4points,2points for each)3）Teaching aids(3points)4）Teaching procedures(at least3steps,9points,3points for each)2.Predicted problems and solutions(8points,4points for each)。

考试科目代码及名称：810英语教学论第1页共2页2020年硕士研究生招生考试试题【A】卷科目代码及名称：810英语教学论考生须知1．答案须写在答题纸密封线内，写在试卷、草稿纸等均无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请本人将试卷、答题纸放入试题袋内，密封后在封条与试卷袋骑缝处亲笔签名。

I ．Explain the following terms (25points,5points for each)1.Grammar Translation Method2.Extrinsic Motivation3.Constructivism4.Foreign Language Anxiety5.Summative EvaluationII ．Answer the following questions.(40points,15points for each)1.What are the major types of grammar presentation method?In your opinion,what are their advantages and disadvantages?2.What is a process approach to writing?In your opinion,what are its advantages and disadvantages?III.Read the following assumptions about vocabulary in English learning and decide which one is true （T for true ）or false （F for false ）,give reasons for your decision.(40points,4points for each)1.A vocabulary item can be more than one word.2.Words must be learned in language contexts.nguages consist of “word”with equivalents from one language to another.4.If we do not use the words we learned,we will soon forget them.5.An English-English dictionary is an important aid for students6.Both teachers and students need to know that there is a difference between active and passive vocabulary.7.Words can be taught and learned most effectively in groups of words which are。

广西民族大学2017 年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题试卷代号：A 卷科目代码：808科目名称：文学理论考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

一、名词解释：（每小题 5 分，共 4 小题，共 20分）1.文学批评2.游戏说3.文学消费4.审美意识形态二、问答题：（每小题15分，共2小题，共30分）1.举例说明小说的基本特征。

2.为什么说文学话语具有蕴藉属性？三、论述题：（每小题25分，共2小题，共50分）1.作者和读者是文学活动中最显眼的两个因素，而且两者的关系也是很具话题性，请根据下面材料的启示，阐述你对作者和读者之间关系的看法：材料一：网络作家的写作，是在与读者的互动中完成的，一部网络小说在连载过程中会有大量铁杆粉丝日夜追随，他们的指手画脚时时考验着作家的智力和定力。

作品要适应大众读者的口味，作者要投多数读者的所好，“读者是上帝”是网络文学写作与阅读所通行的基本规则。

我觉得网络写作的出现造福了大批爱写作的人，如果是传统写作最多 6 年我就放弃了，因为太寂寞，网络写作则时刻有大批人在关注，哪怕是批评，网络作家都会觉得是激励。

材料二：网络文学从商业角度来说，是以读者为中心。

但一个网络作家从众多人中脱颖而出，一定有自己独特的东西，不以读者的意志为转移。

而且读者是分为各种品位、各种趣味的，如若以满足最大众为旨归，可能会不断走向低俗。

甚至越低俗，越情色，越可能受欢迎，越流行。

材料三：我认为作者与读者之间存在着一种无字的契约关系。

在这份契约上，清楚地写着：我作为听者，会给你以充分而足够的信任；而你作为讲者，要给我愉悦与解惑。

所有伟大的作家与作品，成败都几乎取决于作家向读者所承诺的故事的契约兑现。

随之而来的读者为作家无私所献出的掌声和荣誉，也与这个兑现成正比。

2017年广西民族大学法语考研真题A卷I Complétez les phrases suivantes en choisissant A, B, C, D. Chaque phrase a un choix. (从下列每题四个选项中选择一个正确的答案, 每题 1 分) 20%1.Ils n’aiment _________ vin ___________ viande.A. ni, niB.ni le, ni laC. ni le, et laD. ni, et2.L’autonme est _______ belle saison à Beijing.A. uneB. laC. deD. /3. Vous pouvez me donner adresse.A. maB. monC. tonD. votre4. Où sont les clients venus Espagne ?A. duB. de laC. de l’D. d’5. Sonia va arriver Shanghai septembre.A. en, àB. à, àC. à, enD. en, en6. Les Dupont ont réservé des chambres dans hôtel.A. ceB. cetteC. cetD. ces7.-Voyez-vous quelqu’undans la salle? -Non, je nevois _________.A. rienB. personneC. pas quelqu’unD. pas personne.8.J’ai déjà lu ______ les livres.A. toutesB. touteC. tousD. tout9. Voici élèves de la classe.A. les mieuxB. mieuxC. meilleuresD. les meilleures10. Excusez-moi, je n’ai pas le temps, je suis .A. dépêchéB. précipitéC. presséD. urgent11. Hier soir, j’ai rencontré un ami.A. vieilB. vieuxC. vieilleD. vieillard12. Vous allez à l’hôpital ? Je peux accompagner.A. le luiB. les leurC. vous yD. nous en13. Faites elle dit.A. queB. ce queC. qu’D. ce qu’14._________ tu prépares pour le petit-déjeuner ?A. Qu’est-ce queB. Qui est-ce queC. Est-ce queD. Qu’est-ce qui15.Ma robe est plus belle que ________ .A. le tienB. le mienC. la tienneD. la mienne16. Il a parlé qu’il a perdu la voix.A. tropB. siC. tantD. beaucoup pluie, les paysans ont eu une bonne récolte.A. SansB. Grâce àC. PourD. À cause de18. Le petit garçon a été puni avoir menti.A. d’B. à cause deC. parD. pour19. Mes parents vont venir me voir un mois.A. il y aB. dansC. pendantD. après20._________ soient les difficultés, il ne faut pas se décourager.A. Quel queB. Quelque queC. Quels queD. Quelles queII.Mettez les verbes aux temps et au mode qui conviennent. (用动词的正确时态和语式填空, 每空 1 分) 10%1. Il à nager l’année dernière. (apprendre)2. , s’il vous plaît ! (arrêter)3. Il y du soleil hier. (avoir)4. Il est trop jeune pour tout seul. (voyager)5. S’il faisait beau ce week-end, nous à la campagne. (partir)6. Où est-ce que tu dans cinq ans ? (travailler)7. Il est dommage que ce trop tard. ( être)8. Les enfant sont allés se coucher après . (dîner)9. Dès que Marine à Lyon, elle nous écrira. (arriver)10. J’ai entendu quelqu’un dans la chambre. (chanter) III. Poser des questions sur les mots soulignés (就划线部分提问,每题 1 分) 5% 1.Je suis professeur.2.Philippe habite à New York avec ses parents.3.On est cinq dans la famille.4.Il est midi et demi.5.Nous sommes le 24 juin, 2016 aujourd’hui.IV. Refaites les phrases suivantes selon les consignes. (根据要求重写句子，每题 2 分)10 %1.Lucie demande : « Est-ce que tout va bien ? » (改写为间接引语)2.Les ingénieurs ont réparé les machines. (改写为被动句)3.Il est absent aujourd’hui : il est malade. (用 parce que 连接两个句子)4.C’est la culture chinoise qui lui intéresse beaucoup. (用 ce qui..., c’est...重新造句)5.Pierre a acheté une nouvelle bicyclette. Il en est satisfait. (用关系代词 dont连接两个句子)V．Compréhension écrite 阅读理解Lisez les textes suivants et répondez aux questions. Pour chaque question, il y a une seule réponse qui convient. (20 %) 阅读下列短文并回答问题。

广西民族大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题（试卷代号： A卷）科目代码： 622科目名称：基础英语英语语言文学、适用学科专业：外国语言学与应用语言学研究方向：所有方向命题教师签名：考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔作答，用其它笔答题不给分。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

I. Vocabulary (20 points)Directions：There are 20 sentences in this part. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are to choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of he original sentence and write down the letter on your answer sheet.1．I didn’t stop at John’s house because he had visitors, and I didn’t want to butt in.A. incurB. intrudeC. inferD. intercept.2. The author dedicated the book to his son.A. inscribedB. submergedC. promotedD. reassured.3. When you are hungry, you will devour what is up before you.A. gulpB. enhanceC. defrayD. doze4. We’d better wait inside until the storm subsides.A. transmitsB. distortsC. migratesD. diminishes5. The union and the company have come to terms on a new contract.A. brought to an endB. called onC. reached an agreement onD. terminated.6. Several dissenting statements were made.A. lengthyB. novelC. unanticipatedD. opposing7. Speaking the truth, he is really stubborn.A. indignantB. obstinateC. ambitiousD. prodigal8. John is interested in and clever at many different things, so he is all-around.A. verticalB. versatileC. verdantD. vernal9. Because it was very contagious, everyone in the family came down with the disease.A. superfluousB. paternalC. sanitaryD. infectious10. If something can be easily seen, we say that it is conspicuous.A. picturesqueB. desolateC. vigorousD. eminent11. The judge’s decision was appealed.A. applaudedB. unexpectedC. appropriateD. challenged12. As an artist, Jim is certainly an amateur, for he has had no training.A. a seniorB. an alienC. a laymanD. a steward13. That is a very interesting hypothesis.A. assumptionB. announcementC. conclusionD. comment14. The agreement between them has been made.A. contentionB. concordC. conjunction D commune15. The warranty period is one year.A. initialB. trialC. guaranteeD. maximum16. During the weekends, they wander idly without purpose in the street.A. rambleB. rumbleC. fumbleD. clamp17. Many sick persons stayed in hospital waiting for the doctor.A. scavengersB. invalidsC. croniesD. deacons18. Mr. Harris has been in a coma for several days.A. very angry B unconscious C distracted D. very busy19. They finally agreed unwillingly.A. consortedB. consoledC. consignedD. conceded20. The returning of his illness surprised us.A. relayB. relapseC. refrainD. refundII. Reading Comprehension: (80 points)Directions:The following two passages are followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down the letter on your answer sheet. Passage 1. (10 points, 2 points each)The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics turn attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be supported by later performance de-ends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is the information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience, and upon such factors as cost and availability.1. What is the author's attitude towards standardized tests?a. Negativeb. Positivec. Slightly criticald. Both a and b2. Why is the target of attacks considered to be wrong?a. Because the standardized tests are criticized by too many magazinesb. Because the problems of the tests should not be referred to Congressc. Because one fails to notice test users' lack of knowledged. Because attacks shouldn't be made by incompetent users3. "All informed predictions" in Paragraph 2 means all predictions that ________.a. are based on sound knowledge of the testsb. are based on information from the mass mediac. are made by government agenciesd. are made by testes4. One's predictions are never 100% accurate because _______.a. the predictor may not be wise enoughb. the predictor may not nave sufficient experiencec. the predictor never receives complete informationd. the information received is subject to errors5. According to the author, what is the context in which standardized tests should be considered?a. They provide a quick objective methodb. They get information about a particular personc. They provide good quality informationd. They may be partly incorrectPassage 2 (10 points, 2 points for each)When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”6. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingA. arrogant.B. frank.C. self-centered.D. impulsive.7. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred byA. their expectation of better financial status.B. their need to reflect on their private life.C. their strained relations with the boards.D. their pursuit of new career goals.8. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansA. approved of.B. attended to.C. hunted for.D. guarded against.9. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA. top performers used to cling to their posts.B. loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.C. top performers care more about reputations.D. it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.10. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.CEOs: Where to Go?B.CEOs: All the Way Up?C. Top Managers Jump without a NetD. The Only Way Out for Top PerformersPassage 3Read the following passages carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.(30 points, 3 points for each)(1) Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says. The researchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine the patient’s emotional state just before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results with a control group of uninjured people.(2) Despite widespread belief in “road rage,” anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents. (3) Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries – those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or traffic accidents – also showed strong associations with anger.(4) The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(5) Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury,” said the study’s lead author. (6) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.Passage 4Read the following passages carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.(30 points, 3 points for each)History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (7) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(8) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (9) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (10) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.III. General knowledge (20 points,)A. Fill in each blank with a suitable word which should be written on the answer sheet. (10 points, 1 for each)1. The distinctive phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features, which include ________, _______, and ________.2. In the predication analysis, the basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It consists of _______ and _______.3. According to Austin’s new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: ________, _________and ________4. According to cognitive linguistics, conceptual ______ and conceptual metonymy are cognitive models.5. “Care” is the ______ of the word “carelessness”.B. Write out the authors of the following works: (4 points, 1 point each)1)The Voice of the City ________________2) Life on the Mississippi _______________3）Song of myself __________________4）Syntactic Structure __________________C. Translate the following into English or Chinese (2 points, 1 point each):1) APEC2) 金砖四国D. Explain the following terms: (4 points, 2 point each)1) ASEAN2) stream of consciousnessIV. Translation (30 points)E-C (15 points)The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.C-E (15 points)一个可能的应对方式（解决办法）是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不到的曲子。

广西民族大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题（所有试题答案必须写在答题纸上，答案写在试卷上无效）学科专业：语言学及应用语言学研究方向： 01——04方向汉语言文字学所有方向中国少数民族语言文学 01——03方向考试科目：817 语言学概论试卷代号：A卷一、解释下列术语（每小题4分，共5小题，共20分）1．格2．调位3．屈折语4．意音文字5．语言融合二、分析题（每小题10分，共2小题，共20分）1．下列语言现象，哪些属于“构词”，哪些属于“构形”？汉语：性急烟头木头星星看看英语：blackboard teacher longer works desks2．请分析下列汉语、英语的音变现象，指出类型，并说明原因。

（1）“bills”、“legs”中的“s”都发成[z]。

（2）“天边”的“天”，“难免”的“难”的韵尾都发成[m]。

（3）“勤恳”的“勤”，“辛苦”的“辛”的韵尾都发成[ŋ]。

三、问答题（每小题20分，共3小题，共60分）1．语言分化的结果有哪些？2．词义引申的主要方式是什么？请举例说明。

3．在辅音音位的区别特征上，汉语普通话与英语各有什么显著的特征？四、论述题（每小题25分，共2小题，共50分）1．试以词为例，说明语言符号在组合时的特点。

2．以汉语和英语为例，说明语法的发展有哪些主要表现。

2009年硕士研究生入学考试初试广西民族大学自命题科目试题（试卷代号：A卷）科目代码： 817科目名称：语言学概论适用学科专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学 中国少数民族语言文学 研究方向：命题教师签名：考生须知1　答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上无效。

2　答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔作答，用其它笔答题不给分。

3　交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

一、解释下列术语（每小题5分，共6小题，共30分）1. 人称2. 表意字3. 递归性4. 任意性5. 历史比较法6. 词义的概括性二、按照普通话的读音，给下列词注上国际音标（每个词2分，共10个词，共20分）历史区域社会治安知识英雄绿化唐朝机器人民三、分析题（共30分）（一）分析下列音变现象，指出其类型，并说明原因（每小题5分，共2小题，共10分）1. 拉丁语中的marmor（大理石），到了英语里变成了marble。

2017年广西民族大学翻译硕士英语考研真题A卷Part I. Basic English Knowledge (30%)Section A: Multiple-choice (20 %)Directions: There are forty multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.After people have learned that magnets attract things, centuries passed ____ they took note of the fact that magnets sometimes also repel things.A. beforeB. untilC. afterD. since2.Most of North America receives _________ some form of continuous plant cover except in the arid and semiarid Southwest.A. moisture to sustain sufficientB. sufficient moisture to sustainC. to sustain sufficient moistureD. sufficient to sustain moisture3._________ industries, inventions, and communal endeavors of the Shakers, the best known is their fine furniture.A. Of the manyB. Their manyC. Are the manyD. Many of the4. A condenser is a heat exchanger _________ steam or vapor loses heat and returns to liquid form.A. whatB. in whichC. in whoseD. that5.Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became _________.A.so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB.the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC.it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD.the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony6.The scents of the flowers was______ to us by the breeze.A. interceptedB. detestedC. saturatedD. wafted7.I f you______ something, such as food or drink, you reduce its quality or make it weak, for example by adding water to it.A. adulterateB. moorC. vaccinateD. sue8. Government loan have been the______ of several shaky business companies.A. tornadoB. salvationC. delinquencyD. momentum9. She made shorthand notes which she later _ .A. inscribedB. describedC. prescribedD. transcribedHe gave me an _ either Mary have to leave, or me.A. ulcerB. underdogC. ultimatumD. underworld11. _____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom.A. There wasB. SinceC. BeingD. There beingI have never been to London, but that is the city_______.A. where I like to visit mostB. I’d most like to visitC. which I like to visit mostlyD. where I’d like most to visitThe experiment requires more money than _______.A. has been put inB. being put inC. have been put inD. to be put inFat cannot change into muscle ______muscle changes into fat.A. no more thanB. any more thanC. no less thanD. much more thanShe managed to save _______she could out of her wages to help her brother.A. how little moneyB. so little moneyC. what little moneyD. such little money16. A cinema was burnt out in north London last night. Police suspect _ .A. armpitB. arsenalC. arsonD. artifactShe trimmed the _ of the tulips before putting them in a vase.A. sprigB. spruceC. stakesD. stalksIt was as a physician that he represented himself, and_____ he was warmly received.A. as suchB. such asC. as thatD. so thatWhile most people would _ at the prospect of so much work, Daniels seems to positively enjoy it.A. accentuateB. collateC. dehumanizeD. blanch20.Even as a girl, _____to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.A.performing by Melissa wereB.Melissa knew that performing wasC.knowing that Melissa’s performances wereD.it was known that Melissa’s performances wereSection B: Proofreading and Error Correction (10 %)Directions: The following passage contains 10 errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Many witnesses concerning the Chinese have told the truth, but perhapsa few of them have succeeded in telling nothing but the truth, and no one of(21)them has ever told the whole truth. No single individual, whatever the extentof his knowledge, could by any possible know the whole truth about the (22)Chinese.The difficulty of comparing Chinese with Anglo-Saxons will be more (23)strongly felt by those who have attempted. To such it will soon become (24)evident that many things which seem “characteristic” of the Chinese aremerely Oriental traits; but in what extent this is true, each reader in the(25)light of his own experience must judge by himself. (26)It has been said that in the present stage of our intercourse with Chinesethere are three ways in which we can come to some knowledge of theirsocial life—by the study of their novels, their ballads, and their plays. Eachof these sources of information doubtless have its worth, but there is likewise(27)a fourth, more valuable than all of them combining, a source not open to every(28)one who wrote on China and the Chinese. It is the study of the family life of(29)the Chinese in their own homes. As the topography of a district can be muchbetter understood in the country than the city, so it is with the characteristics(30)of the people. A foreigner may live in a Chinese city for a decade, and not gainas much knowledge of the interior life of the people as he can acquire by livingtwelve months in a Chinese village.Part II.Reading Comprehension (50 %)Section A (30 %)Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 39 are based on the following passage.My Views on GamblingMost of life is a gamble. Very many of the things we do involve taking some risk in order to achieve a satisfactory result. We undertake a new job with no idea of the more indirect consequences of our action. Marriage is certainly a gamble and so is the bringing into existence of children, who could prove sad liabilities.A journey, a business transaction, even a chance remark may result immediately or ultimately in tragedy. Perpetually we gamble—against life, destiny, chance, the unknown—call the invisible opponent what we will. Human survival and progress indicate that usually we win.So the gambling instinct must be an elemental one. Taking risks achieve something is a characteristic of all form of life, including humanity. As soon as man acquired property, the challenge he habitually issued to destiny found an additional expression in a human contest. Early may well have staked his flint axe, his bearskin, his wife, in the hope of adding to his possessions. The acquirement of desirable but non-essential commodities must have increased his scope enormously, while the risk of complete disaster lessened.So long as man was gambling against destiny, the odds were usually in his favor, especially when he used common sense. But as the methods of gambling multiplied, the chances of success decreased. A wager against one person offered on average even chances and no third party profited by the transaction. But as soon as commercialized city life developed, mass gambling become common. Thousands of people now compete for large prizes, but with only minute chances of success, while the organizers of gambling concerns enjoy big profits with, in some cases, no riskat all. Few clients of the betting shops, football pools, state lotteries, bingo sessions, even charity raffles, realize fully the flimsiness of their chances and the fact that without fantastic luck they are certain to lose rather than gain.Little irreparable harm results for the normal individual. That big business profits from the satisfaction of a human instinct is a common enough phenomenon. The average wage-earner, who leads a colorless existence, devotes a small percentage of his earnings to keeping alive with extraordinary constancy the dream of achieving some magic change in his life. Gambling is in most cases a non-toxic drug against boredom and apathy and many well preserve good temper, patience and optimism in dreary circumstances. A sudden windfall may unbalance a weaker, less intelligent person and even ruin his life. And the lure of something for nothing as an ideal evokes criticism from the more rigidly upright representative of the community. But few of us have the right to condemn as few of us can say we never gamble—even it is only investing a few pence a week in the firm’s football sweep or the church bazaar “lucky dip”.Trouble develops, however, when any human instinct or appetite becomes overdeveloped. Moderate drinking produces few harmful effects but drunkenness and alcoholism can have terrible consequences. With an unlucky combination of temperament and circumstances, gambling can only become an obsession, almost a form of insanity, resulting in the loss not only of a man’s property but of his self-respect and his conscience. Far worse are the sufferings of his dependents, deprived of material comfort and condemned to watching his deterioration and hopelessness. They share none of his feverish excitement or the exhilaration of his rare success. The fact that he does not with to be cured makes psychological treatment of the gambling addict almost impossible. He will use any means, including stealing, to enable him to carry on. It might be possible to pay what salary he can earn to his wife for the family maintenance but this is clearly no solution. Nothing—education, home environment, other interest, wise discouragement—is likely to restrain the obsessed gambler and even when it is he alone who suffers the consequences , his disease is a cruel one, resulting in a wasted, unhappy life.Even in the case of the more physically harmful of human indulgences, repressive legislation often increase the damage by causing more vicious activities designed to perpetuate the indulgence in secret. On the whole, thoughnegative, gambling is no vice within reasonable limits. It would still exist in an ideal society. The most we can hope for is control over exaggerated profits resulting from its business exploitation, far more attention and research devoted to the unhappy gambling addict and the type of education which will encourage an interest in so many other constructive activities that gambling itself will lose its fascination as an opiate to a dreary existence. It could be regarded as an occasional mildly exciting game, never to be taken very seriously.31.According to the author, we gamble regardless of the risk, because weA.want to survive.ually win in the gamble.C.don’t know the indirect consequences of the action.D.wish to achieve what may bring us satisfaction.32.The bringing into existence of children is also a gamble because they mayA. be mentally retarded.B. become our disappointment.C. go against us.D. become our opponents.33.According to the passage, we all take risk in gambling because we areA.born with the tendency of taking risks.B.forced to achieve satisfactory result.C.obliged to achieve what we desire.D.born with the nature of achieving satisfaction.34.The gambling instinct, according to the author, is reinforced by human’s desiretoA.give up unnecessary property.B.add more to their material possession.C.get desirable commodities.D.change their living conditions.35.Which of the following is true?A.If we dare to gamble, we will usually win.B.If we use common sense to gamble, we will usually lose.C.The luck is usually on our side so long as we have the confidence to changeour fate.D.We all have the luck to win the gamble if we use common sense.36.Which of the following is true?A.The more methods to gamble, the fewer the chances to succeed.mon sense plays a role in a gamble.C.The more methods there are, the less profit we will make.D.The more methods there are, the more chances for us to win a gamble.37.Who get profits from gambling activities with no risks?A.Those who organize the activities.B.Those who often go to state lotteries.C.Those who often go to football pools.D.Those who do not take so seriously.38.M any people would like to give away a small sum of money because they constantly think the donation mayA.not affect their general income.B.bring them unexpected big sums of money.C.help them preserve their temper and patience.D.bring them some pennies from heaven.39.According to the author, gambling may lose its fascination if weA.create more chances.B.do not take it so seriously.anize more other activities.D.help develop an interest in other activities.Passage TwoQuestions 40 to 45 are based on the following passage.Russia’s new revolution in conservationWhen naturalist Sergei Smirenski set out to create Russia’s first private nature reserve since the Bolshvik revolution, he knew that the greatest obstacle would be overcoming bureaucratic resistance.The Moscow State University professor has charted a steep course through a variety of foes, from local wildlife service officials who covet his funding to government officials who saw more value in development than conservation. But with incredible dedication, and the support of a wide range of international donors form Japan to the United States, the Murovyovka Nature Reserve has finally come into being.Founded at a small ceremony last summer, the private reserve covers 11000 acres of pristine wetlands along the banks of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. Here, amid forests and marshes encompassing a variety of microhabitats, nest some of the world’s rarest birds—tall, elegant cranes whose numbers are counted in the mere hundreds.The creation of the park marks a new approach to nature conservation in Russia, one that combines traditional methods of protection with an attempt to adapt to the changing economic and political circumstances of the new Russia.“There must be a thousand ways to save a wetland. It is time for vision and risk, and also hard practicality,” wrote Jim Harris, deputy director of the International Crane Foundation, a Wisconsin-based organization dedicated to the study and preservation of cranes, which has been a major supporter of the Murovyovka project.Dr. Smirenski’s vision has been eminently down to earth. At every step, he has tried to involve local officials, businessmen and collective farms in the project, giving them a practical, economic stakes in its success. And with international support, he is trying to introduce new methods of organic farming that will be more compatible with preserving the wetlands.40.The Murovyovka Nature Reserve came into being because ofA.Russian government officials.B.the International Crane Foundation.C.the determination of one man.D.an unrealistic dream.41.I f one “charts a steep uphill course” (paragraph 2), oneA.expects an arduous journey.B.maps out a mountain trip.C.assumes that life will be uneventful.D.sets himself a difficult goal.42.The preserved “pristine wetlands” mentioned in paragraph 3 areA. unspoiled.B. precious.C. immaculate.D. uncontaminated.43.The passage states that the Nature Reserve isA.an arid, uninhabited area.B.the only reserve in Russia.C.home to many different birds.D.economically beneficial to local inhabitants.44.The passage implies that the preservation of wetlandsA.can only be accomplished with traditional methods.B.requires imagination, daring and pragmatism.C. is usually a popular concern of politicians.D. limits an area’s development.45. Where is the headquarter of the International Crane Foundation?A. MoscowB. JapanC. WisconsinD. MurovyovkaSection B: Cloze (20 %)Please fill in blanks 46 to 65 of the following passage. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.An important factor of leadership is attraction. This does not mean attractiveness in the ordinary sense,for that is a born quality 46 our control. The leader has, nevertheless, to be a magnet; a central figure towards whom people are 47 . Magnetism in that sense depends, first of all, 48 being seen.There is a type of authority which can be 49 from behind closed doors, but that is not leadership.50 there is movement and action, the true leaders is in the forefront and may seem, indeed, to be everywhere at once. He has to become a legend; the 51 for anecdotes, whether true or 52 , character.One of the simplest devices is to be absent 53 the occasion when the leader might be 54 to be there,enough in itself to start a rumor about the vital business 55 has detained him. To 56 up for this, he can appear when least expected, giving rise to another story about the interest he can display57 thingswhich other folks might 58 as trivial.With this gift for 59 curiosity the leader always combines a reluctance to talk about himself. His interest is 60 in other people he questions them and encourages them to talk and then remembers all61 is relevant. He never leaves a party 62 he has mentally filed a minimum dossier ( 档案) on 63 present, ensuring that he knows 64 to say when he meets them again. He is not artificially extrovert buthe would usually rather listen 65 talk. Others realize gradually that his importance needs no proof。

考试科目代码及名称：817写作与翻译第1页共2页2020年硕士研究生招生考试试题【A】卷科目代码及名称：817写作与翻译考生须知1．答案须写在答题纸密封线内，写在试卷、草稿纸等均无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请本人将试卷、答题纸放入试题袋内，密封后在封条与试卷袋骑缝处亲笔签名。

一、汉译英题（共1小题，共40分）现在大学生的学习压力相当重。

除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。

总之，他们就像一个机器人。

压力大，时间少，功课多。

看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。

一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。

他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。

读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

二、英译汉题（每小题30分，共2小题，共60）1．A disciple of Confucius,the favourite Yen Hui,enquired what constituted a moral life.Confucius answered,“Renounce yourself and conform to the ideal of decency and good sense.”“If one could only,”Confucius went on to say,“live a moral life,renouncing himself and conforming to the ideal of decency and good sense for one single day,the world would become moral.To be moral,a man depends entirely upon himself and not upon others.”The disciple then asked for practical rules to be observed in living a moral life.Confucius answered,“Whatever things are contrary to the ideal of decency and good sense,do not look upon them.Whatever things are contrary to the ideal of decency and good sense,do not listen to them.Whatever things are contrary to the ideal of decency and good sense,do not utter them with your stly,let nothing in whatever things you do,act or move,be contrary to the ideal of decency and good sense.”Another disciple of Confucius on another occasion asked what constituted a moral life.Confucius answered,“When going out into the world,behave always as if you were at an audience before the Emperor;in dealing with the people,act as if you were at worship before。

广西民族大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题（试卷代号：A卷）科目代码： 810科目名称：英语教学论适用学科专业：学科教学（英语）研究方向：外国语言学及应用语言学命题教师签名：考生须知1）答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。

2）答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔作答，用其它笔答题不给分。

3）交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

×××试题册共页第1页I. There are 12 incomplete statements and 8 questions in this part. Each statement or question has four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the choices carefully and choose the one which can best complete the statement or answer the question and then write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30 points, 1.5 points for each)1. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens inthe mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch ofA. methodologyB. psychologyC. sociologyD. anthropology2. Generally speaking, the Grammar-translation Method belongs to the school oflinguistics.A. appliedB. modernC. traditionalD. behaviourist3. The neogrammarians, represented by Hermann Paul, formed the main linguistic base ofA. the Grammar-Translation MethodB. the Direct MethodC. the Oral ApproachD. the Audiolingual Method4. The Oral Approach/Situational Language Teaching believes in a theory of learningthe language is based on a type of theory.A. behaviorist habit formationB. structural linguisticsB. cognitive psychology D. functional linguistics5. The Natural Approach sees the language acquirer as a of comprehensible input.A. receiverB. producerC. processorD. acquirer6. The Audiolingual Method insists on accurate reproduction of sentence patterns andtheir attitude towards students’ language error isA. positiveB. negativeC. passiveD. active7. The monitor theory, which is very popular among foreign language teachersin , was put forward by Stephen Krashen in the late 1970s.A. ChinaB. FranceC. BritainD. America8. James Asher was the founder ofA. the Direct MethodB. the Cognitive ApproachC. Total Physical ResponseD. suggestopaedia9. With regard to syllabus design, the Communicative approach emphasizesA. communicationB. expressing of meaningC. teacher’s skillsD. learners’ needs10. The Cognitive Approach believes that play a decisive role in foreignlanguage learning.A. the teacherB. the studentsC. the materialsD. the environment11. English teaching in China didn’t enter into the formal educational systemuntil the ______ century.A. late 19thB. early 20thC. mid-20thD. late 20th12. The generative linguist is interested not only in ______ language but also inexplaining language.A. teachingB. describingC. usingD. understanding13. Which role does the teacher play in the following activities?When answering the teacher’ question, if a student doesn’t seem to be ready for an answer, the teacher gives hints.A. controllerB. participantC. assessorD. prompter14. In teaching grammar, what stage can the teacher use for following activity?The teacher asks the students to produce sentences based on the pictures provided.A. presentationB. practiceC. applicationD. production15. Which reading skill is the teacher using in teaching reading?The teacher asks the students to try to guess information or ideas that go beyond the literal meaning of the text.A.inferring or reading between the linesB.recognizing organization of the textC.predictingD.scanning16. How is the following activity organized?The teacher asks all the students to do completion exercises.A. pair workB. whole-class workC. individualD. group work17. In teaching vocabulary, what stage is most suitable for the following activityThe teacher uses word formation rules and common affixes to buildnew lexical knowledge.A. presentationB. productionC. practiceD. B & C18. What technique is the teacher using in teaching writing?Students editing of each others’ writingsA. conferencingB. peer-editingC. RevisingD. self-editing19. What activity the teacher is doing?The teacher gives the first half of the dialogue by asking a question:（The teacher holds on a picture with a person reading a book）T: what were you doing when I called you last night?S: I was reading a book when you called.A. controlled activity B Semi-controlled activityC. commutative activityD. free activity20. Which type of approach can best describe the following learning pattern?Discussion about how to solve certain problemsA.autonomous learningB.interactive learningC.contextualized learningD.task-based learningII. Decided whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each)1. As a teaching technique, the Grammar-translation Method teaches grammar inductively.2. The Direct Method emphasizes the importance of spoken language, therefore holds that reading and writing should be taught only after speaking.3. According to the Inductive Way Grammar Teaching, the grammar rules should be worked out by the students themselves from examples without explicit explanation from the teacher.4. In Cognitive Approach, second language acquisition is viewed as the acquisition of knowledge, involving cognitive representations that regulate and guide internal performance.5. In Communicative Approach teacher is viewed as the authority of the classroom.6. Emphasis on learning to communicate in the target language is one of the main features of The Communicative Approach.7. According to Krashen, language learning comes about through using target language communicatively, rather than through practicing language skills.8. According to Skinner, reward was much more effective than punishment ina teaching situation.9. Classroom instructions refer to the type of language teachers use to organize or guide learning10. Assessment often takes the ‘pencil and paper’ form and it is only done at the end ofa learning period.III. Filling in the blanks. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet (40 points, 2 points for each)1. In Krashens Monitor Mode of second language development, there are two distinct processes, one is acquisition, and the other is ..2. , a linguist in America, is regarded as the father of American structuralism.3. An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom if to enable the learners to its literature.4. Ideally Lesson planning should be done at two levels: and micro planning.5. The three models for teaching reading are: , top-down and interactive model.6. The Audiolingual Method uses dialogues as the main form of language presentationand as the main training techniques.7. The Cognitive Approach believes that language learning is a process whichinvolves and not simply the forming of habits.8. The is the center of Krashen’s second language learning theory.9. According to Hedge, communicative competence includes linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, , strategic competence and fluency.10. The teacher plays an role in Total Physical Response.11. A typical task-based Language Teaching procedure usually consists of three stages: Pre-task, Task cycle and .12. In teaching grammar, mechanical practice is mainly used to help the learners tomaster accurately.13. Scanning is a type of pre-reading activity, which means to read to locate specific.14. The main procedures of process writing include creating a motivation to write, brainstorming, mapping, freewriting, outlining, drafting, revising and conferencing.15. A PPP model refers to Presentation, and Production.16. The general aim of the Communicative Approach is to develop the students’ .17. Tactile learners learn more effectively through .18. There are two methods of assessment: and formative assessment.19. In practicing language skills, controlled activities mainly focus on and accuracy.20. The functional view of linguistic not only sees language as a linguistic system but also afor doing thingsIV. Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet (40 points, 8 points for each)1.What are mechanical practice and meaningful practice in grammar teaching? In order toteach grammar effectively, how to use these two practices?2.What roles do you think a teacher should play in the classroom? State your reasons.3. How do you understand the relationship between the grammatical forms of a language andtheir communicative functions?4.What rules do you think a teacher should follow in order to make classroom instructioneffective?5.What are the objectives of the pre-reading stages of teaching reading and what techniquescan be employed to fulfill these objectives？V. Lesson designing (30 points)Directions: In this part, you are to design a 40-minute writing lesson according to the information provided.Information: Type of the lesson: writingStudent level: 40 junior middle school students, Grade 8Lesson duration: 40 minutesThe Aim of the lesson: By the end of the lesson, students will be able to write a 100-word passage describing a person in terms of: appearance, personality andhobbies.Your answer should include:1. A lesson plan which includes:1）Teaching objectives ( at least 3 objectives, 6 points , 2 points for each )2）Teaching important and difficult points (4 points, 2 points for each )3）Teaching aids (3 points)4）Teaching procedures ( at least 3 steps, 9 points, 3 points for each)2.Predicted problems and solutions (8 points, 4 points for each)广西民族大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题试卷代号：A卷科目代码：810科目名称:英语教学论考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

广西民族大学
2017年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题
试卷代号：A卷科目代码：627科目名称：图书馆学档案学综合
考生须知
1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。

2．答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。

3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。

否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。

一、名词解释（每小题5分，共6小题，共30分）
1．文献信息交流2．信息的时效性3．会议文献
4．档案组合5．公共档案馆6．档案标引
二、简答题（每小题10分，共6小题，共60分）
1．信息交流有什么作用？
2．图书馆知识管理的具体目标是什么？
3．图书馆用户服务工作研究的主要内容是什么？
4．简述文件连续体理论的内容及其意义。

5．简述档案价值鉴定的“职能鉴定论”。

6．简述国家档案全宗概念在中国的发展及国家全部档案的内容。

三、论述题（每小题15分，共4小题，共60分）
1．试述信息资源的特点。

2．试论图书馆员的知识结构。

3．试述档案本质属性及其对档案管理工作实践的指导作用
4．试论电子文件对来源原则的影响。

第1页共1页。