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The four types of sustainability include human, economic, social, andenvironmental. All four are required to maintain the entirety of life on Earth. Althoughinterconnected, itis importanttonotethedifferences of eachinterms ofits nature and requirements.The very basic need of humansustainability is good reproductive healthandsafe childbearing.Those that reproduce have the responsibility of caring for their children, giving them access to proper education, and promoting their health and wellness. At some point, the childrenshould have enoughskills and knowledge suchthatthey cansustaintheir ownway of life. Itis atthatpointthatthey becomeconsidered as productive human capital as well as individuals that can go through the process of reproduction and rearing. As long as this process is maintained at a rate that all human systems can support, human sustainability should be no cause for concern.Insimple terms, economic sustainability is havinga set amount of capital for acertain period. Those who consume that capital must also conserve it so that they will continue to enjoy it towards the end of the specified period. This means thatwe must preserve all our resources as we consume them so that human beings inthe future can enjoy them as well. To achieve this, we must regenerate our resources at a rate that is equal to or faster than our consumption.Social capital is an important aspect of sustainability because it is through communities and civil societies that humankind can easily and inexpensively work together. Without proper levels of social capital, it can easily deplete and violence as well as mistrustcantake over. Whenthathappens, societies andeverythingelsethat depends on them will be destroyed. Through proper maintenance of and adherencetolaws, rules, andvalues thatsocieties havedevelopedfor thecommongood, social sustainability can be achieved.Environmental sustainability is important because it involves natural resources that humanbeings need for economic or manufactured capital. Materials takenfromnature are usedfor solutions that address humanneeds. If nature is depletedfaster than it can regenerate, human beings will be left without raw materials.Furthermore,environmental sustainability also involves ensuring that waste emissions areatvolumes thatnaturecanhandle. If not, all humans andother livingthings on Earth can be harmed to the point of extinction.可持续性分类四种可持续性包括人类可持续性，经济可持续性，社会可持续性和环境可持续性。
科技英语翻译复习重点（英译汉篇）一、词语意思翻译1.A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together.（直译法）紧固件是指将两个或多个物体通过机械方法固定在一起的硬件装置。
2.Machinery design is either to formulate an engineering plan for the satisfaction ofa specified need or to solve an engineering problem.（直译法）机械设计的目的是为满足特定需求而绘制工程图纸或解决工程问题。
3.In the1970s,integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors futher decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers.（增词法）20世纪70年代，集成电路技术的发展和后续的微处理器的发明进一步缩小了计算机的尺寸，降低了价格，同时加快了运行速度，提高了可靠性。
4.A power reactor has no need of oil,for the heat generated in the uranium pile is the result of nuclear fission,not of combustion.（增词法）原子动力反应堆不需要油，因为铀堆中所产生的热是核裂变的结果，而不是燃烧的结果。
5.The elementary mechanical components of a machine are termed machine elements.These elements consist of three basic types:structural components, mechanisms,and control components.（省略法）机器的基本机械构件称为机械零件，包括三种基本类型，即：结构构件、机械构件和控制构件。
科技英语科技词汇.科技词汇的构成A 派生词(derivation)特点：根据已有的词加前缀、后缀等构成新的词。
前缀特点：加前缀构成的新词只变词义，不变词类。
Eg decontrol (取消控制) verb de + control （control为动词）后缀特点：后缀的词变词类，不变词义。
Eg electricity noun electric + ity (electric adj)B 复合词（compounding）复合词分为：复合名词、动词、形容词。
Eg -oriented 面向…..的object-oriented 面向对象的market-oriented 市场导向C 混成词（blending）这类词汇是将两个单词的一部分拼接而成。
Eg smog （smoke + fog ）烟雾Computer （computer + user ）计算机用户D 缩略词（shortening）将较长的英语单词取其部分构成与原词同义的短单词。
Eg flu = influenza 流感lab = laboratory 实验室Radar =（radio detecting and ranging无线电探测与定位）雷达科技英语的翻译一被动语态的翻译英语被动译成汉语主动句1 原文的主语在译文中作主语Building materials ,such as stone、sand、cement，are piled up in the yard.建筑材料：石头沙子水泥等，堆在院子里。
2原文中的状语作主语。
The newly-found building material is widely used home and abroad.国内外广泛采用这种新型建筑材料。
3 加上不确定主语的主动句。
Solar energy will be used on a large scale.人们加大规模使用太阳能。
二长句的翻译1 按照原序Third world countries export their mineral deposits and tropicalagricultural products，which bring them desired foreign exchange.第三世界的国家出口矿物和热带农作物，以换取所需的外汇。
参考译文Unit 1课文A石油1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。
含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。
2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。
生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。
4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。
在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。
5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。
而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。
石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。
若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。
有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。
1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。
6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。
而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。
7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。
石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。
8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。
9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。
内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。
最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。
总复习题（3~7章）第三章1. Other factors affect the configuration of the total system其他因素影响整个系统的结构2. In normal flight the hatch doors fair into the fuselage正常飞行时，舱门与机身平整贴合3. Energy can neither be created ,nor destroyed by any means known to man用人们已知的方法，既不能创造能量也不能消灭能量4. It is customary to refer to design levels as high or low on component complexity习惯上根据部件的复杂程度把设计级称作高设计级或低设计级5. The main economy of the system stems from the ability to move cars in a continues train without uncoupling此系统的主要经济之处在于它能够移动列车的车厢而不必将他们脱钩分开6. He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer他对于电子计算机的操作是陌生的7. A key element in system capacity planning is the financial cost of performance系统能力计划中的关键因素是性能的经济成本8 The assembler can expand the key words in the assembly code into their fullinstruction set这种汇编程序能把汇编代码中的关键字扩展成完整的指令集9 The flame does not touch the flask directly烧瓶没有直接接触火焰10. The study of the strength of solids involves the study of the defects in the crystalline structure研究固体强度，就必须研究晶体结构中的缺陷11. The problem was solved by the provision of a compensation jet通过安装一个补偿喷头，解决了这个问题12 The rusting of iron is the slow chemical combination of the elements iron and oxygen in moist atmosphere铁元素生锈是铁元素和氧元素在湿空气中缓慢化合的现象13. The decay or organic matter is a slow oxidation by oxygen in the air有机物的腐烂是空气中氧引起的一种缓慢氧化过程14. In order to improve a certain kind of battery , Edison spent almost ten years and made nearly 50000 experiments 为了改善一种电池的性能，爱迪生花了差不多十年时间，做了近50000次试验第四章1. The rise in temperature could not have happened of itself温度上升不可能是出于自身的原因2. Be the shape of a baby complicated, it is possible to find out its volume不论物体的形状如何复杂，人们均可求出它的体积3.The more energy we desire to send, the higher we make the voltage要求输送的电能越多，就得使电压升的越高4.The most typical humanlike characteristic of a robot is its arm机器人最具人性化的特点是它的机械臂5. In our studies of the implications for the First Law, we were able to see the importance我们研究第一定律时，可以明白区分状态函数和路径函数的重要性。
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induc tion motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped co nditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to posse ss weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管 在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道 所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成 叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) pro bably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
计算机冀导那一部分词汇pig 金属锭块dog挡块，止动爪cat吊锚，履带拖拉机cock旋塞，吊车horse支架，铁杆fish 接合板，夹板monkey 打桩锤；煤矿通风巷道fox绳索belly 炉腰mild steel structure 低碳钢结构Bendable switches consist of a continuous 无缝的steel beam.？可弯曲的开关由连续钢条组成。
曲性道岔由无缝钢条组成。
Bricks are also produced in many different colors and with various finishes, particularly those used for decorative purpose.砖也可以烧制成许多不同的颜色，具有不同的光洁度，尤其是那些用于装饰的砖。
catalyst 催化剂Resolving power 分辨率Combining power 化合价Base 碱Base metals 非贵金属Brass 黄铜Difficult labor 难产Foreign Material 杂质Cast iron 铸铁In general, the design procedure is not straightforward and will require trial and error.一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。
（简单的）Furnace 炉子（1）Rubber is not hard, it gives way to pressure.橡胶性软，受压变形。
（2）Porcelain is commonly used to resist electric current.陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。
（3）When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。
The rise in temperature could not have happened of itself.温度上升不可能是出于自身的原因。
Be the shape of a body complicated, it is possible to find out its volume.不论物体的形状如何复杂，人们均可求出它的体积。
The more energy we desire to send, the higher we make the voltage.要求输送的电能越多，就得使电压升得越高。
The most typical humanlike characteristic of a robot is its arm.机器人最具人性化的特点就是它的机械臂。
In our studies of the implications for the First Law, we were able to see the importance of the distinction between state and path functions.我们研究第一定律时，可以明白区分状态函数和路径函数的重要性。
The first job of an electron tube is to get the electrons apart from their nuclei.电子管的第一项工作就是使电子与其原子核分开。
That type of turbine usually rotates at a very low speed.那种汽轮机通常以非常低的速度运转。
Small objects such as dust particles and water droplets fall only small distances before losing most of their acceleration.小物体，比如尘粒和水珠，仅仅下落了一小段距离后便失去了其大部分的加速度。
科技英语翻译复习(课文)Unit 1Pure and Applied Science (1)As students of science (2)you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms …pure‟ and …applied‟ science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection, as is often implied? Let us begin by examining what is done by each.(3)Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe.(4)When they are sufficiently validated, these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur. Hence, in physics, the equations describing the behavior of fundamental particles, or in biology, the establishment of the life cycle of a particular species of insect living in a Polar environment, (5)are said to be examples of pure science (basic research), having no apparent connection (for the moment) with technology, i.e. applied science.Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man‟s control over his environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines. (6)Such activities as investigating the strength and uses of materials, extending the findings of pure mathematics to improve the sampling procedures used in agriculture or the social sciences, and developing the potentialities of atomic energy, are all examples of the work of the applied scientist or technologist.It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work. Thus the study of radioactivity began as a piece of pure research, but its results are now applied in a great number of different ways ---- in cancer treatment in medicine, the development of fertilizers in agriculture, the study of metal-fatigue in engineering, in methods of estimating the ages of objects in anthropology and geology, etc. Conversely, work in applied science and technology frequently acts as a direct stimulus to the development of pure science. Such an interaction occurs, for example, when the technologist, in applying a particular concept of pure science to a practical problem, reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model, thus pointing the way for further basic research. Often a further interaction occurs, since the pure scientist is unable to undertake this further research until another technologist provides him with more highly-developed instruments.It seems, then, (7)that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting, and that the so-called division (8)between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.理论科学与应用科学(Pure and Applied Science)理工科学生有时候也许会被“理论”科学与“应用”科学这两个名称弄得莫名其妙。
科技英语翻译中篇第一章科技英语翻译常用技巧1.Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the later.气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。
2.The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。
3.The flowing of current first in one direction, and then in another makes an alternatingcurrent.电流先向一个方向流动，然后又向另一个方向流动构成交流电。
4.If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to studynuclear physics.我们如果不知道原子的结构，就不可能研究核子物理学。
5.Both of the substances are not soluble in water.这两种物质都不溶于水。
6.Whenever one body touches another, heat always passes by the conduction from thewarmer to the colder.当一个物体接触到另一个物体时，热量总是从较热的物体传导到较冷的物体。
7.All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of protein.所有这一切证明，我们必须深入的研究蛋白质的特性。
8.The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development ofscience and technology.电子计算机的广泛应用对科学和技术的发展有极大的影响。
科技英语翻译复习范围(DOC)1. 科技英语的语言特点具体表现一、大量使用名词化结构《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。
因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。
而非某一行为。
Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of theboiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。
这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。
第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。
因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。
而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。
此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。
这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。
试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。
这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。
电容的测量单位是法拉。
这一段短文中各句的主语分别为：Electrical energySuch a deviceIts ability to store electrical energyIt (Capacitance )它们都包含了较多的信息，并且处于句首的位置，非常醒目。
四个主语完全不同，避免了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。
足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。
三、非限定动词。
如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。
这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。
试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。
常见的结构不以下五种：1、介词短语The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词The air outside pressed the side in .外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。
The results obtained must be cheeked .获得的结果必须加以校核The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力的作用，该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。
例如It——that——结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。
举例如下：It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one .显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of scienceare mutually dependent and interacting .看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital.计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
