中国文化英文_文房四宝

文房四宝的故事简介英语介绍The Four Treasures of the Study, also known as "Wen Fang Si Bao," is a term that encapsulates the essential tools of traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting: the brush, ink, paper, and inkstone. Each element is steeped in history and has played a pivotal role in the artistic and cultural expression of China.The brush, often made from animal hair, is a delicate instrument that requires a skilled hand to wield. It allows for a wide range of strokes, from the thinnest lines to the boldest sweeps, capturing the essence of the artist's intent.Ink, a product of soot and animal glue, is a medium that has been refined over centuries. Its rich black color is a stark contrast against the white of the paper, creating a striking visual impact that is instantly recognizable.Paper, traditionally made from mulberry bark, has a unique texture that absorbs ink differently depending on its quality and thickness. It is this interaction between ink and paper that gives Chinese calligraphy its distinctive look.Lastly, the inkstone, a solid block of stone with a well for holding water, is where the ink is ground to the desired consistency. This process is as much a part of the art as the actual writing or painting itself.Together, these Four Treasures form the backbone of Chinese calligraphy and painting, each element contributing to the creation of timeless works of art that continue to inspire and captivate audiences around the world.Over time, the Four Treasures have become more than just tools; they are symbols of Chinese culture and tradition. They represent the harmony between nature and art, and the pursuit of perfection in every stroke.In the hands of a master, the Four Treasures come alive, transforming a blank sheet of paper into a canvas of profound beauty and meaning. It is through these tools that the spirit of Chinese art is preserved and passed down through generations.Despite the advent of modern technology, the Four Treasures remain a testament to the enduring legacy of traditional Chinese art. They serve as a reminder of the importance of preserving cultural heritage and the value of craftsmanship in a rapidly changing world.。

中国文化文房四宝英语The Four Treasures of Study in Chinese CultureIn Chinese culture, the Four Treasures of Study, also known as the Four Treasures of the Study Room or the Four Scholarly Objects, refer to the essential implements forwriting and painting. These treasured tools are deeply rooted in Chinese history and continue to be highly valued in contemporary Chinese society. Let's explore each of these treasures and their significance:1. Brush (毛笔, máo bǐ)The brush is the most important tool among the Four Treasures. Invented during the Warring States period in ancient China,it has remained the primary writing and painting instrumentfor thousands of years. Chinese brushes are made of animal hair, such as goat, wolf, rabbit, or deer, which are affixedto a bamboo or wooden handle. Due to its flexible and precise strokes, the brush is valued for its ability to express the inner spirit of the artist.Using a brush requires mastery of the art of calligraphy, one of the highest forms of artistic expression in Chinese culture. Calligraphy is not only a means of communication but also a form of self-expression and personal cultivation. It requires patience, concentration, and a deep understanding of the harmony between ink and brush.2. Ink Stick (墨, mò)The ink stick, made from soot combined with other materials,is used to create ink for calligraphy and painting. It is traditionally made by grinding ink on an inkstone with water.The process of grinding the ink stick against the inkstone is seen as an essential artistic practice, allowing the artistto reflect on self-discipline and self-control.Ink sticks come in various colors and qualities, offering different shades and consistencies of ink. The type of ink used affects the final outcome of the artwork, emphasizingthe importance of selecting the appropriate ink for different artistic purposes.3. Paper (宣纸, xuān zhǐ)Xuan paper, also known as rice paper, is the preferredmaterial for writing and painting in traditional Chinese culture. Originating from ancient Xuanzhou in today's Anhui province, Xuan paper is made from the bark of the tan tree.It is known for its smooth texture, durability, and abilityto absorb ink effectively, allowing the brush strokes to appear vividly on the paper.Xuan paper embodies the desire for transcendence, purity, and spiritual tranquility. It represents the harmony between humans and nature, as it is made from natural materials and contributes to the expression of artistic beauty.4. Inkstone (砚台, yàn tái)The inkstone is used to hold and grind the ink stick into ink. It is typically made of stone, such as slate or inkstone,which has a smooth and flat grinding surface. The process of using an inkstone requires the artist to hold the ink stickat a specific angle and grind it with circular motions until the desired consistency of ink is achieved.The inkstone represents perseverance, as the artist must exert effort and patience to create the perfect ink. It alsosymbolizes stability, as the inkstone remains unchanged over time, mirroring the Confucian values of constancy andintegrity.In conclusion, the Four Treasures of Study in Chinese culture represent the essence of traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy. The brush, ink stick, paper, and inkstoneare not just tools but bear profound symbolic meanings. They embody the values of self-expression, discipline, cultivation, and harmony with nature. These treasures continue to inspire and be cherished by artists, scholars, and enthusiasts alike, serving as a link between the ancient traditions and modern Chinese society.。

A Study of “Four Treasures of ChineseStudy”1. IntroductionTraditional tools and materials of Chinese calligraphy arebasically evolved from writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones, which are usually called as “Scholars’ Four Jewels”or the fou r treasures of Chinese study (See Pic.1). As most ancient Chinese scholars could write or draw, or manage both of the skills, they could not live without these four treasures. The name of “Chinese study” could be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) in Chinese history and especially means scholars’ studies. (Zhang et al, 2008) Writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones are used in study, therefore people praise the four objects as the four treasures of Chinese study. Except for the four treasures of Chinese study, study tools also include ink cartridges, ink and pen holders, pen rack beds, arm rests, writing brush washers, book towns, water scoops, inkstones, seal boxes, cutting knives, stamps,etc. (Zhang et al, 2008)Pic.1 Four treasures of Chinese study.Source: ）Till the Song Dynasty (960-1127), writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones have become the important writing and painting tools in the study, archaeology can also prove it. For instance, in the tomb of Xu Jun of the Southern Song Dynasty in Fouzhou city, Fujian Province, researchers found the whole set of the four treasures of Chinese study as burial objects. (Zhang, 2004) Another example is that on the wall painting Zhang Wenzao’s family tomb in the Liao Dynasty in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, there are several images about the writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones. These facts present that the four treasures have gradually formed a broad social practical basis in such a long history and finally became a special word in the Song Dynasty. (Zhang et al, 2008)In order to know and resume the relations between ancient writing and painting tools with the study and the scholars’ behavior, people should fully understand the main line of the development of calligraphy tools. This paper will make an in-depth historical research on the four treasures of Chinese study, analyze the historical development and characteristics of the four tools, besides, the author will also conduct a series of case studies of the most famous representatives in China and their advantages.2.Writing brushPic.2 Writting BrushesSource:Writing brush ranks the first of the four treasures of the study.It is said that it was invested by famous general Meng Tian of Qin Dynasty. Traditional writing brushes are not only the necessary stationary of ancient Chinese people, but also have extraordinary charm in expressing Chinese calligraphy and painting. (Zhang, 2004)However, as writing brushes are easy to be damaged, there is few ancient writing brushes conserved till now.There are many kinds of writing brushes. In terms of the materials, many animals’hair are used such as rabbits, goats, deer, mice, tigers, gorillas, ducks, geese, chicken, pigs even humans.From theperforma nce’s perspective, writing brushes can be classified into rigidity brush, flexible brush and doubled both brush. As for thematerial of barrel, different varieties of bamboos and wood, even crystal, horn, jade, gold, silver are used. (Zhang, 2004)The most famous writing brush producing area in China is Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Writing brushes made in Huzhou is called Hu writing brush. Hu writing brushes are made of high quality materialswith exquisite techniques. (He, 2008) The four major characteristics are "pointed tip, uniform hair, perfect roundness and resilient to the touch. Hu writing brush has four types: goat hair, wolf hair, mixed hair and rabbit hair. According to the size, there are huge, big, middle and small. (Chen,2004)Shen Zhaomin is a contemporary calligrapher from Huzhou, he iswell-known her using a huge Hu writing brush to write calligraphy.He has devoted numerous effort practicing calligraphy for decades and does excellent in all kinds of calligraphies. In 2001, he used a special Hu writhing brush which was as heavy as 81.5kg, to write down the word “Hu writing brush”which had an area of around 600㎡，and got the Guinness World RecordsCertificate of Calligraphy with Huge Brush. On the closing ceremony of Doha Asian Games, he used a 25kg Hu writing brush to write down “Harmonious Asia”on four big yellow satin cloths. (See Pic.3) Although the performance only lasted six minutes, every second was astonishing. Master Shen represented the magic Chinese calligraphy tothe whole world, which was a never forgettable scene of all audience. (He,2008)Pic. 3 Shen Zhaomin is writing “harmonious Asian”in Chinese calligraphy using a 25kg Hu writing Brush, Doha Asian Olympic Games, 2005Source:3. Ink stickInk brings people a relatively monotonous impression, however without this kind of unique material, the fantastic artistic conception of traditional Chinese calligraphy cannot be realized. Actually the world of ink has quite abundant connotation. Before the invention of artificial ink, people generally used natural ink as writingmaterial.(Zeng,1993) On some prehistoric pottery, bamboo and wooden slips, there are signs of primitive ink.Till the Han Dynasty, artificialink appeared. The raw materials came from turpentine soot and squeezedby hands or molded. Till the Wei, Jin, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the quality of ink constantly improved. (Zhang, 2004)Ink is divided into two types: pine-soot ink and oil-soot ink.Pint-soot ink is made of pine wood’s ash. The characteristics of it are black, low glossiness, light colloid, so it is only suitable for writing. While the oil-soot ink is made from animal or plant oil. It usually has bright color and is perfect for traditional Chinese painting. The ink of Chinese painting is generally in the form of ink sticks. According tothe uses of ink sticks there are common ink, tribute ink, royal ink, home-made ink, gift ink etc. (Zeng,1993)Pic 4. The Hui Ink StickSource:The Hui Ink Stick is the most famous ink stick product in China.Its was named after its production area ancient Huizhou. Today, Tunxi District and Xi County in Huangshan city, Anhui Province are the two manufacturing centers of Hui Ink Sticks.There are various types of Hui Ink Stick, such as paint-soot, oil-soot,net-soot, minus-glue, added-spice etc. The high class paint soot ink sticks are made from ten kinds of precious materials including Tung oil-soot, musk, borneol, gold foil and pearl powder. Hui Ink Sticks have the advantages of light weight, pleasant odor, hard quality, long-lasting effect etc, therefore, it has become calligraphers and painters’ necessary goods for hundreds of years. (See Pic 4)Pic 5. Workers are making Hui Ink SticksSource:The production of Hui Ink Stick has a history of one thousand years. The ink sticks are the combination of drawing, calligraphy, carving, shaping etc, thus become a kind of comprehensive artistic treasure. In contemporary times, Hui Ink Stick is developed and updated on the basis of traditional craftsmanship. (See Pic 5) However, due to the lack ofraw materials and the inheritors, the future of Hui Ink Stick is worrying. (Chen,2004)4. PaperPaper is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. It is said that Cai Lun of the East Han Dynasty updated the technology of making paper, thus improved the quality of paper, made paper easier to write on. Till Wei and Jin Dynasties, paper fully replaced other materials and became the main writing material. Since then,the position of paper has never been threated. (Zhang, 2004) From this point, paper has the largest vitality among the four treasures of Chinese study. For ancient Chinese people, paper is a tool to be relaxed and pleased, a carrier to point out problems and the bailment of emotions. For most Chinese, paper is a concentration of Chinese culture and history.People believe that the Xuan Paper is the best paper to write and draw. Xuan Paper is produced in Jin County, Anhui Province, which is a kind of high class artistic paper used for traditional Chinese brush calligraphy, painting, mounting, rubbing, watermarking etc. Till now, Xuan Paper has a history of over one thousand years. (Zeng,1993) Xuan Paper has excellent ink embellishment, durability, non-deformation and insect resistance, thus it has become the paper which could best present the artistic style of traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy. (Chen, 2004) It is said that ink can be divided into five colors, which means one stroke contains deep and light colors, the layers and patterns are quite clear. This trick is created by artists using the ink embellishment feature of Xuan Paper to control the proportion of water and ink. A large amount of ancient artistic works and literature spread up to now are preserved by Xuan Paper perfectly.Pic 6. Xuan Paper in manufacturing）In terms of the manufacturing methods, Xuan Paper is classifiedinto untreated Xuan Paper, treated Xuan Paper and semi-treated Xuan Paper. (See Pic6) Untreated Xuan Paper includes Jiagong, Yuban, Jingpi, Danxuan, Mianlian etc. (Zhang, 2004) Untreated paper refers to the paper without manufacturing, it has strong water-absorbing quality and water permeability,so it is easy to produce abundant ink changes and achieve fantastic artistic effect. When people draw enjoyable scenery, they will use this kind of Xuan Paper. Treated Xuan Paper is the deep manufacturing product of untreated Xuan Paper. It is made of the combination of untreated paper and a special glue. The manufacturing process of treated Xuan Paper is easy and convenient o manage. However the proportion of glue and alum has no certain standard, it should be determined according to requirement of painting and calligraphy, and the quality of paper. Different proportion will directly influence the final effects of manufacturing. (Zhang, 2004)5. InkstoneInkstones are the containers of ink. Most of inkstones are made of stones, some of inkstones are made of earthenware clay. Inkstone have various shapes including rectangular, square, circle, oval and bionic shapes such as animals and plants. Sometimes craftsmen carve all kindsof decorations on the bodies of inkstones. High class inkstones have the characteristics of exquisite smooth and quality, grinded ink is fine and well-distributed. Famous inkstones are divided into Duan and Xi. (Zhang,2004) Except for practical use, inkstones are also very valuable art crafts and valued by collectors and scholars.Overall, the development of inkstones is a process from pursuingthe practical functions to pursuing aesthetic joy. Before the Tang Dynasty, people mainly developed the practical functions of inkstones, the shapes were mostly simple and rustic without any decorations. (Yen, 2013) At first, people could not be certain that which material is most suitable for inkstone making, so they tried all possible materials including stone, pot clay, paint, jade, china etc. Till the Tang Dynasty, people finally determined the main body position of stone inkstones, and gradually developed four important series of inkstone products which were Duan, Xi, Hongsi and Chengni, and basically perfected the practicability of inkstones. Since the Song Dynasty, the development of inkstones gradually became the pursuit of aesthetic joy. At that stage, many professional literature were released including the quality, style, carving technique of inkstones, such as the History of Inkstones written by Mi Fu, Record of Inkstones written by Su Yijian, thus have laid a foundation for the future development of inkstones. (Dong et al, 2008)Pic 7 Duan InkstoneSource: ）The Duan Inkstone has the highest reputation among all kinds of inkstones. (See Pic 7) Duan Inkstone is produced in ancient Duanzhou in Guangdong Province. It became nationally renowned as early as the Tang Dynasty, The quality of Duan Inkstone is very lubricating and exquisite. (Xiang, 2008) Most of Duan Inkstones have the color of purple and some yellow, red or green circle patterns, which are called eyes. Duan Inkstone has been produced since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. Since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, people began to pay attention to the pattern carving, thus Duan Inkstone has transformed form stationary into art craft. Till the Song Dynasty, the emperor listed Duan Inkstone as one of the tributes. (Xiang,2008) Nowadays, due to the lack of scientific management, the stone pits around Zhaoqing have been severely damaged, therefore Duan Inkstone has become more precious than ever.6. ConclusionAll in all, this paper has made an in-depth analysis of the four treasures of Chinese study respectively which are writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones. Not only has the author discussed the historical development and characteristics of the four tools, but also conducted a series of case studies of the most famous representatives in China and their advantages including Hu Writing Brush, Hu Ink Stick, Xuan Paper and Duan Inkstone. The four treasures of Chinese study have created numerous value for ancient Chinese culture including calligraphy, painting, sealing, and the preservation of historical literature and materials. They are of important practicability as well as aesthetical value. It is people’s responsibility to pass the four treasures generation after generation, maintain, update them and promote them to the whole world.References:Dong, J., Xu, M., Zhang, X. J., Gao, Y. Q., & Pan, Y. H. 2008. The creation process of Chinese calligraphy and emulation of imagery thinking. Intelligent Systems, IEEE, 23(6), pp. 56-62.Xiang, H. E. 2008. A Perspective of Inkstone Culture underProtection of Non-Material Cultural Heritage——Take Zhaoqing'S Duan Ink Slab as an Example. Journal of South-Central University forNationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences), 3, pp.14-18.He, X. Q. 2008. Huzhou Writing Brush Culture and Its Tourism Development. Journal of Huzhou Teachers College, 1, 27.Yen, Y. 2013. Calligraphy and power in contemporary Chinese society. Routledge. pp. 10-37.Chen, Y.Q. 2004. Writing Brush, Ink Stick, Ink Slab and Paper" and the Chinese Traditional Culture. Journal of Huzhou Vocational and Technological College, 2, pp. 23-33.Zeng, Y. H. 1993. A history of Chinese calligraphy. Chinese University Press. pp. 4-45.Zhang, W. 2004. The four treasures: inside the scholar's studio. Long River Pr. pp. 15-109.Zhang, J., Tang, W., Shi, C., Liu, Z., & Wang, X. 2008. Chinese calligraphy and tourism: from cultural heritage to landscape symbol and media of the tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(6), pp. 529-548.。

The four great inventions of ancient china中国古代四大发明Printing 印刷术Paper making 造纸术The compass指南针Calligraphy书法The four treasure of study: brush ,ink-stick, paper, ink-stone文房四宝中国艺术Peking opera 京剧Qin opera秦腔Comic cross talk 相声Acrobatics杂技Stilt walk 踩高跷Puppet show 木偶戏Shadow play 皮影戏Opera highlight 折子戏Clay figure 泥人Ventriloquism口技Festival lantern花灯Lantern riddle 灯谜Embroidery刺绣Paper cutting剪纸Acupuncture 针灸Traditional chinese painting 中国画Chinese brush painting水墨画Chinese knot中国结中国美食Snack bar小吃摊Moon cake 月饼Rice cake年糕Deep fired dough sticks 油条Soybean milk 豆浆Steamed buns 馒头Hand-stretched noodles拉面Tofu ;bean curd 馄饨Fired rice with egg 蛋炒饭中国节日The lantern festival 元宵节The tomb-sweeping day 清明节The dragon-boat festival 端午节The mid-autumn day 中秋节The double-ninth day重阳节The double-seventh day 七夕节中国古典名著《大学》the great learning《中庸》the doctrine of the mean《论语》the analects of confucius《孟子》the mencius《孙子兵法》the art of war《三国演义》three kingdoms《西游记》journey to the west《红楼梦》dream of the red mansions《水浒传》heroes of the marshes《山海经》the classic of mountains and rivers 《资治通鉴》history as a mirror《春秋》the spring and autumn annals《史记》historical records《诗经》the book of songs《礼记》the book of rites《三字经》three-character scriptures中国旅游景点兵马俑 the mausoleum of emperor大雁塔 terracotta warriors and horses丝绸之路 the silk road敦煌莫高窟 Mogao grottoes华清池 huaqing hot springs 五台山jiuhua mountain。

文房四宝中文：文房四宝（Four Treasures of the Study）也就是笔、墨（ink-stick）、纸、砚（ink-slab）是中国独具特色的文书工具。

“文房”之名，始于南北朝时期（the Northern and Southern Dynasties），专指文人（literati）书房而言。

四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，以湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚著称，享负盛名。

故宫博物院（the Palace Museum）收藏的文房四宝多为清代（the Qing Dynasty）名师所作，皇家御用，用料考究、工艺精美，代表了我国数千年来文房用具的发展水平。

语言要点：characteristics; refer to; be famous for; collect; exceptionally; exclusively译文：The Four Treasures of the Study, namely the writing brush, ink-stick, paper and ink-slab, are the writing tools with Chinese characteristics. They got their names in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, referring only to the study of the literati. The Four Treasures, varied and colorful, are famous for theirhubi, huimo, xuanzhi, and duanyan. Those collected in the Palace Museum are famous products of masters of the Qing Dynasty, which, boasting exceptionally fine materials and superb craftsmanship, were used exclusively in the Royal Palace, representing the level of development of Chinese writing tools over several thousand years.。

A Study of “Four Treasures of Chinese Study”1. IntroductionTraditional tools and materials of Chinese calligraphy are basically evolved from writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones, which are usually called as “Scholars’ Four Jewels”or the four treasures of Chinese study(See Pic.1). As most ancient Chinese scholars could write or draw, or manage both of the skills, they could not live without these four treasures. The name of “Chinese study” could be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) in Chinese history and especially means schola rs’ studies. (Zhang et al,2008) Writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones are used in study, therefore people praise the four objects as the four treasures of Chinese study. Except for the four treasures of Chinese study, study tools also include ink cartridges, ink and pen holders, pen rack beds, arm rests, writing brush washers, book towns, water scoops, inkstones, seal boxes, cutting knives, stamps,etc. (Zhang et al, 2008)Pic.1 Four treasures of Chinese study.Source: /show/4/141/3814957k671a5671.html）Till the Song Dynasty (960-1127), writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones have become the important writing and painting tools in the study, archaeology canalso prove it. For instance, in the tomb of Xu Jun of the Southern Song Dynasty in Fouzhou city, Fujian Province, researchers found the whole set of the four treasures of Chinese study as burial objects. (Zhang, 2004) Another example is that on the wall painting Zhang Wenzao’s family tomb in the Liao Dynasty in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, there are several images about the writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones. These facts present that the four treasures have gradually formed a broad social practical basis in such a long history and finally became a special word in the Song Dynasty. (Zhang et al, 2008)In order to know and resume the relations between ancient writing and painting tools with the study and the scholars’behavior, people should fully understand the main line of the development of calligraphy tools. This paper will make an in-depth historical research on the four treasures of Chinese study, analyze the historical development and characteristics of the four tools, besides, the author will also conduct a series of case studies of the most famous representatives in China and their advantages.2.Writing brushPic.2 Writting BrushesSource: /2011/14/111419/images/bi3.jpgWriting brush ranks the first of the four treasures of the study. It is said that it was invested by famous general Meng Tian of Qin Dynasty. Traditional writing brushes are not only the necessary stationary of ancient Chinese people, but also have extraordinary charm in expressing Chinese calligraphy and painting. (Zhang, 2004)However, as writing brushes are easy to be damaged, there is few ancient writing brushes conserved till now.There are many kinds of writing brushes. In terms of the materials, many animals’hair are used such as rabbits, goats, deer, mice, tigers, gorillas, ducks, geese, chicken, pigs even humans.From the performance’s perspective, writing brushes can be classified into rigidity brush, flexible brush and doubled both brush. As for the material of barrel, different varieties of bamboos and wood, even crystal, horn, jade, gold, silver are used. (Zhang, 2004)The most famous writing brush producing area in China is Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Writing brushes made in Huzhou is called Hu writing brush. Hu writing brushes are made of high quality materials with exquisite techniques. (He, 2008) The four major characteristics are "pointed tip, uniform hair, perfect roundness and resilient to the touch. Hu writing brush has four types: goat hair, wolf hair, mixed hair and rabbit hair. According to the size, there are huge, big, middle and small. (Chen,2004)Shen Zhaomin is a contemporary calligrapher from Huzhou, he is well-known her using a huge Hu writing brush to write calligraphy.He has devoted numerous effort practicing calligraphy for decades and does excellent in all kinds of calligraphies. In 2001, he used a special Hu writhing brush which was as heavy as 81.5kg, to write down the word “Hu writing brush”which had an area of around 600㎡，and got the Guinness World RecordsCertificate of Calligraphy with Huge Brush. On the closing ceremony of Doha Asian Games, he used a 25kg Hu writing brush to write down “Harmonious Asia”on four big yellow satin cloths. (See Pic.3) Although the performance only lasted six minutes, every second was astonishing. Master Shen represented the magic Chinese calligraphy to the whole world, which was a never forgettable scene of all audience. (He,2008)Pic. 3 Shen Zhaomin is writing “harmonious Asian”in Chinese calligraphy using a 25kg Hu writing Brush, Doha Asian Olympic Games, 2005Source: /News_View.asp?NewsID=4953.Ink stickInk brings people a relatively monotonous impression, however without this kind of unique material, the fantastic artistic conception of traditional Chinese calligraphy cannot be realized. Actually the world of ink has quite abundant connotation. Before the invention of artificial ink, people generally used natural ink as writing material.(Zeng,1993) On some prehistoric pottery, bamboo and wooden slips, there are signs of primitive ink.Till the Han Dynasty, artificial ink appeared. The raw materials came from turpentine soot and squeezed by hands or molded. Till the Wei, Jin, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the quality of ink constantly improved. (Zhang, 2004)Ink is divided into two types: pine-soot ink and oil-soot ink. Pint-soot ink is made of pine wood’s ash. The characteristics of it are black, low glossiness, light colloid, so itis only suitable for writing. While the oil-soot ink is made from animal or plant oil. It usually has bright color and is perfect for traditional Chinese painting. The ink of Chinese painting is generally in the form of ink sticks. According to the uses of ink sticks there are common ink, tribute ink, royal ink, home-made ink, gift ink etc. (Zeng,1993)Pic 4. The Hui Ink StickSource: /GB/8215/54394/54397/3796434.htmlThe Hui Ink Stick is the most famous ink stick product in China. Its was named after its production area ancient Huizhou. Today, Tunxi District and Xi County in Huangshan city, Anhui Province are the two manufacturing centers of Hui Ink Sticks.There are various types of Hui Ink Stick, such as paint-soot, oil-soot,net-soot, minus-glue, added-spice etc. The high class paint soot ink sticks are made from ten kinds of precious materials including Tung oil-soot, musk, borneol, gold foil and pearl powder. Hui Ink Sticks have the advantages of light weight, pleasant odor, hard quality, long-lasting effect etc, therefore, it has become calligraphers and painters’necessary goods for hundreds of years. (See Pic 4)Pic 5. Workers are making Hui Ink SticksSource: /wfsb/20080820-12530/The production of Hui Ink Stick has a history of one thousand years. The ink sticks are the combination of drawing, calligraphy, carving, shaping etc, thus become a kind of comprehensive artistic treasure. In contemporary times, Hui Ink Stick is developed and updated on the basis of traditional craftsmanship. (See Pic 5) However, due to the lack of raw materials and the inheritors, the future of Hui Ink Stick is worrying. (Chen,2004)4. PaperPaper is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. It is said that Cai Lun of the East Han Dynasty updated the technology of making paper, thus improved the quality of paper, made paper easier to write on. Till Wei and Jin Dynasties, paper fully replaced other materials and became the main writing material. Since then,the position of paper has never been threated. (Zhang, 2004) From this point, paper has the largest vitality among the four treasures of Chinese study. For ancient Chinese people, paper is a tool to be relaxed and pleased, a carrier to point out problems and the bailment of emotions. For most Chinese, paper is a concentration of Chinese culture and history.People believe that the Xuan Paper is the best paper to write and draw. Xuan Paper is produced in Jin County, Anhui Province, which is a kind of high class artistic paper used for traditional Chinese brush calligraphy, painting, mounting, rubbing, watermarking etc. Till now, Xuan Paper has a history of over one thousand years. (Zeng,1993) Xuan Paper has excellent ink embellishment, durability, non-deformation and insect resistance, thus it has become the paper which could best present the artistic style of traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy. (Chen, 2004) It is said that ink can be divided into five colors, which means one stroke contains deep and light colors, the layers and patterns are quite clear. This trick is created by artists using the ink embellishment feature of Xuan Paper to control the proportion of water and ink. A large amount of ancient artistic works and literature spread up to now arepreserved by Xuan Paper perfectly.Pic 6. Xuan Paper in manufacturing/wenzhang/11013/1101391747.html）In terms of the manufacturing methods, Xuan Paper is classified into untreated Xua n Paper, treated Xuan Paper and semi-treated Xuan Paper. (See Pic6) Untreated Xuan Paper includes Jiagong, Yuban, Jingpi, Danxuan, Mianlian etc. (Zhang, 2004) Untreated paper refers to the paper without manufacturing, it has strong water-absorbing quality and water permeability,so it is easy to produce abundant ink changes and achieve fantastic artistic effect. When people draw enjoyable scenery, they will use this kind of Xuan Paper. Treated Xuan Paper is the deep manufacturing product of untreated Xuan Paper. It is made of the combination of untreated paper and a special glue. The manufacturing process of treated Xuan Paper is easy and convenient o manage. However the proportion of glue and alum has no certain standard, it should be determined according to requirement of painting and calligraphy, and the quality of paper. Different proportion will directly influence the final effects of manufacturing. (Zhang, 2004)5. InkstoneInkstones are the containers of ink. Most of inkstones are made of stones, some of inkstones are made of earthenware clay. Inkstone have various shapes includingrectangular, square, circle, oval and bionic shapes such as animals and plants. Sometimes craftsmen carve all kinds of decorations on the bodies of inkstones. High class inkstones have the characteristics of exquisite smooth and quality, grinded ink is fine and well-distributed. Famous inkstones are divided into Duan and Xi. (Zhang,2004) Except for practical use, inkstones are also very valuable art crafts and valued by collectors and scholars.Overall, the development of inkstones is a process from pursuing the practical functions to pursuing aesthetic joy. Before the Tang Dynasty, people mainly developed the practical functions of inkstones, the shapes were mostly simple and rustic without any decorations. (Yen, 2013) At first, people could not be certain that which material is most suitable for inkstone making, so they tried all possible materials including stone, pot clay, paint, jade, china etc. Till the Tang Dynasty, people finally determined the main body position of stone inkstones, and gradually developed four important series of inkstone products which were Duan, Xi, Hongsi and Chengni, and basically perfected the practicability of inkstones. Since the Song Dynasty, the development of inkstones gradually became the pursuit of aesthetic joy. At that stage, many professional literature were released including the quality, style, carving technique of inkstones, such as the History of Inkstones written by Mi Fu, Record of Inkstones written by Su Yijian, thus have laid a foundation for the future development of inkstones. (Dong et al, 2008)Pic 7 Duan InkstoneSource: /tour/ShowArticle.aspx?ArticleID=537）The Duan Inkstone has the highest reputation among all kinds of inkstones. (See Pic 7) Duan Inkstone is produced in ancient Duanzhou in Guangdong Province. It became nationally renowned as early as the Tang Dynasty, The quality of Duan Inkstone is very lubricating and exquisite. (Xiang, 2008) Most of Duan Inkstones have the color of purple and some yellow, red or green circle patterns, which are called eyes. Duan Inkstone has been produced since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. Since the middle of the Tang Dynasty, people began to pay attention to the pattern carving, thus Duan Inkstone has transformed form stationary into art craft. Till the Song Dynasty, the emperor listed Duan Inkstone as one of the tributes. (Xiang,2008) Nowadays, due to the lack of scientific management, the stone pits around Zhaoqing have been severely damaged, therefore Duan Inkstone has become more precious than ever.6.ConclusionAll in all, this paper has made an in-depth analysis of the four treasures of Chinese study respectively which are writing brushes, ink sticks, paper and inkstones. Not only has the author discussed the historical development and characteristics of the four tools, but also conducted a series of case studies of the most famous representatives in China and their advantages including Hu Writing Brush, Hu Ink Stick, Xuan Paper and Duan Inkstone. The four treasures of Chinese study have created numerous value for ancient Chinese culture including calligraphy, painting, sealing, and the preservation of historical literature and materials. They are of important practicability as well as aesthetical value. It is people’s responsibility to pass the four treasures generation after generation, maintain, update them and promote them to the whole world.References:Dong, J., Xu, M., Zhang, X. J., Gao, Y. Q., & Pan, Y. H. 2008. The creation process of Chinese calligraphy and emulation of imagery thinking. Intelligent Systems, IEEE, 23(6), pp. 56-62.Xiang, H. E. 2008. A Perspective of Inkstone Culture under Protection of Non-Material Cultural Heritage——Take Zhaoqing'S Duan Ink Slab as an Example. Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences), 3, pp.14-18.He, X. Q. 2008. Huzhou Writing Brush Culture and Its Tourism Development. Journal of Huzhou Teachers College, 1, 27.Yen, Y. 2013. Calligraphy and power in contemporary Chinese society. Routledge. pp. 10-37.Chen, Y.Q. 2004. Writing Brush, Ink Stick, Ink Slab and Paper" and the Chinese Traditional Culture. Journal of Huzhou Vocational and Technological College, 2, pp. 23-33.Zeng, Y. H. 1993. A history of Chinese calligraphy. Chinese University Press. pp. 4-45.Zhang, W. 2004. The four treasures: inside the scholar's studio. Long River Pr. pp. 15-109.Zhang, J., Tang, W., Shi, C., Liu, Z., & Wang, X. 2008. Chinese calligraphy and tourism: from cultural heritage to landscape symbol and media of the tourism industry.Current Issues in Tourism, 11(6), pp. 529-548.。

文房四宝的英语作文When it comes to the "Four Treasures of the Study" in Chinese culture, we are talking about the brush, ink, paper, and inkstone. These are the essential tools for traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting. The brush is usually made of animal hair, such as rabbit, goat, or wolf, and it comes in various sizes for different purposes.Ink, on the other hand, is traditionally made from soot and glue, and it is formed into solid sticks or cakes. To use it, you need to grind it with water on an inkstoneuntil it reaches the right consistency. The inkstone, typically made of stone, is used to grind the ink and hold the water. It is an essential tool for creating the perfect ink for calligraphy and painting.As for paper, it is usually made from rice, bamboo, or mulberry bark. Chinese calligraphy and painting require special paper that can absorb ink without smudging. The paper used for these art forms is usually thin, yet durable,and has a smooth surface for brush strokes.The Four Treasures of the Study are not just tools, but also symbols of Chinese culture and art. They have been used for centuries and continue to be cherished by artists and calligraphers around the world. These traditional tools carry with them the spirit of Chinese art and the wisdom of generations past.。

高考英语传统文化作文素材: 文房四宝高考英语传统文化作文素材: 文房四宝文房四宝(The Four Treasures of the Study)The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study”particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing wasearlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。

文房四宝的英语作文The Four Treasures of the Study, also known as the Four Jewels of the Study, are the brush, ink, paper, and inkstone. These are the essential tools for traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting. The brush is made of animal hair, such as rabbit, goat, or wolf, and has a long history in China. It is used for writing and painting, and different brushes are used for different purposes.Ink is an important part of the Four Treasures of the Study. It is traditionally made from soot, mixed with glue and scented oils. The ink is ground on an inkstone with a small amount of water to produce the ink for writing or painting. The process of grinding ink is considered an art form in itself, and skilled calligraphers and painters are often admired for their ability to create beautiful ink.Paper is another essential part of the Four Treasures of the Study. Traditional Chinese paper is made from the bark of the mulberry tree and has a smooth, absorbent surface that is ideal for calligraphy and painting. Different types of paper are used for different purposes, such as rice paper for calligraphy and silk paper for painting.The inkstone is the final part of the Four Treasures of the Study. It is used to grind the ink and is often made of stone or ceramic. Theinkstone is an important tool for calligraphers and painters, and skilled artists often have a collection of inkstones for different types of ink and different styles of writing and painting.In conclusion, the Four Treasures of the Study are essential tools for traditional Chinese calligraphy and painting. The brush, ink, paper, and inkstone are each important in their own way, and skilled artists often have a deep appreciation for the history and artistry of these tools.。

房四宝的英语作文Title: The Four Treasures of the Study。

In traditional Chinese culture, the "Four Treasures of the Study" (文房四宝) are essential tools for scholars and calligraphers. These treasures include the brush, ink stick, paper, and inkstone, each playing a significant role in the creation of calligraphy and painting. Let's delve intothese treasures and explore their significance.1. The Brush (毛笔):The brush is the quintessential tool of calligraphy and painting. Crafted from various animal hair, such as rabbit, goat, or wolf, and bound with bamboo, the brush's flexibility and tip determine the stroke's thickness and precision. Chinese calligraphy emphasizes the balance between control and fluidity, making the brush a vital instrument for expressing one's emotions and personality through writing.2. The Ink Stick (墨):The ink stick, traditionally made from pine soot and animal glue, is essential for producing ink. To create ink, the ink stick is rubbed against an inkstone with wateruntil it forms a smooth, velvety texture. The quality of the ink depends on the skillful grinding technique and the ink stick's quality. In Chinese culture, the act of grinding ink is not merely a practical task but also a meditative practice, symbolizing the scholar's dedication to their craft.3. The Paper (纸):Chinese rice paper, known as "Xuan paper," is renowned for its absorbency and durability, making it the preferred choice for calligraphy and painting. Xuan paper comes in various thicknesses and textures, each suited for different artistic styles and techniques. Beyond its practical use, paper holds symbolic significance, representing the blank canvas upon which the artist'screativity flourishes.4. The Inkstone (砚):The inkstone serves as the vessel for grinding ink and is often carved with intricate designs or auspicious symbols. Made from stone, such as slate or Shoushan stone, the inkstone is prized for its smooth surface and abilityto preserve the ink's quality. Beyond its utilitarian function, the inkstone embodies the harmony between nature and art, as it is crafted from materials sourced from the earth.Together, these Four Treasures of the Study symbolizethe essence of Chinese culture and artistic expression.They embody the values of discipline, patience, and mastery, reflecting the scholar's journey towards enlightenment and self-expression. In a world dominated by digital technologies, the enduring significance of thesetraditional tools reminds us of the timeless beauty and richness of our cultural heritage. As we cherish and preserve these treasures, we honor the legacy ofgenerations past and inspire future generations to continue the tradition of artistic excellence.。