美国文化概论第9单元Unit 9SocialMovementsof the 1960sSocial Movements Definition & Features●They are large informal groupings of individuals or organizations focused on specific political or social issues.●Modern Western social movements became possible through education, and increased mobility of labor due to the industrialization and urbanization of 19th century societies.Social Movements Definition & Features●The freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence prevalent in the modern Western culture is responsible for the contemporary social movements.●social movements have been closely connected with democractic political systems.Social Movements Types of Social Movements (scope)●R eform move ment -movements advocating changing some norms or laws.*Trade reunion with a goal of increasing workers’rights; (Britain, US, France, Germany) * a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws (Green Peace Org.)●Radic al movement-movements dedicated to changing value systems in a fundamental way. *the American Civil Rights movementThree ImportantSocial Movementsin US1.The Civil Rights Movement2.The Youth Anti-War Movement3.The Women’s LiberationMovementHistorical Background●The end of WWII,1960sWhite Men:veterans/ survivors; well education; home ownership; plentiful welfareMiddle-class white women:well-educated; less money and few opportunities in jobs; housewives and mothers with several children American blacks:●Living outside of Southern states: good life●Living in the Southern states: suffered from the segregation lawsThey Are Dissatisfied!●Afro-Americans●Young people●Middle-class WomenThey Want:●Justice●Equality●Antisegregation●Individu alism●Rights to choose own lifestyleThe Civil RightsMovement Definition●The civil rights movement in the United States includes noted legislation and organized efforts to abolish public and private acts of racial discrimiantion on Afican Americans and other disadvantaged groups between 1954 to 1968, particularlyin the southern United States.●It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in AmericaImportant EventsRosa Park, Montgomery1955“Sit-in”at Greensboro,1960Organizations ●CORE, James Farmer●The Congress of Racial Equality●SCLC, Martin Luther King●The Southern Christian Leadership Conference●SNCC, Ella Baker●The Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeTacticsPage 136●“sit-in”●“freedom rides”●Voter r egistration●Peaceful demonstration●1963, Washington D.C., Martin Luther King,“I have a dream”speechResults:The Civil Rights Act, 1964,signed by President JohnsonRelated Political IssuesPresident KennedyAssassination,Texas●Democrat●Roman CatholicThe Youth MovementStage I After “Freedom Summer”1964●Lost respect for government authority●Had seen Southern mayors or governors refusing to obey federal laws●They gave speeches on the civil rights movement and nonviolence●Oct., 1964, Univers ity of California at Berkeley,a CORE organizer, collecting money, arrested●“Free Speech Movement”began with successThe Youth MovementStage II Counterculture●Express their disagreements with themainstream culture in a non-violent way●Became “Hippies”●Drugs, rocks, weird and exotic fashion, living inlarge groups●“Beat Generation”in literature●Drop out of school and even societyThe Youth MovementStage III The Anti-War Movement●Mobilization Committees to End the War in Vietnam●Including church gr oups, SNCC, SDSDirect Action Strategies:●Teach-in on college campuses, protest marches and rallies, attacks on federal offices●Results: a peace treaty with Vietnam, 1973The Women’s MovementThree Groups of Women:1.Professionals assigned to a Commission on theStatus of Women, President Kennedy, 19612.Housewives and mothers who read The FeminineMystique by Betty Friedan3.Young women activists in the civil rights movement andAnti-war movement●1966, NOW (National Organization for Women)●1975, The United Nations’World Conference onWomenThe Women’s MovementChanges that American women claim:●Equal pay for equal work; equal opportunity forjobs, esp. in fields of science, technology,management and politics●Changes in social practices and a ttitudestoward women: women were not inferior tomen in intelligence or ability●Feminine, stereotype。
